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Pré-Astéridées Pré-ASTERIDAE CORNALES ASTERIDAE I GARRYALES GENTIANALES LAMIALES SOLANALES ASTERIDAE II APIALES AQUIFOLIALES ASTERALES Alseuosmiaceae Alseuosmia Argophyllaceae Argophyllum, Corokia Asteraceae Achillea, Acrolinium, Acroptilon, Adenostyles, Adenostemma, Aetheorhiza, Ageratum, Ambrosia, Ammobium, Anacyclus, Anaphalis, Andryala, Antennaria, Anthemis, Aposeris, Arctotis, Arctium, Arctotheca, Argyranthemum, Arnica, Arnosis, Artemisia, Asteriscus, Aster, Atractylis, Baccharis, Basalmita, Baeria, Bellis, Bellidiastrum, Bellium, Berardia, Bidens, Bombicyclaena, Brachylaena, Brachyscome, Buphtalmum, Cacalia, Calendula, Callistephus, Calycocorsus, Calocephalus, Cardopatium, Carduncellus, Carduus, Carlina, Carpesium, Cassinia, Catananche, Celmisia, Centaurea, Chamaemelum, Cheirolophus, Chiliadenus, Chondrilla, Chrysanthemoides, Chrysanthemum, Chrysogonum, Cicerbita, Cichorium, Cladanthus, Cnicus, Coleostephus, Conyza/Erigeron, Coreopsis, Cosmos, Cotula, Cota, Crepis, Crupina, Cyanus, Cynara, Dahlia, Delairea, Dimorphotheca, Dittrichia, Doronicum, Dymondia, Echinacea, Echinops, Eclipta, Emilia, Encelia, Erigeron, Eriocephalum, Eriophyllum, Espeltia, Ethulia, Eupatorium, Euryops, Evax, Filago, Farfugium, Felicia, Finaginella, Flaveria, Gaillardia, Galactites, Galinsoga, Gamochaeta, Gazania, Gerbera, Geropogon, Gnaphalium, Omalotheca, Grindelia, Guizotia, Gundelia, Gynura, Haploppapus, Hedypnois, Helenium, Helianthus, Helichrysum, Heliopsis, Heterotheca, Hieracium, Homogyne, Hymenonema, Hyoseris, Hypochaeris, Inula, Iva, Jasonia, Jurinea, Kalimeris, Koelpina, Kleinia, Lactuca, Lagoseris, Lamontea, Lappa, Lapsana, Launea, Layia, Leontodon, Leontopodium, Leptinella, Leucanthemella, Leucanthemopsis, Leucanthemum, Leucogenes, Leucophyta, Leuzea, Liatris, Ligularia, Lindheimera, Mantisalca, Matricaria, Melampodium, Melanodendron, Microlonchus, Micropus, Monoptilon, Montanoa, Mulgedium, Mutisia, Mycelis, Nananthea, Nauplius, Notobasis, Oldenburgia, Odontospermum, Olearia, Oligochaeta, Onobroma, Onopordum, Osteospermum, Otanthus, Othonna, Ozothamnus, Pachystegia, Pallenis, Pericallis, Petasites, Phaenocoma, Phenopus, Phagnalon, Picnomon, Picridium, Picris, Plagius, Plecostachys, Podachaenium, Podospermum, Polyarrhena, Polymnia, Prenanthes, Prolonga, Pseudognaphalium, Pterotheca, Ptilostemon, Pulicaria, Roulia, Ratibida, Reichardia, Rhagadiolus, Rhaponticum, Rhodanthe, Robertia, Rudbeckia, Santolina, Sanvitalia, Saussurea, Scolymus, Schkuhria, Scorzonera, Senecio, Seriola, Seriphidium, Serratula, Sigesbeckia, Silphium, Silybum, Solidago, Soliva, Sonchus, Soyerira, Staehelina, Steirodiscus, Stemmacantha, Stenachtis, Stevia, Stokesia, Tagetes, Tanacetum, Taraxacum, Telanthophora, Telekhia, Tephroseris, Thrincia, Tithonia, Tolpis, Townsendia, Tragopogon, Tussilago, Tyrimnus, Urospermum, Ursinia, Venidium, Verbesina, Vernonia, Vittadinia, Volutaria, Wedelia, Willemetia, Xanthium, Xeranthemum, Zinnia. Calyceraceae Acicarpha, Boopis, Chalycera, Gamocarpha, Moscopsis, Nastanthus Carpodetaceae Asterales - 1 - Abrophyllum, Carpodetus, Cuttsia Donatiaceae Donatia Goodeniaceae Anthotium, Brunonia, Coopermookia, Dampiera, Diaspasis, Goodenia, Leschenaultia, Pentaptilon, Scaevola, Selliera, Velleia, Verrauxia