ROSEAU RIVER* BAS,Ln

;-L. : JQlNT STUDIES lmww*cem

IN' THE - r ROSEAU RIVER* BAS,lN

NESOT

APPENDIX D SOCIO - ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

INTERNATIONAL RO.S€AU' ~~VERENQINEERINO BOARD REPOU*T TO THE INTIRNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION CQORDIaNATED WATER USE AND CONTROL

ROSEAU RIVER BASIN

MAIM REBORT - Responses to Questions Specified by International Joint Corrmoission, Conclusfons and Recommendations

APPENDIX A - HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS AND REFERENCES

Early and More Recent Report Documentation

APPENDIX 8 - WATER RESOURCES

Basin Description, Climatology, Surface Water, Groundwater, Water Quality and Hydrologic Effects of Past Works

- RELATED RESOURCES

Land-Based Resources, Present Uses and Po ten tial for Development

APPENDIX D - SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Demography, Economy and Public Attitudes

APPENDIX E - PROJECT INVESTIGATIONS

U. S . Channel kdifications and Canadian Mitigating Works, Flood Control, ~~kiculture,Forestry, Recreation, Wildlife, Fisheries, Water Supply and Waste Disposal Projects

APPENDIX F - COORDINATED PLAN FO~rnATION

Single Purpose Plans, Coordfnated Plans, Impacts, Costs and Scheduling

Note: Appendices B, C, D and E consist of a Canadian section followed by a United States Section. .JOINT STUDIES

FOR COORDINATED WATER USE AND CONTROL . ' . * eJ. ROSEAU RIVER BASIN

MANITOBA - MINNESOTA

APPENDIX D

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS . . CANADA

REPORT TO THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION BY THE INTERNATIONAL ROSEAU RIVER ENGINEERING BOARD

SEPTEMBER, 1975 CQORDIaNATED WATER USE AND CONTROL

ROSEAU RIVER BASIN

MAIM REBORT - Responses to Questions Specified by International Joint Corrmoission, Conclusfons and Recommendations

APPENDIX A - HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS AND REFERENCES

Early and More Recent Report Documentation

APPENDIX 8 - WATER RESOURCES

Basin Description, Climatology, Surface Water, Groundwater, Water Quality and Hydrologic Effects of Past Works

- RELATED RESOURCES

Land-Based Resources, Present Uses and Po ten tial for Development

APPENDIX D - SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Demography, Economy and Public Attitudes

APPENDIX E - PROJECT INVESTIGATIONS

U. S . Channel kdifications and Canadian Mitigating Works, Flood Control, ~~kiculture,Forestry, Recreation, Wildlife, Fisheries, Water Supply and Waste Disposal Projects

APPENDIX F - COORDINATED PLAN FO~rnATION

Single Purpose Plans, Coordfnated Plans, Impacts, Costs and Scheduling

Note: Appendices B, C, D and E consist of a Canadian section followed by a United States Section. SYNOPSIS

Appendix D, Socio-Economic Characteristics, surveys and discusses the population, economy and public attitudes within the Roseau River Basin.

The basin in Manitoba has been an area of rapid rural depopulation since 1941, and trends indicate a continuation of this phenomenon in the future. Young families have contributed to most of this out-migration, resulting in over-representation in the older age categories. This exodus has been generated primarily by the "depressed" nature of the basin's economy and the lack of employment opportunities for young people.

Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in the basin. The main products are cattle, wheat and oats. Other economic sectors such as forestry, service industries, tourism and recreation have declined in importance. Recreation appears to be the only activity other than agriculture with any potential for improvement.

A survey was conducted in May 1973, to determine basin residents' perceptions of flooding and attitudes to the proposed United States project. The majority of the respondents to the Attitude- Perception survey did not feel that the project will affect them adversely, even though a sizable minority disagreed. The follow-up'public meetings proved informative and useful for both the study group and the public. Many concerns mentioned in the survey, particularly those related to future development and flooding, were reiterated at the meetings.

Canada APPENDIX D: CANADA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page SYNOPSIS ...... D-iii LIST OF TABLES ...... D-vii LIST OF FIGURES ...... D-viii

I . INTRODUCTION ...... D-1

POPULATION ...... A . Historical Background ...... B . Population Distribution ...... Population Numbers ...... Population Changes ...... Population Density ...... Settlement Pattern ...... C . Demobaphic Characteristics ...... Age Characteristics ...... Family Characteristics ...... Education Level ...... Ethnic Groups ...... Labour Force ...... Income ...... D . Population Trends - General Statement ......

I11 . ECONOMY ...... A . Agriculture ...... Farm Size. Numbers and Distribution ...... Types of Farms ...... Land Use ...... Value of Production ...... Operator Characteristics ...... Market Conditions of the Basin's Major Agricultural Products Government Policy ...... B. Forestry ...... Markets ...... Employment Data ...... Future Trends ...... Columbia Forest Products ...... C . Outdoor Recreation ...... Use and Demand by Basin Residents ...... Demand by Non-Basin Residents ...... D . Services - Business Establishments ...... Value of Sales ...... IV . ROSEAU RIVER INDIAN RESERVE ...... D-35 A . Location ...... D-35 B . Historical Background ...... D-35 C . Population Size and Distribution ...... D-35

Canada D-v Page D . Age Structure ...... D-35 E . Family Characteristics ...... D-36 F . Income ...... D-36 G . Economic Activities ...... D-36 H . Conclusions ...... D-36

V . PUBLIC ATTITUDES ...... A . Attitude Survey ...... B . Survey Results ...... Flooding Experiences ...... Attitudes to Existing Flood Control and Land Drainage Measures ..... Attitudes to the Proposed United States Channel Modifications ...... Suggestions for Dealing with Increased Flows ...... Suggestions for Future Development ...... Special Considerations ...... The Roseau River Indian Reserves ...... Farm Operations North of the Main Reserve ...... C . Public Meetings ...... Vita Meeting ...... Piney Meeting ...... Dominion City Meeting ...... Roseau River Indian Reserve Meeting ...... D . Meeting with the Roseau Band Council and the Manitoba Indian Brotherhood . E . Meeting with the Council of the Rural Municipality of Franklin ...... F . Meeting with the East-Man Regional Development Corporation ...... G . Summary ......

VI . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... D-45 A . Population ...... D-45 B . Economy ...... D-45 C . The Roseau River Indian Reserves ...... D-45 D . Public Attitudes ...... D-46

REFERENCES ...... D-47

Canada APPENDIX D: CANADA

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page D.l . Population and Population Change. 1941-1971 ...... D-4 D.2 . Rates of Population Change for Particular Age Groups. 1941-71 ...... D-6 D.3 . Education Level Completed. 1961-1971 ...... D-7 D.4 . Ethnic Groups. 1961-1971 ...... D. 8 D.5 . Average Per Capita Income, 1966-1971 ...... D-10 D.6 . Farm Size Characteristics, 1941-1971 ...... D-14 D.7 . Commercial Farm Classification by Product Type, 1966-1971 ...... D-16 D.8 . Intensity of Land Use. 1941-1971 ...... D-17 D.9A . Land Use in Acres - Cereal and Other Grains, 1941-1971 ...... D-18 D.9B . Land Use in Acres - Other Uses, 1941-1971 ...... D-19 D.10 . Capital Values, Incomes and Part-Time Work for Farms in Dollars. 1966-1971 ... D-20 D.11 . Value of Sales in Dollars for Farm Products, 1966-1971 ...... D.22 . D.12 . Age Structure of Farm Operators, 1966-1971 ...... D-23 D.13 . Economic Activities by Community. 1970 ...... D-34 D.14 . Attitudes to the Proposed United States Channel Modifications in Terms of Increased Peak Flows ...... D.15 . Suggestions for Future Development - Rural ...... D.16 . Suggestions for Future Development - Town ...... D.17 . Attendance at Public.Meetings ......

Canada APPENDIX D: CANADA

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

D-1. Ukrainian Church in Vita ...... D-9 D-2. Type and Location of Timber Operations Roseau River Watershed, Manitoba . . . D-26 D-3. Roseau River Village Park Upstream of Provincial Trunk Highway 59 ...... D-29 D-4. Gardenton Ukrainian Museum ...... D-30

D-5. A Portion of the Roseau River Rapids Near Senkiw ...... D-31 D-6. Areas Within 25 and 50 Miles of Roseau River and Roseau Rapids ...... D-32

Canada I. INTRODUCTION

This appendix presents information on the human, as opposed to the physical and engineering aspects of the Roseau River Basin in Manitoba. The historical and present conditions of the residents are discussed by grouping the socio-economic information into three main categories - population, economy and public attitudes. Baseline data are provided for the consideration of future socioeconomic trends and possible impacts of proposed watershed development plans resulting from the Roseau River Basin study.

The chapter on the population of the Roseau River Basin includes a very brief history of the area, and an analysis of local population distribution, demographic characteristics and population trends. The data on which these analyses are based are the 1961 and 1971 census statistics, with some information for the years between 1941 and 1961.

The chapter on the economy of the basin contains a description of the various economic activities in the area. Since agriculture is the single most important activity of the region, most attention is devoted to it. Analysis of other economic activities, such as manufacturing, forestry, outdoor recreation and services is more limited. Information on the population and economy of the Indian Reserves is presented in the chapter following.

Within the public attitudes chapter, the opinions of the people in the basin toward flooding, land drainage and the proposed channel modifications in Minnesota are presented. In addition, residents' suggestions for dealing with the possibility of increased flows, and ideas for future development are summarized. This chapter also includes a report on the public meetings and information exchange sessions with local councils which were initiated and attended by the International Roseau River Task Force and other study members.

This appendix was prepared by Raina Ho, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, and was based mainly on two reports produced by the same department - the "Socio-Economic Input" by Wayne Swanson, Lands Directorate, and the "Attitude-Perception Study" by Raino Ho, Inland Waters Directorate. Provincial agencies which have contributed additional information are the Manitoba Departments of Agriculture; Industry and Commerce; and Mines, Resources and Environmental Management.

Canada 11. POPULATION

A. Historical Background

The Roseau River was once used as a major canoe route between the Lake of the Woods and the Red River by early French explorers and fur traders. The importance of the Roseau River route declined when the Winnipeg River passage became popular because it provided more direct access to Lake Winnipeg and the fur country to the northwest.

The Rural Municipality (RM) of Franklin was formed as a result of the outgrowth of the town of Emerson, which became a major border crossing in the latter part of the 19th century. The rich soils of the Red River Valley proved to be highly suitable for the growing of cereal crops, thus attracting many settlers to the' area. These lands, particularly those to the east of the Red River Valley, also provided good pasture which encouraged the establishment of livestock.

Dominion City was first settled in 1874 in the proximity of an excellent ford across the Roseau River. A majority of the early settlers were former Ontario residents of Anglo-Saxon ancestry, and during the 1870's and 1880's a steady influx of these pioneers arrived on the newly built Pembina Branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Further east, the Local Government District (LGD) of Stuartburn was also settled by Anglo- Saxon pioneers from Ontario during the years 1881-96. Ukrainian immigrants began arriving in this area in 1896, and have subsequently become the dominant ethnic group in the district.

The Local Government District (LGD) of Piney was settled near the turn of the 20th century by people of Scandinavian descent who had emigrated from North Dakota and Minnesota. The construction of the railway between Winnipeg and the International Boundary near Middleboro from 1898 to 1900, and the associated Ridgeville line from South Junction to Emerson completed in 1907 served to open the region for settlers, and brought in railway labourers who have remained. The establishmeit of timber operations in the region by Daniel Sprague and others also influenced the character of settlement in the LGD of Piney. Many settlers worked in th'ese operations on either a full or a part-time basis, and kept small farmsteads to sustain them during slack periods. As a result, there are fewer and smaller farm units in the LGD of Piney today than in the remainder of the basin.

Although the Roseau River provided the first access route from eastern Canada to the west, southeastern Manitoba played only a minor role in Canada's western development. Its major contribution consisted of timber taken largely from the present LGD of Piney. Between the years 1876-1907 the district's rivers and streams were used to transport rafts of logs to Winnipeg, but by 1907 the rail lines became used exclusively (Waggen- hoffer, 1972, p. 29).

This corner of Manitoba still remains outside the mainstream of the province's social and economic development. This condition will persist unless the economic and possibly the social climate of the area changes drastically.

B. Population Distribution

Population Numbers: The total population in the Canadian portion of the Roseau River Basin was reported at 5,875l in the 1971 census. The boundaries of the RM of Franklin.and the LGD of

h his figurc does not include thc population on the Roseau River Indian Reserves, which will be considered in a later chapter.

Canada D-3 Stuartburn coincide reasonably well with the Roseau River watershed limits, and although a large portion of the LGD of Piney is outside the basin, its more populated sectors are within the watershed. Hence, the combined populations of these three local jurisdictions2 generally reflect the total for the basin. At the time of the 1971 census, the enumeration areas within the local government areas indicated the following population breakdown: Franklin 2,325, Stuartburn * 1,880 and Piney 1,6703.

Population Changes: Changes or shifts in the population of the basin were analyzed for the period 1941-1971. Totals for the municipality of Franklin and the two LGD's were used instead of enumeration areas, in order to allow for more effective comparison, particularly with statistics derived from the earlier years. The data summarized in Table D-1 indicate that population has declined rapidly during these decades.

Table D-1: Population and Population Change 1941-1971

1941 1951 1961 1971 1941-1971 Municipality Pop.** Pop. % Change Pop. % Change Pop. % Change % Change

- - Franklin 4,236 3,590 -15.3 3,112 -13.3 2,325 -25.3 -45.1

Stuartburn 4,644 3,165 -31.9 2,481 -21.6 1,880 -24.2 -60.0

Piney 1,587" 3,141*+97.9 2,859" - 9.0 2,155* -24.6 +35.8

Basin 10,467" 9,896* - 5.5 8,452* -14.6 6,360" -24.8 -39.2

* Includes enumeration areas outside the basin in LCD of Piney ** Pop. - population Sources: Adapted from Canada. "Census of Population," 1941-1971. Unpublished data by Statistics Canada. Ottawa

In a predominantly rural area, this population decrease is characteristic of the general trend toward urbanization in Canada. The rate of population decline in the basin is, however, significantly higher than in the other rural areas of Manitoba (a 25 percent decrease as compared to nine percent for all of rural Manitoba between 1961 and 1971). The movement of people out of the basin has not been concentrated in any particular district, although the Caliento-Arbakka and Ridgeville areas have experienced the highest rates of decline. The small towns (classified as rural non-farm) in the watershed have not been exempt from this exodus, with the exception of Vita and Sundown which have increased slightly in size. In other rural non-farm regions of the province, the trend has been toward an increase in population (six percent between 1961 and 1971).

One anomaly in the trend of population decrease was in the LGD of Piney, where population almost doubled from 1941 to 1951. This phenomenon could be attributed to the influx of new immigrants and to the return of World War I1 veterans. Since Stuartburn and Franklin were well settled by that time, Piney was the only area in the Roseau River Basin which still contained unoccupied land. Furthermore, birth rates increased considerably during the last half of that decade.

21:or ease of reference the RM of Franklin, the LCD of Stuartburn and the LCD of Piney will occasionally be termed collectively as local government jurisdictions or local government areas. Furthermore, subsequent references to Franklin, Stuartburn and Piney will be used exclusively for the local government areas and not for the towns of Stuartburn or Piney. 3~hisfigure excludes enumeration areas in the LGD of Piney which are outside the basin.

Canada The lack of economic opportunities is the main reason for the general population decline in this area, especially within the younger age groups. Most of the emigration has included young families, and their under-representation in the basin will become apparent in later discussions.

Population Density: The average population density in the Roseau Basin for the 1971 census year was 4.03 persons per square mile (p.p.s.m.), varying from 0.96 p.p.s.m. north of the town of Piney to 13.58 p.p.s.m. in the $Vita area. The population density in the eastern portion of the basin is lower than in the western sector, a pattern which has continued from the time of pioneer .. settlement. The Vassar-South Junction and Sundown areas indicated densities higher than the basin average in 1961, but decreased to below average in 1971. The Sandilands Forest Reserve and large tracts of poorly drained uncultivated lands generally account for the low densities in the east, while the increasing capability of the land for agriculture in the west has resulted in higher population densities.

Settlement Pattern: There are two distinct types of settlement pattern in the Roseau Basin, namely dispersed and nucleated. The RM of Franklin and most of the LGD of Stuartburn are now characterized by a fairly evenly distributed or dispersed farm population, serviced by centres such as Dominion City and Vita. Almost two-thirds of the rural population in this area lived on farms during 1961 and 1966. The LGD of Piney, on the other hand, exhibits a nucleated settlement pattern where the majority of the population is concentrated in various small centres, such as Piney and Sprague. All settlements in the Manitoba portion of the basin are identified as rural non-farm, as they contain fewer than 1,000 people. According to the 1971 census, the largest communities in the basin were Dominion City (421) and Vita (349).

C. Demographic Characteristics

Age Characteristics: In general, there is preponderance of older age categories in the Roseau Basin (Table D-2). Compared to the provincial average in 1971, the population between the ages 20 to 35 was very much under-represented in the basin (12 percent in the Roseau watershed and 21 percent in Manitoba). This under-representation is contrasted to a percentage higher than the provincial average for those over 45 years of age (39.5 percent in the watershed versus 29.5 percent for Manitoba).

Considering the period between 1941 and 1971, there has been a decline in numbers in the younger age groups, and a corresponding increase in the higher age categories particularly in the over-65 classification. It is interesting to note that Piney showed extremely high increase rates for all age categories between 1941 and 1951 (Table D-2) and especially in the 35 to over-65 age classes, while there was a decline in this group in Franklin and Stuartburn. Again, this phenomenon could be related to the influx of pioneers and returning war veterans. Similar manifestations of this feature are apparent in the analyses of other demographic characteristics to be presented subsequently.

Decreases in population, particularly in age groups which comprise young families, continued to be evident in census statistics between 1951 and 1971 for all municipal areas of the basin. The only group which continued to increase in numbers is the post-retirement category. Little discussion on sex characteristics is necessary, except that there are generally more male than female residents in the basin population.

Family Characteristics: The average family size in the basin in 1971 was 3.6 persons per family, while the 1961 size was 3.9 persons per family. These data are in general agreement with provincial averages. The range of average family size among the local government areas was 4.24 to 3.04 persons in 1971, while a wider range (5.01 to 3.18) was reported in the 1966 statistics, with larger families reported in the eastern portion of the watershed. Regional differences in family size were not reported in the 1971 census data.

Canada P Table D-2: Rates of Population Change for Particular Age Groups 1941-71

Munici- pality 0-14 15-2.1 25-3.1 :15- 14 45-54 55-64 65 + 'I'otal Year No. % Changcx No. % I No. % I No. % I No. 7% Change No. % ;/nCh;~ngr No. 5% Change No. !% Change -- -- Franklin 1911 1334 893 (i27 - 190 :1!)(; 287 209 4236 1951 1164 -12.7 534 -.10.2 517 -17.5 tG0 - 6.1 382 - 3.5 276 - 3.8 257 22.9 3590 -15.3

------Stuartburn 1941 1GO8 1005 (i02 I 372 3 10 309 4644 1951 1058 -34.2 477 -52.5 398 -33 $1 :15!) -18.0 :118 -15.5 254 -18.1 301 - 2.6 3165 -31.8 t;' 1961 7-14 -29.7 329 -31.0 215 -16 0 0 -1 5.5 31!1 0.3 257 1.2 314 4.3 2481 -21.6 Q, 1971 180 -35.5 260 -21.0 130 -39.5 175 -12.2 265 -16.:) 250 - 2.7 320 1.9 1880 -24.2 Piney 1941 1951 1961 1971

Basin 1941 1951 1961 1971

Sources: Adapted from Canada, "Census of Population," 1941-1971. Unpublished data by Statistics Canada, Ottawa. Canada. 1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study - Socio-Economic Input," By Wayne Swanson, Lands Directorate, Environment Canada. Ottawa. October. Table 6. The general population decline in the basin is reflected by similar trends in the number of families resident in the Roseau River watershed. From 1961 to 1971, the number of family groups diminished from 1,817 to 1,445, a decrease of 20.5 percent. These changes are also evident in age-group characteristics for the basin (Table D-2).

