Evolution Phylogéographique Et Structure

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Evolution Phylogéographique Et Structure Evolution phylogéographique et structure génétique des populations de Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), ravageur du maïs stocke en Afrique de l’Ouest Mama Racky Ndiaye To cite this version: Mama Racky Ndiaye. Evolution phylogéographique et structure génétique des populations de Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), ravageur du maïs stocke en Afrique de l’Ouest. Géné- tique des populations [q-bio.PE]. Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, Sénégal; Faculté des Sci- ences et Techniques; Département de Biologie Animale, 2018. Français. tel-02116356 HAL Id: tel-02116356 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02116356 Submitted on 30 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE CHEIKH ANTA DIOP DE DAKAR ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES DE LA VIE, DE LA SANTE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT FACULTE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNIQUES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE ANNEE 2018 No 201830 EVOLUTION PHYLOGEOGRA PHIQUE & STRUCTURE GENETIQUE DES POPULATIONS DE SITOPHILUS ZEAMAIS (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE), RAVAGEUR DU MAÏS STOCKE EN AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST THESE DE DOCTORAT UNIQUE EN BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Spécialité : GENETIQUE DES POPULATIONS Présentée par Mme Mama Racky NDIAYE Soutenue le 27 juillet 2018 à l’UCAD devant le jury PRESIDENT : Pr Karamoko DIARRA Professeur titulaire FST/UCAD RAPPORTEURS : Dr Malick FALL Chargé d’enseignement FST/UCAD Dr Saliou NDIAYE Maitre de Conférences tit. ENSA/UT Dr Jean Yves ROUBEAU Directeur de Recherche Univ. MONTP. EXAMINATEURS : Dr Toffène DIOME Maitre de Conférences ass. FST/UCAD Dr Cheikh THIAW Chargé de recherches CNRA/ISRA DIRECTEUR DE THESE : Pr Mbacké SEMBENE Professeur titulaire FST/UCAD DEDICACES Ce travail est dédié à la mémoire de trois personnes qui ont laissé des marques indélébiles dans ma vie : • mon grand-père EL-HADJ OMAR GUEYE BARRO CISSOKHO qui m’a assisté et soutenu comme un père. Pour moi, tu constitues le symbole de la bonté, de la combativité, de la persévérance et de la tenancité. Que la Miséricorde Divine soit ton compagnon là où tu te trouves!!! A ton ami de toujours : Mame Ogo SECK Que serions-nous devenus, si nul ne nous avait donné notre chance ?!!! MERCI MAME OMAR! • ma grand-mère SAFIETOU MAMA NDONG : à toi qui incarne la vertue, le stoïcisme, la générosité, l’humilité,… tant de valeurs qui fait la dignite humaine!!! Ta dignité et ta bravoure sont pour moi les piliers fondateurs de ce que je suis. MERCI NA SAFIE! • ma grand-mère ADJA SOUKEYNA SARR : parmi tant de paroles de sagesse, je me souviendrai toujours celle où tu disais : « La vérité scientifique n’est pas loin ; elle est juste cachée ! Il faut procéder méthodiquement pour la trouver ». Ce qui, entre autres paroles, me motivitait quand j’étais face à un obstacle dans mon domaine et prouve, une foi de plus, la sagacité de nos aïeux. MERCI MAME SOUKEY! Que vous ne soyez plus là pour voir que l’énergie et l’effort que vous m’avait consacré n’ont pas été vains est un regret profond pour moi ; mais j’espère que là où vous vous trouvé, vous êtes fiers de moi !!! A mon petit-frère MAMADY NDIAYE! Que le Bon DIEU fasse que tu puisses poursuivre ta jeunesse au paradis!!! A mon père SEYDOU NDIAYE!!! Que la terre de Gambie te soit légère! A mon grand-père ABDOU KHADRE DIENE, Que la lumière divine soit ton compagnons là où tu es !! -------------------- A M. NDARY DIOP, juge au tribunal régional hors-classe de Dakar. Merci pour votre Altruisme!!! A Djily AMAR, un oncle exceptionnel ! A mes couples préférés : M. et Mme Babacar NIANG, M. et Mme Salif SY, M. et Mme Omar FAYE Que le Bon Dieu préserve vos unions. A Abibatou NDOUR HYZAGI, yayou AMINA! A LA TERRE DE MES ANCETRES : L’ILE DE DIONEWAR (une des îles du Saloum) !!! II REMERCIEMENTS le Tout Miséricordieux, le Très Miséricordieux, le Tout Puissant qui ,(ﷲ) Grâce et Invocations à ALLAH m’a donné cette chance de la vie de trouver ma voie. Que Ta Sagesse nous guide! Que Ta lumière nous éclaire vers le chemin des Meilleurs!!! Ma gratitude est à l’endroit de chacun des membres de ce présent jury. Qu’il soit rassuré de toute ma reconnaissance pour avoir accepté de juger mon travail à travers leur expertise scientifique dont j’ai toute confiance. Au Pr Karamoko DIARRA, je lui ai profondément reconnaissant d’avoir accepté de présider cette soutenance. Pour sa disponibilité, son engagement et son avis d’expert, j’exprime ma sincère reconnaissance et mon