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Il-Pjanti Vaskulari Endemici Tal-Gzejjer Maltin

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Il-Pjanti Vaskulari Endemici Tal-Gzejjer Maltin EDWIN LANFRANCO Il-Pjanti Vaskulari Endemiċi tal-Gżejjer Maltin Introduzzjoni L-iżolament tal-Gżejjer Maltin hu l-kawża ewlenija għall­ eżistenza ta' numru konsiderevoli ta' speċi li jgħammru biss f'dawn il-Gżejjer u għaldaqstant huma meqjusa bħala speċi endemiċi. F'dan l-istudju ġbart it-tagħrif li għandna s'issa dwar il-pjanti endemiċi b'enfasi fuq il-pjanti vaskulari (Diviżjoni: Tracheophyta). Sal-1976, ħames speċi biss ta' pjanti vaskulari kienu meqjusa bħala endemiċi ta' dawn il-gżejjer u minn dawn waħda biss, il­ Palaeocyanus crassifolius, ma kinitx trattata b'element ta' dubju dwar il-validita speċifika tagħha. L-oħrajn kienu jingħataw rang infraspeċifiku jew saħansitra kienu jiġu injorati għal kollox. Raġuni ewlenija ta' dan hu l-fatt li għal bosta snin ftit li xejn kienu l-botaniċi kompetenti li taw każ tal-flora Maltija u li ħadmu id f'id ma' studjużi Maltin. Minn dak iż-żmien, sforz tar-riċerka li qiegħda sseħħ, in-numru tela' għal ħmistax u ma' dawn iridu jiżdiedu dawk li għandhom rang infraspeċifiku u dawk li għadhom qegħdin jiġu ikkaratterizzati. L-endemiżmi nistgħu naqsmuhom f'Paleoendemiċi u Neoendemiċi. Il-Paleoendemiċi fil-parti l-kbira tagħhom evolvew qabel iż-żminijiet tas-silġ u huma, jew l-antenati tagħhom, kienu jeżistu qabel is-separazzjoni ta' l-Arċipielgu Malti minn ma' Sqallija. Uħud huma speċi relitti li aktarx kienu aktar imferrxin fil­ Mediterran u li minħabba l-kesħa u fatturi oħra ta' natura klimatika u geofiżika ġew ristretti għall Ġżejjer Maltin. Tnejn minn dawn huma speċi ta' ġeneri monotipiċi. In-Neoendemiċi aktarx evolvew wara li Malta nfatmet għal kollox minn Sqallija u komplew jevolvu 142 IL-PJANTI VASKULARI ENDEMICI TAL-GŻEJJER MALTIN f'iżolament. Dawn għalhekk għandhom biss ftit egħxur ta' eluf ta' snin ta' evoluzzjoni warajhom u huma relatati mill-qrib ma' speċi oħra. A. IL-PALEOENDEMIĊI 1. Palaeocyanus crassifolius (Bertoloni) Dostal sinonimu: Centaura spathulata Zerapha; Centaurea crassifolia Bertoloni. Familja: Asteraceae (=Compositae) Din hi magħrufa bil-Malti bħala WIDNETIL-BAĦAR 1 1i fl-1971 ġiet dikjarata uffiċjalment il-"Pjanta Nazzjonali ta' Malta". Ġiet deskritta l-ewwel darba minn ZERAPHA (1827) taħt l-isem Centaurea spathulata. B 'xorti hażina dan l-isem kien ġa ntuża minn TENORE (1811) għall-speċi differenti ta' Centaurea u għalhekk l­ isem mogħti minn Zerapha mhux validu għall-fini tar-regolamenti tan-nomenklatura botanika. Minħabba f'hekk BERTOLONI (1829) biddel isem l-ispeċi f' Centaurea ceassifolia. Il-ġeneru Centaurea hu kbir hafna iżda l-pjanta tagħna ma tantx toqgħod fih b'kumdita minħabba ċerti differenzi bħal per eżempju l-weraq imlaħħam, l­ iskwammi involukrali mingħajr xewk jew lanżit marġinali, in­ nuqqas ta' trikomi. L-abitu perenni ta' arbuxxel dejjem-aħdar hu rari ħafna fil-ġeneru Centaurea. Fi studju li sar mill-hotaniku Ċekoslovakk DOSTAL (1973,1975) taċ-Centaurea u ġeneri relatati, ġie deċiż li din l-ispeċi jistħoqqilha li tiġi separata miċ-Centaurea u titqiegħed f'ġeneru apposta għaliha li DOSTAL għammed Palaeocyanus. Dan il-ġeneru hu primittiv aktar miċ-Centaurea u l­ maġġoranza tal-ġeneri relatati. DOSTAL (komunikazzjoni personali) ixebbah il-ġeneru Palaeocyanus mal-ġeneru Centaurodendron tal-gżira Juan Fernandez fil-Lvant tal-Paċifiku­ ovvjament każ ta' evoluzzjoni konverġenti. DUTHIE (1875, 1875a) jirrimarka li f'Għawdex sab pjanta b'weraq bis-snien li FIORI (1907) jiddeskrivi bħala var. serratifolia. Jidher iżda li din mhux varjeta stabbli. Skond BORG (1927) pjanti li oriġinaw minn Wied Babu u ġew ikkultivati f'ġonna pubbliċi wkoll ġie li bdew jifformaw weraq b'xi snien. 