DIVERSITY OF BUSH-CRICKETS, CRICKETS, AND () IN PRESPA NATIONAL PARK (ALBANIA) (with additional information on Mantodea and Dermaptera)

Dragan Petrov Chobanov

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria [email protected]

1. Introduction

The orthopterans (commonly known as bush-crickets, crickets and grasshoppers) belong to the order Orthoptera Olivier of the infraclass Gryllones Laicharting of the class Insecta. This group is known from remains dated back to the Late Carboniferous, and have undergone four major evolutionary stadia since that time. The orthopterans are almost equally distributed within two suborders – (including the bush-crickets and crickets) and (including the grasshoppers and their allies). The recent representatives of Orthoptera are included in 13 superfamilies (Flook et al. 1999) with over 26 000 valid species (Eades et al. 2013), distributed over all continents but Antarctica, while the greatest diversity is characteristic for the tropical climate regions. Some bioacoustic biodiversity- monitoring studies conducted in the tropics suggest significantly greater diversity of taxa (some 70 000 species suggested by Riede 1998). The orthopterans are carnivorous (ancestral/plesiomorphic state), omnivorous or vegetarians, inhabiting a variety of habitats and niches, occurring from the sea level in saline sandy habitats to the nival zone in the mountains, the highest occurrence may be referred to Hypernephia everesti Uv. known from the Everest slopes at 5600 m alt. The group has an important part in many food chains, frequently representing main (at least seasonal) food source for many . Amongst the herbivors there are species, that form plagues of millions individuals moving together and causing enormous damage to crops. On the other hand, most species may be used as human food, which is practice in some tropical regions. About 1400 accepted species names are currently recognized on the territory of Europe (The Orthoptera of Europe, www.ortheur.org/orthoptera/i000000.html). The diversity of this group is highest in the southern parts of Europe and is strongly defined by the high endemism. The Balkan Peninsula is the richest in species with over 40% of the species, which might be due to the combined influence of the old land history of the southern

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Balkans, the long historical connection with Anatolia and Europe, as well as to the diverse geology and climatic history.

1.1 Literature review (present knowledge)

The orthopteran fauna of Albania is poorly known in comparison to the neighboring territories and lists about 125 species (Heller & de Jong 2013). For example, this number makes around 74% of the species number known for the Republic of Macedonia (compare Chobanov & Mihajlova 2010, Lemonnier-Darcemont 2010) having similar area and geographic position. According to these data and some unpublished information (own data; Gellert Puskas, personal information), a significant contribution to this number should be expected, including new taxa for the science. The region of Prespa Lake is partly studied on the territory of Macedonia (Micevski et al. 2003), while no data are published from the Albanian side of this region.

1.2 Conservation importance of the investigated group

The conservation importance of the group is dominated by high share of endemic species with restricted ranges and narrow econiches that may be vunerable to direct and indirect anthropogenic impact. The low knowledge on the faunistic diversity and distribution of taxa of Orthoptera in Albania combined with the widely spread human pressure to the natural habitats makes this country favorable for achieving biodiversity studies and implementing conservation strategies based on Orthoptera.

2. Methodology

1.3 Sampling methods

Collection material has been gathered mostly by hand (or using an entomologic net) within the vegetation cover, as well as under stones, in the leaf litter or by observing tree branches and rocks both during daytime and at night. As orthopterans are primarily acoustically communicating animals, the sound communication is of a major importance in the species- specific recognition from distance. Thus, tracking their sound emissions and the sound- recognition was another main sampling method. In addition, pitfall traps have been used to check early-seasonal faunal composition, as well as to try collect hidden living species.

1.4 Determination of species and their distribution areas

When possible, determination has been mainly done directly in the field by visual or acoustic identification. Thus, we avoided unnecessary killing of animals. In case of unclear identification, representative specimens have been collected in ethanol. The latter material,

2 as well as material collected by pitfall traps, has been identified by comparison with the authors' collection or various literature sources (e.g. some identification keys like Harz 1969, 1975, Willemse 1975 etc.).

3. Investigated area

List of localities and habitats are given below together with the species assemblages recorded for each of these.

4. Results

4.1 Species diversity

Altogether 68 species of Orthoptera, 3 of Mantodea and 2 of Dermaptera have been recorded during the present study. The following species are recorded for the first time for Albania: 1. Leptophyes punctatissima (Bosc, 1792) 2. Metrioptera cf. roeselii roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822) (sensu Heller 1988; Chobanov 2012) 3. macedonica Ramme, 1928 4. (Fischer, 1853) 5. Pachytrachis gracilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861) 6. Gampsocleis abbreviata Herman, 1874 7. Troglophilus zorae Karaman & Pavicevic, 2011 8. Troglophilus cavicola (Kollar, 1933) 9. Troglophilus lazaropolensis Z. Karaman, 1958 10. Ovaliptila cf. newmanae (Harz, 1969) 11. Celes variabilis (Pallas, 1771) 12. Arcyptera microptera (Fischer de Wldheim, 1833) 13. fischeri (Eversmann, 1848) 14. Omocestus minutus (Brulle, 1832) 15. biguttulus euhedickei v. Helversen, 1986 16. Chorthippus bornhalmi Harz, 1971 17. Chorthippus mollis (Charpentier, 1825)

MANTODEA 18. Ameles heldreichi Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882

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Thus, the list of Orthoptera of Albania is enriched with 15% and reached about 140, the list of Mantodea – with 17% and reached 7 species.

