DOCSLIB.ORG

On the Winnipeg River in the Vicinity of the Abitibi Manitoba Paper Company, Pine Falls, Manitoba

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On the Winnipeg River in the Vicinity of the Abitibi Manitoba Paper Company, Pine Falls, Manitoba Environment Environnement 1+ Canada Canada Fisheries and Pêches et Marine sciences de la mer Benthos Studies ( 1971 and 1972 ) on the Winnipeg River in the Vicinity of The Abitibi Manitoba Paper Company, Pine Falls, Manitoba by L.A. Gregory and J.S. Loch Technical Report Series No: CEN T -73-3 Resource Management Branch Central Region BENTHOS STUDIES (1971 and 1972) ON THE WINNIPEG RIVER IN THE VICINITY OF THE ABITIBI MANITOBA PAPER COMPANY, PINE FALLS, MANITOBA By . L.A. Gregory and J.S. Loch Resource Management Branch Fisheries Operations Directorate Fisheries & Marine Service Canada Department of the Environment Winnip'eg June, 1973 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abs tract . ii Acknowledgements. iii List of Figures. iv List of Tables · . v Introductian . 1 Description of Study Area. 2 Materials and Methods .....••.•..••.•..•••....•..•••.•..•.. 5 Results and Discussion.................................... 9 Conclusions. .............................................. 26 Summary........•. 27 Literature Cited.......................................... 28 Personal Communication Cited.• 30 (i) ABSTRACT Benthic surveys were conducted in the summers of 1971 and 1972 to assess the condition of the Winnipeg River in thevicinity of the Abitibi Manitoba Paper Company's pu1p mi11 at Pine Falls, Manitoba. Both qualitative and quantitative (genera diversity indices and information ana1ysis) analyses of the benthic data indicated that severe to moderate po11utant-effects pre­ vai1ed at the mi11's outfa11 and extended for up to four miles downstream. No change in the condition of the benthic conwunity occurred between the sum­ mers of 1971 and 1972. (ii) AC KNOWLEDGEMENTS J. Rudolph, C. Remple, C. Penny, S. Kostiuk and P. Stewart assisted in collecting and sorting the samples. P. Stewart also helped identify the Chironomidae. Their assistance is appreciated. Jo-Anne Crowe of the Manitoba Department of Mines, Resources and Environmental Management verified the Hirudinae identifications; E. EIders verified the clam identifications and Dr. O.E. Saether and W. Warwick verified the chironomid identifications. Dr. R.H. Green provided invaluable advice and assistance on the quantitiative methods of analysis. (iii) LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Benthos survey stations (1972) in the 3 Winnipeg River. 2 Information-analysis dendogram from the 16 fifteen substations sampled in each of the months: August (1-5), September (6-10) and October (11-15), 1971. 3 Three-dimensional cumulative diversity 20 indices for the fifteen substations sampled in each of the months, August, September and October, 1971. (DottedY Dâversdty Indices <2 (White) Diversity Indices >2 <3 (Shaded) Diver~ity I~d~ces >3 The stippled line indicates the substation grouping from information-analysis. 4 Three-dimensional genera diversity indi­ 22 ces for the eighteen substations sampled in duplicate in July, 1972. The line a above the bar represents the maximum estimated error from taking only two samples. 5 Information-analysis dendogram for the 23 eighteen substations sampled in July, 1972. (iv) LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Description of the 1972 study area. 4 2 Percent organic content. of the substrate 10 from each of the 1972 substations. 3 The accumulated number of benthic organisms Il p~r genera and the number of individuals and representative groups for each of the fifteen substations sampled in August, September and October, 1971. 4 The number of benthic organisms per genera 13 and the number of individuals and repre­ sentative groups for each of the eighteen substations sampled on July 31, 1972. 5 Information-analysis grouping with respect 17 to month (August, September and October) and substation for the three different levels from Figure 2. 