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Tarixiy O'lkashunoslik »Fanidan О`ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O’RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI ANDIJON DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI “O`ZBEKISTON TARIXI” KAFEDRASI TARIXIY O’LKASHUNOSLIK »FANIDAN Ma’ruza matnlari Tuzuvchi : kat. o`qit. N. Xudoyorov Bakalavriat yo’nalishi: 5220200-tarix(kunduzgi) yo’nalishi 3-kurs talabalari uchun ANDIJON – 2013 1 KIRISH Bugungi o`z-o`zini anglab, mustaqilligimiz kun sayin mustahkamlanib borayotgan sharoitda ona yurtning xdr bir farzandi uchun Vatan tarixini sevish, o`rganish, diliga jo etishdan ham muqaddasroq burch bo`lmasa kerak. Ushbu kitob aynan shu muloxdzadan kelib chiqqan holda yaratilgan. Ota-bobolarimiz, ajdodlarimizning aql-zakovati, oltin qo`li ila IX — XII asrlardayoq kishi aqli bovar qila olmaydigan darajada nafis va nozik qilib ishlangan naqshlar qadimiy va navqiron Samarqand, Buxoro va Xiva devorlarida o`zini ko`z-ko`z qilib turibdi. O`sha davr uslubi bilan yuksak mahorat ko`rsatib qurilgan muhtasham binolar va bu binolardagi SHarq uslubiga xos o`ymakorlik naqshlari o`z taraqqiyotining cho`qqisiga ko`tarilganligidan guvohlik beradi. Bunday o`ymakorlik naqshlari bilan bir qatorda islimiy uslubda ishlangan naqshlar, ya`ni gul va novdalarning murakkab uslubdagi naqshlari va hozirgi kungacha yaxshi saqlanib kelayotgan tillada qorilib o`yilgan boshqa bezaklar ajdodlarimiz yuksak san`atining timsoli sifatida bugun ham hammani lol qoldirib turibdi. Qadimgi va o`rta asrlar me`morchilik obidalarini saqlash, o`rganish va muhofaza qilish hozirgi zamon yosh avlodni, mehnatkashlarni vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalashda, xalqlarning baynalmilal do`stligini mustahkamlashda katta rol’ o`ynaydi. SHuning uchun ham o`tmish tarixiy va moddiy-madaniy yodgorliklarini o`rganish, muhofaza qilishning rolini oshirish mua.mmolarini hal qilishga katta ahamiyat berilmoqda. Qo`llanmada o`zbek xalqining tarixiy taraqqiyoti, ma`naviy, moddiy, tarixiy manbalarini «O`lkashunoslikda arxeologiyaning roli», «O`lkashunoslikda etnogra-fiyaning ahamiyati», «Toponimika — o`lka tarixini o`rganishning asosiy manbai», «O`lkashunoslikni o`rganishda arxivshunoslikning o`rni» va «O`lkashunoslikny o`rganishda muzey eksponatlari» deb nomlangan asosiy besh qism orqali o`rganishning usullari berilgan. “Tarixiy o`lkashunoslik” o`quv qo`llanmasi hozirgi kunda o`z mustaqilligini qo`lga kiritgan O`zbekiston xalqlarining qadimiy tarixini, uning jahon tarixiy taraqqiyotiga qo`shgan hissasini, o`z bag`ridan Muhammad va Ali Qushchi singari mashhur matematiklar, Ahmad Farg`oniy va Ulug`bekdek falakiyot bilimdotrlari, Ibn Sino kabi tabiblar, Narshaxiy va Abulg`ozixon singari tarixchilar, al-Forobiydek faylasuflar, Zamaxshariy kabi lingvistlarni etishtirib, jahon taraqqiyotiga qo`shgan hissasini daliliy ashyolar vositasi bilan isbotlab beradi. Mazkur qo`llanma yana shunisi bilan ahamiyatliki, unda tarixiy, ma`naviy yodgorliklar, arxeologik, antropologik, etnografik, etnik, toponimik materiallar o`z ifodasini topgan. O`zbek xalqining tarixiy, madaniy va me`morchilik yodgorliklari jahon madaniy merosining tarkibiy qismi bo`lib, jahon taraqqiyotiga qo`shilgan g`oyat katta ulushdir. Mana shunday