Species by localities: 1. Albania, Great Prespa lake shore, mesophyte meadows, Tuminec (Tuminets = Kallamasi), 24.V.-25.VI.2013, N40.89769°, E020.93342°, 860 m a.s.l., soil traps Melanogryllus desertus – 1 f

2. Albania, Great Prespa lake shore, mesophyte meadows, Tuminec (Tuminets = Kallamasi), 24.V..2013, N40°53'51”, E020°56'02”, 850 m a.s.l. Phaneroptera cf. nana – 1 m nymph 1st instar Tettigonia viridissima – 3 m & 1 f nymphs Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii – 1 m nymph last instar caerulescens – 1 f nymph Chorthippus cf. bornhalmi – 2 m nymphs last instar

3. Albania, Great Prespa lake, Mali Grad island, mesophyte ruderal grasses and scrub, 25.IX.2013 affinis – observed Platycleis albopunctata grisea – 1 f campestris – small nymph observed Calliptamus italicus – observed – observed Omocestus minutus – 1 f Chorthippus dorsatus – 1 m, 1 f

4. Albania, Great Prespa lake shore, meso- to hygrophyte ruderal meadow at Globočani Vill (Gollomboc), N40°51'26.9”, E020°56'34.5”, 865 m a.s.l. Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii – 1 m, 2 f Gryllotalpa sp. – 1 nymph last instar Tetrix bolivari – 1 m

Forficula auricularia – 1 f

5. Albania, Great Prespa lake shore, stony slope at Globočani Vill (Gollomboc), 865 m a.s.l., 26.IX.2013, night collecting Troglophilus neglectus-group cf. zorae – 1 f

Ameles heldreichii – 1 m

6. Albania, Great Prespa lake, Shuec vill., 26.V.2013, N40°41'05.9”, E020°59'55.3”, 868 m a.s.l.

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(Mantodea) Empusa fasciata

7. Albania, Great Prespa lake shore, scrub on limestone above Globočani vill. (Gollomboc), ~1000 m a.s.l., 23.VI.2013 lilifolia – nymphs observed Eupholidoptera chabrieri – nymph last instar observed Tettigonia viridissima – males sing and nymphs last instar observed Tettigonia caudata – 1 m giornae – nymphs observed Oedipoda caerulescens – nymphs last instar Oedipoda germanica – 2 m, nymphs last instar observed Chorthippus bornhalmi - observed

8. Albania, Great Prespa lake shore, scrub on limestone above Globočani vill. (Gollomboc), ~1000 m a.s.l., 23.IX.2013 Platycleis albopunctata grisea – 1 f Platycleis cf. intermedia – 1 f Platycleis affinis – 1 m Eupholidoptera chabrieri – observed Tettigonia viridissima – males sing Gryllus campestris – nymphs observed – 1 m, 1 f Oedipoda caerulescens – 1 f Oedipoda germanica – 1 f Omocestus minutus – 1 m, 1 f Chorthippus mollis – 2 f

9. Albania, Mikra Prespa lake shore, mesohygrophyte grass community near Treni vill., 24.VI.2013, all observed Tettigonia viridissima Conocephalus discolor – small nymphs Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii Chorthippus bornhalmi

10. Albania, Mikra Prespa lake shore, Buxus sempervirens shrubland (highly degraded and modified Querco-Carpinetum orientalis forest) on limestone rocks, 870 m, N40.68515°, E020.99625°, 24.VI.2013, all observed Phaneroptera cf. nana – nymphs 2nd instar Platycleis sp. – nymphs Pezotettix gionrae – small nymphs

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Oedipoda caerulescens – nymphs Oedipoda germanica – recently moulted imagines

11. Albania, Great Prespa lake shore, Buxus sempervirens shrubland (highly degraded and modified Querco-Carpinetum orientalis forest) on limestone rocks near vill. Zrnosko (=Zaroshka), Ralnik area, 27.V.2013, N40°45'57.7”, E020°55'38.8”, 850 m a.s.l. Eupholidoptera chabrieri – 1 f nymph Tettigonia viridissima – 1 m nymph Calliptamus italicus – 1 nymph 1st instar Aiolopus strepens – 1 f Acrotylus insubricus – 1 f Dociostaurus brevicollis – nymphs

12. Albania, Great Prespa lake shore, Buxus sempervirens shrubland (highly degraded and modified Querco-Carpinetum orientalis forest) on limestone rocks near vill. Zrnosko (=Zaroshka), Ralnik area, 24.V.-25.VI.2013, N40.75757°, E020.91926°, 852- 920 m a.s.l., soil traps Eupholidoptera chabrieri – 2 m nymphs Rhacolceis germanica – 1 nymph 1st instar Ovaliptila cf. newmanae – 2 f Pezotettix germanica – 7 nymphs

13. Albania, Great Prespa lake shore, mesophyte meadows near vill. Tuminec (Tuminets = Kallamasi), 23.VI.2013, N40.89425, E20.93737, 857 m a.s.l. Platycleis sp. – nymphs observed Tettigonia viridissima – nymphs/imagines observed Conocephalus discolor – 1 f nymph, nymphs to last instar observed Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii – observed Tetrix bolivari – 2 m, 2 f Pezotettix giornae – nymphs observed Aiolopus thalassinus - observed Chorthippus bornhalmi – 1 m

14. Albania, Great Prespa lake, limestone dry stony slope near vill. Tuminec (Tuminets = Kallamasi), 23.VI.2013, N40.89425, E20.93737, 857 m a.s.l. Phaneroptera cf. nana – 1 m nymph 2nd instar ?Metaplastes ornatus – 2 f nymphs Rhacocleis germanica – 1 f nymph Oedipoda caerulescens – 1 m Stenobothrus fischeri – 1 f

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Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei – 1 m Chorthippus bornhalmi – observed

15. Albania, Gorica e Vogel, 24.&27.V.&24.VI.2013, N40°52'16.4”, E020°55'41.2”, 865 m a.s.l. Platycleis albopunctata grisea Rhacocleis germanica – nymphs Tettigonia viridissima – 1 m & 1 f nymphs Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis – 1 f Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii – 1 f Tetrix bolivari – 2 m, 1 f Tetrix depressa – 1 m Aiolopus strepens – 1 f Aiolopus thalassinus – nymphs observed Acrotylus insubricus – 1 f Omocestus rufipes

(Dermaptera) Forficula auricularia

16. Albania, Gorica e Vogel, 24.V.-25.VI.2013, N40.87136°, E020.93356°, 865 m a.s.l., soil traps Gryllotalpa sp. – 1 nymph last instar

