TESIS Para Cubrir Parcialmente Los Requisitos Necesarios Para Obtener El Grado De DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS

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TESIS Para Cubrir Parcialmente Los Requisitos Necesarios Para Obtener El Grado De DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR DE ENSENADA PROGRAMA DE POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS CON ORIENTACIÓN EN ACUICULTURA ANÁLISIS CITOGENÉTICO EN TRES ESPECIES DE ABULONES DE BAJA CALIFORNIA MEDIANTE PROCESAMIENTO DIGITAL DE IMÁGENES TESIS Para cubrir parcialmente los requisitos necesarios para obtener el grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS Presenta: Cristian Jorge Gallardo Escarate Ensenada, Baja California, México, Abril de 2005. INDICE GENERAL Acta de aprobación de tesis.....................................................................................................i Resumen................................................................................................................................. ii Abstract................................................................................................................................. iii Dedicatoria ............................................................................................................................iv Agradecimientos .....................................................................................................................v Indice de figuras ...................................................................................................................vii Indice de tablas.......................................................................................................................x ................................................................................1 ................................................................................8 Generales............................................................................................................................8 Específicos ..........................................................................................................................8 ................................................................................9 III. 1. Importancia de abulones en acuicultura ..................................................................9 III. 2. Introducción a la genética de abulones..................................................................11 III.3. El valor de estudios citogenéticos ...........................................................................15 1. 3. 1. Citogenética molecular.....................................................................................16 1. 3. 2. Citogenética de organismos acuáticos .............................................................19 1. 3. 3. Citogenética de moluscos .................................................................................19 1. 3. 4. Implicaciones de tamaño genómico..................................................................22 1. 3. 5. Análisis de imágenes como una herramienta en citogenética..........................25 ..............................................................................28 IV. 1. Obtención de cariotipos en abulones a partir de larvas.........................................28 4. 1. 1. Obtención de organismos .................................................................................28 4. 1. 2. Obtención de placas metafásicas......................................................................29 4. 1. 3. Tratamiento hipotónico.....................................................................................29 4. 1. 4. Fijación.............................................................................................................29 4. 1. 5. Confección de preparaciones ...........................................................................29 4. 1. 6. Desarrollo de cariotipos...................................................................................30 IV. 2. Procedimientos de FISH para la localización cromosómica de genes ..................31 4. 2. 1. FISH para ADNr 18S+5.8S+ 28S ....................................................................31 4. 2. 2. FISH para regiones Teloméricas y GATA........................................................34 4. 2. 3. Detección inmunocitoquímica ..........................................................................35 IV. 3. Relaciones cromosómicas entre Haliotis rufescens, H. fulgens y H. corrugata.....35 IV. 4. Desarrollo de un método para estimar tamaño genómico mediante análisis de imagenes fluorescentes .....................................................................................................36 4. 4. 1. Material biológico ............................................................................................36 4. 4. 2. Recolección de muestras y preparación celular para tinción de ADN ..........37 4. 4. 3. Captura de imágenes ........................................................................................38 4. 4. 4. Análisis de imágenes fluorescentes...................................................................39 IV. 5. Estimación de contenido de ADN cromosómico en abulón rojo H. rufescens .......41 4. 5. 1. Preparación de cromosomas y tinción de ADN................................................41 4. 5. 1. Análisis de imágenes en contenidos de ADN cromosómicos............................41 4. 5. 2. Análisis estadístico ...........................................................................................42 IV. 6. Estimación de tamaño genómico en Argopecten purpuratus .................................42 4. 6. 1. Material biológico ............................................................................................42 4. 6. 2. Obtención de hemocitos y tinción fluorescente de ADN...................................43 4. 6. 3. Análisis estadístico ...........................................................................................43 ..............................................................................44 V. 1. Cariotipo cuantitativo de Haliotis rufescens............................................................44 V. 2. Cariotipo cuantitativo de Haliotis fulgens ...............................................................47 V. 3. Cariotipo cuantitativo de Haliotis corrugata...........................................................50 V. 4. Hibridación in situ fluorescente en Haliotis rufescens ............................................53 V. 5. Hibridación in situ fluorescente en Haliotis fulgens................................................55 V. 6. Hibridación in situ fluorescente en Haliotis corrugata ...........................................56 V. 7. Relaciones cromosómicas entre H. rufescens, H. fulgens y H. corrugata...............60 V. 8. Estimación de tamaño genómico mediante análisis de imágenes fluorescentes......63 5. 8. 1. La naturaleza del desvanecimiento DAPI-fluorescentes..................................63 5. 8. 2. La relación entre desvanecimiento DAPI-fluorescente y tamaño genómico....69 V. 9. Contenido de ADN cromosómico en abulón rojo del Pacífico Haliotis rufescens ..75 V. 10. Estimación de tamaño genómico en dos poblaciones de Argopecten purpuratus.82 5. 10. 1. Mediciones morfológicas................................................................................82 5. 10. 2. Análisis de tamaño genómico mediante desvanecimiento fluorescente .........82 ..............................................................................87 VI. 1. Relaciones cromosómicas entre Haliotis rufescens, H. fulgens y H. corrugata.....87 VI. 2. Desarrollo de citogenética molecular en moluscos: aplicación en abulones de Baja California .................................................................................................................92 VI. 3. Desarrollo de un método de cuantificación de contenido de ADN genómico mediante análisis de imágenes fluorescentes ...................................................................96 VI. 4. Contenido de ADN cromosómico en abulón rojo Haliotis rufescens ...................100 VI. 5. Estimación de tamaño genómico en dos poblaciones de Argopecten purpuratus mediante análisis de imágenes fluorescentes .................................................................102 ............................................................................105 ............................................................................109 i TESIS DEFENDIDA POR Cristian Jorge Gallardo Escarate Y APROBADA POR EL SIGUIENTE COMITÉ Dr. Josué Álvarez Borrego Dr. Miguel Ángel del Río Portilla Director del Comité Co-Director del Comité Dra. Carmen Paniagua Chávez Dr. Axayácatl Rocha Olivares Miembro del Comité Miembro del Comité Dr. Jorge de la Rosa Vélez Miembro del Comité Dra. Mónica Hernández Rodríguez Dr. Federico Graef Ziehl Coordinador del Programa de Director de Estudios de Posgrado Posgrado en Ciencias con Orientación en Acuicultura Abril de 2005 ii RESUMEN de la tesis que presenta Cristian Gallardo Escarate, presentada como requisito parcial para la obtención del grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS con especialidad en ACUICULTURA. Ensenada, Baja California, México. Abril de 2005. ANÁLISIS CITOGENÉTICO DE TRES ESPECIES DE ABULONES DE BAJA CALIFORNIA MEDIANTE PROCESAMIENTO DIGITAL DE IMÁGENES Resumen aprobado por: Dr. Josué Álvarez Borrego Dr. Miguel Ángel del Río Portilla Director del Comité Co-Director del Comité El objetivo fundamental de la citogenética es analizar cómo la estructura y comportamiento de los cromosomas garantizan la conservación de la información genética a través de la herencia. Asimismo se estudian las variaciones que afectan a los cromosomas, sus consecuencias genéticas y sus implicaciones evolutivas. El objetivo del presente trabajo doctoral
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