6 Cumulative diversity values for the fif­ 18 teen substations sampled in each of August, September and October, 1971. (v) INTRODUCTION A pulp and paper mill operated by Abitibi Manitoba Paper Company is situated at Pine Falls on the Winnipeg River. This is an integrated news­ print mill; the newspr.int is made from 75% ground pulp, 20% sodium-based sulphite and 50% kraft pulp. Previous studies on the benthic communities in the vicinity of the mill have been conducted (Dickson 1961; Cober 1966 and Loch 1972). The most recent (Loch 1972) indicated that the mill effluent and the wood fiber accumulation in and beside the river had a detrimental effect (as measured by number of genera present and genera diversity) on the benthic fauna in the vicinity of the mill. This study has a two-fold purpose: first, to analyze data from both years using diversity indices as weIl as a more sophisticated method of quantitative analysis and, second, to determine whether changes have occurred in the benthic fauna between the summers of 1971 and 1972. -1- DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA The Winnipeg River has its sources in the English River system and the Lake of the Woods. It extends approximately 320 kilometers (200 miles) fromKenora on Lake of the Woods to Traverse Bayon Lake Winnipeg. The area of the Winnipeg River sampled is located in Township 19, Range 9, East, in the east-central part of Manitoba. This study area extends from the Pine Falls power dam to the village of Fort Alexander on the Winnipeg River (Figure 1). The pulp mill in question is situated 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) downstream from this power dam. Fort Alexander is 3.2 kilometers (2 miles) upstream from the mouth of the river • . There are a series of power installations on the Winnipeg River 3 and, .the flow is thereby regulated at an average of 8,500 m /sec (30,000 cfs) . Descriptions of the 1971 .st at.Lcns are found in Loch (1972). The 1972 stations were similar to the 1971 stations, however, the 1972 station near the outfall (6) was only represented as one substation (IVa) in 1971. In addition, the 1972 station 1 was located approximately one mile closer to the pulp mill discharge than the 1971 station I. In 1972, six transects (stations) were selected in the vicinity of the pulp mill (Figure 1). These stations were selected at locations that would reflect some stage of the effect of discharge. One station was located at the point of discharge (outfall), one slightly upstream from the outfall and the other four, below the outfall. Three substations were set up' along each transect. Similar ranges of depth and current were con- sidered in final positioning of the stations and substations. A description of the study stations is given in the following table. -2- FORT . ALEXANDER N 1 W 1 1 1 1 mile POWER DAM Figure 1. Benthos Survey Stations (1972) in the Winnipeg River. TABLE 1 Description of the 1972 benthic sampling stations in the Winnipeg River in the vicinity of Pine Falls, Manitoba Location (Dist. Description Depth From Outfall-Mi Channel's (At Substation) Station Downstream) Width--Mi Currents Substrate "A" "B" "c" 1 3 3/4 Moderate Wood Fiber 40' 43' 24' (up to 50%) and Mud 2 2 1/2 Moderate Wood Fiber 25' 24' 35' (50%) and Mud (50%) 3 0.8 2/5 Calm To Wood Fiber 14' 18' 18' Moderate (50%-100%) and Mud 4 North Shore just Moderate Mud & Clay 27' 29' 35' below & across Some Barks from outfall a- and Twigs- long edge of log Little Wood boom Fiber 5 North Shore just .Moderate Mud & Clay 38' 43' 40' above outfall a- Some Barks long edge of log and Twigs-- boom Little Wood Fiber 6 South Shore just Calm WoodPulp 20' 25' 12' below outfall and Fiber -4- MATERIALS AND METHODS Benthic sampling was accomplished as described by Loch (1972). Duplicate bottom samples were collected at each substation using a Ponar Grab. The grab sample was emptied into a conieal net of Nitex nylon (60% micron opening), washed, placed in a plastic bag and preserved with a sol­ ution of ethyl alcohol and rose bengal (100 mg/l 9S% ethyl alcohol) diluted to 70%. Rose bengal is a vital stain and enhances the ability to perceive small organisms (Lackey and May 1971). The samples were then returned to the laboratory where they were washed in a seive (300 micron opening) to re­ move excess mud, spread out in a white enamel tray and sorted with forceps. All visible organisms were removed and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of organisms in each major taxonomie group (family, order or class) was recorded. In the case of Oligochaeta which were greatly fragmented, only segments having a head were considered. With the exception of Nematoda and Oligochaeta, the benthic fauna was then identified to genus. Chironomidae were mounted in a colourless mounting fluid and identified according to the provisional key by Hamilton and Saether of the Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg. Various authorities assisted in the identification of other organisms. After sorting and identification, the datawere assembled in a ma­ trix form with substation and number of organismsper genus being the two variables.. Data for each duplicate was pooled. ie Diversity indices were *Several samples were misplaced (lcii, 3bi, Sbi, 6aii) and, therefore, the number of individuals in the single sample was doubled. -5- ca1cu1ated