17. Albania, Galichitsa Mountains, between Tuminec and Globocani vills, stony ruderal limestone meadows within scrub of Carpinus orientalis, Quercus frainetto and Quercus cerris, 23.VI.2013, N40.86501°, E020.92904°, 900-950 m a.s.l., all observed Leptophyes punctatissima – small nymphs Decticus verrucivorus – males sing Platycleis cf. albopunctata grisea – nymphs last instar Eupholidoptera chabrieri - nymphs Rhacocleis germanica – nymphs Tettigonia viridissima – nymphs last instar and imago Tettigonia caudata – males sing ephippiger - nymphs Pezotettix giornae – nymphs Calliptamus italicus - nymphs Oedipoda caerulescens – 1 male recently moulted Oedipoda germanica – nymphs Stenobothrus fischeri – imagines Chorthippus dorsatus – nymphs to last instar Chorthippus bornhalmi – imagines

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Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei – male recently moulted

(Dermaptera) Forficula auricularia – imagines

18. Albania, Galichitsa Mountains, near Macedonian border, ruderal limestone meadow between forests of Quercus frainetto and Quercus cerris, southern of border-crossing Subotino, 24.V.-25.VI.2013, N40.91000°, E020.89431°, 960-990 m a.s.l., soil traps Rhacocleis germanica – 1 f nymph Calliptamus italicus – nymphs 1st up to last instar (outbreak of the species) Pezotettix giornae – 1 nymph

19. Albania, Galichitsa Mountains, near Macedonian border, ruderal limestone meadow between forests of Quercus frainetto and Quercus cerris, southern of border-crossing Subotino, 24.VI.2013, N40.91000°, E020.89431°, 960-990 m a.s.l., all observed Metaplastes ornatus – 1 female Decticus verrucivorus – imagines Platycleis albopunctata grisea – nymphs last instar and imago Eupholidoptera chabrieri – nymphs Rhacocleis germanica – nymphs Calliptamus italicus – nymphs 1st up to last instar (outbreak of the species) Pezotettix giornae – nymphs Dociostaurus brevicollis – imagines and nymphs Chorthippus dorsatus – nymphs

20. Albania, near Rakicko vill., 24.VI.2013, N40.72437°, E020.97683°, 1100 m a.s.l., mesoxerophyte medow with Buxus sempervirens and mesophyte meadows, all observed Platycleis cf. albopunctata grisea Gryllus campestris Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii Pseudochorthippus parallelus Chorthippus bornhalmi

(Mantodea) Mantis religiosa – nymphs

21. Albania, Rakicko-Zrnosko vills, 24.VI.2013, N40.75245°, E020.94270°, 1125 m a.s.l., xerophyte association of Quercus trojana on stony limestone substrate, all observed Metaplastes ornatus

(Mantodea) Mantis religiosa – nymphs

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(Dermaptera) Forficula auricularia

22. Albania, above Gorna Gorica (Goritsa) vill. (=Gorica e Madhe), 25.V.2013, N40°54'36.1”, E020°53'48.3”, 971 m a.s.l. Poecilimon affinis – 1 m & 1 f nymphs Decticus verrucivorus – 2 f nymphs Eupholidoptera chabrieri – 1 m nymph Tettigonia viridissima – 1 m & 1 f nymphs Calliptamus italicus – 2 nymphs 1st instar

23. Albania, above Gorna Gorica (Goritsa) vill. (=Gorica e Madhe), 25.V.2013, N40°54'08.8”, E020°52'18.8”, 1174 m a.s.l. Poecilimon affinis – 1 m nymph

24. Albania, above the border pass at Subotino towards Pikina Voda site, mesophyte ruderal meadow with scarce oak scrub and small pond, 24.VI.2013, N40.90377°, E020.87287°, 1160 m a.s.l. Poecilimon gracilis – 1 m on oak leaves Poecilimon jonicus jonicus Platycleis albopunctata grisea – nymphs last instar Metrioptera cf. roeselii roeselii – nymphs Pachytrachis gracilis – nymphs Rhacocleis germanica – nymphs Tettigonia viridissima – nymphs last instar Conocephalus discolor – nymphs Gryllus campestris Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii Calliptamus italicus – nymphs Pezotettix giornae – nymphs Aiolopus strepens Dociostaurus brevicollis – nymphs last instar and imago Stenobothrus sp. – nymphs Omocestus rufipes Chorthippus dorsatus – nymphs Chorthippus bornhalmi

25. Albania, above the border pass at Subotino towards Pikina Voda site, lush mesophyte meadow within beech forest (Festuco heterophylae-Fagetum) with dominance of Tanacetum, 24.VI.2013, N40°53'53.1", E020°51'53.2", 1311 m a.s.l. – small nymphs

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Poecilimon affinis – imagines and nymphs last instar Poecilimon jonicus jonicus – nymphs Poecilimon gracilis – imagines and nymphs last instar Decticus verrucivorus Platycleis albopunctata grisea – nymphs Metrioptera oblongicollis – nymphs Pholidoptera cf. macedonica – nymphs Pholidoptera griseoaptera – nymphs Eupholidoptera chabrieri – nymphs Pachytrachis gracilis – nymphs Tettigonia viridissima – nymphs Paracaloptenus caloptenoides – nymphs (common) Euthystira brachyptera – nymphs Stauroderus scalaris Chorthippus bornhalmi

26. Albania, Ceroska Lokva place towards Pikina Voda site, ruderal meadow with oak scrub, 24.V.-25.VI.2013, N40.89836°, E020.86456°, 1320 m a.s.l. Pachytrachis gracilis – 1 nymph Rhacocleis germanica – 12 nymphs

27. Albania, above Gorna Gorica (Goritsa) vill. (=Gorica e Madhe), 25.V.2013, N40°54'05.7”, E020°51'47.8”, 1341 m a.s.l. Poecilimon affinis – 1 m nymph

28. Albania, above Gorna Gorica (Goritsa) vill. (=Gorica e Madhe), 25.V.2013, N40°54'10.7”, E020°51'32.1”, 1427 m a.s.l. Poecilimon affinis – 1 m nymph Calliptamus italicus – 10 nymphs 1st instar Euthystira brachyptera – 1 m nymph

29. Albania, above Gorna Gorica (Goritsa) vill. (=Gorica e Madhe), 23.VII.2013, N40°54'03.0”, E020°51'26.5”, 1456 m a.s.l. Tetrix depressa – 1 f

30. Albania, above Gorna Gorica (Goritsa) vill. (=Gorica e Madhe), 23.VII.2013, N40°54'01.7”, E020°51'08.3”, 1542 m a.s.l. Poecilimon ebneri – 1 m

