. Comfort Ease ICNIT PAJAMAS It's your choice ... pay as much as $35 a pair at department stores, or less than $ 12.50 at Haband! burgundy When the cooler weather nips in, you'll appreciate this soft, cozy comfort! So comfy, you'll want to wear them for lounging. Tops have chest pocket and contrasting ribbed trim on neck. Elastic waist, fly front pants have 24""^ back pocket. Imported of easy- KNIT PAJAMAS 2- It'^f, care cotton/polyester knit. You Haband One Hundred Fairview Ave., Prospect Park, New Jersey 07530 may even want to wear them WHAT HOW Sizes: S M L XL; 71A-8A5 SIZE? MANY? as an extra layer of warmth *Add $3 per pair for 2XL 3XL A Burgundy underneath your cold-weather Send nne pairs of pajannas. B Navy D Heather Grey clothes. Don't wait I enclose $ purchase price. plus $3.75 toward postage and insurance. E Blue grab some Check enclosed Discover Card MasterCard Visa now! Card # Exp. Mr. Mrs. Ms. Apt Mail Address . # City & State .Zip. 100% Satisfaction Guaranteed or Full Refund of Purchase Price at Any Time! The Magazine for a Strong America Vol. 139, No. 2 August 1995 A R T 1 C L E s HISTORY UPHELD The Enola Gay deserves better than the National Air and Space Museum! By Herman G. Harrington 16 HE GAVE 'EM HELL A revealing interview with President Harr}' S. Truman. By Philip C. Clarke 28 THE MANHATTAN PROJECT The making ofthe mostfearsome weapon known to man. By Sid Moody 30 BIRTH OF A BOMB From the invisible atom to the end of World War II. 33 WELCOME TO ODDBALL U. Get a new spin on higher education. By Phyllis Zauner 34 GOING THE SECOND MILE You '11 never wear the stars without making that extra effort. ByJohn F. Flanagan ]r 36 SPECIAL SECTION: FOREIGN POLICY DO WE HAVE ONE? '/ Mty our country 's "push me/pull me " diplomacy isn working. By Elliott Abrams 20 WHAT DID WE WIN IN THE GULF? Despite what pundits say, Desert Stormfulfilled its goals. By Brian Crozier 23 DO AMERICANS EXPECT BLOODLESS VICTORY? Recent campaigns have gone so well, we may have an unrealistic view ofwar By Gonzalo I. Vergara 26 D E P A R T M E NTS BIG ISSUES should Congress end affirmative action.^ 10 VETVOICE 4 YOUR AMERICAN LEGION 14 VETS 44 COMMANDER'S MESSAGE 8 VETERANS UPDATE 40 PARTING SHOTS 68 WASHINGTON WATCH 12 LEGION NEWS 41 COVER The contrasting personalities ofDr. Robert Oppenheimer and Brig. Gen. Leslie Groves guided America 's top-secret mission to build an atomic bomb. See Page 30. Illustration by David Beck. The American Legion Magazine, a leader among national general-interest publications, is published nnonthly by The American Legion for its 3 million members. These military-service veterans, working through nearly 1 5,000 community-level Posts, dedicate themselves to God and country and traditional American values; strong national security; adequate and compassionate care for veterans, their wid- ows and orphans; community service; and the wholesome development of our nation's youths. AUGUST 1995 1 WALK THIS WAY TO TOTAL-BODY FITNESS. WHY NORDICTRACK'S WALKFIT MAKES ORDINARY TREADMILLS OBSOLETE... NordicTrack's WalkFir exerciser works both your upper and lower body so you get a workout that is substantially better thm ordinary treadmills that target only your lower body. Research proves you can bum an average of 53% more calories with WalkFit than with ordinary treadmills. You'll also control your weight, FOR GOD AND COUNTRY tone your body, reduce stress, and strengthen your cardiovascular system over 50% more efficiently than with 700 N. Pennsylvania St. ordinary treadmills. P.O. Box 1055 Indianapolis, IN 46206 ...IT'S A SAFER WAY TO EXERCISE. 317-630-1200 With WalkFit, you set the pace — unlike motorized treadmills where William M. Detweiler 30-day the motor dominates your exercise. It's simply safer to use because you National Commander in-home control the exercise. Daniel S. Wheeler trial' Publisher/Editor-in-Chief ...EASIER TO USE. Steve Salerno In as little as three, 20-minute workouts per week, you'll start seeing Editor results. You'll never have to worry about the weather to exercise, or the Miles Z. Epstein hassle of motorized treadmills breaking down. Managing Editor ...FROM A Raymond H. Mahon NAME YOU CAN TRUST, NORDICTRACK. Associate Editor NordicTrack has designed WalkFit with the same quality as our world- Ken Scharnberg famous ski machines. Nearly 3 million satisfied users continue to trust Veterans Affairs Editor NordicTrack as a fitness leader. T. Douglas Donaldson Assistant Editor ...AND, WE GIVE YOU A 30-DAY IN-HOME TRIAL. Simon Smith We're so confident WalkFit will help you ultimately enjoy more of life, Art Director that NordicTrack offers a 30-day in-home trial so you can prove it to Joan L. Berzins yourself NordicTrack's Editorial Administrator I Chandra M. Czape WALKFIT- Editorial Intern WalkFit'' Classic model shown THREE GREAT MODELS TO CHOOSE FROM! Caron