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A Constellation of Stars

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A Constellation of Stars 1978-1983 A Constellation of Stars Huang Rui and Ma Desheng : Art Editors 1978-1983 A Constellation of Stars 1 Dedicated to our friends who support us enthusiastically, and to those who did not leave their names. 1979 / A thank you notice hanging by the entrance of the Beihai Huafang Zhai during the Stars Exhibition, 1979 / Photographed by Chi Xiaoning 2 3 1978-1983 A Constellation of Stars Huang Rui and Ma Desheng : Art Editors 1978-1983 4 5 Contents Part I Introduction 9 Part II Timeline 13 a. National / Cultural Timeline 14 1978 - 1983 b. Timeline of the Stars and Foreign Literature Magazine 32 1978 - 1983 Part III Images 43 a. Huang Rui: Art Editor for Foreign Literature 44 b. Huang Rui and Ma Desheng: Illustrations for Poetry Collections 76 c. Huang Rui: Works on Paper 124 d. Stars Artists: Works on Paper 186 Part IV Artists' Biographies 201 6 7 Part I / Introduction 8 9 Part I / Introduction Introduction History and art have more in common than one might think. Although it is often considered factual, history is abstract. Events are first seen from different sides; time creates a growing distance between past events and present perception, adding lenses of change and experience so that facts become memories - and sometimes fiction. The transmission of history is therefore a process of selection – conscious or unconscious - not unlike the distilling of experience that produces a work of art. Both are expressions of experience. The works presented in this book offer a powerful combination of art and history. The period 1978-1983 in China was pivotal. Mao Zedong died in September 1976; in the wake of his death, and whether or not it was immediately clear to people, the country entered a stage of unprecedented change. In a speech at the United Nations in 1974, Deng Xiaoping had said that “Self-reliance in no way means ‘self-seclusion’…” - a statement anticipating the years of reform and opening which were to follow the start of his leadership in 1977. These began with the announcement in late 1978 of Four Modernisations designed to promote industrial growth. At the same time, a “Democracy Wall” appeared in Beijing to which were affixed posters containing messages about democratic rights. The most forceful of these was the “Fifth Modernisation” proposed by Wei Jingsheng, declaring the first four modernisations meaningless without a fifth to ensure democratic freedom. This, however, and several protests in different cities led to a government crackdown in January 1979. Such was the unstable start to this period - one in which individual freedoms expanded and were retracted. But a stirring of agitation was clear. Amidst this cultural ferment, fed also by increasing access to Western influences in the early 1980s, were certain individuals determined in their desire for change. Two such figures in 1978 were Huang Rui and Ma Desheng. They had met through the unofficial literary magazine To d a y (Jin Tian, ), co-published by Huang Rui and considered one of the most radical publications of the time. Wishing for personal expression and artistic experimentation, Huang and Ma became the primary members of the Stars artist group founded by Huang Rui in 1979. The Stars Group (Xing Xing Hua Hui, ) – named in a spirit of directness and enlightenment, piercing the darkness of the passing socio-political era and the restrictions of Social Realist art, staged two subversive exhibitions in 1979 and 1980. Crucially, these represent the beginnings of a Chinese avant-garde following the Cultural Revolution. Another magazine revealing new cultural currents was Foreign Literature (Wai Guo Wen Xue, ), for which Huang Rui was Art Editor. Some of the pictures in this book were originally used in Foreign Literature, and also in contemporary poetry books. The pairing of these illustrations with writing by international authors or with Chinese poems helps us to understand this time – its creativity, artistic exploration and desire for knowledge. The importance of this moment in China remains undiminished as the current era of contemporary Chinese art unfolds. The task of this book is to outline that context, which forms the backdrop to the progressive activities of Huang Rui, Ma Desheng and the Stars. The period 1978 - 1983 was unique, combining social, political, economic and cultural factors which shaped the nation in the post-Mao era. This book thus contains two timelines; the first outlines key events and developments in China during this period. The second is specific to the Stars Group and Foreign Literature magazine. The main body of the book is filled with the images of the artists’ works. Lastly are included the biographies of the artists. These pictures in many ways escape the abstraction of history. As first-hand examples of personal expression - in hindsight as much at the moment they were created - they communicate directly about a critical time in China. Charged with visual immediacy, theirs is an exceptional contribution to our understanding of the period. Iona Whittaker Art Critic and Editor 10 11 Part II / Timeline 12 13 Part II / Timeline National / Cultural Timeline 1978-1983 1978 Addis Ababa with an intermediate stop in Karachi - officially opens. A new Chinese Constitution is adopted. 