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31. Albania, Galichitsa Mountains, mesophyte beech undergrowth in leaf litter at limestone, 24 VI 2013, “Pikina Voda” place, N40°54'20.0”, E020°51'15.0”, 1565 m a.s.l. (point 109) Troglophilus cavicola – 1 f Troglophilus lazaropolensis – 1 f, 1 m nymph

(Dermaptera) Guanchia cf. obtusangula – 1 f

32. Albania, Galichitsa Mountains, xero- ro mesophyte limestone meadows with single bushes and trees within Fagetum, “Pikina Voda” area, N40°54'20.0”, E020°51'15.0”, 1565 m a.s.l., 24.VI.2013 Poecilimon affinis – nymphs Poecilimon jonicus jonicus – nymphs Platycleis albopunctata grisea – nymphs Metrioptera cf. oblongicollis – nymphs Pholidoptera macedonica - nymphs Pholidoptera griseoaptera - nymphs Eupholidoptera chabrieri - nymphs Pachytrachis gracilis - nymphs Tettigonia viridissima – nymphs and imagines Calliptamus italicus – small nymphs observed Paracaloptenus caloptenoides – 1 f nymph last instar Euthystira brachyptera – imagines and nymphs Stenobothrus fischeri – 4 m, 2 f

33. Albania, above Gorna Gorica (Goritsa) vill. (=Gorica e Madhe), 25.V.2013, N40°59'15.8”, E020°50'53.1”, 1658 m a.s.l. Polysarcus denticauda – 1 m & 2 f nymphs

34. Albania, Galichitsa Mountains, above Korito Cheshma, steppe-type grass associations on limestone, 25.VI.2013, N40.82120°, E020.84777°, 1800 m a.s.l. Polysarcus denticauda – 1 f observed Decticus verrucivorus – nymph last instar observed Platycleis (Modestana) ebneri excurvata – small nymphs Psorodonotus fieberi macedonicus – nymphs last instar observed Psophus stridulus – 1 m nymph Arcyptera microptera – 1 m, 1 f, 1 f nymph Stenobothrus sp. – 1 f nymph Chorthippus bornhalmi – 1 f

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35. Albania, Galichitsa Mts., above Pikina Voda place, meso- to xerophytic meadows on stony limestone, 26.IX.2013, 1100-1600 m a.s.l. Poecilimon jonicus jonicus – 1 f Pholidoptera fallax – 1 m Eupholidoptera chabrieri – 1 m, 1 f Rhacocleis germanica – 2 m Pezotettix giornae – 1 m, 1 f Chorthippus biguttulus cf. euhedickei – 1 m, 1 f Chorthippus bornhalmi – 1 m Chorthippus mollis – 1 m

36. Albania, Galichitsa Mts., above Pikina Voda place, meso- to xerophytic meadows on stony limestone, 24.IX.2013, 1500 m (N 40.90324°, E 20.85781°) - 1600 m (N 40.90676°, E 20.85215°) – 1700 (N 40.91136°, E 20.85197°) – 2150 (N 40.92038°, E 20.85785°) m a.s.l. Decticus verrucivorus – observed Platycleis albopunctata grisea – 1 m Platycleis (Modestana) ebneri excurvata – 3 m, 3 f Pholidoptera cf. macedonica – 1 f Pholidoptera fallax – 1 m, 1 f Pholidoptera griseoaptera – observed Eupholidoptera chabrieri – 1 f Psorodonotus fieberi macedonicus – 1 m Pchytrachis gracilis – observed Gampsocleis abbreviata – 3 m, 3 f (found above 1600 m) Anterastes serbicus – 1 f Tettigonia viridissima – observed Ephippiger ephippiger – 1 m, 1 f Calliptamus italicus – 3 m (mass at 1500-1600 m) Paracaloptenus caloptenoides – 1 f (at 1600 m) Oedipoda germanica – 1 m Celes variabilis – at 1500-1700 m Euthystira brachyptera – observed Arcyptera microptera – 1 m Euchorthippus pulvinatus – 4 f (1600-1800 m) – 1 f Stenobothrus fischeri – 1 f Stenobothrus rubicundulus – 2 m Stenobothrus nigromaculatus – 1 m Chorthippus dorsatus – observed Chorthippus apricarius – 1 f (at 2150 m)

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Chorthippus cf. mollis – 3 m Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei – observed

(Mantodea) Mantis religiosa

37. Albania, Galichitsa Mts., Plaja e Pusit peak, meso- to xerophytic meadows on stony limestone, 23.VII.2013, N40°53'31.6”, E020°50'49.5”, 1925 m a.s.l. Anterastes serbicus – 1 f Stenobothrus rubicundulus – 2 f

Species by habitats Habitats have been selected according to main vegetation belts and humidity, as well as species' requirements, as follows: 1. Moist (hygro- to mesohygrophyte) grass communities, mostly including ruderalized pastures at the Prespa Lake coast. The species associations involve hygrophylous and eurytopic species with wide requirements towards microhabitat conditions:

Orthoptera 1. Tylopsis lilifolia 2. Decticus verrucivorus 3. Platycleis albopunctata grisea 4. Tettigonia viridissima 5. Tettigonia caudata 6. Conocephalus discolor 7. Gryllus campestris 8. Melanogryllus desertus 9. Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis 10. Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii 11. Gryllotalpa sp. 12. Tetrix depressa 13. Tetrix bolivari 14. Pezotettix giornae 15. Aiolopus strepens 16. Aiolopus thalassinus 17. Acrotylus insubricus 18. Dociostaurus brevicollis 19. Pseudochorthippus parallelus 20. Omocestus rufipes 21. Chorthippus dorsatus 22. Chorthippus bornhalmi

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Mantodea 23. Mantis religiosa – up to 1600 m

Demaptera 24. Forficula auricularia

2. Dry (xero- to mesoxerophyte) grass/scrub communities, mostly including limestone stony meadows within the Carpineto-Quercetum belt of Carpinus orientalis, Quercus frainetto and Quercus cerris, also including secondary associations of Buxus sempervirens, up to about 1300-1400 m. The species associations involve eurytopic and thermophylous species with preference towards high temperature during the active season:

Orthoptera 1. Phaneroptera cf. nana 2. Tylopsis lilifolia 3. Leptophyes punctatissima 4. Metaplastes ornatus 5. Poecilimon affinis (secondary occurrence after habitat degradation) 6. Poecilimon jonicus jonicus 7. Decticus verrucivorus 8. Platycleis albopunctata grisea 9. ?Platycleis cf. intermedia (species recognition doubtful) 10. Platycleis affinis 11. Metrioptera oblongicollis 12. Metrioptera roeselii roeselii (in humid places) 13. Eupholidoptera chabrieri 14. Pachytrachis gracilis 15. Rhacocleis germanica 16. Tettigonia viridissima 17. Tettigonia caudata 18. Ephippiger ephippiger 19. Gryllus campestris 20. Melanogryllus desertus 21. Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis 22. Ovaliptila cf. newmanae 23. Oecanthus pellucens 24. Tetrix depressa 25. Calliptamus italicus 26. Pezotettix giornae 27. Oedipoda caerulescens

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28. Oedipoda germanica 29. Aiolopus strepens 30. Acrotylus insubricus 31. Dociostaurus brevicollis 32. Stenobothrus fischeri 33. Omocestus rufipes 34. Omocestus minutus 35. Chorthippus dorsatus 36. Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei 37. Chorthippus bornhalmi 38. Chorthippus mollis

Mantodea 39. Mantis religiosa 40. Ameles heldreichii 41. Empusa fasciata

Demaptera 42. Forficula auricularia

3. Mesophyte limestone crevices and forest leaf litter within the Fagetum and (partly) Carpineto-Quercetum belt, between 860 and 1600 m (usually above 1000 m). The species associations involve hidden living troglophyles, terricole or silvicole species:

Orthoptera 1. Troglophilus zorae 2. Troglophilus cavicola 3. Troglophilus lazaropolensis 4. Ovaliptila cf. newmanae

(Dermaptera) 5. Forficula auricularia 6. Guanchia cf. obtusangula

4. Mesophyte forest habitats – tree crown and forest floor inhabitants of the Fagetum and Carpineto-Quercetum belt, between 860 and 1600. The species associations involve inhabitants of the forest undergrowth, as well as arbusticole, silvicole and eurytopic species:

1. Phaneroptera cf. nana

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2. Leptophyes punctatissima 3. Metaplastes ornatus 4. Poecilimon gracilis 5. Platycleis albopunctata grisea 6. Pholidoptera macedonica 7. Pholidoptera fallax 8. Pholidoptera griseoaptera 9. Eupholidoptera chabrieri 10. Pachytrachis gracilis 11. Rhacocleis germanica 12. Ephippiger ephippiger 13. Pezotettix giornae 14. Aiolopus strepens 15. Euthystira brachyptera 16. Omocestus rufipes 17. Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei 18. Chorthippus bornhalmi

Demaptera 19. Forficula auricularia

5. Xeromesophyte steppe-like grass communities above the timberline, between (1500- )1600 m and the mountain ridge. The species associations involve typical for Galichica mixture of wider-steppe inhabitants, boreal species, eurytopic species and montane Balkan endemics. These may be separated as follows:

a) (mostly) montane species of wider distribution 1. Polysarcus denticauda 2. Chorthippus apricarius – above 2000 m

b) montane or secondary montane Balkan (sub-)endemics 3. Poecilimon affinis 4. Poecilimon ebneri 5. Platycleis (Modestana) ebneri excurvata – common at 1600-1800 m 6. Pholidoptera macedonica 7. Psorodonotus fieberi macedonicus 8. Anterastes serbicus 9. Gampsocleis abbreviata 10. Troglophilus lazaropolensis 11. Paracaloptenus caloptenoides

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12. Stenobothrus rubicundulus – above 1600 m 13. Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei – up to 1600 m

c) species of wider distribution, typical for the steppe-like habitats 14. Celes variabilis – at 1500-1700 m 15. Arcyptera microptera 16. Euchorthippus pulvinatus 17. Stenobothrus fischeri

d) eurytopic species with wider European or Palaearctic distribution 18. Decticus verrucivorus 19. Platycleis albopunctata grisea 20. Pholidoptera fallax 21. Pholidoptera griseoaptera – in the beech belt up to 1800 m 22. Eupholidoptera chabrieri 23. Pachytrachis gracilis 24. Tettigonia viridissima – at least to 1800 m 25. Ephippiger ephippiger 26. Gryllus campestris 27. Calliptamus italicus 28. Oedipoda germanica 29. Psophus stridulus 30. Euthystira brachyptera – above 1300 m 31. Pseudochorthippus parallelus 32. Stenobothrus lineatus – above 1500 m 33. Stenobothrus nigromaculatus – above 1600 m 34. Stauroderus scalaris 35. Chorthippus dorsatus – up to 1600-1700 m 36. Chorthippus bornhalmi 37. Chorthippus mollis

38. (Mantodea) Mantis religiosa – up to 1600 m

Species list List of the species found in the studied region. Approximate altitudinal distribution established, general distribution and faunistic novelty are specified. New for the country, endemic or important species are shown in "bold", while new for the country are marked also with an asterisk.