Education Level: In general, the level of formal educational attainment for that portion of the population over five years of age not presently attending school is low. In 1961, 51.6 percent of the people within the basin had obtained an elementary education (Grades 1-6), compared with 33.1 percent in the province (Table D-3).1 For the secondary level (Grades 7 to 12) the figure for the watershed was 21.5 percent, versus a provincial statistic of 40.9 percent. The percentages for the post-secondary phase were 1.6 percent in the basin and five percent for Manitoba.

Data for 1971 indicate that for all categories except "no schooling," the percentages have increased slightly while actual numbers have decreased at a greater rate. This phenomenon is consistent with the general population decline in the watershed. In comparison, a lower percentage (32 percent) was recorded for the province in 1971 for elementary schooling, while the ratio for the secondary category has increased to 46 percent.

Table D-3: Education Level Completed 1961-1971

Municipality Elementary High Post High No & Year School School School Schooling Total No. % No. % No. % No. % No. Franklin 1961 1,094 47.5 675 29.3 45 2.0 488 21.2 2,302 1971 855 49.7 595 34.6 30 1.7 240 14.0 1,720

Stuartburn 1961 993 54.7 230 12.7 15 0.8 579 31.9 1,817 1971 795 56.0 265 18.7 30 2.1 340 23.9 1,430

Piney 1961 1,104 53.5 424 20.5 41 2.0 496 24.0 2,065 1971 800 52.5 435 28.5 25 1.6 265 17.4 1,525

Basin 1961 3,191 51.6 1,329 21.5 101- 1.6 1,563 25.3 6,184 1971 2,450 52.4 1,295 27.7 85 1.8 845 18.1 4,675

Source: Manitoba. 1971 and 1975. "Descriptive Data, Regional Analysis Program, Southern Manitoba." By Regional Development Branch, Department of Industry and Commerce, Winnipeg. Tables D-9c and D-9.

Ethnic Groups: Different ethnic groups tend to dominate in varying degrees in the three local government areas, according to the 1961 census. In Franklin there are three major groups: German, British and Ukrainian, in that order (Table D-4). Stuartburn is definitely a Ukrainian stronghold, with this group comprising 83.6 percent of its population. The major ethnic group in Piney is formed by inhabitants of French origin (31.2 percent), while people of Ukrainian, Scandi- navian and British origin are also evident.

'1t should be noted that the provincial statistics include Winnipeg, which would tend to increase the percentage figures in each category of schooling. Canada D-7 - - C] Table D-4: Ethnic Groups 1961-1971

Nether- Scandi- Other Native Municipality British French German lands Polish navian Ukrainian European Asian Indian Other Total &Year No. W No. % No. 7% No. P/c No. % No. C/c No. % No. W No. % No. % No. % NO.

Franklin 1961 779 25.0 97 3.1 954 30.7 161 5.2 140 4.5 44 1.4 752 24.2 169 5.3 12 0.4 3 0.1 1 0.0 3112 1971 600 24.8 90 3.7 900 37.2 125 5.2 100 4.1 10 0.4 485 20.0 5 0.2 - - - - 105 4.3 2420

Stuartburn 1961 45 1.8 26 1.0 28 1.1 121 1.9 152 6.1 24 1.0 2074 83.6 11 0.4 - - - - 2481 1971 70 3.7 20 1.1 150 7.9 50 2.6 80 4.2 15 0.8 1480 78.1 10 0.5 - - 10 0.5 10 0.5 1895

Piney 1961 346 12.1 892 31.2 222 7.8 78 2.7 105 3.7 1-16 15.6 455 15.9 298 10.4 - - 15 0.5 2 0.1 2859 1971 355 16.1 625 29.2 210 9.8 15 0.7 45 2.1 330 15.4 330 15.4 110 5.1 5 0.2 5 0.2 110 5.1 2140

Total 1961 1170 13.8 1015 12.0 120.1 11.3 360 4.3 397 1.7 514 6.1 3281 38.8 478 5.7 12 0.1 18 0.2 3 0.0 8452 1971 1025 15.9 735 11.4 1260 19.5 190 2.9 225 3.5 335 5.5 2295 35.6 125 1.9 5 0.1 15 0.2 225 3.5 6455

Sources: Manitoba. 1971. "Descriptive Data Regional Program, Southern Manitoba" By Regional Development Branch, Department of Industry and Commerce. Winnipeg. Table D6c. Canada. 1975. Special Bulletin, Population by Specified Ethnic Groups, 1971. By Statistics Canada. Ottawa. Table 2. - No major changes were recordedI in 1971 except for varying decreases in most categories. ~roups which showed increases inI percentage were "British" and "German".

The effect of ethnic differences on other demographic and economic characteristics may be insignificant at the present time, but in the past it was manifested in the cultural landscape. For instance, many building styles still visible in the LGD of Stuartburn are definitely related to Ukrainian architecture and culture.

Figure D-1 : Ukrainian Church in Vita.

Labour Force: Broad generalizations about the labour force will suffice in this section, as more detailed analyses will be included in the chapter on economic activities.

As expected, in 1961 the most important occupation in the basin was farming, with 64.2 percent of the inhabitants engaged in this activity. By 1971, this ratio had decreased to 41.8 percent, while a 47.5 percent decline in the number of farmers was recorded for the same period. Within the sales and service occupations, increases in proportion were registered for the decade 1961 to 1971. For the sales category, the percentage figure rose from 2.4 percent to 3.8 percent. In contrast, sales and service occupations for the province (including Winnipeg) in 1971 were registered at 9.5 percent and 9.1 percent respectively.

Income: The average per capita income in the basin was appreciably lower than the provincial figure ($3,176 in the basin versus $5,237 in Manitoba in 19711), and a similar discrepancy was noted for the rate of growth. Between 1966 and 1971, average income in the basin rose by 20.7 percent (Table D-5), compared to 31.5 percent for Manitoba. If this trend continues, serious economic retardation in the area will prevail.

It is unusual that Franklin contained some of the lowest average per capita incomes even though it is in an area of the highest agricultural output. The average gross income reported in Franklin was

l~hesestatistics were derived from gross returns on income tax forms from the National Revenue Department.

Canada D-9 Table D-5: Average Per Capita Income 1966-1971

Municipality & Year Average Income $ % Change No. of Returns % Change

Franklin 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1966-1971

Stuartburn 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1966-1971

Piney 1966 3038 603 1967 3010 - 0.9 610 1.2 1968 3099 3.0 629 3.1 1969 3454 11.5 656 4.3 1970 3561 3.1 649 - 1.1 1971 3649 2.5 698 7.6 1966-1971 20.1 15.8

Basin 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1966-1971

Manitoba 1966 3981 367773 1967 4201 5.5 385600 4.8 1968 4407 ' 4.9 410820 6.5 1969 4703 6.7 414802 1.0 1970 4928 4.8 428012 3.2 1971 5237 6.3 435988 1.9 1966-1971 31.5 18.5

Source: Canada. 1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study - Socio-Economic Input." By Wayne Swanson, Lands Directorate. Environ- ment Canada. Ottawa. Table 20.

Canada D-10 $2,692 in 1971, while $3,649 was registered for Piney, the latter being the highest in the basin. The RM of Franklin also recorded the slowest economic growth rate (13.1 percent), while the LGD of Stuartbum had the highest rate of income increase, 30.3 percent. The provincial growth rate was 31.5 percent.

D. Population Trends - General Statement

From the preceding analysis it is evident that the population of the basin is experiencing a rapid decline. There is no reason to believe that this trend will change or stabilize in the near future unless deliberate measures are taken to prevent continued decline. While it is true that this trait is typical of the increasing degree of urbanization in Canada at the expense of rural areas, the Roseau watershed has lost its population at a much higher rate than many other non-urban areas. At a time when younger families are moving out of the area, older age groups have tended to remain, thereby maintaining a "top-heavy" population structure. Many towns, such as Dominion City and Gardenton, have evolved into what could be-considered as retirement centres. This trend is unlikely to change unless the economic environment improves substantially enough to encourage young people to remain. Discussions in subsequent chapters on the tendency toward farm abandonment, increased farm size, decreased number of farms, and diminishing range of industries and employment opportunities will demonstrate that the lack of economic opportunities in the area will continue to contribute to rural depopulation.

Canada 111. ECONOMY

The discussion in this chapter is focussed on the different types of economic activities in the Roseau Basin. Activities which have been examined include agriculture, forestry, outdoor recreation and services. In addition, analyses of scope, land area utilized, output, employment, market conditions and future trends (where available) are presented. The major portion of this chapter is devoted to agriculture, which is the most important economic activity in the basin.

A. Agriculture

The dominance of agriculture in the economy of the basin has been demonstrated previously in the discussion of the composition of the labour force and the rural-urban population distribution. On further examination, the major role played by agriculture is underlined by the high proportion of farm-related activities and services.

Farm Size, Numbers and Distribution: The average farm size in the basin has been increasing over the decades from 1941 to 1971 (Table D-6). The number of farms achieving the higher average size has also increased steadily for each census period. Average growth rates in the size of farms in the watershed were 17.5 percent for 1941-51, 21.6 percent for 1951-61, and 38.7 percent for 1961-71.

The average farm size in the basin is smaller than the provincial average. In 1966, the average farm size was 367 acres, while the corresponding provincial figure was 480 acres - a difference of 113 acres. For 1971, the discrepancy was reduced to 90 acres - 452 acres in the Roseau area compared with 542 acres in the province. According to the 1941-71 census statistics, larger farms were found mainly in the eastern part.

It is evident that the number of farms has declined from 1941 up to the present time (Table D-6). This trend was common to all municipalities with the exception of Piney, which showed a 68.4 percent increase from 1941 to 1951. This anomaly was undoubtedly related to the population increase in Piney during that decade. The general decrease in the number of farm units coincides with the same decline experienced in the population sector. The total number of farms dropped from 1,816 in 1941 to 833 in 1971, the major decrease being among the smaller farm units. For example, between 1966 and 1971, farms under 239 acres decreased by 41 percent, but those greater than 560 acres actually increased by 23 percent. In general, the number of farms in the basin showed higher rates of change than were recorded for the province which indicates the presence of farm consolidation.

Agricultural activity, as characterized by the distribution of farms, is primarily concentrated in Franklin and Stuartburn. Piney contained the smallest farm units and also reported the lowest number of holdings. Franklin and Stuaftburn have approximately the same number of farm operations, although the farm sizes in the latter tend to be smaller.

Types of Farms: For the period 1966-71, data on farms classified according to type of product were available only for commercial farm holdings. A commercial farm, as defined by Statistics Canada, is one with agricultural sales of $2,500 or more per year. According to this definition, approximately 35 percent (409) of the farms were classified as commercial in 1966, and 51 percent (468) in 1971 (Table D-7). More commercial farms were recorded in Franklin than in the remainder of the basin.

The predominance of specific types of farms has varied throughout the years in the watershed area. The 1971 census classified 38.3 percent of the commercial farms in Franklin as mixed

Canada D-13 - -- Table D-6: Farm Size Characteristics 1941-1971

~dtalCensus Total Area of 'Average Farm Municipality Farms Farms Size & Year No. % Change Acres % Change Acres % Change

- -- Franklin 1941 7 62 214,676 282 1951 668 -12.1 215,062 0.2 322 14.2 1961 578 -13.5 209,100 -2.8 362 12.4 1971 38 9 -32.7 185,325 -11.4 476 31.5

Stuartburn 1941 793 150,363 190 1951 605 -23.7 145,893 -3.O 241 26.8 1961 448 -25.9 133,300 -8.6 298 23.6 1971 296 -33.9 129,395 -2.9 437 46.7

Piney 1941 263 49,080 187 1951 443 68.4 99,476 102.7 225 20.3 1961 32 0 -27.8 96,600 -2.9 302 34.2 1971 148 -53.8 62,153 -35.7 420 39.1

Basin 1941 1,818 414,119 228 1951 1,716 -5.6 460,431 11.2 2 68 17.5 1961 1,346 -21.6 439,000 -4.7 326 21.6 1971 833 -38.1 376,873 -14.2 452 38.7

Sources: ('anada. C'c,rlsus of' Awiclrlrurc. 1951. Part 11, Table 53 and Cerzsrts of Agricult~ire,1951, Part 11, Table 30-2; Canada. 1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study - Socio-lkonomic Input," By Wayne Swanson, Lands Directorate, Environment (:annda. Ottawa. Table 11 .; Manitoba. 1971. "Descriptive Data, Regional Analysis Program, Southern Manitoba." By llepional Devclop~nentBranch, Department of Industry and Commerce. Winnipeg. Tables A8 and A9.

Canada livestock producers (cattle, sheep and hogs), while dairy farms and small grain producers accounted for 18.3 percent and 16.3 percent, respectively. The distribution of farm types had been slightly different in 1966, small grain and mixed livestock farms being most numerous. In the LGD of Stuartburn, 60.0 percent of the commercial farms in 1971 were in mixed livestock ( a decrease of 7.8 percent from 1966), while 31.8 percent were dairy farms (an increase from 13.6 percent in 1966). Piney also tended to be dominated by mixed livestock farms during both census years. In all three local government areas, impressive increases in the number of dairy farms were recorded from 1966 to 1971.

Land Use: Land use in this area will be considered under two main headings, intensity and type of use.

The proportion of improved acreage to total farm area has been used as an approximate measure of intensity in this analysis. During the period of examination from 1941 to 1971 (Table D-8), increases in land use intensity were registered throughout the watershed, with the exception of the period between 1941 and 1951, when intensity decreased slightly.

It should be noted that total acreage rose between 1941 and 1951, then subsequently declined from that census period up to the present day, thereby contributing to the higher intensities recorded. The ratio of improved acreage to farm area varied widely throughout the basin. For example, in Franklin, the percentage of improved acreage was approximately three times greater than in the two local government districts.

Land use type also varied considerably within the basin, and partly contributed to the differing intensities evident in the area. In the RM of Franklin, the amount of land under crops was higher than in the two LGD's throughout the period 1941 to 1971 (Table D-9). Hay production proved to be the exception, with the two Local Government Districts matching and sometimes exceeding that of the RM of Franklin. Wheat and oats have been and still are the most important crops grown in the basin, and the major producers are located in Franklin. In 1966, Franklin acreages in oats exceeded those in wheat, while other crops such as hay and flax also became fairly important.

From 1941 to 1951, flax exhibited the most significant rise in acreage, with a total increase of 153.5 percent in the three local government jurisdictions. The greatest growth in flax acreage occurred in Franklin, although the highest rate of increase was registered for Stuartbum. The areas of improved pasture also expanded during this period, with the highest increase of 471 percent being recorded in Piney. Decreases in acreage in rye and wheat were evident in Stuartburn.

For the period 1951-61, the rates of change were less dramatic than they had been in the previous decade. There were no impressive increases in any of the crops. On the contrary, barley and hay showed high rates of decrease.

From the years 1961 to 1966, there were no significant rates of change in crop acreages, although there were some specific increases in barley and flax. Major increases were indicated for barley and mixed grains between 1966 and 1971. According to the 1971 Census of Agriculture, wheat was the dominant crop west of Range five (94 percent of the wheat acreage in the basin). In Ranges five and six, oats became the major cereal crop, and in the remainder of the area, fodder crops and improved pasture became more dominant. During the period 1966-1971, large increases in the acreages devoted to rapeseed and barley (236 percent and 112 percent respectively) occurred west of Range five.

Under the influence of world market demand, competition from other crops and rotation practices, changes in acreage will probably be registered by the next census.

Canada D-15 - - - - Table D-7: Commercial Farm Classification by Product Type 1966-1971

Total No. of Cattle, Hog & Small Grain Poultry & Total No. Municipality Comm. Farms Dairy Farms Sheep Farms Wheat Farms Farms Mixed Farms Other Farms of Farms & Year No. %* No. %** No. %** No. %** No. %** No. %** No. %** No. %

Franklin 1966 315 59.6 26 8.3 69 21.9 56 17.8 99 31.4 56 17.8 9 2.9 529 1971 300 68.5 55 18.3 115 38.4 31 10.3 49 16.3 34 11.3 16 5.3 438 Change 15 4.8 29 111.5 46 66.7 -25 -44.6 -50 -50.5 -22 -39.3 7 77.8 -91 -17.2

Stuartburn 1966 59 14.5 8 13.6 40 67.8 1 1.7 0 0.0 8 13.6 2 3.4 407 1971 110 37.2 35 31.8 66 60.0 1 0.9 0 0.0 4 3.6 4 3.6 296 Change 51 86.4 27 337.5 26 65.0 -4 -50.0 2 100.0 -111 -27.3

+ Piney Q, 1966 35 14.5 2 5.7 17 48.6 3 8.6 5 14.3 5 14.3 3 8.6 241 1971 58 30.5 11 19.0 31 53.4 0 0.0 2 3.4 6 10.3 8 13.8 190 Change 23 65.7 9 450.0 14 82.4 -3 -100.0 -3 -60.0 1 20.0 5 166.7 51 -21.2

Total 1966 409 35.5 36 8.8 126 30.8 60 14.7 104 25.4 69 16.9 14 3.4 1177 1971 468 50.6 101 21.6 212 45.3 32 6.8 51 10.9 44 9.4 28 6.0 924 Change 59 12.6 65 180.6 86 68.3 -28 -46.7 -53 -51.0 -25 -36.2 14 100.0 -253 -21.5

*Percentage of total number of farms **Percentage of total number of commercial farms Source:Adapted from Canada, 1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study - Socio-Economic Input," by Wayne Swanson, Lands Directorate, Environment Canada. Ottawa. October. Table 14. Table D-8: Intensity of Land Use 1941-1971

--- - Intensity Municipality Total Farm Acreage Total Improved Acreage % of Total & Year Acres % Change Acres % Change Acreage

Franklin 1941 1951 1961 1971

- Stuartburn 1941 1951 1961 1971

Piney 1941 1951 1961 1971

-- - Basin 1941 1951 1961 1971

Sources: Canada. Census of Agriculture, 1941, Vols. I. VIII, Part 2, Table 52; Census of Agriculture, 1951, Vol. V1, Part 2, Table 29-2; Censusof Agriculture. 1961, Vol. V, Part 4, Tables 28 S( 30; by Statistics Canada. Ottawa. Adapted from Canada, 1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study - Socio-Economic Input," by Wayne Swanson, Lands Directorate, En- vironment Canada. Ottawa. October. Table 12A.

