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Tarixiy Toponimika 0 ‘Zbekist0n Respublikasi Oliy Va 0 ‘Rta Maxsus Ta'lim Vazirligi Zohid Madrahimov TARIXIY TOPONIMIKA 0 ‘ZBEKIST0N RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA 0 ‘RTA MAXSUS TA'LIM VAZIRLIGI NAMANGAN DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI Zohid Madrahimov TARIXIY TOPONIMIKA (o ‘quv qo ‘llanma) «Navro‘z» nashriyoti Toshkent 2017 UO‘K:62.(24.62).12 KBK: 66.04(0‘zb) M^O Zohid Madrahimov. Tarixiy toponimika (o 'quv qo ‘llanma) / «Navro’z» nashriyoti. -Toshkent, 2017. 128 бет. Mazkur o'quv qo'llanma Namangan davlat universiteti Kengashining 2017- yil 10-martdagi 8-sonli yig‘ilishida muhokama qilinib, nashrga tavsiya etilgan. Mas'ul muharrir: Erqo‘ziyev Anvar, tarix fanlari nomzodi Taqrizchilar: Dehkanov Narimon, tarix fanlari nomzodi, dotsent Sarimsokov Abdilatip, tarix fanlari nomzodi Ushbu o'quv qoMlanma O'zbekiston Respublikasining “Ta’lim to‘g‘risi- da"gi Qonuni, "Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi”, O'zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining 2001-yil 16-avgustdagi ‘‘Oliy ta’limning Davlat ta’lim standartlarini tasdiqlash to'g‘risidagi” Qarori, 0 ‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligining 2012-yil 29-oktyabrdagi 418-sonli buyrug'i bilan tasdiqlangan “Magistratura to‘g‘risidagi nizom” va boshqa me’yoriy hujjatlar asosida ishlab chiqildi. O'quv qoMlanma ma’lumotlaridan 5120300 - tarix (Jahon mamlakatlari bo'yicha) bakalavriat ta’lim yo‘nalishi talabalari uchun o‘tiladigan "Tarixiy toponimika” fani bo'yicha dars mashg‘ulotlarida foydalanish mumkin. Mazkur o'quv qoMlanmada toponimika fanining paydo boMishi va taraqqiyoti, toponimika fani rivojlanishiga hissa qo‘shgan jahonning va yurtimizning ko‘zga ko‘ringan olimlari haqida ma’lumotlar berilgan. Yurtimiz hududidagi toponimlar va ulaming tarixiy qiymati, ajdodlar tilida yaratilgan tarixiy toponimlaming o'ziga xos ma'lum shaklda ifodalanib. muayyan ma'noni anglatishi, geografik hududning tabiiy xususiyatlari, oMkamiz toponimlarida tub aholining tili va ma'naviyati ma'lum darajada o'z aksini topganligi. shu boisdan har bir toponimning etimonimi, ya'ni ma'nosini aniqlash, ko'p jihatdan uning asliy shakli va birikmalarini to’g'ri belgilab olishga bog'liqligi. toponimika manbashunosligida o'rta asrlarda yaratilgan qo'lyozma asarlar va tarixiy hujjatlaming ilmiy ahamiyati beqiyosligi kabi masalalar ahamiyati ochib beriladi. © “Navro’z” nashriyoti, 2017 © Zohid Madrahimov KIRISH Toponimika geografik nomlar, kishi ismlarini o‘rganadigan fan sifatida maydonga keldi. Toponimika atamasi yunon tilidan olingan bo‘lib, “topos” - joy, “onom” yoki “onima” - nom. umuman, joy nomini o‘rganadigan fan degan ma'noni bildiradi. XIX asr oxirlaridan e'tiboran dunyoda amaliy grammatika, xususan, kartografiya ehtiyojlari munosabati bilan toponimikaga qiziqish kuchaydi. Toponimikadan maxsus asarlar paydo bo‘ldi, geografik nomlami o'rganadigan komissiyalar va jamiyatlar tashkil etildi. Toponimika fani dastlab Yevropada paydo bo'idi va asta-sekinlik bilan taraqqiy etib, boshqa hududlarga ham tarqala boshladi. Sobiq Ittifoq davrida toponimik tadqiqotlar rivojlandi. Uning ta’sirida 0 ‘zbekistonda ham toponimika fani rivojlana boshladi. XIX asr oxirlaridan e'tiboran dunyoda