ORTHOPTERA Ensifera Tettigonioidea

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Tettigoniidae 1. Phaneroptera cf. nana Fieber, 1853 lowland-1000 m. C and E Europe, the Mediterranea to the Caucasus and Asia Minor. 2. Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius, 1793) lowland-1300 m. Wide-Mediterranean reaching S Ukraine, Caucasus and Iran. 3. Leptophyes punctatissima (Bosc, 1792)* lowland-1300 m. Known from the British Islands to Ukraine and from S Skandinavia to . New for Albania. 4. Metaplastes ornatus (Ramme, 1931) lowland to at least 1200 m. Endemic for the Central-East Balkans. 5. Poecilimon affinis (Frivaldszky, 1867) from 1000 m to the ridge. Balkan-Carpathian species. 6. Poecilimon gracilis (Fieber, 1853) Found in the beech belt (1200-1500 m). Western Balkan subendemic reaching . 7. Poecilimon jonicus jonicus (Fieber, 1853) between 1000 and 1800 m. Western Balkan endemic subspecies. 8. Poecilimon ebneri Ramme, 1933 In the treeless zone (found at 1550 m). Endemic for the Central-Western Balkans. 9. Polysarcus denticauda (Charpentier, 1825) Herewith known between 1800 m and the mountain ridge. Occurs from to Western Ukraine and from S poland to n Greece. 10. Decticus verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758) lowland to the ridge. Palaearctic species. 11. Platycleis albopunctata grisea (Fabricius, 1781) lowland to the ridge. Western-Palaearctic species, the subspecies occurs west of France. 12. ?Platycleis cf. intermedia (Serville, 1839) The identification is unclear – it is possible that the female specimen belongs to the transitional morphological form of Platycleis albopunctata grisea. Usually lowland species with South-western Palaearctic distribution. 13. Platycleis affinis Fieber, 1853 lowland-1200 m. South-western Palaearctic. 14. Platycleis (Modestana) ebneri excurvata (Ramme, 1926) Common between 1600 and 1800 m (up to the highest point). Central-western balkan endemic species and subspecies. 15. Metrioptera oblongicollis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882 (sensu Heller 1988) lowland to 1600 m or higher. Usually in the forest margins. Balkan endemic species. 16. Metrioptera cf. roeselii roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822)* (sensu Heller 1988; Chobanov 2012)

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Found at 1200 m but possibly also around the lake shore. Western Palaearctic. New for Albania. 17. Pholidoptera macedonica Ramme, 1928* 1300 m to the ridge. Central_western Balkan endemic. New for Albania. 18. Pholidoptera fallax (Fischer, 1853)* 1300-1800 m. Known from france to Asia Minor. New for Albania. 19. Pholidoptera griseoaptera (De Geer, 1773) Occurring in the beech belt, up to about 1800 m. Widely distributed European species reaching the Caucasus and the border areas of Anatolia. 20. Eupholidoptera chabrieri (Charpentier, 1825) (sensu Ciplak et al. 2007) lowland to 1800 m. Southern European species. 21. Psorodonotus fieberi macedonicus Ramme, 1931 Between 1700 and the highest peaks in moderately humid places. Balkan subendemic species and Western Balkan endemic subspecies. 22. Pachytrachis gracilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861)* lowland to 1600 m in forested or scrub mesophyte habitats. Southern European species. New for Albania. 23. Rhacocleis germanica (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1840) lowland to 1400 m in dry scrub habitats. European-Anatolian species. 24. Anterastes serbicus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882 1700 m to the highest peaks. Balkan-Anatolian subendemic. 25. Gampsocleis abbreviata Herman, 1874* The species has usually lowland distribution, while in Galichica it appears as montainous species occurring between 1600 and 2200 m in steppe-like habitats. South-western Balkan endemic with fragmented distribution. New for Albania. 26. Tettigonia viridissima Linnaeus, 1758 lowlands to at least 1800 m. Common Western Palaearctic species. 27. Tettigonia caudata (Charpentier, 1842) In the lowland up to about 1000 m. Known from Central Europe to Western Siberia and Iran. 28. Conocephalus discolor Thunberg, 1815 lowland to 1200 m. Southern Palaearctic. 29. Ephippiger ephippiger (Fiebig, 1784) lowlands up to the ridge. European species.

Rhaphidophoroidea Rhaphidophoridae 30. Troglophilus zorae Karaman & Pavicevic, 2011* Troglophylous, mostly silvicole species, found in the forested area at least to 1600 m. Regional central balkan endemic. New for Albania. 31. Troglophilus cavicola (Kollar, 1933)*

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In the beech belt up to about 1600 m. Silvicole and troglophyle species. Central European-Balkan species. New for Albania. 32. Troglophilus lazaropolensis Z. Karaman, 1958* Found only near Globochani village but possibly distributed at least to 1800 m. Troglophylous, mostly silvicole species but occurs also in stony limestone areas above the timberline. Regional central balkan endemic. New for Albania.

Grylloidea 33. Gryllus campestris Linnaeus, 1758 lowland to the ridge. European-Mediterranean species. 34. Melanogryllus desertus (Pallas, 1771) lowland to about 1200 m. Southern Palaearctic species. 35. Eumodicogryllus bordigalensis (Latreille, 1804) lowland species. Distributed from the Mediterranean and Central Europe to India. 36. Ovaliptila cf. newmanae (Harz, 1969)* lowlands and neighboring hilly terrains. Southwestern Balkan endemic (including unpublished data). New for Albania. 37. Pteronemobius heydenii heydenii (Fischer, 1853) lowland to 1200 m in hygromorphic habitats. Palaearctic-Afrotropica-Oriental species and European-Mediterranean subspecies. 38. Oecanthus pellucens (Scopoli, 1763) lowlands to at least 1200 m. European-Central Asian species with doubtful occurrence in N Africa.

Gryllotalpidae 39. Gryllotalpa sp. The Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa complex includes few sibling species unrecognizable as nymphs. The nominate species has been recorder for the country though other taxa may be actually concerned. Occurs in the lowland hygromorphic habitats.

Tetrigoidea Tetrigidae 40. Tetrix depressa (Brisout de Barneville, 1848) lowland to at least 1500 m. European-Central Asian species. 41. Tetrix bolivari Saulcy, 1901 lowland species found in moist habitats. European-Mediterranean-Central Asian species.