Canada Table D-9A: Land Use in Acres - Cereal and Other Grains, 1941-1971

.- - . Total Improved Mixed & Other Municipality Land Wheat Oata Barley Rye Flax Grains & Year Acres % Change Acres % Change Acrea r/c Change Acres r/c Change Acres R Change Acres % Change Acres % Change -- Franklin 1941 141,142 38,711 15,399 24,968 5,013 2,175 c 07 1951 143,913 2.0 33,337 -13.9 28,437 84.7 24,323 -2.6 562 -88.8 6,392 193.9 706 -12.5 1961 148,372 3.1 36,332 9.0 36,320 27.7 2,559 -89.5 235 -58.1 11,491 79.8 1,723 144.1 1966 150,345 1.3 28,169 -22.5 35,574 -2.1 6,959 171.9 120 -48.9 13,596 18.3 1,459 -15.3 1971 140,373 -6.6 36,834 30.8 23,809 -33.1 14,460 107.8 125 4.2 3,436 -74.7 5,254 260.1

Stuartburn 1941 34,903 2,021 6,109 1,787 4,922 76 934 1951 30,659 -12.2 344 -83.0 6,764 5 5 496 -72.2 140 -97.2 262 244.7 899 -3.8 1961 38,696 26.2 598 73.8 8,933 32.1 51 -89.7 56 -60.0 118 -55.0 418 -53.5 1966 38,289 -1.1 279 -53.3 7,281 -18.5 110 115.7 17 -69.6 251 112.7 0 -100.0 1971 30,103 -21.4 338 -21.1 3,708 -49.1 310 181.8 37 117.6 0 -100.0 0 0.0

Piney 1941 13,588 496 1,583 713 463 1,084 75 1951 33,499 146.5 713 43.8 3,411 115.5 771 8.1 9 -98.1 1,800 66.1 237 216.0 1961 35,536 6.1 649 -9.0 6,118 79.3 339 -56.0 45 400,O 2,374 31.9 347 46.4 1966 36,147 1.7 1,080 66.4 4,689 -23.3 172 -49.3 48 6.7 727 -69.4 317 -8.6 1971 29,071 -19.6 1,757 62.7 3,775 -19.5 605 251.7 40 -16.7 497 -31.6 1,039 227.8

Basin 1941 189,633 41,228 23,391 27,468 10,398 3,335 1,816 1951 208,071 9.7 34,394 -16.6 38,612 65.1 25,590 -6.8 711 -93.2 8,454 153.5 1,842 1.4 1961 222,604 6.9 37,579 9.3 51,371 33.0 2,949 -88.5 336 -52.7 13,983 65.4 2,488 35.1 1966 224,781 1.0 29,528 -21.4 47,544 -7.4 7,241 59.3 185 -44.9 14,575 4.2 1,776 -28.6 1971 199,547 -11.2 38,929 31.8 31,292 -34.1 15,375 112.3 202 9.2 3,933 -73.0 6,293 254.3

continued on next page . . . C3 5 Table D-9B: Land Use in Acres -Other Uses, 1941-1971 k' . E

- -- Hay & Other I'ol:~Coe\ bi Olhrr Un~mprovctl Municipality Fodder Summer Fdlow Improvccl Pa\turc, Root\ Land Woodland & Year Acres % Change Acrcs % Changc Acrcs 7; Change Acrrs "/r Change Acre\ % Change Acres % Change

Franklin 1941 7,535 37,900 1951 1,815 -75.9 33,636 -1 1.3 1961 14,615 705.2* 32,697 -2.8 1966 16,161 10.6 31,137 -4 .8 1971 17,889 10.7 17,306 -4,l:l

Stuartburn 1941 ' 4,090 3,975 1951 8,935 -118.5 3,470 -12.7 1961 13,807 54.5 5,335 53.7 P 1966 15,781 14.3 4,476 -16.1 w w 1971 14,317 -9.3 1,843 -58.8 Piney 1941 1951 1961 1966 1971

Basin 1941 1951 1961 19ti6 1971

N/A - Not available * May be due to a different method of measurement Source: Canada. Census of Agriculture, Vol. VII, Part 2, Table 54, Vol. VIII, Part 2, Table 52; Census of Agriculture, 1951, Vol. VI, Part 2, Table 31-2, Vol. VI, Part 2, Table 29-2; Census of Agriculture, 1961, Vol. V, Part 3, Tables 28 and 30; "Census of Agriculture, 1971," Unpublished Statistics. By Statistics Canada. Ottawa. Table D-10: Capital Values, Incomes & Part-Time Work for Farms in Dollars 1966-1971

Days Municipality No. of Capital Average Farm Sales Average Gross % Return Worked Off & Year Farms Value ($) Value ($) ($1 Income ($) to Capital Farms*

Franklin 1966 529 17,404,374 32,901 2,823,760 5,338 16.2 N/A 1971 438 18,940,000 43,242 3,149,950 7,192 16.6 16,043 Change 91 1,535,626 10,341 326,190 1,854 % Change -17.2 8.8 31.4 11.6 34.7

Stuartburn 1966 '7 1971 19 Change 0 % Change

Piney 1966 1971 Change % Change

Basin 1966 1,177 26,389,898 22,421 3,998,850 3,397 15.2 N/A 1971 924 32,073,200 34,711 4,678,770 5,064 14.6 42,483 Change 253 5,683,302 12,290 679,920 1,667 % Change -21.5 21.5 54.8 17.0 49.1

* - Indicates part-time work off the farm N/A - Not available Source: Canada. 1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study - Socio-Economic Input," By Wayne Swanson, Lands Directorate, Environment Canada. Ottawa. October. Table 18. Value of Production: In terms of average value of sales or gross income per commercial farml, returns from Stuartburn and Piney were found to be rather low. In 1971, these figures approxi- mated $2,960 in Stuartbum, $3,420 in Piney and $7,190 in Franklin (Table D-10). Although the income in Franklin was the highest in the basin, it was still $2,500 below the provincial average. On the average, gross farm incomes for 1966 were generally lower than the provincial average by $1,800 to $1,000.

Efficiency, as measured in terms of the ratio of gross farm income to capital (percent return to capital), tended to be low in the basin. This percentage return to capital was 15.2 percent in 1966 and 14.6 percent in 1971 (Table D-10). In 1966 the provincial average was calculated at 16.4 percent, and only two enumeration areas in the western portion of the river basin and two in the central sector achieved higher ratios. No significant changes were recorded for 1971.

The 1966-to-1971 rate of growth in the value of general agricultural production for the area was comparable to that of the province (17 percent in the watershed against 16.9 percent in Manitoba), although considerable variations occurred throughout the watershed. A growth rate of 62.7 percent was registered in Piney, while rates in Stuartburn and Franklin rose by only 13.3 percent and 11.6 percent respectively. Unfortunately, very little real growth was actually achieved in the latter two areas when the rate of inflation was taken into account.

In the preceding discussion, values of production have been analyzed in overall terms, but it .is also important to consider them in the context of product types. Livestock was the most important source of income in the basin. In 1971, 29 percent of the value of products sold was derived from cattle, while dairy products and pigs constituted an additional 15 percent and 11 percent, respectively, for a total of 55 percent (Table D-11). Although the revenue from grains is important, it accounted for only 19 percent of total sales. In 1971, most of the cattle were located in Stuartburn and Piney, while the major grain production occurred in Franklin. ,. i

More revenue was received from grain production in 1966 (33 percent) than in 1971, and the 1 value of livestock products was less in 1971 (44 percent). The most dramatic increase in sales i values between 1966 and 1971 was experienced for pigs (134.3 percent) and for fodder (79.3 1 percent), but this occurred in Franklin and Piney only. During the same period of measurement, : increases in fodder, dairy products and cattle were recorded in Franklin, but wheat suffered a i corresponding decrease. I i ! It should be mentioned that while the value of cattle production has risen, the size of the cattle ' population has in fact decreased. From a total of 31,000 in 1966, the cattle population in the

LGD's of Stuartburn and Piney declined 3 percent during the period 1966-71; only the RM of a Franklin showed an increase. Milk cow populations suffered even higher rates of decrease, with , the greatest percentage decline in Stuartburn and the highest loss in terms of absolute numbers ; in Piney. On the other hand, increases in both value and numbers were witnessed in pig production, especially in Franklin.

Operator Characteristics: The numer of farmers and their age-group characteristics are two other ' features which are considered important for the appreciation of the general agricultural situation t in the basin.

There was evidence of a decline of 29 percent (1,179 to 833) (Table D-12) in the number of farm : operators during the years 1966-71, a rate which is consistent with the general population decrease : in the watershed. However, the overall rate of change varied for different age groups.

l~hecommercial farm is used as the unit of measurement in this section on "Value of Production"

Canada Table D-11: Value of Sales in Dollars for Farm Products 1966-1971

Munislpality Wheat Grain Fodder Cattle Pigs Dairy & Year Total ($) $ % of Total $ % of Total $ O/o of Total $ % of Total $ %ofTotal $ %ofTotal

Franklin 1988 2,823,760 643,850 1971 3,149,950 389,400 Chtmge 326,190 -254,450 % Change 11.6 -39.5 Btuutburn 1988 775,430 1941 878,580 Chmge 103,150 % Change 13.3 Piney 1988 399,660 15,460 3.9 39,960 10.0 30,270 7.6 169,230 42.3 11,380 2.9 47,210 11.3 1971 650,240 22,930 3.5 37,810 5.8 42,370 6.7 218,010 33.5 23,680 3.8 76,660 11.8 Change 250,580 7,470 -2,150 13,100 48,780 13,300 29,450 % Change 62.7 48.3 -5.4 43.3 28.8 116.9 62.4 Baein 1986 3,998,850 659,310 16.5 679,520 17.0 84,480 2.1 1,052,020 26.3 228,290 5.7 487,880 12.2 1971 4,678,770 412,330 8.8 471,560 10.0 151,450 3.2 '1,363,070 29.1 534,930 11.4 696,590 14.9 Change 679,920 -246,980 -207,960 66,970 311,050 306,640 208,710 % Change 17.0 -37.5 -30.6 79.3 29.6 134.3 42.8

Source: Canada. 1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study -Socio-Economic Input." By Wayne Swanson. Lands Directorate. Environment Canada. Ottawa. October. Table 15. Table D-12: Age Structure of Farm Operators 1966-1971

Municipality Under Operators & Year 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70+ (Basin)

-- -- Franklin 1966 12 64 131 152 63 47 28 32 529 1971 12 4 7 95 124 61 39 21 10 389 Change 0 -17 -36 -28 -2 -8 -7 -22 -140 % Change 0 -26.6 -27.5 -18.4 -3.2 -17.0 -25.0 -68.8 -26.5

Stuartburn 1966 6 47 92 112 5 6 49 26 19 409 1971 4 33 55 9 5 44 3 2 17 14 296 Change -2 -14 -37 -17 -12 -17 -9 -5 -113 % Change -33.3 -29.8 -40.2 -15.2 -21.4 -34.7 -34.6 -26.3 -27.6

Piney 1966 4 33 40 59 34 3 5 24 12 241 1971 2 13 31 42 26 12 12 10 148 Change -2 -20 -9 17 -8 -2 3 -12 -2 -93 % Change -50.0 -60.6 -22.5 -28.8 -23.5 -65.7 -50.0 -16.7 -38.6

Basin 1966 22 144 263 323 153 131 78 6 3 1,179 1971 18 93 181 261 131 83 50 34 833 Change -4 -51 -82 -62 -2 2 -48 -28 -29 -346 % Change -18.2 -35.4 - -31.2 -19.2 -14.4 -36.6 -35.9 -46.0 -29.3

Source: Adapted from Canada. 1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study - Socio-Economic input." By Wayne Swanson. Lands Directorate. Environment Canada. Ottawa. October. Table 19.

Canada The greatest decreases in number of farmers were recorded in the 35-59 age ranges. In terms of percentage, the highest decline (46 percent) occurred in the 70 and over category, while those in the 60-64 age groups showed a decrease of 36 percent. Other decreases are also prominent in the 25-34 and 65-69 age categories. The reduction in operators within the 45-59 year group was the smallest (19 percent for 45-54 years and 14 percent for 55-59 years). These rates of decrease have resulted in the 45-49 year age range accounting for a higher proportion of the farmers in 1971 (47 percent) than in 1966 (40 percent).

When considering the low average revenues that most operators derived in the basin, it is important to include the portion of their livelihood which is supplemented by off-farm employment. Ac- cording to the 1966 statistics, the main source of income for the majority of the farmers was not derived from off-farm work. Among the 527 farmers or 45 percent of the total who reported working off the farm, 23 percent claimed that they received over $750 from this source. The distribution of the dependence on dual income sources varied according to differences in agricultural types. Fewer operators in the western part of the basin needed off-farm income supple- mentation than in the eastern sector. The main reasons for this greater reliance on non-farm income in the east are the smaller proportion of arable land and the availability of marketable timber, which provides an alternative for employment.

Market Conditions of the Basin's Major Agricultural Products: It is difficult to obtain reliable information on long-term market trends for agricultural products, because of frequent short-term fluctuations in prices and demand within the provincial, national and, ultimately, global markets. Yearly information and projects on market conditions are available from the Manitoba Department of Agriculture (Manitoba, 1975). Such outlook data are produced for the province and not for individual regions. For the Roseau Basin, it is therefore necessary to relate to the Manitoba situation as a whole. For 1975, the trends in the following crops are:

(i) Wheat: In the short run prices are attractive, but farmers in the province have been warned not to over-produce because other wheat-producing nations will be trying to increase their share. While over-production on the global scale may not recur, increased supply may depress wheat prices in the long run. In general, there has been a decrease in wheat acreages in Manitoba. Although exports to other countries may increase due to poor harvests during 1974-75, Manitoba farmers are advised by the government to maintain present wheat acreages and to plant more special crops such as sunflowers and sugar beets, which are grown successfully in the province. Since the major portion of this crop is marketed off the farm, the wheat produced in the Roseau River Basin will face favourable market conditions in 1975 and most likely in the short-term as well.

(ii) Feed Grains (Barley and Oats): Prices for feed grains have been relatively high, but will probably begin to decline slightly or be stabilized in the short run. In general, acreages for both barley and oats in the province have decreased, but demand has also dropped, with farmers using more grasses than grains for feed. This conversion to grasses will not affect the feed grain market significantly in 1975 because of low carry-over stocks from the previous year. The major portion of Canadian production is consumed domestically, therefore, world market conditions will not have qyimportant effect. Since approximately 50 percent of the oats and barley crop is consumed on the farms by livestock, consideration for the latter's market situation is also important for the Roseau Watershed.

(iii) Beef Cattle: It appears that markets for beef cattle may be better in 1975 than in 1974, and the world market may be stronger in 1976 and 1977. During the last two years beef producers have had to adjust to new and cheaper methods of production, owing to the high price of feed grains. Consequently, cattle have been fed longer on grasses or on other roughage before being fattened on grain. Other changes in the marketing of beef cattle have also occurred. Canadian producers may be in a good position to supply an increased demand for beef on a

Canada D-24 global scale (probably by 1976), because other cattle-producing countries have been reducing their herds. As long as the supply of cattle on the market does not become excessive during the fall of 1975, beef prices may hold or rise slightly at the end of the same year. Since beef cattle account for the largest portion of the value of agricultural products from the basin, the immediate outlook appears favourable. As a result of recent changes in the feeding practices within the industry from feed grains to grasses, the suggestion that an area like the Roseau River Basin should concentrate on producing grass-fed cattle (Manitoba, 197313, pp. 4 and 5) could be considered more seriously.

(iv) Dairy: The dairy market has generally been stable because of government subsidies and quotas. The forecast for 1975 is that more milk and less cream will be produced, with higher returns from both items. If the province continues its "high utilization percentage of the Manitoba's Market Share Quota allotment," there is a good chance that this quota might be increased.

(v) Hogs: The outlook for the Manitoba hog industry in 1975 is that prices will rise slightly to the end of the year, but will be adversely affected by lower beef prices. During the first six months 25 percent less than the previous year will be marketed, although increasing demand from Japan and Europe may change the situation. Returns to the farmer should improve if an average grain crop is realized during the same year.

From the above, it appears that the short-term market situation is more favourable for livestock producers in the Roseau Basin than for grain farmers.

Government Policy: To date, there has been no formally stated agricultural policy for the eastern region of Manitoba and certainly none for the basin. Therefore, this discussion will focus on the various provincial and federal legis1,ation and programs which are most pertinent to the watershed's agricultural system (Canada, 1973b, Appendix B and Manitoba, 1974~).

One of the most important groups of programs which affect and benefit the individual farmer in the Roseau Basin is concerned with farm diversification and improvement. Approximately seven programs and policies have been designed to aid farm operators to maintain viable holdings through diversification and adaptation to changing market conditions.

The federal Grasslands Incentive Program (1970) provided incentive to farm operators to increase forage production through payment of a minimum of $10 for every acre of cultivated crop producing land which is converted to summer fallow or perennial forage production. This program was terminated on June 30,1974.

The joint federal and provincial Farm Diversification Program was designed to improve the earnings of farmers in the low and middle income brackets through diversification to livestock. Under this program, a maximum grant of $2,000 is available for the construction or improvement of livestock facilities, and loans with an upper limit of $10,000 are allowed for conversion to or intensification of livestock operations. Managerial assistance is also provided in conjunction with these funds. Seventy-five percent of this financial assistance is allotted to farm operators with an annual gross income of $5,000 to $15,000 and to those under 45 years of age, while the remaining 25 percent is earmarked for farmers earning less than $5,000 and to those over 45 years old.

Another important group of laws which aids farmers in this area relates to credit financing. The federal Farm Credit Act (1970) enables farm operators to obtain long-term credit. This Act also established the Farm Credit Corporation which provides loans for the purchase or improvement of farm machinery, land and buildings. The provincial counterpart to this Act is known as the

Canada D-25 Figure D-2: Type and Location of Timber Operations Roseau River Watershed, Manitoba

SCALE IN MILES Miles 5 0 5 Miles P

Tp. 3

Tp. 2

Tp. I Agricultural Credit Corporation. It administers the following five programs designed to aid farmers in obtaining credit:

1. The Corporation can loan directly to farmers for the purposes of establishing and maintaining viable farm units.

2. The Corporation guarantees loans obtained from approved credit sources.

3. The livestock grant program helps farmers to diversify into beef, sheep or dairy operations. It also provides a 20 percent rebate at the end of five years.

4. The agency provides loans for the establishment of corporate farms and co-operatives.

5. The landilease option program allows the Corporation to purchase land, which is then leased back to farmers who have difficulty in maintaining a viable operation.

The federal government, through its Farm Improvements Loan Act (1970), encourages commercial banks to grant intermediate and short-term credit. This Act guarantees loans up to $15,000 for the purpose of improving living conditions on farms. Farmers in Manitoba often take advantage of this legislation.

Other programs and legislation appear to be of less importance to farm operators in the Roseau River watershed. There is, however, a concept known as the "stay option" which is one of the four principles formulated by the current government of Manitoba for the future development of the province.

"The Stay Option" represents an attempt by the Government to provide people in Winnipeg and in rural and northern Manitoba with the opportunity to live and work without disadvantage in the particular region of the province in which they have their roots. (Manitoba, 1973a, p. 14). :,. ,

This philosophy recognizes the desires of many farm facilities to maintain their holdings and to live in the rural community. A project such as the Farm Diversification Program is one manifestation of the "stay option" as it related to rural Manitoba.

B. Forestry

The forestry industry is located exclusively in the eastern portion of the Roseau River Basin (east of Range eight), and mainly in the Sandilands Forest Reserve, which is owned by the Crown (Manitoba, 1974b). The size and type of operation are indicated in Figure 1. Various local timber operators and "Quota holders" are granted permits by the government to cut timber within the Sandilands Forest Reserve. Pulpwood is the most important product of the forest industry within the basin. Lumber and other products such as ties, poles and posts complete the list of forestry products. Based on the statistics available for the volume of timber cut in the area east of Range eight, 667,155 cubic feet were produced during the 1970-71 season, and 887,874 cubic feet in the 1971-72 seas0n.l Pulpwood accounted for 81 percent of the harvest iri 1971, and 85 percent in 1972. Jackpine made up 54.8 percent of the timber cut in 1971 and 69.8 percent in 1972. The other important species was black spruce, which totalled 32.9 percent of the cut in 1971 and 21.5 percent in 1972.

'statistics for timber cut and sales were calculated for the periods of June 30, 1970, to June 30, 1971, and from June 30, 1971, to June 30, 1972. For ease of reference the former will be designated as 1971 and the latter as 1972.

Canada D-27 Markets: The major market for the timber products from this area is the United States. Prior to falling into receivership, Columbia Forest Products at Sprague processed approximately 75 percent of all the pine for lumber and pulpwood chip products. Most of this pine is now re-routed to other plants such as those in Blumenort, Manitoba, and International Falls, Minnesota. The remainder of the pulpwood was exported south, while lumber, poles, ties and posts were trans- ported to markets in Winnipeg. Almost all of the black spruce was marketed in the United States as pulpwood, with the minor exception of under-sized trees which were manufactured into fence rails for local farm needs. Most of the poplar was shipped to the United States.

Employment Data: The forestry operations within the Forest Reserve are mainly seasonal in nature and the associated work force tends to be very mobile. A figure of 12 man-yearsl was estimated by the Manitoba Resources Management Division to be necessary for the primary stages of production (including cutting and transportation to mill or loading point).

Future Trends: The future production outlook from this region will probably remain fairly stable, since present actual cuts of pine and spruce completely utilize or sometimes exceed the annual allowable cut. Poplar is undercut at present because the generally inferior quality produced in the basin diminishes its market opportunities. The forestry industry could probably be improved through the development of more secondary processing facilities (i.e., exporting pulp chips rather than round wood, using slabs from sawmills, establishing fence post treatment plants, etc.).