M. Morales, Cindy G. Thompson Art and Production Assistants FREE Video Patricia Marschand Wr and Brochure! CaU 1-800-441-7512 isiraa Administration or write: NordicTrack, Dept. F3XH5, 104 Peavey Road, Chaska, MN 55318-2355 Joseph Campioni Production Manager Please send me a free brochure Also a free j VHS videotape Donald B. Thomson My main fitness goal is (check one) Weight loss Shaping & toning Cardiovascular/aetobic General health & fitness I Advertising Director Name I Street Diane Andretti, Natosha A. Lukashik Advertising Assistants Cily_ _Zip_ _Phone (_ _)_ The American Legion Magazine ©1995 NordicTrack, Inc., A CML Company • All rights reserved. P.O. Box 7068 Indianapolis, IN 46207 317-630-1200 Publisher's Representatives Complete 2-Year Set of Fox Associates, Inc. Cfiicago: 312-644-3888 New York: 212-725-2106 SHORTEST U.S. DOLLAR Los Angeles: 310-841-0280 Detroit, Ml: 810-543-0068 SERIES SINCE 1795! Atlanta: 404-252-0968 San Francisco: 415-989-5804 The only Dollar series with a shorter life than the Susan The American Legion Magazine Commission B. Anthony Dollar was the 1794-95 Flowing Hair - Milford A. Forrester, Chairman, Greenville, SC; Russell America's 1st Dollar! H. Laird, Vice Chairman, Des Moines, lA; James R. The Anthony Dollar was released into general circulation Kelley, National Commander's Representative, Wayne, PA; George F. Ballard, Belleville, IL; Samuel Barney, for only two years - 1979 & '80. (In 1981 they were avail- Lancaster, OH; J. Leslie Brown Jr., Louisville, KY; able only in Mint Sets.) Joseph Chase, Hatboro, PA; Donald Conn, South Bend, IN; James W. Conway, Charlestown, MA; James H. Hall, With this special offer you get all 6 regular issue Hopewell, NJ; Hoy M. Haught, Huntsville, AR; Halbert G. Susan B. Anthony Dollars for only $10! One mint Horton, Topeka, KS; W.B. (Brad) Jorgens, Beardsly, MN; Uncirculated coin from each of the 3 Mints (Philadelphia, Eugene J. Kelley, Savannah, GA; James V. Kissner, Palatine, IL; J. Fred Mitchell, Brewton, AL; J.H. Morris, San Francisco, Denver) which struck them in both years Baton Rouge, LA; Everett G. Shepard, III, Woodstock, (1979 & '80) - an $18.95 regular retail value! CT; George G. Sinopoli, Fresno, CA; Robert E. Vass Sr., Ridiculed by the public as the "Carter Quarter" the mini-dollar is fast becoming Huntington, WV; Paul T. Woodard, Lacey, WA; Tom C. Smith, Oklahoma City, OK; John W.J. Richter, Consul- prized collectible. Hard to together now, 2-Year Set will get a put a Complete even tant, Brenham, TX; Neal L. Thomas Jr., Consultant, harder. Clip the coupon below and send today! You'll also receive our free fully Colorado Springs, CO. illustrated catalog, plus other offers on approval. Satisfaction guaranteed or your Copyright 1995 by The American Legion money back. DON'T DELAY! (Limit 4 sets.) The American Legion (ISSN 0886-1234) is published monthly by The American Legion, 5561 W. 74th Street, Littleton Coin Company, Dept. LH0234, Littleton, NH 03561 Indianapolis, IN 46268. Second-class postage paid at Indianapolis, IN 46204 and additional mailing offices. Celebrating Over 50 Years FYiendly Service to Collectors of ©LCC Price: Annual subscription, $12 ($18, Foreign); post- sponsored gift subscriptions, $6; Single copy, $2. POST- MASTER; Send address changes to The American Legion, P^^^®^ ^^^^ Susan B. Anthony six-coin 1979 & 1980 All-Mint Set at Input Services, P.O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, IN 46206. I lYES! the low introductory price of ^IQ per set. (Regularly ^iftSS"- Limit 4) Cliange of Address: Notify The American Legion, Input Services, P.O. Box 1954, Indianapolis, IN 46206. 317-328- Send coupon with payment to: No. of sets (limit 4) x $10.00 per set = $_ 4640. Attach old address label, provide old and new Littleton Coin Company Shipping & Handling $ 1.00 addresses and current membership card number. Dept. LH0234, Total enclosed $ To request microfilm copies, please write to: University Littleton, NH 03561 Mr./Mrs./Ms._ Microfilms, 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Check or money order enclosed Address Canada Post International Publications Mall (Canadian Charge to my: VISA MC Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 546321. Re-entered City State ZIP AMEX Discover second class mail matter at Manila Central Post office dated December 22, 1991. Exp. Date_ Printed in USA Full 45-Day Money Back Guarantee of Satisfaction Member Audit Bureau of Circulations THE AMERICAN LEGION - PREMIUM CUSTOM-FIT WINDOWS Call Today For your FREE in-home 4 Qfin QQO AlSftft consultation and estimate OUU"00^"H%JUU mGustam fit to uQur home, ^""^and uQur budaet. m III VlflR wmsm ACT NOW - MAKE NO PAYMENTS - PAY NO INTEREST UNTIL JANUARY 1996"^ CONVENIENT FINANCING AVAILABLE AMERICAN VISA' EXPRESS YES! / want to learn more about Sears Premium Custom-Fit Windows.