Acridoidea

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42. Calliptamus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758) usually from the lowlands up to 1500 m but reaches to the ridge. Western Palaearctic. Observed in an outbreak. 43. Paracaloptenus caloptenoides (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861) between 1300 and at least 1700 m. Balkan subendemic species and subspecies. Included in the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) Annexes II and IV. 44. Pezotettix giornae (Rossi, 1794) lowlands uo to at least 1200 m. European-Mediterranean species. 45. Oedipoda caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) lowland up to at least 1600-1700 m. Western Palaearctic. 46. Oedipoda germanica (Latreille, 1804) lowland to at least 1800 m. Central and S Europe and NW Anatolia. 47. Aiolopus strepens (Latreille, 1804) mostly in lowlands but also in the mountain belt. European-Mediterranean reaching eastwards to Iran. 48. Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius, 1781) lowland species inhabiting humid places. Palaearctic-Afrotropical-Oriental. 49. Acrotylus insubricus (Scopoli, 1786) mostly in lowlands. Palaearctic-Afrotropical-Oriental. 50. Psophus stridulus (Linnaeus, 1758) mountainous species found at 1800 m. Boreoalpine Palaearctic species. 51. Celes variabilis (Pallas, 1771)* found at 1500-1700 m. Southwestern Palaearctic. New for Albania. 52. Arcyptera microptera (Fischer de Wldheim, 1833)* found at 1600-1800 m. Southern Palaearctic. New for Albania. 53. Dociostaurus brevicollis (Eversmann, 1848) from the lowlands up to at least 1200 m but should occur also higher. Occurs from Southern Europe to Central Asia. 54. Euthystira brachyptera (Ocskay, 1826) found above 1300 m to the ridge. Western Palaearctic. 55. Euchorthippus pulvinatus (Fischer de Waldheim, 1846) found in steppe-like habitats between 1600 and 1800 m. Central and South Europe to the steppic area of Central Asia. 56. Pseudochorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) found in one locality at 1100 m but possibly occurs much wider. Palaearctic species. 57. Stenobothrus lineatus Panzer, 1796) above 1500 m to the ridge. Palaearctic species. 58. Stenobothrus fischeri (Eversmann, 1848)* lowlands up to 1600 m in dry grass habitats. Western Palaearctic. New for Albania. 59. Stenobothrus rubicundulus Kruseman et Jeekel, 1967

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found above 1600 m. Montane species known from the Apennines, the Alps, Carpathians and Balkans. 60. Stenobothrus nigromaculatus (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1840) found above 1600 m. Western Palaearctic. 61. Omocestus rufipes (Zetterstedt, 1821) lowlands up to at least 1200 m. Western Palaearctic. 62. Omocestus minutus (Brulle, 1832)* lowlands to 1200 m. Circum-Pontic species reaching Hungary. New for Albania. 63. Stauroderus scalaris (Fischer de Waldheim, 1846) found above 1300 m. Palaearctic species. 64. Chorthippus dorsatus (Zettersted, 1821) lowlands to 1600-1700 m. Western Palaearctic. 65. Chorthippus apricarius (Linnaeus, 1758) found above 2000 m. Palaearctic species. 66. Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei v. Helversen, 1986* lowlands up to at least 1600 m in dry stony habitats. Balkan-Anatolian subendemic subspecies. New for Albania. 67. Chorthippus bornhalmi Harz, 1971* species with unclear borders of its range. Known from the Apennines, Balkans and Anatolia. First sure record for Albania. 68. Chorthippus mollis (Charpentier, 1825)* lowlands to the mountain belt at least to 1800 m. Western Palaearctic. New for Albania.

MANTODEA Mantidae 69. Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758) lowland to 1600 m. Palaearctic species. 70. Ameles heldreichi Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882* found in the lowland. Balkan-Fore Asian species. New for Albania.

Empusidae 71. Empusa fasciata Brulle, 1832 found in the lowland. East-Mediterranean species.

DERMAPTERA Forficulidae 72. Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758 widely distributed, herewith found in the lowland and hilly terrains. Naturally Western Palaearctic. 73. Guanchia cf. obtusangula (Krauss, 1904)*

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found in a single locality around 1550 m. Known from the Central part of Southern Europe. New for Albania.

4.2 Important species

The distribution of important Orthoptera species in Prespa National Park (Albania) is presented in Fig. 9.

4.2.1 Global IUCN red list of species Two species are currently assessed in the IUCN Red List. These are Poecilimon affinis and P. ebneri, both given the status "Least concern", thus of small importance for protection.

4.2.2 European legislation (Habitats Directive, Bern Convention) Paracaloptenus caloptemoides is the only species included in the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) Annexes II and IV and thus of importance for protection and monitoring the habitats' condition in the mountain.

4.2.3 Endemic species The following 16 species are regarded as endemics on a local or wider scale: 1. Metaplastes ornatus (Ramme, 1931) 2. Poecilimon gracilis (Fieber, 1853) 3. Poecilimon jonicus jonicus (Fieber, 1853) 4. Poecilimon ebneri Ramme, 1933 5. Platycleis (Modestana) ebneri excurvata (Ramme, 1926) 6. Metrioptera oblongicollis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882 (sensu Heller 1988) 7. Pholidoptera macedonica Ramme, 1928 8. Psorodonotus fieberi macedonicus Ramme, 1931 9. Anterastes serbicus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882 10. Gampsocleis abbreviata Herman, 1874 11. Troglophilus zorae Karaman & Pavicevic, 2011 12. Troglophilus cavicola (Kollar, 1933) 13. Troglophilus lazaropolensis Z. Karaman, 1958 14. Ovaliptila cf. newmanae (Harz, 1969) 15. Paracaloptenus caloptenoides (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1861) 16. Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei v. Helversen, 1986

This list contains about 24% of the orthopteran species found in the Prespa National Park. Of special importance may be regarded species with threatened habitats like caves and humid well preserved forests (Troglophylus cavicola, T. zorae) or species with fragmented mountainous distribution (Poecilimon ebneri). The species Gampsocleis abbreviata is found for the first time with such isolated population in the treeless zone of a mountain.

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4.2.4 Relict species No data for species with relict origin exist for the faunal composition found in the park. However, some faunal assemblages may be regarded with recent relict origin, possibly resulted from the last Glacial period. These are the species with wider boreal or steppe distribution in the dry grass habitats of the (pseudo-)subalpine belt of Galichica Mt. and include the association Celes variabilis, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Arcyptera fusca (and to some extent Stenobothrus fischeri), mixed with Balkan termophylous species (Gampsocleis abbreviata) or Balkan montane species (Poecilimon ebneri, Platycleis (Modestana) ebneri excurvata, Pholidoptera macedonica, Psorodonotus fieberi macedonicus, Anterastes serbicus, Paracaloptenus caloptenoides, Stenobothrus rubicundulus). In addition, in the neighboring territory of the mountain in Republic of Macedonia, the species Saga pedo has been recorded, and though the habitats in NP Prespa are similar, we failed in registering this important species.