for each substation. In addition, an information-ana1ysis was performed on the data matrix. Species diversity indices enab1e quantitative comparisons between samp1es. They are based on the theory that diversity is equated with the uncertainty that exists concerning the identity of an individua1 co11ected at random from a community. The fewer species present and the more unequa1 their abundance, the 1ess the uncertainty and the lower the diversity (Pie1ou 1969). In a po11uted area, fewer species wou1d be present, there wou1d be 1ess inter-specifie competition and the to1erant species would flourish. The diversity wou1d therefore be low. The index described by Pielou (1969) was employed in this study. It is given by the formula: s d = lIN (log N! 2: log N.!) i=l 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Power from the Nelson
    the The plan to develop abundant, clean, self-renewing energy from Manitoba's own great river. MANITOBA HYDRO LONG SPRUCE KETTLE KE LS EY JENPEG MANITOBA'S WATER POWER ln terms of hVdro-electric po' tential, l\lanitoba's greatest water power resources are the Nelson, Churchill. Winn ipeg, and Saskat' chewan River, in that order. The Winnipeg River's 560,000 kilowatts was developed firsr be' cause of its prox im ity to the pro' GRAND RAPIDS vincial population centre. Next came the Saskatchewan and a 472,OOO kW station at Grand Rapids. Now the mighty Nelson and Churchill Rivers are being har- nessed. Together. the Nelson and Churchill can provide a total of a,270,OOO kW of self-renewing hydro power. I DEVE LOPED HYDRO SITE POTENTIAL HY DRO SIIE - The Electrical Province ln a world belatedly becoming aware that fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas will one day be completely gone, the value of water power is appreciated more and more. Water power is self renewing. When the last ounce of mineral wealth is wrested from the ground, our water resources will be intact and worth more than ever. Manitobans have been enjoying the benefits of low-cost electricity generated from water power since the first all-weather hydro staiion was built on the Winnipeg River system in 1906. The Winnipeg River, only B0 miles away from the major population centre of Winnipeg, served the province's hydraulic generation needs for the next ha lf century. By 1955, with six hydro plants in service along its course,the Winnipeg River was fully developed (560,000 kilowatts) and power planners looked to the more northerly Saskatchewan River for more low cost power.
    [Show full text]
  • Large Area Planning in the Nelson-Churchill River Basin (NCRB): Laying a Foundation in Northern Manitoba
    Large Area Planning in the Nelson-Churchill River Basin (NCRB): Laying a foundation in northern Manitoba Karla Zubrycki Dimple Roy Hisham Osman Kimberly Lewtas Geoffrey Gunn Richard Grosshans © 2014 The International Institute for Sustainable Development © 2016 International Institute for Sustainable Development | IISD.org November 2016 Large Area Planning in the Nelson-Churchill River Basin (NCRB): Laying a foundation in northern Manitoba © 2016 International Institute for Sustainable Development Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development International Institute for Sustainable Development The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) is one Head Office of the world’s leading centres of research and innovation. The Institute provides practical solutions to the growing challenges and opportunities of 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325 integrating environmental and social priorities with economic development. Winnipeg, Manitoba We report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained Canada R3B 0T4 through collaborative projects, resulting in more rigorous research, stronger global networks, and better engagement among researchers, citizens, Tel: +1 (204) 958-7700 businesses and policy-makers. Website: www.iisd.org Twitter: @IISD_news IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and from the Province
    [Show full text]
  • Water Levels and Hazard Lands