Columbia Forest Products: The preceding analysis on forestry has concentrated on the primary production aspects of the industry. Columbia Forest Products in Sprague is the sole timber processing plant in the basin. The company is presently under receivership after being plagued by financial losses, strikes and a fire which destroyed part of the factory complex (Manitoba, 1974a).

The raw material for this processing plant was generally obtained from private timber leases within a 40-mile radius of Sprague. The major products were lumber and roughboard, with wood chips the main by-product. The estimated value of finished goods during 1973 was $550,000, and the waste products earned an additional $250,000.

The staff at the plant has been reduced to a few employees since the strike in February 1973. Negotiations to sell the company to private enterprise have not been successful and no immediate plans have been considered to rebuild the particle board plant. This operation cannot expand to a much larger scale, as the timber available in the region is not capable of sustaining any significant increase in production.

C. Outdoor Recreation Within the Roseau Basin, seven main outdoor recreational sites which are presently in use have been identified and inventoried by the Manitoba Department of Tourism, Recreation and Cultural Affairs (Manitoba, 1972). These areas are small and are usually non-commercial in nature. They are located in the following centres:

1. Dominion City - Dominion City Fair Grounds

2. Dominion City - Dominion City Swimming Pool

3. Roseau River Village - Roseau River Park

4. Gardenton - Gardenton Ukrainian Village and Museum

l~hisfigure takes into account wide seasonal fluctuations in the size of the labour force and the duration of the operations.

Canada D-28 5. Vita - Vita Community Sports Centre

6. Vita - Vita Mallard Ball Diamond

7. Vassar - Vassar Recreation Centre

The sites range from one to sixtyeight acres in size, and are for the most part sports fields. The Roseau River Park encompasses a partially developed area of 55 acres, with picnic and outdoor sports facilities located adjacent to the river.

Figure D-3: Roseau River Village Park upstream of Provincial Trunk Highway 59.

At these recreational areas employment opportunities, if any, are very limited and seasonal in nature. The major portion of the work force is voluntary. At present, outdoor recreation does not offer significant employment opportunities for people in the area.

Use and Demand by Basin Residents: Excluding the Roseau River Park and the Gardenton Ukrainian Village and Museum, the outdoor recreation sites in the basin are used mainly by local inhabitants. The Dominion City Pool, for example, is used intensively by neighbouring children.

Canada Figure D-4: Gardenton Ukrainian Museum.

In recent years, residents in the watershed have tried to persuade the provincial government to develop recreational areas near Vassar and Gardenton, to provide additional facilities for local inhabitants and, if possible, to attract non-basin residents. At the present time, there are no major recreational facilities within a convenient distance of the various towns in the Roseau Water- shed except for the St. Malo Recreational Area and Moose Lake, which are outside the basin. These two areas have become very popular and tend to be crowded with other Manitobans. On a pleasant summer weekend, the St. Malo Recreational Area receives over-capacity crowds primarily from Winnipeg.

Demand by Non-Basin Residents: There is a general consensus among study participants who have analyzed the recreation aspects of the project that there will be significant future demand by non-basin residents for additional recreational facilities in the basin. This conclusion is based on considerations of past and present use of outdoor recreational opportunities outside the watershed. Owing to the size and composition of the basin population, the crucial factor in this demand is the wider regional reference, and particularly the proximity of the city of Winnipeg.

The Winnipeg area is within 50 miles of the two possible recreational sites on the main stem of the Roseau River, i.e., at Roseau Village and Roseau River Rapids (Figure 2).

Canada Figure D-5: A portion of the Roseau River Rapids near Senkiw.

Within a 50-mile radius of the river there is an estimated population of 600,000, with approximately 500,000 persons aged 10 years and older1 (RPC, 1973, p. 13). Participation rates calculated for this population show rapid increases within the last decade in major activities such as water sports, camping and horseback-riding, and these trends are likely to continue. Residents within the 25-50 mile radius zone of an outdoor recreational area will tend to utilize the facilities for overnight or weekend uses. It is apparent that the "Roseau River corridor," which contains many potential sites for the outdoor recreational activities and facilities mentioned above, is in a favourable position to fulfill this demand. It must be pointed out also that many other existing and potential outdoor recreational opportunities located within a convenient distance of Winnipeg, such as the Whiteshell Provincial Park, received a major portion of the participation. However, with the exception of the St. Malo Recreational Area, which is frequently overcrowded, there are no such facilities in the southeastern corner of the province. If this park can be used as a valid indicator for use in this region, its popularity is encouraging for similar developments in the Roseau.

Within the 0-25 mile radius zone of an outdoor recreational area, a slightly different pattern of use has been defined. Activities are generally similar to those discussed previously, but the emphasis here is on intensive day use on weekdays and on weekends and holidays. The population within the 0-25 mile radius demarcated in Figure 2 has been estimated at 27,000 (RPC, 1973, p. 13). This small population is generally rural in nature and may affect the demand for the development of day use opportunities.

Based on the preceding analysis, it appears that suitable recreational development in the Roseau River corridor would prove to be desirable. These facilities could serve the residents of the basin and could also provide employment opportunities for them. Development in this area would also help to meet part of the growing demand for outdoor recreation from Winnipeg. These factors would help to improve some sectors of the economy of the basin.

'participation rates are normally calculated for population aged 10 years and older.

Canada D-31 Figure D-6: Areas Within 25 and 50 Miles of Roseau River and Roseau Rapids

SCALE IN MILES

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Source: RPC Ltd., ''single Purpose Plans for Recreation, Sport Fish,Forestry and Wildlife in the Manitoba Portion of the Roseau River Elasin:' by R.E. England et al,, Winnipeg, 1973, p.12. D. Services - Business Establishments

It is evident that the list of services offered in the communities of the basin during 1970 is limited (Table D-13). Dominion City and Vita contained the largest number of establishments; Vita had 20 concerns listed, one less than Dominion City, but it offered more variety. Gardenton, Piney and Sprague were the only other centres with more than 10 establishments. As can be expected, retail outlets were the most common type of enterprise found in these towns. Of a total number of 77 retail stores registered in 1970, 12 were located in Vita, a decrease of 17 since 1961. This reduction is consistent with the basin's population trend, but business in this area also encountered competition from nearby centres such as Steinbach and even Winnipeg.

Service industries, which include personal, accommodation and food services, are important in the basin. These outlets numbered 26 in 1961 but declined to 19 in 1970. Dominion City headed the list in this category, with the largest number of outlets. Over half of the services offered under this classification were either accommodation or food outlets.

Value of Sales: Even though there has been a drop in the number of service establishments, the value of sales has increased. A rise of 50 percent in sales from $2,480,900 to $3,721,000, was recorded for 1961 to 1966. Within the framework of real growth, that is, when the 1966 statistics \ were reduced to 1961 values using a 1.072 deflator from Statistics Canada, the growth was defined at 46 percent. The highest sales values were in Sprague, Vita and Piney. These towns also showed the highest increases in the average value of sales. For example, in Sprague sales rose from $36,600 to $99,300 from 1961 to 1966, and in Vita the growth was from $39,300 to $86,600. Dominion City, on the other hand, exhibited low values, and the average value of sales actually decreased from $53,300 to $40,200.

In general, there has been a decrease in the number of businesses in the basin despite increases in the value of sales. Bearing in mind the present demographic and economic situation, one might expect these trends to continue.

Canada Table D-13: Economic Activities by Community, 1970

ba E: .d C E: 033 0 C rj 0 cd 3 u3 E: ;.$ C 0 O .r( .r( -w i $ I -42 cd 6 1 Em Y U 2 EZ 3 2 &' 8E ~3

Arbakka 1 2 3 Caliento 1 2 3 Dominion City 4 8 4 2 3 21 Fredensthal 1 1 Gardenton 1 7 1 1 10 Menisino 1 2 3 Middleboro 1 1 3 5 Overstoneville 1 1 2 Piney 1 1 7 1 2 12 Ridgeville 3 3 1 7 Roseau River 1 3 4 South Junction 1 1 2 Sprague 1 2 4 3 1 11 Stuartburn 1 5 1 7 Sundown 1 7 8 Tolstoi 1 5 1 7 Vassar 3 1 3 1 7 Vita 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 2 20 Wampum 1 1 2 Woodmore 1 1 2

Total 1 1 6 26 77 6 2 8 11 136

Source: Canada. 1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study - Socio-Economic Input," by Wayne Swanson, Lands Directorate, Environment. Ottawa. Table 21.

Canada IV. ROSEAU RIVER INDIAN RESERVE

Since the Roseau River Indian Reserve is a separate socioeconomic unit within the basin, discussions of population, economic and attitude characteristics of the band are considered separately from the remainder of the watershed.

A. Location

The Reserve is situated within the RM of Franklin, and is divided into two separate areas with a total acreage of some 5,300 acres (Price, 1968, pp. 4 and 5). The Roseau River Indian Reserve No. 2, which is the main reserve, is located at the confluence of the Red and Roseau Rivers. The land area of this part of the Reserve totals approximately 3,300 acres, a portion of which is in the Red River Valley. The Roseau Rapids Reserve No. 2A is situated approximately 20 miles upstream on the north and south sides of the Roseau River, and comprises the remaining portion of the Reserve. The major part of these lands is within the watershed boundaries of the Roseau.

B. Historical Background

The Ojibway (or Saulteaux) Indians who presently live in the Roseau River Reserve moved to this area approximately 150 years ago from the Emerson area in search of more fur and game. Most of the band lived in the area of today's Roseau Rapids Reserve 2A. Owing to disease and other reasons, the band gradually moved over to what is now th'e.main reserve.

In 1871, the two reserves in the Roseau Basin were established by treaty. The original area of the reserves totalled some 13,000 acres. By 1875, part of the band known as the Brokenhead Band was reestablished elsewhere at their own request. The band sold some 7,500 acres of land to the Crown in 1907, and subsequent transactions have reduced the area of the reserves to approximately 5,300 acres today.

C. Population Size and Distribution

At present, this band lists some 800 members, with approximately 500 actually residing on the reservation. The remainder are scattered all over the world, the majority being in Winnipeg. Most of the members living on the Reserve reside within a flood-protected townsite just east of the Red River and north of Provincial Road 201. About three families reside on a semi-permanent basis in the Reserve No. 2A.

D. Age Structure

Band members tend to be young, with 63.0 percent of the population under 20 years of age and 25.3 percent between the ages of 20 and 44 according to 1965 statistics (Price, 1968, p.17). The population structure of the band is almost exactly opposite to that of the non-Indian residents of the basin.

Canada E. Family Characteristics

The average family size of 5.6 persons per family, recorded for the Reserve in both 1961 and 1971, is higher than the basin figure of 3.6. Although the number of smaller families have decreased since 1961, there are corresponding increases in families comprising five to seven people.

F. Income

No recent income statistics are obtainable for the band, but unofficial estimates for 1974 for some occupations were provided by the Canada Department of Indian and Northern Affairs in Winnipeg. Two people earned over $10,000 a year and two others received incomes between $6,500 to $7,000. Other salaried workers (approximately 15) earned between $3,000 and $5,000. No information was provided for band members who were paid hourly wages.

G. Economic Activities

In contrast to the neighbouring municipality and the two local government districts in the basin, the dominant economic activity of the band members is not agriculture, although the primary source of income for the Reserve is derived from this activity through land rentals to local farmers. The majority of the adult population are for the most part unemployed. A small number are engaged in various service occupations, and some are employed by neighbouring farmers on a seasonal basis, particularly during the summer period. Approximately eight women are employed on the Reserve in a garment factory which producesvarious types of clothing under contract to Gemini Fashions in Morden. In May 1973, a pilot bee-keeping operation which presently employs about nine men was initiated under a grant from the Local Economic Assistance Program. Twelve additional people on the Reserve have been trained to join the enterprise to increase output. If this project proves to be a success, more employment opportunities could be made available:

The main source of income for the band is derived from land rentals to surrounding farmers for agricultural purposes. Attempts have been made in the past by band members to farm some of the land, but these efforts did not prove to be successful. Most of the leased land in Roseau River Reserve No. 2A is located east and north of the Roseau River and is prone to frequent flooding. The band has stated that this land could only command rental rates of three to four dollars per acres in 1973. In contrast, a small area of land in the Roseau Rapids Reserve No. 2A was rented to farmers at six dollars an acre. The principal cause for the higher lease rates in the Roseau Rapids Reserve is attributed to the freedom from flooding in this area.

H. Conclusions

The Roseau River Indian Reserve is a distinct entity within the municipality of Franklin, and within the Roseau River watershed as a whole. .Socially and demographically the Roseau Band has remained a separate unit, although there is an economic dependence on the agricultural activity of the surrounding area. Plans for expansion of arable land and work opportunities on the reserve have been and are being considered seriously.

Canada V. PUBLIC ATTITUDES

The public attitude-perception study (Environment Canada, 1974) was designed originally to dis- cover how basin residents felt toward various aspects of flooding. This intention was modified later to include people's attitudes to and perceptions of flooding and drainage as they relate to the effects of the proposed channel modifications in Minnesota. , Furthermore, residents' suggestions and ideas for future .development in the basin were also solicited. The data for this particular study were collected in an interview survey of basin inhabitants. This sector study was extended to include wider and further public involvement in order to enable study personnel to exchange ideas and information with the people who would be affected directly by any proposed changes.

A. Attitude Survey

In May 1973, an interview survey was conducted with a random sample of 321 heads of households. This sample represented approximately five percent of the watershed population, and was divided into 233 rural and 98 town respondents. Two slightly different survey questionnaires were used, one for rural respondents and the other for town dwellers. Some questions were further modified for Piney residents, owing to their upstream location from the proposed United States channel modification works. The basin was divided into three main areas, with boundaries coinciding closely with the three local -government jurisdictions. Members of the Indian Reserve were not included in this survey, but their opinions were solicited and will be discussed separately.

B. Survey Results

The prime concern of watershed inhabitants in relation to the effects of the proposed United States channelization is the possibility of increased flooding from higher peak flows in the Roseau River. Basin residents were asked to respond to questions on this topic and to relay some of the experiences they have had with floods. Respondents were also asked to give suggestions for dealing with these problems and general ideas on the type of future development which would be desirable to them.

Flooding Experiences: Approximately 80 percent of the rural respondents claimed that they had not experienced flooding. For those who had, damage had usually been limited to land and crops, which caused problems jrr working the land and also resulted in the loss of crops. Most of the flooding has occurred in Franklin and Stuartburn.

Slightly more town dwellers (32 percent) than rural residents have been flooded in the past, with Dominion City experiencing the most disruption. The major floods occurred in spring and caused damage to dwellings and contents. Dominion City now has a ring dyke for flood protection.

Attitudes to Existing Flood Control and Land Drainage Measures: The majority of the people in the basin are generally aware of the existing flood control and land drainage measures. However, most rural respondents, particularly in Franklin and Stuartburn, believe that flood protection measures are inadequate. Approximately half of these respondents suggested that "improper func- tioning" of the river channel was the main cause, and that more dykes or diversions are necessary. Most of the people living in the towns believed that they were adequately protected against floods.

From the residents' point of view, the problem of draining floodwaters from the land is of greater urgency than the threat of floods. In other words, the farmers are more concerned about the speed of the drainage after a flood than the actual flood itself. Opinions on the adequacy or inadequacy of drainage were approximately evenly divided in the farm areas, while in the towns more than half (66 percent) felt that the existing measures were sufficient.

Canada D-37 Attitudes to the Proposed United States Channel Modifications: In this particular sub-section, 'respondents were asked to consider whether anticipated increased peak flows resulting from the proposed channel works would cause them any problems. Approximately 59 percent of the rural sample felt that they would not be adversely affected, while a sizeable minority (38 percent) expressed opposing viewpoints1 (Table D-14). In the RM of Franklin, it was feared that the project might cause more flooding, thereby resulting in further damage"to homes and disruption of farm operators. Residents in the LGD of Stuartbum were also concerned about increased flooding.

Table D-14: Attitudes to the Proposed United States Channel Modifications in Terms of Increased Peak Flows.

Rural Town Total Attitudes Franklin Stuartburn Basin Franklin Stuartburn Basin Basin No problems 36 73 109 20 18 38 147 7% 66.7 55.7 58.9 51.3 66.7 57.6 58.6

Problems 18 52 7 0 18 7 2 5 9 5 % 33.3 39.7 37.8 46.2 25.9 37.9 37.8

Don't know 0 6 6 1 2 3 9 % 0.0 4.6 3.2 2.6 7.4 4.5 3.6

Total responses 54 131 185 39 2 7 66 251

Note: Respondents in LGD Piney were not asked to express their attitudes on the proposed United States Channel modifications. Source: Canada. 1974. "Attitude-Perception, Study, Roseau River Basin." By Raina Ho, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada. Ottawa. Februarv. Table 16.

Suggestions for Dealing with Increased Flows: Suggestions of how increased flows should be remedied ranged from:

(a) Widening and improvement of drains in order to remove water from the fields more effici- ently in the event of inundation,

(b) Modification of the river channel,

(d) Upgrading of dykes

Suggestions for Future Development: Individuals in the sample group were asked to suggest their personal priorities for improving life in the area. Slightly more than one-third of the farm respondents in Franklin and Piney would like to see industry and business being encouraged to move into the area (Table D-15). The interest in developing additional and better roads was the prime concern for rural residents in Stuartburn and Piney. The next most important suggestion was for improving life indirectly through upgrading of drainage systems which would lead to better farm operations.

'LCD Piney respondents were not asked to respond to questions related to this topic, because they are located upstream from the proposed project site:

Canada Decre@se Water Pollution 0 1 0 1 % 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.4

Encourage Business & ~ndustryto Move Into Area 2 1 17 14 5 2 76 38.9 13.0 36.8 23.3

Improve Farming Conditions 0 4 2 6 5% 0.0 3.1 5.3 2.7

Don't ;Know %

Other 7 10 3 2 0 3 5% 13.0 7.6 7.9 9.0 ,1 J T~tal'~I$esponses 5 4 131 38 223

Source: Canada. 1974. "Attitude-Perception Study, Roseau River Basin." By Raina Ho, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada. Ottawa. February. Table 17. The sample town respondents, particularly those from Dominion City, indicated great eagerness to increase business and industry, with special emphasis on the creation of employment opportunities for the young and the discouragement of their exodus from the basin (Table D-16). Respondents in the towns of the LGD of Stuartburn were equally interested in improving tourist and recreational attractions. People in the towns of LGD Piney regarded the improvement of business and industry as being most important, followed by the upgrading of health and social services.

Table D-16: Suggestions for Future Development -Town

Suggestions Franklin Stuartburn Piney Basin

Improve Education & Social Services %

Low Water & FLood Control '36

Better Roads %

Better Health Services '36

Better Agricultural Services %

Better Recreation & Tourist Facilities '36

Decrease Pollution %

Encourage Business & In- dustry to Move into Area %

Encourage People to Move into Area %

Help Town to Grow %

Other %

Total Responses 39 27 32 98

Source: Canada. 1974. "Attitude-Perception Study, Roseau River Basin Study." By Raina Ho, Inland Waters Directorate, En- vironment Canada. Ottawa. Table 18.

Canada Special Considerations: There are two groups of basin inhabitants who deserve special consideration: the members of the Roseau River Indian Reserve, and the farmers who work the land in the frequently flooded areas directly north of the main reserve area.

The Roseau River Indian Reserve: Problems with overflows from the Roseau and Red Rivers, which result in the temporary creation of "Lake Roseau" in this area, have plagued reserve residents continually. While it may be unrealistic to achieve flood protection at a reasonable cost, problems with drainage of the inundated land have caused many difficulties that might be resolved. The reserve members were very concerned about the possible adverse effects of the United States proposal in terms of increased and prolonged flooding. The reason for this concern is that they derive considerable income from this land in the form of rental fees from neighbouring farmers. Furthermore, flooding of these lands may hamper the development of other industries such as the bee-keeping project mentioned in the chapter on the Roseau River Indian Reserve.

