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Islam and Colonialism Islam and Colonialism: Western Perspectives on Soviet Asia A Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy To The University of London (School of Oriental & African Studies) By William Daniel Myer September 1999 ProQuest Number: 11010618 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010618 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract Western understandings of Central Asia have reflected the political concerns of both the time and the place in which they were carried out. The thesis reviews British, French and American writing on the area in the period 1950-1985, tracing the development of the Western understanding of the role of Islam in Soviet Asian society. It is argued that this understanding has been shown by events since 1989 to have been substantially erroneous. The direction of the development of Western scholarship is explained by placing it in a political and intellectual context dominated by experiences of anti-colonial revolt and concerns about militant Islam. Other factors having an impact on research outcomes, including the backgrounds of scholars and the means by which research findings are made public are considered. It is suggested that these factors combined to create a substantive bias in the Western understanding of the region which continues to inform approaches to the area. Awareness of the potential and often unconscious sources of bias is essential if research findings are to make a claim to represent ‘the real world’. Table of Contents Introduction................................................................................................................................. P-l i) Aims............................................................................................................................................P-l ii) Structure.....................................................................................................................................P-4 iii) Texts..........................................................................................................................................P-8 Chapter I: Historical Contexts............................................................................................... p 12 l.i) Introduction....................................................................................................................... p. 12 1 .ii) The 1950s ............................................................................................................................p.18 1 iii) The 1960s ...........................................................................................................................p.26 l.iv) The 1970s & 1980s ...........................................................................................................p.32 l.v) Conclusion....................................................................................................... ..................p.37 Chapter 2: Colonialism and Central Asia.............................. .............................................. p.40 2.i) Introduction....................................................................................................................... p. 40 2.ii) What is Colonialism?...................................................................................................... p.42 2.iii) Colonialism in Central Asia...........................................................................................p.50 2.111.a) Political/Economic Imperialism............................................................................................p.51 2.111.b) Cultural Imperialism..............................................................................................................p.73 2.iv) The Consequences of Colonialism....................................................................................p.85 2.v) Conclusion...........................................................................................................................p.92 Chapter 3; Anti-Colonialism in Central Asia....................................................................... p.98 3.i) Introduction........................................................................................................................ p.98 3.ii) The Basmachis..................................................................................................................p.98 3.iii) The Khodzhaev Trial..................................................................................................... p. 103 3.iv) The War Record p. 107 3.v) The Epics ............................................................................................................................p. 109 3.vi) Elite Nationalism p. 111 3.vii) Conclusion........................................................................................................................p. 122 Chapter 4: Writing on Islam - The 1950s............................................................................ p. 125 4.i) Introduction......................................................................................................................p. 125 4.ii) Wheeler...........................................................................................................................p. 127 4.iii) Caroe............................................................................................................................. p. 129 4.iv) Monteil............................................................................................................................. p. 130 4.v) Hayit .................................................................................................................................. p. 135 4.vi) Pipes ................................................................................................................................. p. 137 4.vii) Bennigsen........................................................................................................................p.139 4.viii) Conclusion.....................................................................................................................p. 153 Chapter 5: Writing on Islam - The 1960s........................................................................p. 156 5.i) Introduction..................................................................................................................... p.156 5.ii) Kolarz ............................................. ..............................................................................p. 157 5.iii) Krader.............................................................................................................................p. 169 5.iv) d’Encausse..............................................................................................................................p. 172 5.v) Bennigsen & Lemercier-Quelquejay................................................................................ p. 182 5.vi) Wheeler ..............................................................................................................................p.189 5.vii) Conclusion...................................................................................................................... p. 196 Chapter 6: Islam and Opposition - The 1970s& 1980s................................................. p.200 6.i) Introduction...................................................................................................................... p.200 6.ii) Demography and Conflict...............................................................................................p.201 6.iii) Central Asian Distinctiveness........................................................................................p.208 6.iv) ‘"Official” Islam ................................................................................................................ p.213 6.v) ‘"Parallel” Islam ................................................................................................................. p.221 6.vii) Soviet and non-Soviet Islam...........................................................................................p.229 6.viii) Conclusion..................................................................................................................... p.240 Conclusion - Contexts and Outcomes: Towards a Genealogy of Ideas......................... p.246 i) Object..................................................................................................................................... p.248 ii) Observer ................................................................................................................................ p.251 iii) Process................................................................................................................................. p.255 iv) Reception.............................................................................................................................
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