amaliy grammatika, xususan kartog­ rafiya ehtiyojlari munosabati bilan toponimikaga qiziqish kuchaydi. Toponimika­ dan maxsus asarlar paydo bo'idi. geografik nomlami o'rganadigan komissiyalar va jamiyatlar tashkil etildi. Masalan, Angliyada 1923-yilda dunyoda birinchilar- dan bo'lib mamlakatdagi barcha toponimik ishlami muvofiqlashtirish uchun “Toponimika jamiyati” tuzildi. Keyinchalik, G'arbiy Yevropa, Fransiya, Germa- niya. Pol’sha va boshqa mamlakatlarda ham huddi shunday jamiyatlar yoki guruhlar paydo bo'lgan edi. Sobiq Ittifoq davrida V. V. Bartol'd, M. S. Andreyev, S. P. Tolstov, Ya. G‘. G‘ulomov, B. A. Ahmedov, A. R. Muhammadjonov, M. Masson, O. D. Chexo- vich, A. A. Semenov, O. A. Suhareva kabi olimlaming tarixiy-geografik asarla- ridan O'zbekiston toponimlarining ma'nosi va kelib chiqishi haqida talay materiallami uchratish mumkin. Sobiq Ittifoq davrida 0 ‘zbekistonda toponimika fanining va geografik atamashunoslikning rivojlanishida professor H. H. Hasanov, tilshunos toponimist- lardan professorlar - T. Nafasov, Z. Do‘simov, dotsent N. Oxunovlaming xizmatlari katta bo‘ldi. Respublika joy nomlarining kelib chiqishi tarixini va millat, qabila, elat, urug'-aymoq nomlarining kelib chiqish tarixini (etnogenezini) hamda geogra- fiyaga oid atamalami o‘rganishda Ya. G‘. G‘ulomov, R. N. Nabiyev, A. R. Mu­ hammadjonov, F. Abdullayev, S. Ibrohimov, 0 ‘zbekistonda birinchi toponimik kartoteka tuzishda ishtirok etgan H. T. Zarifov, etnograflar - E. Fozilov M. Shoabdurahmonov, X. Doniyorov, R. Qo‘ng‘irov, geograflar - H. Hasanov, S. Qoravev kabilaming ishlari diqqatga sazovordir. Sovet davlati parchalanib ketgandan keyin joy nomlari milliy qadriyat qatlamlaridan biri sifatida qaralib. mustaqil toponimik siyosat yurgizila boshlandi. xalq tarixi, madaniyati, tiliga aloqador bolmagan shahar va qishloqlar, ko‘chalar va boshqa geografik ob’yektlaratag nomlari o‘zgartirila boshlandi. tarixiy nomlar tiklandi. qayta nomlandi. 1989-yilda o‘zbek tiliga davlat tili maqomi berilishi geografik ob’yektlami nomlash va qayta nomlash siyosatida ham burilish nuqtasi boldi, toponimlarni milliylashtirish harakati boshlandi. 0 ‘zbekiston mustaqillikka erishganidan so'ng toponimika fani yanada rivoj- lana boshladi. Shuningdek, yurtimiz toponimlarining nomlanishiga ham jiddiy e’tibor berila boshlandi. Sobiq Ittifoq davrida yurtimizdagi qishloq, shaharcha, ko'cha va boshqa joy nomlari Lenin, Marks, Engel’s, Lunacharskiy, Kirov, Voroshilov, Lopatin, Frunze, Qizil maydon va boshqa nomlar bilan atalib kelingan. Shunisi ajablanarliki, bu shaxslaming ba'zilari umrida bir marta ham yurtimizga qadam qo‘ymagan, bizning tariximiz va qadriyatlarimizga mutlaqo aloqasi bo'lmagan kimsalar edi. Yoki shaharlardagi aksariyat turar joy mavzelari “S-l”, “S-2”, “T-3” degan, odamda hech qanday his-tuyg‘u, xotira uyg‘otmay- digan mavhum nomlar bilan atab kelingan. Hozirda bunday nomlar o‘mini tariximiz bilan bog'liq, chuqur ma'noli nom­ lar egalladi. Masalan, Toshkentning o‘zida shaharning qadimgi 12 darvozasi nomi bilan ko'cha. mahallalar paydo boMdi: Samarqand, Beshyog'och. Ko‘kcha. Chig'atoy. Sag'bon. Labzak, Taxtapul, Qorasaroy, Kamolon, Qo'ymas, Qo‘qon. Qashqar. Shuningdek, aholining yashash sharoiti va mashg'ulotlaridan kelib chiqqan nomlar yana qayta tiklandi. Masalan, Toshkentning