muhim, nodir, qimmatli ahamiyatga molik bo`lgan moddiy va ma`naviy yodgorliklarni xar tomonlama ilmiy va amaliy jihatdan o`rganadigan va tahlil qiladigan fan ham «Tarixiy o`lkashunoslik»dir. Mazkur o`quv qo`llanmasi asosan quyidagi masalalarni o`z ichiga oladi: Tarixiy yodgorliklar. Bunga insoniyat hayotidagi eng muhim tarixiy voqealar, jamiyatning rivojlanish bosqichlari, inqilobiy harakat bo`lib o`tgan joylar, atoqli sarkardalar, yirik davlat, fan va madaniyat arboblarining nomlari bilan bog`liq voqea joylari, o`tmishdan qolgan qo`lyozma asarlari va shu kabilar kiradi. Arxeologik yodgorliklari. Bunga ko`hna shaharlar, qo`rg`onlar, qal`alar, qadimiy manzilgohlar, istehkomlar, korxonalar, kanallar, shuningdek yo`llarning qoldiqlari, qadimiy dafn joylari, tosh haykallar, qoyalardagi tasvirlir VA boshqalar kiradi. SHahar qurilishi va me`morchilik yodgorliklari. Bularga me`morchilik ansambllari va kokplekslari, tarixiy markayalar, kpartallar, maydonlar, ko`chalar, shaharlar va boshqa aholi yashaydigan joylarning qoldiqlari: fuqaro sanoat, harbiy, diniy, xalq me`morchiligi inshootlari kiradi. San`at yodgorliklari. Bunga moiumental, tasviriy, amaliy-dekorativ va boshqa turdagi san`at asarlari kiradi. 2 YOdgorlik hujjatlari. Bunga markaziy va maxdlliy davlat hokimiyati organlari va davlat boshqaruv organlaridan qolgan turli hujjatlar, boshqa yozma va chizma hujjatlar, kino-foto hujjatlari va tovush yozuvlari, shuningdek, qadimiy qo`lyozmalar hamda arxiv materiallari, fol’klor va musiqa yozuvlari, nodir bosma nashrlar kiradi. Etnografik va toponimik materiallar. Bunga xalq urf-odatlari, moddiy va ma`naviy madaniyat, xalqlarning ertak, fol’klor, mifologiyasi hamda joy nomlarining ilmiy jihatdan kelib chiqishini o`rganish kiradi. Bular bilan bir qatorda tarixiy, ilmiy, badiiy qimmatga yoki boshqa xil madaniy qimmatga ega bo`lgan ob`ektlar hamda muzeyda saqlanadigan eksponatlar va ulardan o`quv, ta`lim-tarbiya ishlarida foydalanish uslublari, namunaviy dars rejalari o`z aksini topgan. YUqoridagi manbalarni o`rganish va umumlashtirish ilmiy o`lkashunoslik tadqiqotchilari, jamoat o`lkashunosligi va havaskorlari uchun xam, u yoki bu voqealarga tavsif berish, turli tarixiy tushunchalarga aniqlik kiritish uchun ham ko`p zarur ma`lumot bo`lib xizmat qiladi. Oliy o`quv yurtlari va maktabda o`qitilayotgan tarixiy o`lkashunoslik fani ma`lum ikki maqsadni: birinchidan, o`z o`lkasining o`tmishi va hozirgi hayoti tarixini xar tomonlama ilmiy asosda o`rganish yo`li bilan to`plangan arxeologik, etnografik, toponimik, nodir qo`lyozmalar, arxiv hujjatlarini saralash, tartibga solish va tahlil qilishni; ikkinchidan, to`plangan o`lka materiallaridan o`quv-tarbiyaviy ishlarda o`rinli va samarali foydalanib, yosh avlodni vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalashni ko`zda tutadi. O`quv qo`llanmasini yozishda mumkin qadar mahalliy materiallardan, O`zbekiston Respublikasiga doir o`lkashunoslik hujjatlaridan, etuk tarixchi olimlarning asarlaridan, arxiv materiallaridan foydalanish masalalarini yoritishda O`zbekiston Markaziy Davlat Arxivi xodimlari tomonidan tayyorlangan kartoteka va ko`rsatkichlardan, muzey eksponantlarini yoritishda esa O`zbekiston tarixi muzeyi materiallaridan foydalanildi. 