Farm Operations North of the Main Reserve: These operations suffer from the same flooding and land drainage problems encountered by the Indians. Frequent inundation in the past has reduced the number of farmsteads in this "Lake Roseau" area from thirty to five. Most farmers have relocated their homes outside the watershed to St. Jean Baptiste and Morris, while continuing to farm the area. Many have also shifted their emphasis from livestock to grain, which sustains lower damages and requires less re-adjustment.

C. Public Meetings

As part of a program to encourage and facilitate dialogue between the basin residents and study personnel, a series of four public meetings was held in March of 1974 in Dominion City, Vita, Piney and the Indian Reserve. Background material was distributed to interested residents prior to the meetings. This package contained an information bulletin which provided a brief history of the Roseau study, outlined its purpose and listed the participating agencies. This bulletin also briefly described the various sector studies which comprised the Roseau project and included some of the results which had been received to that date. The information package also contained a summary of the attitude survey entitled "What Do People Think?", which was conducted in May 1973, as part of the feedback of results to the respondents and other interested people.

There were two specific objectives for these public meetings. Firstly, the main points in the information bulletin were covered for the benefit of those who were not acquainted with the Roseau study and additional findings were presented. Secondly, the purpose was to invite opinions and suggestions on the Roseau project from those who attended these sessions.

The response of the residents to these meetings is indicated by the following attendance figures:

Table D-17: Attendance at Public Meetings

-- Town Date Attendance (Appro~.)

Vita March 11,1974 Piney March 12,1974 Dominion City March 13,1974 Roseau River Indian Reserve March 14,1974

TOTAL 237 The majority of the sector study participants did not attend the public meetings, but the Canadian Task Force members were present at each session. Four other study team members also attended all of the meetings.

The local people who attended the different meetings tended to focus their attention on different topics which were particularly relevant to their area.

Vita Meeting: In Vita, the main concerns raised by the residents were:

(i) the operation of the Arbakka dam;

(ii) the nature and possible impact of the United States project;

(iii) drainage improvement possibilities; and

(iv) possible recreation and wildlife improvements.

Several useful suggestions were received at this meeting, and their practicality and feasibility are now under investigation by the study group. For example, construction of a series of small weirs at selected points in the Manitoba reach of the Roseau River was suggested; this could assist in improving low flow conditions, maintain better habitat for fish, and sustain a higher water table and water level, which would improve water-related recreation at Gardenton. There were requests that a water level survey be conducted along the river to determine which residents would be affected by excavation and dyking of the main channel, and that a study of the water use aspects of the Roseau be carried out. Other ideas included:

(i) building a fish ladder in the Dominion City dam to improve fish yields;

(ii) more meetings of a similar nature in future;

(iii) establishment of a local advisory group unless the local government provides adequate liaison between the planners and the residents;

(iv) further development at the Gardenton Museum park; and

(v) maintenance of a five to six foot-level in the Caliento swamp for wildlife.

Piney Meeting: The-residents of the LGD of Piney expressed interest in upgrading drainage works in their region and in the development of a recreational area near Vassar. They were also interested in improving fishing and wildlife habitats in their region. Several questions were asked about the Pine Creek diversion and the findings of PFRA surveys regarding the development of the Menisino swamp for flood storage purposes.

The suggestions offered at this meeting were as follows:

(i) examination of development possibilities for peat moss operations in the Caliento and Menisino bogs;

(ii) improvement of fishing;

(iii) development of a recreational area near Vassar; and

(iv) construction of a dam between east Sprague Creek and the Reed River, to raise water levels in the marsh at that location for a wildlife habitat and to divert water during high flows in the Roseau into the Lake of the Woods.

Canada D-42 Dominion City Meeting: Residents who attended this meeting were concerned with flooding, flood prevention and other associated problems. They were also very interested in the possible effects of the increased flows in the river that would result from the proposed United States channel modifications and the operation of the Dominion City dam.

Suggestions from those who attended the meeting included:

(i) building a fish ladder at the Dominion City dam; which has been recommended several times by the council of the RM of Franklin;

(ii) incorporation of fish ladders in other dam proposals;

(iii) detailed mapping of the "Lake Roseau" area, which would show flood duration for tax assessment and possible compensation purposes; and

(iv) construction of a diversion or cutoff from the Roseau River to the Red River prior to completion of the proposed United States project.

Roseau River Indian Reserve Meeting: Band members voiced concerns with regard to the flood situation similar to those mentioned at the Dominion City meeting. Reserve members also raised questions relating to the proposed diversion from the Roseau River to the Red River, the recreational dam proposal at the Roseau Rapids Reserve No. 2A, and methods of compensation for damages which might be experienced should the United States project proceed as planned.

The band stated that:

(i) plans were underway to expand the Reserve's agricultural land in the area between the Red and Roseau Rivers;

(ii) since the bee-keeping operation will be expanded, hives have to be placed outside the dyked area, which would expose them to flooding; and

(iii) compensation should be given in the form of land and not money.

A report detailing all inquiries, suggestions and answers raised at the meetings was prepared by study personnel and distributed to the basin residents.

D. Meeting with the Roseau Band Council and the Manitoba Indian Brotherhood

Following several informal contacts between Environment Canada and the Chief of the Roseau River Reserve, a meeting was held on December 19, 1973, in Winnipeg. Federal and provincial members of the study group, the Roseau River Reserve Band Council, the Manitoba Indian Brother- hood and representatives from the Department of Indian Affairs attended. The meeting was convened at the request of the chief in order to obtain more detailed information relating to the effects of the United States channel modifications, and to bring to the attention of the study group the problems which the Roseau River Reserve No. 2 has experienced as a result of flooding (mainly from the Red River). Furthermore, "the Indian representatives expressed a general feeling of frustration at having 'another' development inflicted upon them with no assurance of compensation or remedial works" (Canada, 1973b). It was made clear that the study group members can only convey these problems to the International Joint Commission, and that ultimately it is the responsibility of the governments of Canada and the United States to arrive at a settlement.

Canada E. Meeting with the Council of the Rural Municipality of Franklin

As a follow-up to the public meetings, the study group promised to meet with each local government council which desired further discussions. In August, 1974, a meeting in Dominion City was arranged to inform and to discuss with the council various drainage and flood control schemes, water storage for flood reduction plans, and the recreational feasibility of some sites which had been investigated since March, 1974. The council was specifically concerned with the possibility of increased flows in the Roseau resulting from the proposed United States project, particularly when memories of the near-record 1974 spring floods in the area were still fresh.

It was acknowledged that most of the flooding difficulties in Franklin were in fact caused by the Red River and that, as a result, these problems were beyond the scope of the Roseau River study. The council was informed that the study team was investigating two projects which might provide sonie relief to the flooding through accelerated drainage, particularly in the "Lake Roseau" area. There was a general consensus that protection of agricultural land through dyking is not viable, and the possibility of lease-back opportunities was discussed.

F. Meeting with the East-Man Regional Development Corporation

At the invitation of the General Manager, a representative of the Roseau River Task Force attended a meeting of the East-Man Regional Development Corporation in Vita in December, 1974. An informal presentation was given, describing the purpose of the Roseau River Basin study, the nature of the individual studies and the progress up to the present time.

G. Summary

In general, many of the suggestions and concerns recorded in the attitude survey were reiterated at the public meetings. Problems related to flooding and drainage and the possible effects of the United States works received much discussion. Many suggestions emerged from these meetings, and received serious consideration from the Task Force and the study group. Residents have indicated that they are pleased that the study group has attempted to inform them of the project and to meet with them to discuss and to listen to their ideas and concerns. The important point to be noted is that the process of dialogue between the planners and the public, which began with the attitude survey and which was continued in the public meetings has been extremely valuable, particularly as an information exchange opportunity for both parties.

Canada VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

A. Population

The most striking feature of the population in the Roseau Basin (exclusive of the Indian Reserves) is that it has been declining at a rapid rate since 1941. This decrease has been manifested mainly in the younger age groups and has resulted in a population structure that is over-represented in the older age categories. Educational levels and gross incomes in the basin tend to be lower than in other areas of the province. Based on past trends, present population characteristics will most likely continue into the future unless there are substantial improvements in the economic environment.

B. Economy

Agriculture is the dominant economic activity within the watershed. It has influenced population density and distribution, and will continue to affect population change and other economic factors.

Agricultural activities tend to be concentrated in Franklin and Stuartburn. Most of the farms in Piney and Stuartburn are small and operate at a subsistence level, while the larger commercial farms are located in Franklin. The number of small farm operations has diminished since 1941, while the larger holdings have increased in number.

The major agricultural products of the basin are wheat, oats and beef cattle. These products will most likely continue to be dominant. It does not appear that significant changes will occur in the agricultural sector in the near future.

Other economic activities include forestry, recreation and tourism, and service industries. The forestry industry is located exclusively in the LGD of Piney, with the major cutting areas situated within the Sandilands Forest Reserve. The sole lumber-processing plant in the basin is now in receivership, having been plagued by losses and labour problems. Service industries are generally related to agriculture and population, and trends indicate decreases in the future. Recreation and tourism are still relatively undeveloped, with small sports fields and recreational areas located in the bigger towns and some sited along the river. This economic sector appears to have the best development potential of all the activities in the watershed, owing to availability of resources and the presence of a demand for the facilities which can be provided in the area.

C. The Roseau River Indian Reserves

The Ojibway band which inhabits the Roseau River Indian Reserves has evolved separately, both socially and economically, from the remainder of the basin. The age structure of the band is dominated by the younger age groups, in contrast to the rest of the basin's population. Other characteristics, such as educational level and income, tend to be lower than that of the neighbouring population.

The band's prime source of income is derived from rentals of arable land to local farmers. One of the worst threats to this source of revenue is flooding from the Red River, which occurs fairly frequently in Roseau River Reserve No. 2. Various service occupations, earnings from a small garment factory and a pilot bee-keeping operation provide income for a small number of residents.

The people on the reserve will most probably continue to function and develop separately from the non-Indian population in the basin.

Canada D. Public Attitudes

In general, the majority of the respondents in the interview survey claimed that the proposed United States project will have little effect on them. A sizeable minority, however, maintained opposing viewpoints. Many of the suggestions and concerns recorded in the attitude survey were reiterated at the public meetings held in March of 1974. Residents have indicated that the study group's process of disseminating information and receiving feedback is most valuable. The public involvement exercise could be considered fairly successful.

Canada REFERENCES

Canada. Census of Agriculture, 1941, Vols. I, VII, VIII Census of Agriculture, 1951, Vol. VI; Census ofAgriculture, 1961, Vol. V; "Census of Agriculture, 1971", Unpublished Data. By Statistics Canada. Ottawa. The Queen's Printer.

1941-1971. "Population Census". Unpublished Statistics. By Statistics Canada. Ottawa.

1973a. "Roseau River Basin Study - Socio-Economic Input". By Wayne Swanson, Lands Direc- torate, Environment Canada. Ottawa. October.

1973b. Memorandum re Indian Concern of International Settlement of the Roseau River Reference from F. Quinn, Canadian Task Force member to N. H. James, Inland Waters Directorate, December 28.

1974. "Attitude-Perception Study, Roseau River Basin". By Raina Ho, Inland Waters Direc- torate, Environment Canada. Ottawa. February.

1975. Special Bulletin, Population by Specified Ethnic Groups, 1971. By Statistics Canada. Ottawa. Table 2.

International Roseau River Engineering Board. 1972. "Plan of Study, Coordinated Water Use and Control, Roseau River Basin, Manitoba, Minnesota". Winnipeg. February.

Manitoba. 1971 & 1975. "Descriptive Data, Regional Analysis Program, Southern Manitoba". By Regional Development Branch, Department of Industry and Commerce. Winnipeg.

1972. "Roseau River Basin Recreation Study Input: Initial Phase". By T. S. Searth, Resource Projects, Department of Mines, Resources and Environmental Management. Winnipeg. October.

1973a. "Guidelines for the Seventies, Volume I, Introduction and Economic Analysis". Winnipeg. March.

197313. "The Agricultural Capability Assessment of the Roseau River Basin". By J. S. Howden, Department of Agriculture. Winnipeg. December.

1974a. Personal Communication by L. Sigurdson, Manitoba Development Corporation. Winnipeg. Summer.

1974b. Letter re Sandilands Provincial Reserve by C. K. Smith, Resources Management Division, Department of Mines, Resources and Environmental Management. Winnipeg. August 23.

1974c. Personal Communication by B. Villeneuve, Eastern Region, Department of Agriculture. Winnipeg. October 21.

1975. "The Manitoba Co-operator, Prospect 75". By Department of Agriculture. Winnipeg. February 20.

Canada Morton, W. L. 1957. Manitoba, A History. University of Toronto Press. Toronto.

Price, Frank E. and Associates Ltd. 1968. "Economic Survey, Roseau River Indian Reserve". Winnipeg. November.

RPC Ltd. 1973. "Single Purpose Plans for Recreation, Sport Fish, Forestry and Wildlife in the Manitoba Portion of the Roseau River Basin". Consultant's report prepared for the Manitoba Water Resources Branch. Winnipeg.

Waddell, James McKercher. 1970. Dominion City Facts, * Fiction and Hyperbole. Steinbach. December.

Waggenhoffer, N. 1972. "Some Socio-Economic Dynamics in South-eastern Manitoba, with Particular Reference to the Farming Communities within the local Government Districts of Stuartburn and Piney". M. A. Thesis, University of Manitoba. October.

Canada JOINT STUDIES FOR COORDINATED WATER USE AND CONTROL ROSEAU RIVER BASIN MANITOBA - MINNESOTA

APPENDIX D SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS UNITED STATES

REPORT TO THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION

BY THE INTERNATIONAL ROSEAU RIVER ENGINEERING BOARD

SEPTEMBER, 1975 SYNOPSIS

Information pertinent to the socio-economic characteristics of the United States portion of the Roseau River Basin is presented in this section of Appendix D. It comprises demographic characteristics; economic data on agriculture, manufacturing, commercial forestry and recreation; and a survey of public attitudes. Policies of various federal, state and local entities are also discussed as they relate to water resources development.

The dominant demographic feature of the basin is the low average population density and the preponderance of persons living in rural settings. These characteristics result from the substantial portions of the basin that are essentially uninhabited and the presence of only one village (Roseau - population 2,552) classified as an urban area. The population of the basin has been declining since 1940; however, preliminary population data for the current decade indicate that this tendency is reversing.

The economy of the basin has been dominated by agriculture since the area was first settled; however, manufacturing has recently emerged as a major influence. Approximately one-third of the land in the basin is unsuitable for agriculture and is being managed, under public ownership, for forestry and wildlife habitat.

A recent public attitude survey indicates there is a strong support for water resources development leading to greater agricultural land use. Also, a significant awareness was indicated for preservation of wildlife and wilderness areas.

Many federal, state, and local agencies have programs and policies affecting water resources in the basin.

U.S. APPENDIX D: UNITED STATES I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 . Page

SYNOPSIS ...... I ...... LIST OF TABLES ...... LIST OF FIGURES ...... LIST OF PLATES ...... I ......

I . INTRODUCTION ...... A . Objectives ...... B. Sources of Data and References ...... I1 . POPULATION ...... A . Introduction ...... B.. Demographic Characteristics ...... Age ...... Education ...... Urban and Farm Population ...... City and Community Population .... Total Population Density ...... Rural Population Density ...... C. Long Term Population Trends ...... D . Recent Population Trend ......

I11 . ECONOMY ...... A . Introduction ...... B. Personal Income ..... C. Man-made Facilities .... D . Land Ownership ..... SchoolLand ...... Swamp Land ..... Tax-Forfeited Land <... Federal Land ..... E . Agriculture ...... Crops ...... Livestock ...... Trends ...... F . Retail Trade and Employment G . Manufacturing ...... H . Manufacturing Trends ... I . Commercial Forestry ... J . Transportation Facilities . . K . Recreation ...... L . Occupations ...... Civilian Labor Force ... Unemployment ....

U.S. Page IV . ATTITUDES ...... A . Survey ...... Questionnaire ...... Interviews ...... General Results ...... B . Values Associated with Existing Social and Cultural Systems ...... Land Use ...... Recreation ...... Aesthetic and Human Interest ...... Cultural Status ...... Population Density ...... Man-made Facilities ...... C. Relative Significance of Various Social and Cultural Impacts ......

V . FEDERAL. STATE. AND LOCAL WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMS ..... D-31 A . Introduction ...... D-31 B . Department of Agriculture Programs ...... D-31 Soil Conservation Service ...... D-31 Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service ...... D-31 Farmers Home Administration ...... D-32 C. Department of Defense ...... D-32 D . Department of Housing and Urban Development ...... D-32 E . Department of Interior ...... D-32 F . Environmental Protection Agency ...... D-33 G . Small Business Administration ...... D-33 H . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ...... D-33 I . Minnesota Pollution Control Agency ...... D-33 J . Minnesota Flood Plain Management Program ...... D-33 K . Minnesota Drainage Regulations ...... D-34 L . The Roseau County Soil and Water Conservation District ...... D-34 M . Roseau River Watershed District ...... D-35

VI . SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ...... D-37

REFERENCES ...... D-39 Literature Cited ...... D-39 Other References ...... D-40

PLATES ......

U.S. APPENDIX D: UNITED STATES

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page D.1 . Age Characteristics of Population. 1950-70 ...... D.2 . Education Characteristics of Population. 1950-70 ...... D.3 . Urban and Farm Population Changes. 1930-70 ...... D.4 . Population of Cities and Communities ...... D.5 . Population Density, 1930-1970 ...... D.6 . Total and Per-Capita Personal Income, 1950-1970 ...... D.7 . Per-Capita Personal Income Relationships. 1950-1971 ...... D.8 . Principal Crops of Roseau County, 1950-1973 ...... D.9 . Farm Characteristics, 1950-1969 ...... D.10 . Percentage of Population on Farms, 1930-1970 ...... D.11 . Retail Trade, 1948-1967 ...... D.12 . Roseau County Manufacturing Characteristics ...... D.13 . Employment by Industry ...... D.14 . Civilian Labor Force. Employment and Unemployment. 1950-1970 ...... D.15 . Poverty Categories of Population, 1970 ...... D.16 . Desired Changes in Land Use ...... D.17 . Desired Changes in Agricultural Land ...... D.18 . Desired Changes in Wilderness ...... D.19 . Desired Changes in Recreational Activities ...... D.20 . Desired Changes in Natural Amenity Features ...... D.21 . Desired Changes in Farming and Employment ...... D.22 . Importance of Aspects of the Social and Cultural Environment ...... D.23 . Perceived Importance of Aspects of the Social and Cultural Environment ..... D.24 . Perceived Effects of Possible Impacts on Quality of Life ......

U.S. APPENDIX D: UNITED STATES

PLATES

. . ssed Market Value Privately Owned I. INTRODUCTION

Appendix D has been prepared by the International Roseau River Engineering Board in partial response to a directive of the International Joint Commission, dated 26 August 1971, requesting , information on a series of questions related to proposed water resources development in the Roseau River Basin. Further details pertaining to the overall effort are contained in Appendix A.

The socio-economic characteristics of the Roseau River Basin in the U.S.A. are presented in this section of Appendix D under three main headings: population, economy, and public attitudes. Policies and programs of federal, state and local agencies related to water resources are also included as a topic of related interest. Demographic and economic statistics are not available for the basin but are available for Roseau County which contains approximately 90 percent of the basin. Data are presented for the county and, in many instances, for the adjacent international border counties _ which also contadinsmall portions of the basin.

A. Objectives

The objective of this appendix is to provide socioeconomic characteristics of the Roseau River Basin and to discuss policies and programs of federal, state, and local agencies affecting water and land related resources of the basin. This information is presented as essential background material related to evaluation of a coordinated plan or plans for effective use and control of the basin's water resources.

B. Sources of Data and References

This section of Appendix D was prepared for the St. Paul District Corps of Engineers by R. W. Leonard and H. W. Toy, Engineering Consultants, with substantial cooperation and assistance from the following federal, state, and local agencies. The U. S. Department of Agriculture furnished information on the Department's programs and policies affecting resources development. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources furnished information on programs and policies affecting land use as well as data on commercial use of forests and on the recreational resources of the basin. The Minnesota Department of Revenue furnished abstracts of data on assessed valuation of land in the basin. The Roseau County Soil and Water Conservation District furnished reports on the conservation activities in the basin. The Roseau River Watershed District furnished information on economic needs of the basin. The Roseau County Agricultural Extension Agent furnished much information on the agriculture of the basin.