Menyanthaceae Menyanthes, Nephrophyllidium, Liparophyllum, Nymphoides, Villarsia Pentaphragmataceae Pentaphragma Phellinaceae Phelline Rousseaceae Roussea Stylidiaceae Tribu des Phyllacneae Forstera, Phyllacne Tribu des Stylideae Levenhookia, Oreostylidium, Stylidium Campanulaceae Asyneuma, Burmeistera, Campanula, Canarina, Codnopsis, Centropogon, Cyanea, Cyananthus, Edraianthus, Githopsis, Jasionae, Legousia, Lobelia, Michauxia, Nemacladus, Ostrowskia, Phyteuma, Platycodon, Roella, Siphocampylus, Solenopsis, Trachelium, Walhenbergia DIPSACALES Asterales - 2 - Ordre des ASTERALES Famille des ALSEUOSMIACEAE : Genre ALSEUOSMIA : genre unique. 8 espèces de Nouvelle Zélande. Famille des ARGOPHYLLACEAE : autrefois chez les Brexiaceae. Corolle valvaire et ovules adhérents qui les éloignent des Brexiaceae et les rapprochent au contraire des Hydrangeaceae (famille à laquelle appartiennent les Hortensia). Genre ARGOPHYLLUM : 7 espèces d'Australie et Nouvelle Zélande. Buissons et petits arbres. Feuilles simples, alternes, souvent argentées au dessous. Genre COROKIA : 10 espèces de Nouvelle Zélande et d'Australie. Petits arbres à branches zigzagantes, tige sombre à l'état adulte, tomenteuses argentées quand elles sont jeunes. Famille des ASTERACEAE Autrefois appelées les Composées ou les Synanthérées. C'est la plus vaste famille des Phanérogames. 1528 genres et 22750 espèces (varie selon les auteurs). Elles forment le 1/7° de la flore totale d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord. Le genre Senecio à lui seul possède 2500 espèces. En France, on a 111 genres et 538 espèces d'Astéracées. Apparue à l'oligocène (-20 M années), c'est « une famille qui a réussi ». On trouve toutes les formes de plantes : arbustes persistants, sous-arbrisseaux, herbacées vivaces, rhizomateuses, tubéreuses, à racine pivotante, herbacées annuelles ou bisannuelle, herbacées géantes (dans les îles tropicales ou en montagne), et même des grands arbres, des épiphytes et des aquatiques qui sont des cas extrêmes. C'est une famille cosmopolite qu'on trouve partout sauf dans l’Antarctique. Surtout dans les régions tempérées, mais aussi dans les régions semi arides, tropicales ou semi tropicales : régions méditerranéennes, Mexique, province du Cap, bois et prairies d'Amérique du Sud et d'Australie. Nombreuses espèces dans les régions arctiques, alpines, tempérées et montagnardes du globe. Rares dans les forêts tropicales humides. Caractères généraux Feuilles alternes, quelques fois opposées, simples, pennatinervées ou palmatinervées, sessiles ou pétiolées. Le limbe peut être lobé, denté, quelques fois très découpé, lascinié ; il peut être parfois succulent. Dans les stations de montagne, un épais duvet peut recouvrir les feuilles. Quelques fois, les feuilles peuvent être réduites à de simples écailles qui sont parfois rapidement caduques. Les fleurs sont soit hermaphrodites, soit unisexuées. On en trouve 2 types en général : - des fleurs tubuleuses, actinomorphes, dont la corolle est terminée par 5 dents. On les appelle des fleurons. - des fleurs à corolle déjetée sur le côté qui forme une ligule, ligule qui peut être à 5 dents ou à 3 dents. Asterales - 3 - Les fleurs