    LWCB Lake of the Woods Control Board Before You Build - Docks, Boathouses, Cottages Are you thinking of shoreline work or construction on your property? Then it is important to consider water levels. Find out more in the following sections: • Water Levels and Hazard Lands • Recommended Hazard Land Levels • How to Determine Levels on your Shoreline • Another Consideration; Erosion • Docks • Lake of the Woods • Winnipeg River (Ontario) • Nutimik Lake, Winnipeg River (Manitoba) • Lac Seul • English River Below Ear Falls / Pakwash Lake • References Water Levels and Hazard Lands Water levels typically move up and down seasonally and can also be quite different from one year to another. In particular, it is important to be aware that water levels can vary considerably over relatively short time periods in response to heavy rainfall or dry periods. On Lake of the Woods, while the "normal" annual variation in water level is only 0.6-0.9 m (2-3 ft) or less, levels through the years have varied over a 2.5 m (8.3 ft) range. On the Winnipeg River, water levels at some locations may vary up to 1.5 m (5 ft) fairly often and can rise 3.5 m (11.5 ft) or more when the dam at Kenora is fully opened. When building or developing, it is important to allow for water level fluctuations, recognizing that while the water level may normally be in a certain range, it can and will periodically rise much higher. Development in areas that are subject to periodic flooding will ultimately result in personal anxiety and property damage that could have easily been avoided.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.0 Native Land Use - Historical Period
    2.0 NATIVE LAND USE - HISTORICAL PERIOD The first French explorers arrived in the Red River valley during the early 1730s. Their travels and encounters with the aboriginal populations were recorded in diaries and plotted on maps, and with that, recorded history began for the region known now as the Lake Winnipeg and Red River basins. Native Movements Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye records that there were three distinct groups present in this region during the 1730s and 1740s: the Cree, the Assiniboine, and the Sioux. The Cree were largely occupying the boreal forest areas of what is now northern and central Manitoba. The Assiniboine were living and hunting along the parkland transitional zone, particularly the ‘lower’ Red River and Assiniboine River valleys. The Sioux lived on the open plains in the region of the upper Red River valley, and west of the Red River in upper reaches of the Mississippi water system. Approximately 75 years later, when the first contingent of Selkirk Settlers arrived in 1812, the Assiniboine had completely vacated eastern Manitoba and moved off to the west and southwest, allowing the Ojibwa, or Saulteaux, to move in from the Lake of the Woods and Lake Superior regions. Farther to the south in the United States, the Ojibwa or Chippewa also had migrated westward, and had settled in the Red Lake region of what is now north central Minnesota. By this time some of the Sioux had given up the wooded eastern portions of their territory and dwelt exclusively on the open prairie west of the Red and south of the Pembina River.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Drought in the Winnipeg River Basin, Manitoba by S
    Report of Activities 2003 Published by: Manitoba Industry, Economic Development and Mines Manitoba Geological Survey, 2003. ERRATA: The publisher/department name in the bibliographic reference cited immediately below the title of each GS report should read Manitoba Industry, Economic Development and Mines instead of Manitoba Industry, Trade and Mines. GS-27 Understanding drought in the Winnipeg River basin, Manitoba by S. St. George1, 2 St. George, S. 2003: Understanding drought in the Winnipeg River basin, Manitoba; in Report of Activities 2003, Manitoba Industry, Trade and Mines, Manitoba Geological Survey, p. 209–212. Summary This research will study the frequency, severity and causes of extreme droughts and low flows in the Winnipeg River basin (WRB). Because the Winnipeg River directly influences the production of approximately 4500 megawatts of hydropower, drought conditions affecting large portions of the WRB can have a serious impact on regional power supplies. This project will analyze streamflow records to determine if low flows occur in a predictable, periodic manner and establish if extreme low flows in the WRB are associated with specific atmospheric circulation patterns. Unfortunately, instrumental streamflow and climate records in the WRB are relatively short (less than 100 years), and may provide poor estimates of the frequency or severity of extreme low flow in the context of drought across the entire Manitoba Hydro system. To overcome this limitation, this project will also establish a new network of moisture-sensitive tree-ring sites within the WRB that will allow researchers to estimate hydroclimatic conditions in the basin during the past 200 to 500 years. These ‘proxy’ streamflow and/or precipitation records will be used to determine how the frequency and severity of low-flow events and droughts has changed over time, and evaluate the long-term variability of critical meteorological and climatological processes that control streamflow.