respect. Au Dr Saliou NDIAYE, pour l’honneur qu’il nous fait en siégeant dans le jury de cette thèse, je lui adresse vivement l’expression de ma sincère reconnaissance et mon estime envers sa compétence. Au Dr Malick FALL, pour l’attention qu’il nous porte en participant à ce jury et l’honneur qu’il nous fait de juger notre travail, je lui exprime ma sincère gratitude. Je profite de ces quelques lignes pour lui adresser ma reconnaissance et mon respect. Au Dr Jean Yves ROUBEAU, je le remercie d’avoir accepté d’être un des rapporteurs de cette thèse et de me faire l’honneur d’être un des membres du jury. Au Dr Toffène DIOME, je ne pourrai oublier sa disponibilité et son implication dans ce travail, pour les moments de complicité partagés et son soutien. Je lui adresse mes sincères remerciements pour le bel exemple qu’il nous a offert, de par ses compétences professionnelles et ses qualités humaines. Au Dr Cheikh THIAW, je le remercie pour son soutien sans faille qu’il apporte à notre équipe, GENGESOP. Personnellement, je lui voue une sincère reconnaissance pour les appuis qu’il a su apporter à ma formation depuis ma licence ; ainsi que le soutien logistique et financier qu’il m’a apporté lors de mon stage au CERAAS de Thiès. Il n’a ménagé aucun effort pour que je le passe dans de meilleures conditions. Au Pr Mbacké SEMBENE, je ne saurais jamais lui exprimer à sa juste valeur ma reconnaissance. En effet, il m’a accueilli dans sa « grande famille du savoir i.e l’équipe GENGESPOP » et m’a toujours soutenue surtout dans les moments de quasi-découragement, de doute avec une patience qui me surprenait même parfois. Je n’oublierai jamais sa tolérance et sa confiance qui m’ont laissé une grande liberté dans la réalisation de cette thèse tout en gardant un œil critique et scientifique. Sa compétence, sa rigueur scientifique, sa clairvoyance et sa patience m’ont beaucoup appris. A travers cet encadrement depuis la licence, j’ai pu gagner, en plus d’un professeur émérite dont je suis toute fière, un père, un oncle, un ami. Que le Bon Dieu vous préserve, tonton Sembène !!! Ce travail n'aurait pu être mené à bien sans nos partenaires au travers de leur soutien : le WAAPP ("West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program) pour le projet "Insect pests of grain" et le projet ERA (Education and Research in Agriculture) de l’USAID, le collège doctoral inter-régional de Biotechnologies végétales et agroalimentaire (BIOVEG) de l’Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF). Ces années de recherches m’ont permis de rencontrer des personnes merveilleuses et exceptionnelles qui forment ma « famille scientifique », l’équipe GENGESPOP dont je ne saurais oublier le soutien amical et l’apport scientifique à mon travail, aux docteurs : Toffène DIOME, Penda NDIAYE, Fatima MBAYE SY, Khadim KEBE, Arame NDIAYE, Ndèye Ndiabé Mbaye, Amy Collé GUEYE, Asta E. Bambou, Ange C. Kafom et aux pré-docteurs Matar CISS, Adiouma SARR, Abdou K. M. DIA, Bineta KENEME (mon binome), Déthié Ngom, Makhtar Diop, Bakary NDIAYE et Babacar S. SAMBE (mes profs de statistiques), etc… III A mon mentor M. Assane NDONG, chef de projet à NESTLE Côte d’Ivoire. Merci beaucoup !!! A mes collègues de la spécialité « Nutrition et alimentation humaine » : Doudou SYLLA, Abdou et Ousmane. A M. SEYDI et notre merveilleuse sécrétaire Adama Sané !!! Aux étudiants des sections L2BCG et L3SVT, du master de « Biologie animale », de l’ENDSS, de l’AIHES. Le chemin est long mais courage à vous ! A mes protégés Marie Pierre FAYE & Codé DIOL. Je remercie toutes les personnes formidables que j’ai rencontrées par le biais du collège doctoral de l’AUF. Merci pour votre soutien, vos encouragements et pour cette ambiance amicalement merveilleuse qui a caractérisé nos 4 rencontres dans des pays merveilleux (Tunisie, Caméroun, Côte d’Ivoire et Maroc). Je ne saurais terminer sans remercier le comité scientifique du réseau BIOVEG, toutes ces personnes dont la contribution à mon travail est non négligeable : M. Khalef Boulkroune, M. Serge Hamon, M. Khélifi Douadi, Mme Rachida Maouche, Mme Matel Wane et Mme Fanta BADJI, etc. Au Pr Mme Mame Oureye SY, je lui adresse un remerciement tout particulier pour son appui à ma candidature lors de l’appel à candidature du collège doctoral mais aussi pour sa rigueur scientifique, ses conseils professionnels et maternels. A mes deux compatriotes Mariama NGOM et Joel Romaric NGUEJOP. Je remercie les Dr Ndiaga Cssé et Daniel Foncéka et tout le personnel de la plateforme technique du CERAAS de m’avoir accueilli et permis de travailler dans des conditions conviviales. A toute la famille GUEYE : mes oncles MOUSSA et Amadou ; mes tantes et marraines NDEYE ASTOU et NDEYE COUMBA.
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