A large portion of the material in the chapter on "POPULATION" and the entire chapter on "ATTITUDES" was incorporated in this section of the appendix from "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River Basin" prepared by the Institute for Ecological Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks.

U.S. D-1 11. POPULATION

A. Introduction

The first settler in Roseau County was Seward A. Wood,in 1885. In 1887 and 1888, other home- seekers came from the prairies of the Red River Valley and the Dakotas to settle in the Roseau River Basin. While the area provided fertile farm lanp and other natural advantages, progressive settlement was retarded due to the lack of passable roads and numerous peat bogs in the northern and southern parts of the county (U.S. Dept. of ~grjculture,1942). In spite of these problems the total population of the basin increased gradually until approximately 1940 when economic I conditions caused a gradual decline in total population, ~xtendingthrough the 1970 census. During the current decade, preliminary data indicate that the population is increasing.

B. Demographic Characteristics

The principal demographic characteristics of the U.S. portion of the Roseau River Basin are the low density and the relatively high portion of people living in rural areas compared to the state. Also, the average age of basin residents is above the state average.

Age: Age characteristics of the population of Roseau County, the two adjacent border counties, and the State of Minnesota are shown in Table D-1 for the years 1950, 1960 and 1970. The median age of persons living in Roseau County has remained almost constant during the decade of the sixties, whereas the average age for the state declined approximately 7 percent. The most significant change in the age characteristic of the Roseau County population is the steady increase in the percentage of people 65 years and older from 7.8 percent in 1950 to 13.0 percent in 1970.

Education: As indicated in Table D-2, the percentage of high school graduates in the adult population has increased markedly (from 18.3 to 36.7) in the years from 1950 to 1970, while the median number of school years completed by persons 26 and over has undergone only slight change. In 1970, the median number of school years completed by area residents was three years below the number completed by Minnesotans.

U.S. Table D-1: Age Characteristics of Population, 1950-70

Lake of Roseau Kittson the Woods Minnesota 1970 Median Age 29.8 35.8 29.8 Percent under 18 38.3 34.4 35.5 Percent 18-64 48.7 50.2 52.1 Percent 65+ 13.0 15.5 12.4

1960 Median Age 29.5 32 .I 28.8 28.6 Percent under 18 39.9 38.1 38.7 37.6 Percent 18-64 49.2 49.3 49.7 52.0 Percent 65+ 10.9 12.6 11.5 10.4

1950 Median Age 26.8 29.3 30.0 Percent under 18 38.4 35.6 36.3 Percent 18-64 53.8 55.6 53.9 Percent 65+ 7.8 8.8 9.8

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, 17100d Control Proj- ect." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

Table D-2: Education Characteristics of Population, 1950-70

-- -- 1950 1960 1970 Percent high school graduates in Roseau Co. population (25 and over) 18.3 26.2 36.7

Median school years completed by Roseau Co. persons (26 and over) 8.5 8.6 9.0

Median school years completed in Minn. 9.0 10.8 12.3

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

U.S. D-4 Table D-3: Urban and Farm Population Changes, 1930-70

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Roseau Rural Non-farm & Urban 3,465 4,523 5,712 5,755 6,932 Farm 9,156 10,580 8,793 6,399 4,637 County Total 12,621 15,103 14,505 12,154 11,569

Percent Change from Previous Census Rural Non-farm & Urban +30.5 +26.3 +O .8 +20.4 Farm +15.6 -16.9 -27.2 -27.5 County Total +19.7 -4.0 -16.2 -4.8

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Kittson Rural Non-farm & Urban 2,955 3,979 4,871 3,842 4,578 Farm 6,733 6,738 4,778 4,501 2,275 County Total 9,688 10,717 9,649 8,343 6,853

Percent Change from Previous Census Rural Non-farm & Urban +34.6 +22.4 -21.1 +19.2 Farm +.l -29.1 -5.8 -49.4 County Total +10.6 -10 .O -13.5 -17.9

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Lake of the Woods Rural Non-farm & Urban 1,632 2,164 2,289 2,785 3,002 Farm 2,562 3,811 2,666 1,519 985 County Total 4,194 5,975 4,955 4,304 3,987

Percent Change from Previous Census Rural Non-farm & Urban +32.6 +5.8 +21.7 +7.8 Farm +48.8 -30.0 -43.0 -35.2 County Total +42.5 -17.1 -13.1 -7.4

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 Minnesota Rural Non-farm & Urban 1,675,904 1,886,860 2,242,684 2,826,316 3,351,541 Farm 88,049 905,440 739,799 587,548 453,430 State Total 2,563,953 2,792,300 2,982,483 3,413,864 3,804,971

Percent Change from Previous Census Rural Non-farm & Urban +12.6 +18.8 +26.0 +18.6 Farm +2.0 -18.3 -20.6 -22.8 State Total +8.9 +6.8 +14.5 +11.5

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, I7lood Control Project." In- stitute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

U.S. Urban and Farm Population: The "urban" population of the basin, as defined by the Bureau of Census, comprises all persons living in places of 2,500 inhabitants or more (the City of Roseau). "Farm" population is defined as persons living on places of ten or more acres from which sales of farm products amounted to $50 or more during the preceding calendar year or on places of less than ten acres from which the sales of farm products amounted to $250 or more during the preceding calendar year. The remainder of the population not within these categories comprise the "rural nonfarm." The distribution of the population of Roseau County and the state between rural nonfarm, urban, and farm categories, 1930 through 1970, is shown on Table D-3. It may be noted that the farm population has declined steadily in the county since 1940, but at a somewhat diminished rate from that shown for the state as a whole. The cause of the decreasing population in the Roseau River watershed is the outflux of people from the rural areas not compensated for by increases in the population of basin communities. This is illustrated by the fact that the population of Roseau Village increased by 406 persons during the period 1960 to 1970; however, in spite of this gain, the county showed a net loss of 585 persons during the same period.

City and Community Population: The urban population of the Roseau River Basin as defined by the U.S. Bureau of Census for 1970 is 2,552, the population of the City of Roseau. However, there are approximately 2,900 persons living in communities within the basin'in Roseau County. A listing of these communities with estimates of 1970 populations is shown on Table D-4.

Table D-4: Population of Cities and Communities

City or Community 1970 Population

Roseau Malung Wannaska Salol Fox Pine Creek Ross Dux by Mandus Homolka Pencer Caribou

*This population taken from U.S. Department of Commerce, Census of Population, 1970. All other populations are estimated values shown on Minnesota Department of Highways General Highway Map of Roseau County, 1973.

U.S. Total Population Density: The population density of Roseau County , adjacent border counties, and the State of Minnesota is shown on Table D-5. In this tabulation, population density is determined by dividing the total population of the political subdivision by the total area. It may be noted that the values for the counties shown are very small with respect to the population density of the state. Also, the county densities have been decreasing gradually since 1940, whereas the density for the state has been increasing substantially.

Table D-5: Population Density, 1930-1970

Population per Square Mile

Roseau 7.5 9.0 8.7 7.3 6.9 Kittson 8.6 9.5 8.6 7.4 6.1 Lake of the Woods 3.2 4.6 3.8 3.3 3.0 Minnesota 32.0 34.9 37.3 42.7 48.0

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "En'vironmentalImpact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

Rural Population Density: The estimated population of the U.S. portion of the Roseau River Basin for 1970 is 6,800 of which 2,552 are within the City of Roseau. Excluding the latter population, the average township population densitites range from zero persons per square mile in Big Swamp and Beltrarni Island State Forest to 12 persons per square mile in the vicinity of Roseau. These average population densitites are shown geographically (by townships) on Plate D-1.

C. Long Term Population Trends

In-migration has been low in the watershed 'and although a new pattern of nonfarm settlement oriented toward amenity areas is emerging il! the state, this factor has not been evident in basin population for the 30-year period prior to 1970.

The out-migration of young people from the watershed has substantially altered the age composition of the area. In 1960, the median age in Roseau County was 29.5, quite close to the median age in the state (28.6). By 1970, however, the median age in the State of Minnesota had dropped to 26.8, while the median age in Roseau County had hardly varied (29.8). Roseau, Kittson and Lake of the Woods Counties registered a higher median age in 1970 than they did in 1950.

The tendency toward a relatively older population in agriculturally dominant areas has also been noted for the United States as a whole. The explanation for this trend has been that young men in rural areas increasingly prefer to find jobs in the city while older men with little experience outside of agriculture are reluctant to leave rural areas. This general tendency toward an older population in the area is also revealed by the fact that 13.0 percent of Roseau County residents are 65 or older, while only 10.7 percent of Minnesotans fall into that category. Between 1950 and 1970, the number of persons in that age category increased 5.2 percentage points in Roseau County.

U.S. D. Recent Population Trend

The most interesting recent trend in the population is the apparent reversal of the out-migration trend from Roseau County that has prevailed since 1940. Estimates of population for Roseau, Kittson, and Lake of the Woods Counties for 1973 show consistent gains in the total population of six, three, and eight percent, respectively. During the same period, the state showed a total population gain of slightly over two percent.

U.S. 111. ECONOMY

A. Introduction

Although agriculture plays an important role in the economy of the watershed, it is ranked third in terms of employment in Roseau County. Manufacturing - of both durable and non-durable goods - accounts for over 23.3 percent of the employed persons in the county. Service industries - professional, entertainment, business and personal - employ nearly one-fourth of the workers in the county. In comparison, agriculture and related activities employ only 19.1 percent. This is in marked contrast to the employment picture of the watershed in 1950, when 63.2 percent of the employed persons in Roseau County worked in agriculture. By 1960, less than half the workers (48 percent) were in farming. In 1970, the number in agriculture had dropped to less than one-fifth. Projections suggest that this downward trend will continue. This increase in nonfarm employment and the growth of the City of Roseau as a community center, providing area residents with medical, educational and trade facilities, has radically altered the complexion of the area. The existence of nonagricultural forms of employment has slowed the movement off the farm, enabling marginal farmers to supplement their income through part-time work.

B. Personal Income

Personal income is one of the primary indicators employed by economists and others to assess the economic well-being of a region, state or country. Personal income includes the income received by residents from business establishments, federal, state and local governments, households, institutions and foreign countries.

Tables D-6 and D-7 show total personal income, per-capita personal income and certain personal income relationships from 1950 to 1971 for Roseau County, adjacent border counties, and for Minnesota. As shown in the tables, total personal income increased substantially between 1950 and 1971 in the county as in the state as a whole.

The county was unable to match the 268 percent increase in total personal income registered by the state between those years. However, due to population declines, the percapita gain in personal income was greater than the gain in per-capita personal income from Minnesota during the 1950 to 1971 period.

The rapid increase in percapita personal income for Roseau County represents an advance from relatively low individual incomes in 1950. This can be seen in Table D-7 where the per-capita personal incomes for each of the counties are expressed as a percentage of the comparable values of Minnesota and the United States. As shown, the per-capita personal income has been approach- ing that of the state and the nation.

C. Man-made Facilities

Man-made facilities are significant to the economy of the basin in terms of their market value. In the urban areas, such as the City of Roseau, these facilities consist of residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, and the transportation and utility network serving the urban area. In the rural areas the man-made facilities consist of farm buildings and the road and utility network. Man-made transportation facilities of regional significance are State Highways 89, 11 and 310, the Burlington Northern Railway, and the Roseau Airport.

U.S. - ~-p-~~~- Table D-6: Total and Per-Capita Personal Income, 1950-1971 Percent Change 1950 1959 1965 1971 1950-1971 Roseau Total Personal Income (millions of $) 11.4 14.0 15.3 35.4 210.5 Per-Capita Personal Income ($) 782 1,165 1,308 3,065 291.9

Kittson Total Personal Income (millions of $) 12.3 10.9 16.1 27.2 121.1 Per-Capita Personal Income ($) 1,273 1,320 2 ,I 14 4,026 216.3

Lake of the Woods Total Personal Income (millions of $) 4.0 5.6 5.9 9.9 147.5 Per-Capita Personal Income ($) 803 1,330 1,532 2,517 213.4

Minnesota Total Personal Income (millions of $) 4,227 6,798 9,545 15,564 268.2 Per-Capita Personal Income ($) 1,410 2,020 2,678 4,032 186.0

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, ~innesota,Flood Control Project." In- stitute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

U.S. Table D-7: Per-Capita Personal Income Relationships, 1950-1971

1950 1959 1965 1971 Roseau County Per-Capita Personal Income I as a Percentage of Minnesota Per- Capita Personal Income 55 58 49 76

I County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of U.S. Per-Capita Personal Income 52 54 47 7 4

Kittson County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of Minnesota Per- Capita Personal Income 90 65 7 9 100

--- - - County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of U.S. Per-Capita Personal Income 85 61 7 6 9 7

Lake of the Woods County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of Minnesota Per- Capita Personal Income 57 66 57 62

County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of U.S. Per-Capita Personal Income 54 62 55 61

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." In- stitute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

U.S. The market value of privately owned rural land of various townships in the basin, including buildings and other improvements, as determined by the county tax assessor for the 1973 tax year is shown on Plate D-2. These values tend to be substantially below actual sales values, particularly during inflationary periods.

D. Land Ownership

A large portion of the Big Swamp area and the headwaters region of the Roseau River Basin is in public ownership. In general, this public ownership is the result 0%the land being of marginal quality for agriculture. epically, the privately owned land is held in relatively small tracts approximating quarter sections (160 acres). Large private or corporate holdings of several sections of land are almost nonexistent. Plate D-3 indicates the degree of public ownership within each township in the basin. These public lands fall into the following categories:

School Land: These lands consisted originally of sections 16 and 36 of each township, granted to the state for public school support. In many cases, the schools have sold or exchanged these lands under the provisions of the enabling legislation.

Swamp Land: These lands were originally granted to the states by Congress as being unfit for agriculture. Income from these lands, if any, is dedicated to the school trust fund.

Tax-Forfeited Land: These lands were originally in private ownership, but have been transferred to the state for nonpayment of taxes. In some instances these lands are held in reserve by state agencies for specific purposes or they may be resold at public auction.

Federal Land: Lands acquired by agencies of the Federal Government for specific purposes, generally conservation. ("Minnesota Land Ownership." Minnesota Outdoor Recreation Resources Commission, 1965.)

E. Agriculture

While a relatively small portion (approximately one-fifth) of the population of Roseau County is actively engaged in agriculture, the economy of the county is heavily dependent on farming. Based on the most recent U.S. Census of Agriculture taken in 1969, approximately 52 percent of the land of the county was devoted to farming and the total value of all farm products sold was slightly over 11 million dollars. Typical agricultural land south of Roseau Lake is shown on Figure D-1.

Crops: The principal crops grown in Roseau County are oats, barley, wheat, flax, timothy seed, and Kentucky bluegrass seed. The acreage devoted to the principal crops for the years 1950,1960, and 1973 are shown in Table D-8, together with the ranking of Roseau County among the counties of the state for 1973. It may be noted that Roseau County was the leading producer of flax in the state, ranked third in all varieties of hay, and fifth in oats. While official statistics are not available, Roseau County is generally recognized as the leading producer of high quality, northern grown Kentucky bluegrass seed and timothy seed. Soil and climate conditions for these seed crops are most suitable and it has been estimated that a total of 70,000 acres were devoted to their production in 1974 with a total sale value of the crops of approximately six million dollars. Sugar beets, which are a major crop of northwestern Minnesota are not grown in Roseau County, probably because of the lack of nearby processing plants.

U.S. Table D-7: Per-Capita Personal Income Relationships, 1950-1971

1950 1959 1965 1971 Roseau County Per-Capita Personal Income I as a Percentage of Minnesota Per- Capita Personal Income i County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of U.S. Per-Capita Personal Income 52 54 47 7 4

Kittson County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of Minnesota Per- Capita Personal Income 90 65 7 9 100

County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of U.S. Per-Capita Personal Income

Lake of the Woods County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of Minnesota Per- Capita Personal Income

County Per-Capita Personal Income as a Percentage of U.S. Per-Capita Personal Income

D. Land Ownership

A large portion of the Big Swamp area and the headwaters region of the Roseau River Basin is in public ownership. In general, this public ownership is the result oB the land being of marginal quality for agriculture. Typically, the privately owned land is held in relatively small tracts approximating quarter sections (160 acres). Large private or corporate holdings of several sections of land are almost nonexistent. Plate D-3 indicates the degree of public ownership within each township in the basin. These public lands fall into the following categories:

Swamp Land: These lands were originally granted to the states by Congress as being unfit for agriculture. Income from these lands, if any, is dedicated to the school trust fund.

E. Agriculture

U.S. Figure D-1. Agricultural Land South of Roseau Lake

U.S. Livestock: Roseau County was the leading producer of sheep and lambs in Minnesota in 1973, accounting for four percent of the total for the state. Production of cattle and calves, dairy products, and turkeys is also a significant agricultural activity of the county.

Table D-8: Principal Crops of Roseau County, 1950-1973

Minnesota Ranking Acres Planted Percent of Among Crop 1950 1960 1973 Total Counties

All Wheat 14,700 22,600 57,400 2.9 10

Oats 40,300 66,400 89,400 3.5 5

Barley 39,500 9,300 14,000 1.6 15

Flax 66,600 24,000 30,200 13.1 1

All Hay 75,900 70,100 98,300 3.1 3

Source: State of Minnesota, Department of Agriculture, "Minnesota Agricultural Statistics," 1951, 1961, 1974.

Trends: Characteristics of farms in Roseau County and the state of Minnesota are shown in Table D-9. The data reveal that, while the average size of farms in the county is over 60 percent larger than the state average, the value of farm products sold per acre is one-third that of the state. This is a manifestation of the marginal nature of some of the farm operations in the county. The table also indicates that between the years 1950 and 1969 the number of farms in the county has decreased substantially, while the average farm size has increased generally comparable with the state farm size increase. The value of farm products per acre has risen substantially during the period but at a rate much less than the state average. Trends in farm population expressed as a percentage of the total population are shown in Table D-10 for Roseau, Kittson, and Lake of the Woods Counties, and for the State of Minnesota. While the total amount of land in farms in Roseau County has remained fairly constant during the time period shown, the percentage of the county population on the farm has decreased markedly. This trend is evident to a greater degree for the other political subdivisions shown.

F. Retail Trade and Employment

An important index of the economic well-being of an area is retail trade. Standing at the end of the producing and marketing chain, retail trade provides a sensitive measure of changes in an area economy. Retail trade, combined with data on employment and unemployment, will be useful to describe the present economic conditions of the county.

Table D-11 provides information on retail trade in Roseau and the adjacent counties and the state. As shown, the number of retail establishments in each of the three counties and in Minnesota declined between 1948 and 1967, but the decline for Minnesota and for Lake of the Woods County was not as sharp as was the decline for the other counties. Although the three counties and the state experienced declines in the number of retail establishments, retail sales increased. The percentage increases in retail sales between 1948 and 1967 were as follows: Roseau, 36.8 percent; Kittson, 28.7 percent; Lake of the Woods, 30.7 percent; and Minnesota, 105.8 percent. Thus, the three counties have not shared in the rapid growth of

U.S. Table D-9: Farm Characteristics, 1950-1969

% Change 1950 to 1950 1959 1969 1969 Roseau Number of Farms 2,347 1,700 1,330 -43.3 Land in Farms (acres) 623,474 544,544 558,296 -10.4 Average Size of Farms (acres) 265.6 320.3 419.7 +58.0

Value of Farm Products sold ($1 7,314,822 8,153,254 11,248,099 +53.8 Average per Farm 3,117 4,796 8,457 +171.3 Average per Acre 11.73 14.97 20.15 +7 1.8

Minnesota Number of Farms 179,101 145,662 110,747 -38.2 Land in Farms (acres) 32,883,163 30,796,097 28,845,240 -12.3 Average Size of Farm (acres) 183.6 211.4 260.4 +41.8

Value of Farm Products sold ($) 960,552,565 1,211,750,198 1,747,891,977 +82 .O Average per Farm 5,363 8,320 15,782 +194.3 Average per Acre 29.21 39.34 60.60 +107.5

Sourcc: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental lmpact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, I:lood Control Project." In- stitute for licological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand I'orks. March.