Eski shahar qismi- dagi Pichoqchilik, Charxchilik, Ko‘nchilik, Degrezlik, Taqachi, Egarehi, 0 ‘qchi. Zargarlik. Parchabof va hokazo. Hozirgi kunda Qoraqalpog'iston Respublikasi, viloyatlar, tumanlar va sha- harlarda geografik ob'yektlami nomlash va qayta nomlash masalalarini ko'rib chiquvchi, shuningdek, “Geografik ob'yektlarning nomlari to‘g‘risida”gi O'zbekiston Respublikasi Qonuni talablarining bajarilishini nazorat qiluvchi komissiyalar - maxsus organlar tashkil etildi. Toponimika fanini chuqurroq o‘rganish maqsadida Namangan davlat universiteti 5120300 - tarix (Jahon mamlakatlari bo‘yicha) bakalavriat ta’lim yo‘nalishi talabalariga “Tarixiy toponimika” nomli maxsus kurs tashkil etildi va tez orada talabalaming eng sevimli fanlaridan biriga aylandi. Ushbu o'quv qo'llanmaning yozilishiga ham tarix yo'nalishi talabalarining fanga bo‘lgan qiziqishlari sabab bo'ldi. O'quv qo'llanmada “Tarixiy toponimika” fanining paydo bo'lishi va taraqqiyoti. 0 ‘rta Osiyo tarixiy toponimiyasining manbalari, o‘rta asr yozma manbalarida qadimgi toponimlar, tarixiy kartalardagi toponimik ma’lumotlar, toponimlaming tarixiylik va til jihatdan mansubliligi, yurtimizning etnonim va etnotoponimlari, oronim va orotoponimlari, gidronim va gidrotoponimlari, yurtimiz shahar va qishloqlari toponimikasiga doir ma’lumotlar o'z aksini topgan. Muallif TOPONIMIKA - TARIXIY MANBA Reja: 1. Toponimika fani va uning rivojlanishi. 2. Toponimikaning boshqa fanlar bilan aloqadorligi. 3. Toponimlarning paydo bo‘lishi. Toponomika fani va uning rivojlanishi. Toponimika geografik nomlar. kishi ismlarini o'rganadigan fan sifatida maydonga keldi. Toponimikani “zamin tili”, ya'ni, yer tili deb ham atashadi. Toponimika atamasi yunon tilidan olingan bo‘lib, “topos” - joy, “onom” yoki “onima” - nom. umuman, joy nomini o‘rgana- digan fan degan ma'noni bildiradi. Toponimika ikki ob'yektdan: mikro va makro toponimlardan iborat bo'lib. mikrotoponimika - grammatik jihatdan mayda ob'yektlami, ya'ni ‘"turdosh otlami”, mikro ob'yektlaming nomlarini, makrotopo- nimika esa atoqli otlar, ya'ni yirik ob'yektlaming nomlarini tadqiq qiladi Hozirgi vaqtda toponimika faqat katta va yirik ob'yektlaming: tog‘lar, o‘rmonlar, vodiylar, vohalar. shaharlarning nomlarinigina emas, balki kichik ob'yektlaming - mahallalar, daralar, jarliklar, anhorlar, daryo irmoqlari, ariqlar va koMlarning nomlarini ham o'rganmoqda. Joy nomlari, ya’ni toponimiya bir necha turga bo‘linadi. Bular, gidronomiya (yunoncha gidro - suv), ya’ni daryolar, ko‘llar, dengizlar, soylar, kanallar, qo'ltiqlar, bo‘g‘ozlar, sharsharalar nomlari: oronimiya (yunoncha oros - tog), ya'ni yer yuzasining relef shakllari - togMar, cho‘qqilar. qirlar, vodiylar. tekisliklar nomlari; oykonimiya (yunoncha oykos - uy), polinimiya (yunoncha polis - shahar) yoki urbanonomiya (lotincha urbos - shahar), ya’ni qishloq hamda shahar-larning nomlari. Bundan tashqari, turli xalq. urug‘-aymoq nomlari bilan atalgan toponimlar etnotoponimlar (yunoncha etnos - xalq) deyiladi. Kishi ismlari bilan yuritiladigan toponimlami esa antropotoponimlar (yunoncha antropos - odam) deb atash mumkin. XIX asr oxirlaridan e'tiboran dunyoda amaliy grammatika, xususan, kartog- rafiya ehtiyojlari munosabati bilan toponimikaga qiziqish
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