1978 3 The Central Committee of the Communist Party holds a 12 , National Science Conference in Beijing. Hua Guofeng gives a speech concerning the scientific and cultural standard of the nation; Guo Muoruo issues a written speech on scientific 1978 / progress. An outline for national scientific development from The first version of the first issue of Today magazine, 1978 / Provided by Huang Rui 1978 to 1985 is passed. April 1 1978 The Central Committee approves a report from the United Front Work Department and the Department of Public Following Deng Xiaoping’s official return to power the year Security on the decision to remove all “hats” of the “rightists”, 4 before, 1978 saw the beginning of major changes in China in thus rehabilitating their reputations. the post-Mao era. Deng introduces “Reform and Opening” The Central Committee of the Communist Party approves in December, signalling new economic goals (known as the Ministry of Education’s enrollment of new students into “The Four Modernisations”) and a degree of openness to colleges and universities once more. A unified examination Western culture. This gave rise to socio-cultural movements, paper is adopted for college entrance examinations. principally the Beijing Spring and Democracy Wall, which Xinhua News Agency reports on a Ministry of Culture permitted people to criticise problems resulting from the campaign to rehabilitate various figures who had been 2 Cultural Revolution. persecuted by the “Gang of Four”, including film director Zhang Haimo and singer Luo Jingyu. January The Communist Party’s Central Committee approves the The Review of Foreign Art (Guo Wai Mei Shu Zi Liao, restoration of the structures and names of art performance ) is founded. troupes closed down during the Cultural Revolution. The National Library of China displays several books which had been banned during the Cultural Revolution. The May contents of these books include social sciences, natural The ceremony of laying ashes for Lao She, writer and former science, literature and art. Vice Chairman of the Chinese Culture Union, is held in Beijing. The first Chinese exhibition of Western art to be held since Evidence of 7000-year-old prehistoric culture is discovered in 1949 is held in Shanghai: Paysages et Paysannes Francais: la Hemudu Village, Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province. Vie Rurale en France au XIXè Siècle 1820-1905. The exhibition The magazine Theory Trends (Li Lun Dong Tai, ) draws enthusiastic crowds in Shanghai and, in March, at the publishes the article "Practice is the Sole Criterion of Truth" National Art Museum of China in Beijing. (Shi Jian Shi Jian Yan Zhen Li De Wei Yi Biao Zhun, ), a Marxist educational text pertaining to February ideological liberation. The 1st Session of the Fifth Chinese People's Political Broadcasting becomes highly centralised - Beijing TV Station Consultative Conference (CPPCC) National Committee is is replaced by China Central Television (CCTV) and Beijing held in Beijing – the first time the body has met since the start Radio Station is replaced by China Radio International. of the Cultural Revolution. 1979 / The China Arts and Crafts Exhibition is held at the National August Rusticated youth from Beijing who were sent to Art Museum of China in Beijing. Beijing and Tokyo sign a peace and friendship treaty aimed at Shanxi to work during the Cultural Revolution gather closer economic and political cooperation. in front of the Municipal Building to demand their March The Shanghai Municipal Government holds the ceremony dispatch back to Beijing China’s first international air route to Africa - from Beijing to of laying ashes for Zheng Junli, a film artist who had been Spring 1978 / Photographed by Wang Rui 14 15 Part II / Timeline severely persecuted in the Cultural Revolution, and who died Deng Xiaoping introduces Reform and Opening, outlining the in prison in 1969. creation of twelve state companies to control imports and "Scar" (Shang Hen, )- a short story by Lu Xinhua dealing exports and a series of “Special Economic Zones” (SEZs) with a series of personal tragedies caused by the excesses of in Southern China. The Four Modernisations are designed the Cultural Revolution - is published in Shanghai’s Wen Hui to modernise agriculture, industry, defence, science and 58.5 x 85.2 cm 1979 Daily (Wen Hui Bao, ). technology. These are the rationale for the “Socialist Market Huang Rui, Democracy Wall, Pencil on paper, 58.5 x 85.2 cm, 1979 Economic System”. In line with these goals, China adopts an September “open-door” policy towards the West, developing SEZs and An e-mail link is established be tween Germany and China.
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