Table D-10: Percentage of Population on Farms, 1930-1970

Percentage of Farm Population to Total Population of Area 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970

Roseau 72.5 70.0 60.6 52.6 40.1

Kittson 69.5 69.9 49.5 53.9 33.2

Lake of the Woods 61.1 63.8 53.8 35.3 24.7

Minnesota 34.6 32.4 24.8 17.2 11.9

U.S. retail sales in Minnesota. Similarly, the number of employees in retailing in the state has increased between 1948 and 1967; the counties have suffered losses in retail employees. Em- ployment in wholesale and retail sales in Roseau County represents 16.8 percent of the total population.

Table D-11: Retail Trade, 1948-1967

Percent Change 1948 1958 1967 1948-1967 Roseau Number of Establishments Sales ($1,000) Number of Employees

Kittson Number of Establishments Sales ($1,000) Number of Employees

Lake of the Woods Number of Establishments Sales Number of Employees

Minnesota Number of Establishments 35,274 34,666 32,886 - 6.8 Sales ($1,000) 2,906,062 3,976,493 5,980,481 +105.8 Number of Employees 156,362 . 159,040 189,338 + 21.1

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

G. Manufacturing

Beginning in the decade of the 1960's, manufacturing has emerged as a very significant factor in the economy of Roseau County, notably at Roseau, located within the Roseau River Basin, and Warroad, located adjacent to the eastern edge of the basin. The rate of growth of manufacturing in the county is shown in Table D-12 by data obtained from the U.S. Census of Manufacturers for the period 1958 through 1972. Total employment in manufacturing has grown from 307 to 1,500 employees during the 14-year period. The total value of manufacturing shipments of 54 million dollars becomes quite significant when compared with the latest available U.S. Census market value of farm products sold of slightly over 11 million dollars (1969). Because of the seasonal nature of some of the manufacturing employment, the methodology for determining numbers of all employees and production workers is of interest. The quantity of production workers is determined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the average number of workers on the mid-month payroll for the months of March, May, August, and November, including those workers on paid sick leave and holiday leave. The quantities indicated under the "all employees" category was determined by adding the number of non- production workers indicated on the mid-March payroll to the average number of production workers.

U.S. The two major types of products manufactured in Roseau County are wood products and recreational vehicles. While the U.S. Census of Manufacturers lists a total of 25 establishments in Roseau County in 1972, two firms dominated the manufacturing scene. The Polaris Division of Textron, Incorporated, located in the city of Roseau is a major manufacturer of snowmobiles, snowmobile trailers, and small utility vehicles. 'Marvin Millwork and Cedar Company, located in Warroad, is a major manufacturer of wooden windows and millwork. The remaining establishments manufacture assorted wood products, agricultural service products, and manufacturing tools and specialties.

Table D-12: Roseau County Manufacturing Characteristics

Characteristic 1958 1963 1967 1972

Total number of employees 307 574 500 1,500

Total annual payroll ($1000) 1,038 1,334 2,500 10,900

Total production workers 256 439 400 1,200

Annual production man-hours (1000's) 518 538 900 2,300

Total expenditures on plant and equipment 100 389 500 600 ($1000)

Value added to products ($1000) 1,741 2,618 4,600 18,900

Value of annual shipments ($1000) 13,300 54,400

Source: 1958, 1963, 1967, 1972. Census of Manufacturers, Volume 111. .u.s. Department of Commerce.

H. Manufacturing Trends

The relatively recent appearance of significant manufacturing in Roseau County, in contrast with the historical dominance of agriculture in the local economy, is part of a post-World War I1 phenomenon. Recent studies made by the University of Minnesota for the State Planning Agency indicate that a strong tendancy has emerged for many industries to be the product of local ideas and entrepreneurship. "They have flowered where the combination of transportation costs to market, labor availability, ingenuity, and product quality was satis- factory. Behind almost every plant . . . there is a personal and local story which contains all of these elements in unique combinations and shadings." Speaking of Minnesota's "foot-loose" industries the study indicates, "Their locations are not governed by proximity to raw materials or optimal market accessibility. In many cases, one would have to say that an important location factor has been management, labor, and entrepreneurs who live here and like it. It is thus a plausible hypothesis that this region's 'quality of life,' whatever that might mean to those who value it, is the most important national business location factor" (Borchert and Yaeger, 1969). The extent to which this philosophy has contributed to the recent emergence of manufacturing in the Roseau River Basin is not known. However, the availability of high quality labor which value the local environment must be assumed to be a major factor. The relative magnitude of total manufacturing employment in Roseau County with respect to other areas of Minnesota is shown on Figure D-2.

U.S. Figure D-2: Total Manufacturing Employment in Minnesota, 1963

Source: "Atlas of Minnesota Resources and Settlement," Borchert, John R. and Yaeger, Donald P., 1969.

U.S. I. Commercial Forestry

Commercial cutting of timber in the basin is a minor source of income consisting of the harvesting of aspen pulpwood and bolts, black spruce pulpwood, tamarack and jack pine pulpwood and posts, and cedar posts. About 90 percent of the timber harvested is sold as pulpwood to outlets at International Falls and Sartell, Minnesota. The remaining 10 percent is processed by portable saw mills operating in or near the basin. Nearly all of the merchantable timber is taken from the Beltrami Island State Forest as a result of annual public auctions of surplus timber. In 1974, approximately 20,000 cords were purchased in this manner at a total sales price of $125,000.

J. Transportation Facilities

The city of Roseau is the transportation center of the Roseau River Basin, being situated at the junction of Minnesota State Highways 11 and 85. The nearest interstate highway is located approximately 70 miles to the west. The city is on the Burlington Northern Railway and at present has freight service every other day. There are six truck lines with scheduled service into the city. Roseau also has a secondary airport providing charter air service.

K. Recreation

The importance of considering recreational and environmental values is readily apparent in view of the approximately 150,000 acres of wildlands included in the Roseau River drainage. As well as providing excellent habitat for an abundance of wildlife, those lands offer residents and visitors numerous recreational opportunities.

The Roseau River itself is an important source of local sport fishing. Besides the fiihing in the river, up to 100,000 northern pike weighing from one-fourth to one pound each are trapped each winter in ponds in the Roseau River Wildlife Management Area to be transferred to suitable waters throughout the state. Also abundant in the Wildlife Management Area are moose, white-tailed deer, sharp-tailed and ruffed grouse, numerous duck species and rail and sandhill cranes. In addition, oxbow lakes and potholes along the river have provided prime breeding and resting areas for waterfowl on the Mississippi flyway. Finally, much of the private land in the drainage basin contains brushy, wooded areas, which support deer, moose, grouse and other wildlife.

L. Occupations

The general employment in the watershed has been dependent on agriculture for many years. Table D-13 shows that this trend is presently being changed. While manufacturing and agriculture have nearly the same number of people employed, manufacturing has increased steadily.

U.S. Table D-13: Employment by Industry

Industry Percent

Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries Construction Manufacturing - Durable Goods Manufacturing - Nondurable Goods Transportation Wholesale & Retail Trade Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Business & Repair Services Personal Service Workers Entertainment & Recreation Services Professional & Related Services Public Administration Industry not Reported

Total

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. Univer- sity of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

Civilian Labor Force: Table D-14, which presents data on employment rates, reveals a similar picture of relative stagnation in the three county area. Between 1950 and 1970, the civilian labor force declined in Roseau, Kittson and Lake of the Woods Counties, whereas a gain in the civilian labor force was registered by the state. Moreover, each of the three counties experienced higher rates of unemployment than did the state in each of the last three census years. In 1970, for example, the unemployment rates were as follows: Roseau, 11.5 percent; Kittson, 5.8 percent; Lake of the Woods, 9.0 percent; and Minnesota, 4.2 percent. Moreover, these figures understate the employment problem in Roseau and adjacent border counties since the lack of job opportunities has undoubtedly encouraged young people to migrate from the area to seek jobs.

Unemployment: The unemployment has steadily increased in Roseau County (Table D-14), at a rate substantially greater than the increase of adjacent border counties. In 1970, the unemployment rate for Roseau County was nearly triple the rate for the entire state. The percentage of Roseau County residents having income below the poverty level is 18.5, again well above the state average as indicated in Table D-15. A high proportion of those with income in the poverty category are in that portion of the population 65 years of age and older.

U.S. Table D-14: Civilian Labor Force, Employment and Unemployment, 1950-1970

1950 1960 1970 Roseau Total Civilian Labor Force 5,408 4,717 4,173 Number Employed 5,208 4,361 3,693 Number Unemployed 200 356 480 Percentage Unemployed 3.7 7.6 11.5

Kittson Total Civilian Labor Force Number Employed Number Unemployed Percentage Unemployed

-- Lake of the Woods Total Civilian Labor Force Number Employed Number Unemployed Percentage Unemployed

Minnesota Total Civilian Labor Force 1,185,767 1,298,965 1,528,436 Number Employed 1,143,872 1,233,408 1,464,273 Number Unemployed 41,895 65,557 64,163 Percentage Unemployed 3.5 5 .O 4.2

Note: The figures for 1950 and 1960 are not directly comparable with 1970 figures due to a different census definition of the civilian labor force for 1970.

U.S. Table D-15: Poverty Categories of Population, 1970

Percentage of Persons with Income Below the Poverty Level

Roseau County Total Population Population over 65

Kittson County Total Population Population over 65

---- Lake of the Woods County Total Population Population over 65

Minnesota Total Population Population over 65

Note: Incomes considered to be at the threshold of poverty vary from $1,861 to $6,101 per year per family depending on a wide variety of factors such as the size, sex of the family head, number of children under 18 years old, etc.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census of Population, 1970

U.S. IV. ATTITUDES

A. Survey

The Institute for Ecological Studies of the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, conducted a study of the attitudes of residents of the Roseau River Basin. The study was oriented toward various social and cultural subjects, including the effects on these subjects of the authorized Federal Project for improvement of portions of the Roseau River for flood control. In the survey the latter project is referred to frequently as the "Roseau Project" and the area affected by the project as the "Impact Area." Various aspects of the impact of the project are as follows:

1. Area of Impact - What social and cultural aspects of the environment will be affected?

2. Extent - Are the effects judged to be long-term or short-term?

3. Range - Are the impacts limited to the local area, or do they have trans-local ramifica- tions?

4. Intensity (Magnitude) - To what degree. will aspects of the social/cultural environment be affected?

5. Importance - What impacts are considered significant by the area population or by other interested groups? What impacts are viewed as negligible?

6. Value - Do local residents and/or trans-local units view these impacts as positive or negative?

The methods used to assess the probable social impact were varied to fit a variety of concerns. Existing documents were surveyed to establish the broad characteristics of the impact area and to establish trends that should be considered in contemplating impacts which are spread over time.

A systematic survey was undertaken in order to ascertain residents' attitudes toward possible impacts of the Roseau project and to map out significant social, cultural and environmental concerns.

The sample on which the survey was based was drawn from two populations; rural residents living adjacent to the river and residents of the city of Roseau. This survey enumerated those farmers with land directly affected and sampled the balance of the population in the immediate impact area, including farm and non-farm elements.

In the city of Roseau, a random sample. was drawn, using the telephone directory as the population list. Due to the prevalence of telephone service in Roseau, it was felt that the directory constituted an adequate listing of the population.

Questionnaire: A six page questionnaire was utilized in the survey covering a wide variety of subjects generally related to attitudes toward alternative land use, recreational pursuits, the quality of life, the relative importance of social and cultural amenities, and local economic conditions. Respondents were also asked to comment on their perception of and attitude toward the Federal Project for improvement of a portion of the Roseau River Channel. Limited data were also obtained on the age, sex, occupation and social background of each respondent.

U.S. D-23 Interviews: A total of 79 persons were interviewed as a part of the survey, of which 31 were from the city of Roseau and 48 were from rural areas along the river. This sampling represents approximately one percent of the total population of the U.S. portion of the river basin. A disproportionate number of respondents were selected from the rural area to assure adequate analysis of opinions of those most directly affected by the proposed project.

General Results: As might be expected in an agricultural area having a history of significant flood problems, the attitude survey indicated rather overwhelming favor with the authorized flood control project. The project was viewed as a means of stabilizing the agricultural economy of the area and abating the current tendancy toward abandonment of small private farm operations. In addition to this fundamental result of the survey, concern was indicated for preservation of natural amenities such as wildlife and increasing existing opportunities for local recreation, notably fishing, camping and hiking.

B. Values Associated with Existing Social and Cultural Systems

Land Use: The survey revealed that increasing agricultural land use is viewed favorably almost universally by area residents. Increasing the area of cultivation at the expense of natural wilderness areas is not as widely supported, however. Table D-16 summarizes respondents' evaluations of changes in land use.

Table D-16: Desired Changes in Land Use

Very . Stay the Very Much Some Same or No Some Much Less Less Response More More Total Type of Change % % % 5% % %

Land Use Agriculture 1.3 41.8 36.7 20.2 100 Grazing Land 72.1 22.8 5.1 100 Wilderness 2.5 19.0 57 .O 19.0 2.5 100 Wetlands 19.0 19.0 50.6 8.9 2.5 100 Forests 8.9 54.3 24.1 12.7 100

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, 1:lood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

Over half of the respondents are satisfied with the amount of wilderness, wetlands and forests present in the watershed. But a sizeable number (38 percent) would like to have fewer wetlands.

Tables D-17 and D-18 indicate the somewhat varying views of rural and urban respondents to alternative changes in use of agricultural and wilderness land. City residents seem more concerned with promoting wilderness area than do those with a direct interest in agriculture. But some rural respondents articulated a strong concern for preserving natural amenities during interviews. They emphasized that "poor land" should not be drained for farming, but "good land," like that along the river, should be under cultivation.

U.S. Table D-17: Desired Changes in Agricultural Land

Respondents Type of Change Rural Urban Rural % Urban

Some Less 0 2.1 1.3 Stay the Same or No Response 32.3 47.9 41.8 Some More 29.0 41.7 36.7 Very Much More 38.7 8.3 20.2 TOTAL Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of Respondents 31 48 79

Table D-18: Desired Changes in Wilderness

Respondents Type of Change Rural Urban Rural 5% Urban

Very Much Less 6.5 0 Some Less 25.8 14.6 Stay the Same or No Reponse 58.0 56.2 Some More 9.7 25.0 Very Much More 0.0 4.2 TOTAL Percent 100.0 100.0 Number of Respondents 31 4 8

Both principle types of land use in the impact area - cropland and wilderness areas - are positively valued by local residents and by the state as a whole. Farmers in particular have a strong interest in increasing the agricultural potential of the area and would like to see less wetlands and more arable land.

Recreation: Over half of the individuals interviewed in the survey indicated satisfaction with existing opportunities for recreational activities. Slightly less than half of the respondents indicated the need for more fishing, camping and hiking facilities. Table D-19 indicates the desired changes in recreational activities.

Table D-19: Desired Changes in Recreational Activities

Very Stay the Very Much Some Same or No Some Much Less Less Response More More Total % % 5% % % %

Hunting 6.3 7.6 68.4 13.9 3.8 100 Fishing 2.5 2.5 54.5 25.3 15.2 100 Camping & Hiking 1.3 51.9 32.9 13.9 100 Recreational Lodges 8.9 65.8 19.0 6.3 100

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

U.S. Interviews revealed a great deal of dissatisfaction with the fishing potential of the Roseau River, because of both pollution and the water table. A number of farmers felt the proposed project would "clean up" the river, thus enhancing fishing possibilities.

Recreation is generally not considered a critical resource of the watershed, especially by farmers. Several farmers complained, when interviewed, about hunters who "trample down crops" and "shoot anything that moves."

A Roseau banker noted that the money spent by hunters in the area for a few days a year is inconsequential in comparison to the money spent on agriculture. Nevertheless, this area is valued by Minnesotans from urban areas for recreational purposes. A number of hunters were seen in the area during the course of the study.

Aesthetic and Human Interest: The wooded terrain and topographical relief of portions of the watershed constitute natural amenities of aesthetic and human interest. Preservation of scenic views, wilderness features and wildlife is generally afforded a high priority. This attitude was reflected in the survey as indicated in Table D-20.

Table D-20: Desired Changes in Natural Amenity Features

- - Stay the Much Some Same or No Some Much Less Less Response More More Total Natural Amenities % % 7% % 96 %

Scenic Views 1.3 3.8 45.5 34.2 15.2 100.0 Rare & Unique Wildlife 64.5 26.6 8.9 100.0 Wildlife Reserves 2.5 67.1 24.1 6.3 100.0

Sourcc: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

Nearly half the respondents (49.4 percent) evidenced an interest in more "scenic views" in the area. Over a third (35.5 percent) indicated a desire for more wildlife and 30.4 percent wanted more wildlife reserves.

Attitudes toward natural amenities varied significantly depending on the residential location of the respondent. Those living in the country and, as it were, surrounded by scenic views and wildlife, placed less value on these amenities than did city dwellers.

Preservation of wildlife and wildlife production areas are valued by nearly everyone in the watershed. But farmers emphasized that good farm land should not be employed for natural amenities. Several farmers mentioned that there are plenty of "ducks" and "duck ponds" in Minnesota, and we need not worry about them "here" (in the impact area). One widowed farm wife stressed the problems of waterfowl and other game damaging crops every year.

The general feeling among rural residents seems to be that "everything has its place" and that land along the river should be put to better use than for wildlife production or scenic views.

U.S. Viewing the watershed's natural amenities in terms of the state or the nation, the watershed's natural attributes are becoming increasingly scarce and may, therefore, be highly valued by concerned environmentalists. Locally, however, this appraisal is not being made by most rural residents.

Cultural Status: The single most valued dominant life style in the area is apparently embodied in "the small farm." In almost every inte~ew,residents living along the river emphasized the importance of maintaining small farms. Farmers underscored the need for projects to enable small and middle-sized fms to "make ends meet." They admitted that increased land for cultivation would also benefit the large farmer, the speculator and the corporation farmer; nevertheless, rural respondents felt that unless something was done soon, the area's remaining small farmers would be forced, like so many others, to move and seek other forms of employment.

As indicated in Table D-21,virtually all of the respondents favored maintaining or increasing the present number of small farms; and over half wanted to maintain or increase the present number of large farms. Many respondents emphasized they were referring to "larger" farms, but not corporation farms. To the extent that impacts of the proposed project would facilitate farmers remaining on the land, they would be viewed as highly beneficial.

Another cultural aspect considered significant is an increase in the number of jobs. Over two- thirds wanted an increase in job opportunities in the area. Thus, temporary employment accruing from the project would also be valued.

Table D-21: Desired Changes in Farming and Employment

Stay the Much Some Same or No Some Much Less Less Response More More Total Type of Change % % % % % %

Farming & Employment Small Farms 5.1 30.4 32.9 31.6 100.0 Large Farms 20.3 26.6 46.7 5.1 1.3 100.0 Jobs 1.3 30.4 40.5 27.8 100.0

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

Population Density: Although the Roseau project would have only slight demographic effects, that impact would be welcomed by area residents.

Almost half the respondents (48.1 percent) would like the area population to stablize; almost half (48.1 percent) would like to see an increase in population. Only 3.8 percent of. the respondents desired a decrease in population.

Even a slight modification of the current declining trends would be considered a very beneficial impact by the general watershed population.

U.S. Man-made Facilities: There appears to be consensus as to the need for more flood control within the watershed. During interviews, stories were told and retold of the bad floods in years past. Although there has been no severe flooding recently, respondents had long, vivid memories and a clear sense of need. Over half the respondents (53.2 percent) desired much more flood control; 81 percent wanted more flood control than there is at present. To the extent that the project would result in controlling floods, it would be considered extremely beneficial.