4.2.5 Rare species Rare species for the region and the country occurring in the park may be regarded Poecilimon ebneri, Celes variabilis, Arcyptera microptera and Euchorthippus pulvinatus, having restricted fragmentary distribution. Gampsocleis abbreviata is another example for species with unique distribution in the region, representing unique high-mountain occurrence for a typically mediterranean species. The hidden-living species of the genus Troglophilus and Ovaliptila are generally considered rare but this may be due mostly to their life style and occasional collecting with the standard collecting practices for Orthoptera.

4.2.6 Species of economic importance During the present study a significant outbreak of the population of Calliptamus italicus has been recorded. Thousand individuals showed typical swarming behavior moving together over great surface. The species is known to frequently form plagues of moderate size and causing damage to agriculture. However, the plagues have been restricted to heaths and no damage to the local agriculture has been observed.

4.2.7 Indicator species Presently, no clear data on indicator species are known for the moment from this region, recent data collected via project DIR-59318-1-2 „Mapping and assessing the conservation status of habitats and species – phase І” in Bulgaria support the possibility of using Paracaloptenus caloptenoides as a possible object for monitoring the habitats' status.

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4.3 Important localities for the investigated group

No specific important localities are selected.

4.4 Important habitats for the investigated group

Five major type of habitats have been defined according the Orthoptera communities in Prespa NP. Among them, the dry (xero- to mesoxerophyte) grass/scrub communities characterise with highest species diversity. However, the large share of eurytopic and/or widely distributed species and lower number of rare/endemic species decreases the importance of this habitat type. The habitat of major importance may be regarded the xeromesophyte steppe-like grass communities above the timberline that cover most of the mountain ridge above the treeline. This is second in diversity habitat and characterizes with highest number of endemic, rare and important species. Another habitat of importance for protection includes the mesophyte limestone crevices and forest leaf litter, being under major threat in the region by deforestation and fragmentation.

4.5 Comparison with the fauna of adjacent areas (e.g. Galichica in MK)

About 60 species of Orthoptera (88% of the presently found taxa), 2 of Mantodea (67%) and 1 of Dermaptera (50%) are found in the Macedonia side of Galichitsa and Prespa areas. There is a large share of common taxa and the present study makes significant contribution to the fauna of the region resulting in higher species number. The latter may be mostly related to bigger sampling effort than real faunistic difference. According to the species lacking on the Albanian side there may be concluded that future investigations may significantly add to the diversity and species association knowledge of Orthoptera in the Prespa NP.

5. Threats

No direct acting threats have been recorded during our study. However, the global view on the habitats condition may shed light on the major possible threats of the orthopteran communities in Prespa NP, as follows: • deforestation – mostly done in the past with vast influence • cattle grazing – in the moutain foothills it has led to strong habitat degradation Thus, significant threats have affected the forested habitats thus largely reducing the mesophyte leaf-litter microhabitats of the silvicole troglophilous species. Yet, there is comparatively low influence on the important ridge steppe-like grass communities that keep the most important orthopteran diversity in the region.

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6. Measures for protection

6.1 Direct protection of species

No direct measures for protecting single species may be done at the present level of knowledge.

6.2 Habitats protection

Important species communities in the Natinal Park require measures for habitat protection. Some of these may be summarized as follows: • substantial reduction of deforestation and protecting the best preserved forest patches • keeping the kettle grazing in the treeless zone (above timbeline) of the mountain in the present conditions; avoiding overgrazing.

7. References

Chobanov, D.P. 2012. Dermaptera, Blattodea, Mantodea and Orthoptera of the Western Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece). – In: Beron, P. (ed.). Biodiversity of Bulgaria 4. Biodiversity of Western Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece) II. Pensoft and Nat. Mus. Natur. Hist. Sofia [2011]: 163-211.

Chobanov, D.P. & Mihajlova, B. 2010. Orthoptera and Mantodea (Insecta) in the collection of the Macedonian Museum of Natural History (Skopje) with an annotated check-list of the groups in Macedonia. – Articulata 25(1): 73-107.

Ciplak, B., Willemse, F., Chobanov, D., Heller, K.-G. (2007). Systematic status and distribution of Eupholidoptera (Orthoptera: ) in the Balkans (north of Central Greece). – Articulata 22(1): 33-46.

Eades, D.C., Otte, D., Cigliano, M.M. & Braun, H. (2013) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0/5.0. Available from: http://Orthoptera.SpeciesFile.org/ (15.12.2013).

Flook, P.K., Klee, S. & Rowell, C.H.F. 1999. Combined Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the Orthoptera (Arthropoda, Insecta) and Implifications for Their Higher Systematics. – Syst. Biol. 48(2): 233-253.

Harz, K. 1969. Die Orthopteren Europas I. Series Entomologica 5. Dr. W. Junk B. V. The Hague; 749 pp.

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Harz, K. 1975. Die Orthopteren Europas II. Series Entomologica 11. Dr. W. Junk B. V. The Hague; 939 pp.

Heller, K.-G. 1988. Bioakustik der europäischen Laubheuschrecken. Josef Margraf, Weikersheim, 358 pp.

Heller, K.-G. & de Jong, Y.D.S.M. 2013. Fauna Europaea: Orthoptera. Fauna Europaea version 2.6. http://www.faunaeur.org. (15.12.2013).

Lemonnier-Darcemont, M. 2010. A short note on Orthoptera from the Republic of Macedonia (F.Y.R.O.M): new species for the country and new data. – Articulata 26(1): 1-4.

Micevski, B., Chobanov, D. & Pop-Stojanov, D. 2003. [The Fauna of Orthoptera of the National Park Pelister]. BSPSM, Skopje 4, 99 pp. (in Macedonian).

Riede, K. 1998. Acoustic monitoring of Orthoptera and its potential for conservation. – Journ. Conservation 2: 217-223.

Willemse, F. 1985. A key to the Orthoptera species of Greece. Fauna Greciae II. Hellenic Zoological Society, Athens, 288 pp.

Figure 1. Gampsocleis abbreviata Figure 2. Paracaloptenus caloptenoides

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Figure 3. Platycleis ebneri excurvata Figure 4. Poecilimon affinis

Figure 5. Pserodonotus fieberi macedonicus Figure 6. Troglophylus zorae

Figure 7. Habitat of P. caloptenoides & E. pulvinatus Figure 8. Steppe-like habitat above timberline

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Figure 9. Distribution of important Orthoptera species in Prespa National Park (Albania).

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