    [Show full text]
  • Special History Study on the Dawson Trail And
    special history study the daw son trail and other transportation routes VOYAGEURS NATlONAL PARK I MINNESOTA .. ED ;:../~j~ oo- .. - ... ""': ... D r."' \. .:. Q "..J • • S p 2 c i a ·L h i s t ~ --: y s t t :_d ~r c :1. t ~1 De.\vSOi.~ T :"ail. a :, 1d o t ~- - a r ¥ ljl2 .V6 ¥742 1986 Special history study on lo -~~in~00 0 and lumberin~0 as asso ciated with the area now in TITLE O.ATF . •) ,..... ~ . ..:... ·iMCJ· AffiVR · . '.>i ·~ : . : ~ •• -: ~· N~A .lVN~ ~• .. -.-.""·- " .... ,...,.ii · IJBlW(Y • Denver. Oo1o!ado NOV 1 5 1999 • •• • I ) ' AUG 2 4 1S)90 SPECIAL HISTORY s·TUDY ON· THE DAWSON'TRAIL AND OTHER TRANSPORTATION ROUTES RELATING TO VOYAGEURS NATIONAL PARK MINNESOTA August 1986 by David L. Fritz U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Denver Service Center Central Team • .. • • ¥ ljl2 .Vij ¥74 198lj Special history study on th e llawson 'frai 1 and other tr ansportation routes relatin :c TABLE OF CONTENTS .,. Page CHAPTER ONE: THE DAWSON TRAIL AND OTHER TRANSPORTATION ROUTES . • 1 A. The Dawson/ Gladman Expedition of 1857 . • • 1 B. Dawson Appointed Superintendent of the Road, 1867 . • 6 C. Louis Riel, the Red River Rebellion, and Colonel Garnet Wolseley's Military Expedition of 1870 . • 7 D. Dawson Tries to Provide Amenities for Civilian Immigrants in 1871 . • • 10 E. George M. Grant's 1872 Trip on the Dawson Route. • • • 10 F. A Competing Route Through Minnesota . • • • • 14 G. Government Reports During the 1870s . • • • • 14 H. Discomfort Ruled the Dawson Route. • • • • • 15 I . Dawson and His Road .Part Company, 1874 • • • • • 16 J.
    [Show full text]
  • Code Postal Payment Amount
    GST/HST Incremental Federal Rebate for Municipalities Report - January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2009 Rapport sur les remboursements fédéraux additionnels de la TPS/TVH aux municipalités - Du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2009 POSTAL CODE/ PAYMENT AMOUNT/ LEGAL NAME/DÉNOMINATION SOCIALE CITY/VILLE CODE POSTAL MONTANT DU PAIEMENT ALBERTA 1016819 ALBERTA LTD. SHERWOOD PARK T8A $ 1,557.48 1203213 ALBERTA LTD. DEVON T9G $ 5,474.16 1205585 ALBERTA LTD. SPIRIT RIVER T0H $ 3,089.48 1207175 ALBERTA LTD. BEZANSON T0H $ 1,573.46 124 STREET AND AREA BUSINESS ASSOCIATION EDMONTON T5M $ 1,599.12 1287616 ALBERTA LTD. BONNYVILLE T9N $ 5,304.92 340715 ALBERTA SOCIETY GRANDE PRAIRIE T8V $ 41,540.76 882020 ALBERTA LTD. SHERWOOD PARK T8A $ 14,891.39 919055 ALBERTA LTD KEG RIVER T0H $ 3,694.90 967204 ALBERTA LTD. ARDROSSAN T8E $ 873.79 ABBY ROAD HOUSING CO-OPERATIVE LTD EDMONTON T6G $ 1,799.41 ABYSS WATER SUPPLY INC. LA GLACE T0H $ 3,439.07 AC PUREWATER HAULING SERVICES LTD SPRUCE GROVE T7X $ 989.83 ACCM BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION EDMONTON T6C $ 13,723.03 ALBERTA AVENUE BUSINESS REVITALIZATION ZONE ASSOCIATION EDMONTON T5G $ 296.95 ALBERTA CAPITAL REGION WASTEWATER COMMISSION FORT SASKATCHEWAN T8L $ 175,030.27 ALBERTA SOUTHWEST REGIONAL ALLIANCE LTD. PINCHER CREEK T0K $ 7,293.89 ALDERGROVE HOUSING CO-OPERATIVE LTD EDMONTON T5T $ 825.95 ALTERNATE CHOICE WATER HAULING LTD. EDSON T7E $ 6,894.10 ANDRE'S WATER DELIVERY LTD LAC LA BICHE T0A $ 9,010.95 ANSGAR LUTHERAN HOUSING EDMONTON T5K $ 14,281.38 AQUATERA UTILITIES INC. GRANDE PRAIRIE T8V $ 403,739.07 ARTSPACE HOUSING CO-OPERATIVE LTD EDMONTON T5H $ 4,220.04 ATHABASCA REGIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES COMMISSION ATHABASCA T9S $ 19,615.45 AVENWOOD/BUCHANAN SENIORS CENTRE EDMONTON T5B $ 5,898.18 B & V POTABLE WATER LTD.