C. Relative Significance of Various Social and Cultural Impacts

To ascertain the importance people ascribed to the various impacts of the project, respondents were asked to list those impacts they felt were important.to them personally and those they felt were important to their neighbors. The former can be taken as a personal interest while the latter may be regarded as a perception of community values or interests. The data on these are presented in Tables D-22 and D-23.

Every item has a higher percentage of respondents ranking it important to them personally, than the percentage ranking it important to their neighbors. This signifies that perceived norms (of the community) are lower than the real norms of most respondents. What they personally value is not necessarily what they perceive as valued by most of the community.

Table D-22: Importance of Aspects of the Social and Cultural Environment

Not Important or Not Listed Important Total 76 76 76 Land Use Wetlands Wilderness Agriculture

Recreation Hunting and Fishing 32.9 67.1 100

Aesthetic and Human Interest Game Reserves 35.4 64.6 100 Rare Species of Animals 67.1 32.9 100 Forests 27.8 72.2 100 Nice Scenery 20.7 79.3 100

Cultural Status More Jobs 16.5 83.5 100

Population More People Living Here 43.0 57.0 100 People Moving Away 22.8 77.2 100

Made-made Facilities Flood Control

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau RIver, Minnesota, FLood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

U.S. D-28 Viewing the watershed's natural amenities in terms of the state or the nation, the watershed's natural attributes are becoming increasingly scarce and may, therefore, be highly valued by concerned environmentalists. Locally, however; this appr'aisal is not being made by most rural residents.

Cultural Status: The single most valued dominant life style in the area is apparently embodied in "the small farm." In almost every interview, residents living along the river emphasized the importance of maintaining small farms. Farmers underscored the need for projects to enable small and middle-sized farms to "make ends meet." They admitted that increased land for cultivation would also benefit the large farmer, the speculator and the corporation farmer; nevertheless, rural respondents felt that unless something was done soon, the area's remaining small farmers would be forced, like so many others, to move and seek other forms of employment.

As indicated in Table D-21, virtually all of the respondents favored maintaining or increasing the present number of small farms; and over. half wanted to maintain or increase the present number of large farms. Many respondents emphasized they were referring to "larger" farms, but not corporation farms. To the extent that impacts of the proposed project would facilitate farmers remaining on the land, they would be viewed as highly beneficial.

Table D-21: Desired Changes in Farming and Employment

stay the Much Some Same or No Some Much Less Less Response More More Total Type of Change % % % % % %

Farming & Employment ' Small Farms 5.1 30.4 32.9 31.6 100.0 Large Farms 20.3 26.6 46.7 5.1 1.3 100.0 Jobs 1.3 30.4 40.5 27.8 100.0

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

Population Density: Although the Roseau project would have only slight demographic effects, that impact would be welcomed by area residents.

Almost half the respondents (48.1 percent) would like the area population to stablize; almost half (148.1 percent) would like to see an increase in population. Only 3.8 percent of the respondents desired a decrease in population.

Even a slight modification of the current declining trends would be considered'a very beneficial ! impact by the general watershed population.

2 1

C. Relative Significance of Various Social and Cultural Impacts

Table D-22: Importance of Aspects of the Social and Cultural Environment

Not Important or Not Listed Important Total 96 96 96 Land Use Wetlands Wilderness Agriculture

Recreation Hunting and Fishing 32.9 67.1 100

Aesthetic and Human Interest Game Reserves 35.4 64.6 Rare Species of Animals 67.1 32.9 Forests 27.8 72.2 Nice Scenery 20.7 79.3

Cultural Status More Jobs

Population More People Living Here People Moving Away

Made-made Facilities Flood Control

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau Rlver, Minnesota, FLood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

U.S. D-2 8 Table D-23: Perceived Importance of Aspects of the Social and Cultural Environment

Not Important or Not Listed Important Total % % % Land Use Wetlands Wilderness Agriculture

Recreation Hunting and Fishing

Aesthetic and Human Interest Game Reserves Rare Species of Animals Forests Nice Scenery

Cultural Status More Job

Population More People Living Here 53.2 46.8 100 People Moving Away 62.0 38.0 100

Man-made Facilities Flood Control

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota, Flood Control Project." Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

In order to determine whether actual changes would be valued, not only for themselves, but in terms of the respondents' perceptions of what would be good for the watershed as a whole, each respondent was asked to rate possible changes in terms of quality of life. Possible impacts were evaluated as to effect - whether a change would enhance or detract from the quality of life in the watershed, or would not affect it appreciably. The results are summarized in Table D-24.

U.S. Table D-24: Perceived Effects of Possible Impacts on Quality of Life

Get Stay the Get Don't Know or Better Same Worse No Response Total % % % % % Impacts:

Land Use Less Wetlands 46.8 21.5 17.8 13.9 100 Less Wilderness 13.9 31.6 32.9 21.6 100 More Land for Farming 63.3 22.8 2.5 11.4 100

Recreation Less Hunting & Fishing 12.7 54.3 24.1 8.9 100

Aesthetic & Human Interest Less Reserves 21.5 43.0 15.2 20.3 100 Less Wildlife 5.1 35.4 48.1 11.4 100 Less Forest 8.9 21.5 53.1 16.5 100

Cultural Status More Jobs 73.4 8.9 3.8 13.9 100

Population Density More People 48.1 19.0 17.7 15.2 100

Man-made Facilities More Flood Control 77.1 8.9 1.3 12.7 100

Source: North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of thc Roseau River, Minnesota, 1:lood Control Project." Insti- tute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

U.S. V. FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMS

A. Introduction

There are numerous federal, state, and local programs and policies influencing water and land related resources in the Roseau River Basin. The programs provide assistance to individual land owners or to local public bodies and the nature of the assistance may be technical, financial, or regulatory. A discussion of the programs of the various agencies is contained in this section.

B. Department of Agriculture Programs

The U.S. Department of Agriculture is clearly the dominant federal agency in the field of providing assistance in water and land related resources in the basin. The Soil Conservation Service, the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, and the Farmers Home Administration have been particularly active for many years and each maintains full-time offices in the city of Roseau.

Soil Conservation Service: The Soil Conservation Service was established in 1935 under Public Law 46 to plan and carry out a national soil and water conservation program. As authorized, the program was limited to furnishing technical assistance. Services of the agency were extended to individuals, groups, and units of government interested in developing soil and water conservation plans. Normally, technical assistance in recent years is furnished through locally established County Soil and Water Conservation Districts. The Roseau County District is discussed later in this section.

A second category of program of the Service is the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention program authorized by Public Law 566. This program provides technical and financial assistance to public bodies in developing facilities for flood control, irrigation, drainage, sedimenta- tion control, fish and wildlife habitat, and public recreation. The watersheds must be limited to 250,000 acres or less and the impoundment structures to 25,000 acre-feet. The Soil Con- servation Service has received applications for drainage projects from within the Roseau River Basin. However, they have been withdrawn because of the limitations in scope imposed by the Reuss Amendment to the Agriculture Appropriation Act.

The most recent program of the Service is the Resources Conservation and Development Pro- gram (RCDP) authorized by the Food and Drug Act of 1962. The purpose of this program is to provide technical and financial assistance to public agencies for long-range programs of resources conservation and development. Projects included in the program are flood control facilities, sediment and erosion control structures, drainage and irrigation projects, and public water-based recreation. As of the beginning of 1975, no formal applications had been submitted to the Soil Conservation Service from the Roseau River Basin; however, applications are reported to be in the process of development.

Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service: The Agricultural Stabilization and Con- servation Service was established by the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 (as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration), to provide individual farmers or associated groups with cost-sharing assistance in carrying out approved conservation practices. Financial assistance is limited to $2,500 per individual and $10,000 per pooling agreement. In 1973, 275 Roseau County farmers received an aggregate of $126,300 in cost-sharing assistance for conservation practices. In 1974, with emphasis on maximizing crop production, the number of farmers involved dropped to 28 with payment totaling $16,700.

U.S. Farmers Home Administration: The Farmers Home Administration of the U.S. Department of Agriculture operates principally under the provisions of the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1921 and Title V of the Housing Act of 1949. The purpose of this Administration is to assist in building rural areas through supervised credit. While loans are extended for a wide range of purposes, a large portion of the program is devoted to financing water resources developments. Loans are made to individual farm operators, public agencies, and non-profit organizations for irrigation, drainage and water conservation facilities. In the field of water supply and pollution abatement, loans are made for community water supply systems and sewage and solid waste disposal systems. Following natural disasters, loans are made to small town homeowners and farm operators to replace essential facilities destroyed by floods. The Farmers Home Administration has a full-time office in the city of Roseau. Data on categories of loans in the Roseau River Basin are not available. (United States Government Manual - 1974-75.)

C. Department of Defense

The principal activity of the Department of Defense in the Roseau River Basin has been the study of the basin by the St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. On 8 May 1964, the St. Paul District completed a report of the Roseau River Basin for Flood Control under the authority of Section 11 of the 1944 Flood Control Act. The report recommended straightening and enlarging of the Roseau River channel downstream from the city of Roseau. This project was subsequently authorized by the Flood Control Act approved October 27, 1965. Pre- construction planning has been in progress since that date.

The U.S. Amy corps of Engineers has also been involved in the Roseau River Basin under its program of flood fighting, repair, and rescue work authorized by Public Law 99, 84th Congress. Under this authority, the St. Paul District has, since 1969, actively assisted local civil defense authorities in flood fighting and rescue operations in the basin.

A third program of the Corps of Engineers involving water resources of the basin is floodplain management services. Section 206 of the 1960 Flood Control Act provides for the Corps of Engineers to furnish technical services to public agencies to promote recognition of flood hazards in land and water use planning. Under this authority, the Corps has furnished flood hazard evaluations of building sites in the basin.

D. Department of Housing and' Urban Development

The Federal Insurance Administration of the Department of Housing and Urban Development administers a program of National Flood Insurance that is expected to be fully implemented in the Roseau River Basin in the near future. The program is designed to enable persons to purchase insurance against losses resulting from physical damage to or loss of real or personal property arising from floods. Governmental entities wishing to become eligible for the program must institute land use and control measures meeting Federal Insurance Administration standards. After eligibility requirements have been met, insurance policies may be purchased from any licensed insurance agent or broker. (United States Government Manual, 1974-75.)

E. Department of Interior

The U.S. Geological Survey of the Department of Interior has provided technical assistance in the development and preservation of natural resources in the basin. Under the Survey's program of topographic mapping, the entire basin has been surveyed and mapped for topographic

U.S. features, thus providing a base for resources planning. Under the Survey's water resources program, the surface and groundwater resources of the basin have been monitored as described in detail in Appendix B.

F. Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency (formerly the U.S. Public Health Service) is involved in a general way with the resources of the basin through the Agency's activities in development of . * national programs, technical policies, and regulations for water supply, water quality standards, and pollution abatement guidelines. The efforts of the Environmental Protection Agency in the . basin have been funneled largely through the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.

G. Small Business Administration

The Small Business Administration has a peripheral role in water resources in the Roseau River Basin. The Administration was established by the Small Business Act of 1953 primarily for the purpose of protecting the interest of small business. However, under its authority the Administra- tion makes low-interest loans to the victims of floods and other natural disasters. Also, the Administration is authorized to make loans to small firms for projects undertaken to meet federal water pollution standards.

H. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources plays a major role in land management of the basin. Approximately one-third of the land is presently under state ownership and is being managed for a variety of purposes. The Roseau River Wildlife Management Area is managed to maintain habitat for migratory waterfowl and wildlife, and the Beltrami Island State Forest is managed primarily to achieve maximum yield of forest products and to provide recreational opportunities for the public. Other scattered tracts of state-owned land in the basin are managed in the interest of wildlife, soil, water, and timber.

Throughout the basin, the Department of Natural Resources serves as a regulatory body in moni- toring hunting, fishing, and trapping; preventing illegal timber cutting, littering and polluting; and regulating public ditching and indirectly regulating, through locally administered zoning and subdivision ordinances, land use in floodplain and shoreland areas. The Department also manages the newly established Hayes Lake State Park.

I. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency is responsible for the establishment of air and water quality standards throughout the state. In addition, the Agency exercises permit jurisdiction over waste discharges into the Roseau River, regulates solid waste disposal, allocates federal grants for pollution abatement facilities, and regulates such facilities.

J. Minnesota Flood Plain Management Program

In 1969 the Minnesota State Legislature provided for a program of management of floodplain areas in the state through the enactment of Chapter 104.05 of Minnesota Statutes. The law was administered by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources with technical assistance from

U.S. the involved federal agencies. Rules and regulations established by the Department in 1970 provide generally for technical standards for floodplain delineation; standards for floodplain zoning; definition of permissable land use within the floodplain; standards and criteria for floodplain management; and regulation of public use of floodplains. Once adequate technical data is available, zoning and subdivision ordinances that meet these standards must be adopted and enforced by local units of government. In 1974 the city of Roseau adopted a resolution in order to establish eligibility for the National Flood Insurance Program that places certain minimum restrictions on building in floodplain areas. The City has not adopted a floodplain zoning ordinance that com- plies with state rules and regulations, but would be required to do so once adequate technical data become available. Roseau County is also eligible for the National Insurance Program and has adopted a state approved Shoreland Management Ordinance that also places some building restrictions within flood prone areas.

K. Minnesota Drainage Regulations

The Minnesota State Statutes provide for establishment of public drainage facilities under three categories: -county ditches, state ditches, and judicial ditches. Under these statutes the prime responsibility for establishment or denial of a public drainage ditch has been vested in the Board of County Commissioners or the local District Courts. In 1973, the Minnesota Legislature enacted an important addition to the old drainage statutes under a new subdivision 6 to Minnesota Statutes 106.021. This subdivision provides for the promulgation by the Commission of Natural Resources of a list of criteria relating to social, economic, and environmental impact of any proposed drainage system. These criteria are to be considered by the county boards or the court when establishing or improving drainage systems. The criteria to be assessed include:

1. Economic analysis of private and public benefits and costs.

2. An analysis of present and anticipated agricultural land acreage available and in use within the county.

3. An analysis of flooding characteristics of land involved.

4. An analysis of alternatives involved for conservation, allocation, and development of the drainage waters.

5. An analysis of water quality effects.

6. An analysis of fish and wildlife effects.

7. An analysis of shallow groundwater availability, distribution and use.

8. An overall environmental impact analysis of the above. (State of Minnesota, "Session Laws of Minnesota," 1973.)

Due to the considerable opposition to the proposed regulations, the matter has been referred back to the legislature for further consideration.

L. The Roseau County Soil and Water Conservation District

The Roseau County Soil and Water Conservation District was formed in 1952 to implement conservation practices in cooperation with involved state and federal agencies. During the past 18 years the District has undertaken the construction or improvement of approximately 110 miles

U.S. of field ditches and 75 miles of public drainage ditches among many other conservation practices. (Roseau County Soil and Water Conservation District Annual Report, 1974.) I

M. Roseau River Watershed District ,

The Roseau River Watershed District was established on 13 September 1965 as the successor to the Roseau River Drainage and Conservancy District which had been in existence since 13 August 1920. The objectives of the District are, generally, to control flood waters, provide improved drainage facilities, conserve water supply for domestic, industrial, recreational and other public purposes, control soil erosion and siltation of water courses, and regulate improvements of riparian land owners to preserve beneficial public use of streams and drains. The District has taxing authority and is otherwise legally constituted to cooperate with state and federal government agencies in sponsoring projects within the District. In recent years, the District has undertaken the improvement of several legal drainage ditches in the basin.

U.S. VI. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

In the evaluation of the socio-economic characteristics of the U.S. portion of the basin in thi? section of Appendix D, predominant features of the population, economy, and attitudes pre- vailing in the basin have been identified. A brief summary of these features is presented at this point as a matter of special interest.

The dominant demographic feature of the basin is the low average population density and the preponderance of persons living in rural settings. These characteristics result from the substantial portions of the basin that are almost totally unpopulated and the presence of only one city (Roseau - population 2,552) classified as an urban area. Statistics also indicate that the average age of the basin residents is significantly above the average for the state. The population of the basin has shown a long-term declining tendancy which appears to be reversing during the current decade.

The economy of the basin has been dominated by agriculture since the area was first settled; however, manufacturing has recently emerged as a major influence. Approximately one-third of the land of the basin is unsuitable for agriculture and is being managed, under public ownership, for forestry and as wildlife habitat.

A recent public attitude survey indicates there is strong support for water resources development leading to greater agricultural land use. Also a significant awareness was indicated for preservation of wildlife and wilderness areas.

Many federal, state, and local agencies have programs and policies affecting water resources of the basin. Those agencies having the most dominant continuing programs are the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and the Roseau County Soil and Water Conservation District.

U.S. REFERENCES

Literature Cited

United States. 1942. "Soil Survey - Roseau County,.Minnesota". U.S. Department of Agricul- ture. January.

1958, 1963, 1967, 1972. "Census of Manufacturers". Volume 111. U.S. Department of Com- merce.

1964. "Report on Survey of Roseau River, Minnesota, For Flood Control". U.S. Army Engineer District. Corps of Engineers. St. Paul, Minnesota.

1969. "Census of Agriculture". U.S. Department of Commerce.

1970. "Census of Population". U.S. Department of Commerce.

1974, 1975. "United States Government Manual". Office of the Federal Register. National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration.

Minnesota, 1951, 1961, 1974. "Minnesota Agricultural Statistics". State of Minnesota, Depart- ment of Agriculture.

1965. "Minnesota Land Ownership". Minnesota Outdoor Recreation Resources Commission, Staff Report #6. St. Paul, Minnesota.

1969. "Atlas of Minnesota Resources and Settlement". By: John R. Borchert and Donald P. Yaeger. Minnesota State Planning Agency. St. Paul, Minnesota.

1973a. "General Highway Map of Minnesota - Roseau County". State of Minnesota, Depart- ment of Highways.

197313. "Session Laws of Minnesota, 1973". By Revisor of Statutes. State of Minnesota.

1973c. Unpublished. Abstract of Real Estate Assessments. State of Minnesota, Department of Revenue.

North Dakota. 1974. "Environmental Impact Assessment of the Roseau River, Minnesota. Flood Control Project". Institute for Ecological Studies. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. March.

Roseau County Soil and Water Conservation District. 1974. "Annual Report".

Thompson, K.R. 1973. "Atlas of Roseau County".

U.S.

>-- %d&.dc*e Other References

United States. 1971. "SBA Disaster Loans". U.S. Small Business Administration. . . 1974. "Report of the Secretary of Agriculture - 1973". U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Minnesota. 1965. "Overall Plan for the Roseau River Watershed District". State of Minnesota, Water Resources Board. September.

1969. "State of Minnesota Land Use Map". University of Minnesota, Center for Urban and Regional Affairs.

1970a. "Minnesota Land Use and Settlement, 1985". John R. Borchert and Donald D. Carroll. Minnesota State Planning Agency.

1970b. "Statewide Standards and Criteria for Management of Flood Plain Areas of Minnesota". State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources.

1972. "Agricultural Activities in Minnesota". State of Minnesota, Department of Economic Development.

1973. "Minnesota Directory of Manufacturers, 1972-1973". State of Minnesota, Department of Economic Development.

1974. "Outdoor Recreation Plan". State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources.

Roseau County Area Development Agency. Undated. "Roseau County - Its Resources and Its People".

Roseau Times Region. 1974,1975. Weekly Newspaper, Roseau, Minnesota.

U.S. ROSEAU RIVER^ BASIN

-- SCALE IN MILES AREA MAP I LEGEND h\\\y 0 TO 2 PERSONS PER SQUARE MlLE vm2 TO 5 PERSONS PER SQUARE MlLE 5 TO 12 PERSONS PER SQUARE MlLE NOTE : POPULATION OF ROSEAU VILLAGE EXCLUD D SOURCE : U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 1970 t INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMIMISSION SCALE IN MILES ROSEAU RIVER BASIN STUDY ROSEAU RIVER BASIN INTERNATIONAL ROSEAU RIVER ENGINEERING BOARD RURAL POPULATION DENSITY

I SEPTEMBER 1975 I APPENDIX D 1 PLATE D- 1 I SCALE IN MILES ROSEAU RIVER BASIN I0 4 8 12

SCALE IN MILES ROSEAU RIVER BASIN