Advances in Regenerative Medicine
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ADVANCES IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE Edited by Sabine Wislet-Gendebien Advances in Regenerative Medicine Edited by Sabine Wislet-Gendebien Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romana Vukelic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Aija Abele, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Advances in Regenerative Medicine, Edited by Sabine Wislet-Gendebien p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-732-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Stem Cells 1 Chapter 1 Neural Crest Stem Cells from Adult Bone Marrow: A New Source for Cell Replacement Therapy? 3 Aneta Glejzer, Virginie Neirinckx, Bernard Rogister and Sabine Wislet-Gendebien Chapter 2 Regenerative Medicine for Cerebral Infarction 19 Masahiro Kameda and Isao Date Chapter 3 Human Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells Rescue Ischemic Tissues 35 Dong-Hyuk Park, Jeong-Hyun Lee, David J. Eve, Cesario V. Borlongan, Paul R. Sanberg, Yong-Gu Chung and Tai-Hyoung Cho Chapter 4 Therapeutic Approaches in Regenerative Medicine of Cardiovascular Diseases: From Bench to Bedside 61 Antonia Aránega, Milán Bustamante, Juan Antonio Marchal, Macarena Perán, Elena López, Pablo Álvarez, Fernando Rodríguez-Serrano and Esmeralda Carrillo Chapter 5 Cytoprotection and Preconditioning for Stem Cell Therapy 89 S. Y. Lim, R. J. Dilley and G. J. Dusting Chapter 6 Degeneration and Regeneration in the Vertebrate Retina 119 Gabriele Colozza, André Mazabraud and Muriel Perron Chapter 7 A Strategy Using Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes for Stem Cell-Based Therapies 145 Daihachiro Tomotsune, Fumi Sato, Susumu Yoshie, Sakiko Shirasawa, Tadayuki Yokoyama, Yoshiya Kanoh, Hinako Ichikawa, Akimi Mogi, Fengming Yue and Katsunori Sasaki VI Contents Chapter 8 Amniotic Fluid Progenitor Cells and Their Use in Regenerative Medicine 165 Stefano Da Sacco, Roger E. De Filippo and Laura Perin Part 2 Cell Communicators 179 Chapter 9 Inflammation-Angiogenesis Cross-Talk and Endothelial Progenitor Cells: A Crucial Axis in Regenerating Vessels 181 Michele M. Ciulla, Paola Nicolini, Gianluca L. Perrucci, Chiara Benfenati and Fabio Magrini Chapter 10 Cellular Stress Responses 215 Irina Milisav Part 3 Tissue Engineering 233 Chapter 11 Tissue Engineering of Tubular and Solid Organs: An Industry Perspective 235 Joydeep Basu and John W. Ludlow Chapter 12 Self-Organization as a Tool in Mammalian Tissue Engineering 261 Jamie A. Davies Chapter 13 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Via Thermally Induced Phase Separation 275 Carlos A. Martínez-Pérez, Imelda Olivas-Armendariz, Javier S. Castro-Carmona and Perla E. García-Casillas Chapter 14 Nano-Doped Matrices for Tissue Regeneration 295 Leonardo Ricotti, Gianni Ciofani, Virgilio Mattoli and Arianna Menciassi Chapter 15 The Role of Platelet Gel in Regenerative Medicine 319 Primož Rožman, Danijela Semenič and Dragica Maja Smrke Chapter 16 Regenerative Orthopedics 349 Christopher J. Centeno and Stephen J. Faulkner Chapter 17 Cell-Biomaterial Interactions Reproducing a Niche 363 Silvia Scaglione, Paolo Giannoni and Rodolfo Quarto Chapter 18 Influence of Angiogenesis on Osteogenesis 389 Susanne Jung and Johannes Kleinheinz Preface In order to better introduce this book, it is important to define regenerative medicine. This field is built through a combination of multiple elements including living cells, matrix to support the living cells (i.e. a scaffold), and cell communicators (or signaling systems) to stimulate the cells, and their surrounding environment to grow and develop into new tissue or organ. Indeed, regenerative medicine is an emerging multidisciplinary field involving biology, medicine, and engineering that is likely to revolutionize the ways we improve the health and quality of life for millions of people worldwide by restoring, maintaining, or enhancing tissue and organ function. Even if the origins of regenerative medicine can be found in Greek mythology, as attested by the story of Prometheus, the Greek god whose immortal liver was feasted on day after day by Zeus' eagle; many challenges persist in order to successfully regenerate lost cells, tissues or organs and rebuild all connections and functions. In this book, we will cover a few aspects of regenerative medicine highlighting major advances and remaining challenges in cellular therapy (including cell communicators) and tissue/organ engineering. Cell replacement therapy The types of cells that are used are dependent on the type of tissue that needs to be repaired. Several cells have been suggested as suitable for cellular therapies: i.e. embryonic stem cells (ES), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS); somatic stem cells from fetal or adult tissues. The potential use of fetal tissue or differentiated embryonic stem cells from allogenic sources suffer limitations due to tissue availability, ethical issues or safety concerns. On the contrary, adult somatic stem cells can be used in autologus graft procedure, avoiding patient’s immunosuppression. In this book, several chapters will discuss stem cell applications in regenerative medicine focusing on several organs or tissues like brain, heart, liver or retina. Cell communicators The circulatory system is involved in the transport of a wide variety of biological molecules and cells and can be considered as the body's basic communication system. Cell communicators act as a signaling system, which stimulates the cells into action. X Preface In some cases those communicators could lead cells to integrate damage tissues and rebuild lost connections, however, some signals could also induce cellular stress responses conducting to cell death. Few of those aspects will be directly addressed in this book. Tissue engineering or …where biology meets engineering. All cells within tissues are separated and interlinked by a matrix or structure. The consistency of the matrix may vary from liquid, as in blood; to semi-solid, as in cartilage; to solid, as in bone. Tissue engineers either implant cells into a matrix or create the proper conditions for the living cells to build their own three dimensional matrix. Such a matrix provides the structure that supports the cells and creates the physiological environment for them to interact within the host tissue. The success or failure of an implant material in the body depends on a complex interaction between a synthetic ‘foreign body’ and the ‘host tissue’, which involves not only biological, but also mechanical, physical and chemical mediated factors. The latest advances in tissue engineering will be discussed in this book underlying many challenges that remain pending in this field. Finally, I would like to conclude this preface by expressing my deepest gratitude to all the authors who contributed to the realization of this book. Sabine Wislet-Gendebien, PhD GIGA Neurosciences University of Liège, Belgium Part 1 Stem Cells 1 Neural Crest Stem Cells from Adult Bone Marrow: A New Source for Cell Replacement Therapy? Aneta Glejzer1, Virginie Neirinckx1, Bernard Rogister1,2,3 and Sabine Wislet-Gendebien1 1GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 2GIGA-Development, Stem cells and Regeneative Medicine, University of Liège, 3Neurology Department, CHU, Belgium 1. Introduction Neurodegenerative disease is a generic term used for a wide range of acute and chronic conditions whose etiology is unknown such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, but also now for other neurological diseases whose etiology is better known but which are also concerned by a chronic lost of neurons and glial cells such as multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, and spinal cord injury. Although the adult brain contains small numbers of stem cells in restricted areas, the central nervous system exhibits limited capacity of regenerating lost tissue. Therefore, cell replacement therapies of lesioned brain have provided the basis for the development of potentially powerful new