    [Show full text]
  • Network 2019 to Update Your Mailing Address Please Contact
    Network 2019 To update your mailing address please contact: Mail Alumni Association Inc. University of Manitoba Unit 200-137 Innovation Drive Winnipeg, MB R3T 5Y3 Email alumni_updates@umanitoba.ca Online umanitoba.ca/alumni/ Produced by Faculty of Architecture Text editors Madeleine Dafoe, Lisa Landrum, Brandy O’Reilly Graphic editors Madeleine Dafoe, Erin Rawluk, Brandy O’Reilly + Kim Weise NETWORK 2019 (2018-2019) Facebook and Instagram: @faumanitoba Twitter: @umarchitecture NETWORK is an annual publication of the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Environmental Design Program Department of Architecture Department of City Planning Department of Interior Design Department of Landscape Architecture Ph.D. in Design and Planning The Faculty of Architecture aspires to offer widely recognized and highly valued design and planning undergraduate and graduate programs that promote a respectful, collegial, interdisciplinary culture of teaching, scholarship, and service within the University and beyond. NETWORK is circulated to Faculty of Architecture alumni all over the world, and professional and industry firms throughout Western Canada. NETWORK welcomes articles, comments, and information related to issues affecting the design community. 04 Faculty Reports Letter from the Dean • Faculty Research • Environmental Design • Architecture • City Planning • Interior Design • Landscape Architecture • Faculty Announcements 52 74 Connectivity Indigenous Design + Planning C.A.S.T. • Murmurate • Zaagate Garden • Folly
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrological Dynamics in the Winnipeg River Basin, Manitoba by S
    GS-20 Hydrological dynamics in the Winnipeg River basin, Manitoba by S. St. George1 St. George, S. 2006: Hydrological dynamics in the Winnipeg River basin, Manitoba; in Report of Activities 2006, Manitoba Science, Technology, Energy and Mines, Manitoba Geological Survey, p. 226-230. Summary with particular configurations of Because hydrological conditions are the greatest the synoptic climatology. source of risk for hydroelectric production, recent studies describing significant declines in discharge during the 20th Study area and data century for many Canadian rivers are an understandable Most of the Winnipeg cause for concern. The Winnipeg River in northwestern River basin (WRB) is located at the eastern edge of the Ontario provides nearly half of the total flow into Lake Canadian Shield in northwestern Ontario, and can be Winnipeg and the Nelson River, and is the most important described as a rugged wilderness area with low, rolling component of the hydroelectric system generating power terrain and many large lakes. The Winnipeg River, in Manitoba. This study uses a network of long-term which also drains a small portion of northern Minnesota, discharge gauges to examine the frequency, severity and flows westward into Manitoba and empties into the causes of drought in the basin during the last one hundred south basin of Lake Winnipeg. The basin has an area of years. Extremely low annual flows in the Winnipeg River approximately 150,000 km2, and supports more than 100 are the product of widespread reductions in precipitation major lakes (including Lake of the Woods) that occupy during the previous summer and autumn, warm tempera- more than 11,400 km2 (Lake of the Woods Control Board, tures in spring and summer, and very little runoff delivered 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of the Hudson's Bay Company in the Exploration And
    THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY IN THE EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Earla Elizabeth Croll In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major Department: History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies May 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY IN THE EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH By Earla Elizabeth Croll The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Mark Harvey Chair Dr. Gerritdina Justitz Dr. Larry Peterson Dr. Holly Bastow-Shoop Approved: 7/21/2014 Dr. John K. Cox Date Department Chair ABSTRACT THE INFLUENCE OF THE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY IN THE EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH As beaver became scarcer in the east, the quest for Castor Canadensis sent traders into the northern plains. Reluctant explorers, traders looked for easier access and cheaper means of transport. Initially content to wait on the shores of the Bay, HBC was forced to meet their competitors in the natives’ homelands. The Red River Valley was easily accessed from Hudson’s Bay, becoming the center of the fur trade in the northern plains. HBC helped colonize the first permanent settlement west of the Great Lakes in the Red River Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • History of North Dakota Chapter 4
    54 History of North Dakota CHAPTER 4 Indian, Métis, and White in the Red River Valley THE RED RIVER COUNTRY was part of a remote region at the center of the North American continent. West of the river was a vast grassland, the Northern Great Plains, supporting immense herds of buffalo; north of the prairies, stretching northwest of Hudson Bay, lay the fur forest, producing fine peltries. Three waterways led into the area: The Hudson Bay–Hayes River-Lake Winnipeg route; the St. Lawrence–Ottawa–Great Lakes–Lake of the Woods route; and the Mississippi–Missouri route. These connected it with the outside world, with centers of population and commerce in the eastern United States and western Europe. Outsiders came by way of the Bay and the Great Lakes to exploit the fur forests; they came by way of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to exploit the buffalo plains. Their aim was to make the region a colonial hinterland of some outside center of trade. As they struggled for supremacy, they made the Indian dependent upon their trade goods; they debauched The Indian, Métis, and White in the Red River Valley 55 him with liquor; they married Indian women and produced a new race of mixed blood, the métis; and they established an agricultural settlement, the Selkirk colony, on the Red River of the North. For many years the fine peltries of the fur forest went to English and European markets. Eventually, the Hudson's Bay Company (coming from England by way of the Bay) beat out the North West Company (coming from Montreal by way of the Great Lakes).
    [Show full text]
  • The Fish and Fisheries of Lake Winnipeg; the First 100 Years
    Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2398 2003 The Fish and Fisheries of Lake Winnipeg; the first 100 years. by W. G. Franzin, K. W. Stewart, G. F. Hanke, and L. Heuring Central And Arctic Region Department of Fisheries and Oceans Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6 ii Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada 2001 Cat. No. FS97-6/0000E ISSN 0706-6457 Correct citation for this publication is: Franzin, W.G., K.W. Stewart, G.F. Hanke and L. Heuring. 2003. The fish and fisheries of Lake Winnipeg: the first 100 years. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2398: v + 53p. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract/ Résumé v Introduction 1 Biogeographic History 1 Field Study 2 Distribution of Fishes in Lake Winnipeg 3 Abundance Trends by Latitude 5 A Tentative Ecosystem Model of Lake Winnipeg's Fish Community 6 Fisheries of Lake Winnipeg 6 Potential Effects of Climate Warming 8 Summary 9 Acknowledgments 9 Literature cited 11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Lake Winnipeg within the context of the composite maximum extent of Glacial Lake Agassiz. At no time did the lake fill the entire shaded area. Known inlets / outlets of Glacial Lake Agassiz are indicated by arrows. (After Teller and Thorleifson, 1983) 14 Figure 2. Collective distribution of 32 fish species which entered the Hudson Bay drainage via a post-Lake Agassiz-Red River dispersal route (axial dispersal route). See Tables 2(A) and 2(B) for species and distribution criteria. 14 Figure 3. Collective distribution of seven species of fish which entered the Hudson Bay drainage via post- Glacial Lake Agassiz-Lake Superior / Rainy River dispersal routes.
    [Show full text]