1-МAVZU: Tarixiy o’lkashunoslikning turlari va rivojlanish bosqichlari Reja: 1. O`lkashunoslik turlari 2. Tarixiy o`lkashunoslikning rivojlanishi 3. O`rta Osiyo tarixini o`rganishda rus Sharqshunoslarining roli 4. Rus sharqshunosligining mahalliy tarixchilikka ta`siri 5. Tarixiy o`lkashunoslikning 1917 yildan keyingi ahvoli 6. O`lkashunoslikning asosiy manbalari Vatan haqidagi teran fikrlar turkiy tasavvuf she`riyatining atoqli vakili xoja Ahmad YAssaviy xikmatlaridan birida quyidagicha talqin etiladi: Boshim tuproq, o`zim tuproq, jismim tuproq, Haq vasliga etarman deb ruhim mushtoq. Binobarin, tuproq — inson tug`ilib o`sgan o`lka, makon, tuproq Vatan. Tuproq necha yuz yillardan buyon ne ne ulug` farzandlarini ardoqlab kelayotgan Zamin. SHuning uchun biz uni e`zozlab ona tuproq deymiz. Demak, barcha ishlar o`z ona tuprog`ini, o`z ona o`lkasini qadrlashdan boshlanadi. Ona tuprog`ini, ona o`lkasini sevgan kishini el qadrlaydi, dunyo taniydi... O`z tarixini ona yurtdan — ona tuproqdan qidirgan insongina haqiqiy inson bo`la oladi. 3 Tarixga nazar tashlasak, o`z o`lkasini sevmagan va uning tuprog`ini ardoqlamagan biron ham zotni uchrata olmaymiz. SHuning uchun ham Vatanni sevmoq iymondandir, deymiz. Zotan, ona yurt farzandlari uchun Vatanni sevish, uning tarixini o`rganish, dilga jo etish muqaddas burchdir. 1. O`lkashunoslikning turlari O`lkashunoslik uch turga bo`linadi: 1) ilmiy, ya`ni davlat o`lkashunosligi; 2) jamoat o`lkashunosligi; 3) maktab o`lkashunosligi. O`lkashunoslikning har uchala turi o`zaro bir-biriga aloqador bo`lib, biri ikkinchisini to`ldiradi. Davlat o`lkashunosligi bilan respublika tarixiy va madaniy yodgorliklarni muhofaza qilish hamda ulardan foydalanish qo`mitasi, muzeylar, respublika Fanlar akademiyasi qoshidagi tarih arxeologiya ilmiy-tadqiqot institutlari shug`ullanadi. Jamoag o`lkashunosligi qishloq, ovul, qo`rg`on, tuman, shahar, viloyat hududidagi tarixiy obidalarni saqlash va asrash ishlariga boshchilik qilish bilan birga joylarda istiqomat qilib turgan xalqlarning kelib chiqishlari (etnogenezi), urf-odatlarini o`rganadi hamda ilg`or mehnatkashlar, Mehnat qahramonlari xotirasini abadiylashtirish uchun haykallar, mangu olovlar, hurmat taxtalari tashkil qiladi. Bundan tashqari jamoat o`lkashunosligiga mustaqil ravishda tanga pullarni o`rganuvchi mutaxassislar — numizmatlar, muhrlarni o`rganuvchilar sfragistlar, tamg`a (gerb)larni o`rganuvchilar — geraldistlar, tosh, metall, sopol va yog`ochdagi yozuvlarni o`rganadigan olimlar-epigrafistlar, eski asbob-uskunalar va qurol-aslaha hamda shu kabi narsalarni to`plovchilar ham uyushadi. Maktab o`lkashunosligi esa maktablarda tarih inson va jamiyat fani o`qituvchilarining bevosita rahbarligida tashkil qilinadi. Maktab o`lkashunosligining a`zolari V-X (XI) sinflarning eng intizomli va a`lochi o`quvchilaridan tuzilib, ular o`lka materiallarini to`rt guruhga bo`lingan holda to`playdilar. To`plangan arxeologik, etnografik, toponimik va arxiv hujjatlari maktab o`lkashunoslik va tarix muzeylarida namoyish qilinadi. Maktab o`lkashunosligi ta`lim-tarbiyani turmush, ishlab chiqarish, yangi jamiyat qurish tajribasi bilan uzviy bog`liq holda o`rganadi. O`qitish jarayonida o`lka materiallaridan o`rinli foydalanish o`quvchilarning o`z o`lkasi tarixini bilib olishga, chuqur bilim olishga,
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