1. Isem użat l-ewwel darba minn Borg (1927) EDWIN LANFRANCO 143 Il-Palaeocyanus crassifolius jikber biss ma' l-irdum tan­ nofsinhar u l-punent ta' Malta u n-nofsinhar u l-punent ta' Għawdex. 2. Cremnophyton lanfrancoi Brullo et Pavone Familja: Chenopodiaceae Ġiet deskritta reċentement minn BRULLO u P AVONE (1987) bħala speċi unika tal-ġeneru ġdid monotipiku Cremnophyton. Minkejja dan din il-pjanta ilha magħrufa għal bosta żmien iżda dejjem ġiet konfuża mal-Halimione portulacoides (L. )Aellen (=Atriplex portulacoides L., Obione portulacoides (L.) Moq., Halimus portulacoides (1.) Wallroth). Il-Halimione portulacoides tabilħaqq li tinsab f'Malta iżda meta flejt is-senjalazzjonijiet kollha (p.e. GRECH DELICATA, 1853; GULIA ,1874; SOMMIER u CARUANA GATTO, 1915; HASLAM et a1., 1979) ħareġ evidenti li dawn kienu kollha japplikaw għall-Cremnophyton lanfrancoi. Il­ Halimione portulacoides tikber f'ambjent kompletament differenti u fil-fatt tinsab l-aktar assoċjata ma' agħdajjar mielħa u xi drabi wkoll fir-ramel; rari ħafna fil-blat (LANFRANCO 1989a). Iż-żewġ speċi huma distinti ħafna u l-konfużjoni ssir biss meta wieħed jeżamina friegħi sterili iżolati. Irrealizzajt li din kienet speċi ġdida fl- 1977 (LANFRANCO, 1989). Meta din il-pjanta ġiet studjata dettaljatament minn Brullo u Pavone nstab li dillla setgħet toqgħod fil-ġeneru Halimione u l-anqas fil-ġeneru kbir Atriplex. Dawn iż­ żewġ ġeneri jixtiebhu ħafna bejniethom tant li l-Halimione spiss jiġi inkluż ġewwa l-Atriplex. Il-ġeneru Cremnophyton jiddifferixxi minnhom minħabba l-fjuri tetrameri, sitwazzjoni insolita ħafna fl­ A triplexl Halimione u minħabba li l-fjur għandu skwamula li ma tinstabx fiż-żewġ ġeneri l-oħra. Iżda forsi l-akbar argument biex il­ Cremnophyton jitqies separat hu li dan għandu 20 kromosoma, jiġifieri b'numru bażiku ta' 10 filwaqt li l-Atriplexl Halimione dejjem għandhom numru kromosomiku bażiku ta' 9. Il-Cremnophyton huwa ġeneru qadim ħafna u aktarx huwa relatat ma' l-antenati ta' l-Atriplex. Il-Cremnophyton lanfrancoi jikber ma' l-irdum fl-inħawi ta' Miġra Ferħa, Għar Ħassan u Fomm ir-Riħ (Malta) u Ta' Ċenċ, San Dimitri u d-Dwejra - inkluża Ħaġret il-Ġeneral (Għawdex). Minħabba li din l-ispeċi tikber 144 IL-PJANTI VASKULARI ENDEMIĊI TAL-GŻEJJER MALTIN f'imkejjen inaċċessabbli aktarx li għad tinsab f'xi rdumijiet oħra wkoll. Minħabba li ma nafu b'ebda isem bil-Malti, jien nirreferi għaliha bħala BJANKA TA' L-IRDUM (LANFRANCO, 1989, 1989a) minħabba li l-iżjed pjanta magħrufa li wieħed jista jxebbahha magħha hi l-BJANKA (Atriplex halimus L.). 3. Darniella melitensis (Botschantzev) Brullo sinonimu: Salsola melitensis Botschantzev Familja: Chenopodiaceae Ġiet deskritta l-ewwel darba mill-botaniku Sovjetiku BOTSCHANTZEV (1976) taħt l-isem ta' Salsola melitensis. Bħal fil­ każ tal-Cremnophyton lanfrancoi din l-ispeċi wkoll ilha magħrufa għal bosta snin iżda kienet ġiet konfuża mas-Salsola vermiculata li ssemmiet għall-ewwel minn SOMMIER u CARUANA GATTO (1915), speċi li fil-fatt ma' teżisti x f'Malta. Kien hemm konfużjoni wkoll ma' l-arbuxxell komuni Suaeda vera l.F. Gmelin (=Suaeda fruticosa Ilyin) li tikber f'ambjent