sont groupées en capitules homogames, c'est à dire formés de fleurs de même type, ou hétérogames, i.e. formés de fleurs des 2 types, tubulées et ligulées. Ce capitule sert de base à la classification des Astéracées. Les capitules formés de fleurons sont dits tubuliflores, ceux qui sont formés de ligules sont dits liguliflores, et dans ce cas, les ligules sont à 5 dents. Il y a des capitules formés de fleurs tubulaires au centre et de ligules à la périphérie, ce sont des radiées. Dans ce cas, les ligules des radiées ont 3 dents. De plus, les fleurs du centre sont soit hermaphrodites, soit des fleurs femelles, alors que les fleurs de la périphérie sont soit des fleurs mâles, soit stériles. Dans la nouvelle flore méditerranéenne, la classification se base sur les plantes à latex qui sont dites Cichorioideae, et les autres qui sont dites Asteroideae. Le capitule : il est généralement constitué d'un support plus ou moins concave où sont insérées les fleurs. Il peut être uniflore (rarement), pauciflore, pluriflore (jusqu'à 1000 fleurs), les fleurs étant regroupées en épis, grappes, cymes, panicules et même capitules de capitules. En fait, un capitule est assimilable à un épi surbaissé : les fleurs sont disposées sur une spire continue qui est aplatie. Les fleurs les plus âgées sont à la périphérie, les plus jeunes au centre. Les capitules habituellement charnus et pleins peuvent devenir creux. On trouve une grande variété de forme, de taille et de texture des bractées. Les bractées proprement dite des fleurs peuvent être réduites à des écailles ou des fimbrilles1. Les fleurs sont sessiles, dépourvues de bractéoles (un des critères qui les différencie des Dipsacacées qui ont des bractéoles autour de chaque fleur). Caractères anatomiques On trouve un liber périmédullaire ou des faisceaux libéroligneux qui sont médullaires chez les liguliflores. Et on trouve également des poils tecteurs, des poils sécréteurs (situés généralement dans un renfoncement de l'épiderme), des canaux sécréteurs au niveau de l'endoderme. Présence de laticifères articulés en réseau chez les liguliflores dans le liber externe. On trouve aussi des cellules sécrétrices isolées, ainsi que des canaux oléifères. Caractères floraux : Le calice est pentamère, mais il tend à disparaître par évolution, car la fonction de protection est assurée par les bractées du capitule. Après fécondation, le calice se développe en un pappus (organe de dissémination des graines) qui est une collerette de soies, quelques fois plumeuses, ou barbelées ou lisses. Ces soies peuvent être sessiles ou stipitées. La corolle est gamopétale et pentamère (fleurons), et peut avoir des dents plus ou moins inégales comme la corolle des fleurons tubuliformes, ou des ligules déjetés qu'on appelle des demi-fleurons. 1- Appendice filiforme du clinanthe des plantes à fleurs composées; il est ordinairement découpé en lanières. Asterales - 4 - On trouve 5 étamines égales, alternipétales, en général concrescentes par leurs anthères (synanthérie). Le connectif se prolonge par un appendice libre ou soudé aux anthères voisines. On trouve souvent à la base des anthères des appendices divergents qu'on appelle des auricules,
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