simili u li superfiċjalment tixbaħ id-Darniella melitensis. Kien lejn nofs is-snin sebgħin li ntbaħt li Malta hawn speċi ġdida ta' Salsola meta ridt nivverifika l-eżistenza f'Malta tas-Salsola vermiculata. Meta eżaminajt l-arbuxxelli tas­ Salsola li tikber hawn ma stajt inqabbilhom ma' ebda waħda oħra magħrufa għax-xjenza u għalhekk, flimkien ma' Brullo konna sejrin niddeskrivu speċi ġdida. Iżda fl-istess żmien u indipendentement Botschantzev kien qed jistudja dan il-ġeneru u sab eżemplar tal­ pjanta Maltija fI-erbarju ta' Leningrad; induna li kienet speċi mhux deskritta u għalhekk iddeskriviha validament. Aktar tard f'reviżjoni li wettaq BRULLO (1984) iddeċieda li ċerti speċi arbustivi ta'Salsola għandhom jinqatgħu f'ġeneru għalihom, Darniella, li oriġinalment kien maħluq minn Maire u Weiller fI-1939 iżda li kien ġie inkluż f'Salsola. Id-Darniella melitensis li bil-Malti tissejjaħ XEBB jew SIĠRA TAL-IRMIED tikber l-aktar ma' l-irdum qrib il-baħar f'bosta mkejjen ta' Malta, Għawdex u Kemmuna. F'Għawdex tikber 'il ġewwa mill-baħar bħal mal-fortifikazzjonijiet taċ-Ċittadella u taħt ix-Xagħra. Teżisti riferenza għall-pjanti taċ-Ċittadella f'rapport ta' Blondel wara ż-żjara tiegħu f'Għawdex wara t-terremot ta' 1-1693 li tindika l-użu tal-pjanta għall-irmied tagħha kif ukoll dwar il-ħsara li setgħet tagħmel fis-swar (PACE u PACE, 1980). EDWIN LANFRANCO 145 4. Chiliadenus bocconei Brullo Familja: Asteraceae (=Compositae) Fis-seklu sbatax l-isqalli Paolo Boccone iddeskriva pjanta Maltija li kien urieh l-istudjuż Malti G. F. Bonamico fl-1668 waqt żjara f'Malta u li semma "Conyza melitnisis retusis foliis" u li tagħha jagħti wkoll figura (BOCCONE, 1674). LINNAEUS (1763) inkluda l­ pjanta ta' Boccone fil-binomju tiegħu Inula foetida. Din iżda hi fil­ fatt pjanta Sud-Afrikana li m'għandha x'taqsam xejn mal-pjanta Maltija (BRULLO, 1979). ZERAPHA (1827) juża l-isem ta' Linnaeus. Eventwalment ħafna awturi identifikaw il-pjanta Maltija bħala Jasonia glutinosa (L.) De. liema speċi hi bbażata fuq l­ Erigeron glutinosus ta' LINNAEUS (1767) li hu isem ambigwu minħabba li hu bbażat fuq materjal mhux identifikabbli b'ċertezza. Pjanti mill-kosta Mediterranja ta' Franza, Spanja, Majorka u t­ tramuntana tal-Marokk ġew askritti wkoll għal din l-ispeċi. Sadanittant intużaw ukoll ismijiet oħra biex ikopru dawn il-pjanti bħal p.e: Orsina camphorata (BERTOLONI, 1829) u Chiliadenus camphoratus (CASSINI, 1825). Kien GUSSONE (1844) li deherlu li l­ pjanti ta' Malta u ta' Lampedusa kienu differenti minn dawk Franko-Iberiċi. Il-pjanti Franko-Iberiċi għandhom basjonimu tajjeb: Inula saxatilis Lamarck li ngħata fl-1778 iżda l-pjanti ta' Malta u ta' Lampedusa m'għandhomx għaliex basjonimi bħall­ Erigeron glutinosus u Orsina camphorata mħumiex bażati fuq materjal identifikabbli. Għal hekk meta Brullo għamel l-istudju tiegħu fl-1979 dwar il-ġenera Jasonia u Chiliadenus ħass il-bżonn li jiddeskrivi mill-ġdid il-pjanti ta' Malta u ta' Lampedusa u jagħtihom isem ġdid. Il-pjanti ta' Malta għammidhom Chiliadenus bocconei biex tibqa' mfakkra l-kontribuzzjoni ta' Boccone waqt li dawk ta' Lampedusa ssemmew Chiliadenus lopadusanus. Il-ġeneru Chiliadenus iħaddan disa' speċi. Tnejn limitati għal Lampedusa u l-Gżejjer Maltin. Fil-punent tal-Mediterran insibu il­ Chiliadenus saxatilis (De.) Brullo li hi essenzjalment Franko­ Iberika u l-Chiliadenus rupestris (Pomel) Brullo fil-Marokk u l­ punent tal-Alġerija.
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