THE LIBRARY ENCYCLOPAEDIA

n (In Pr e p a r a ti o ) . By the M ST AUTHORITIES FORE O . Edited by

AL EX . J. PHILIP ,

e h Librari an n Ho n. S c . f k P n Co m Boroug , Gravese d , o the Boo roductio “ ” mi t tee f Li A i i n A f The i k n i i n y o the brary ssoc at o , uthor o D c e s D ct o ar , “ ” he P i n f P in C l n W Ga te T roduct o o the r ted ata ogue , Gravese d the ater ” “ ” f L n The Offi C m n n e tc . f C i n n o o ndo ce o pa io , Edito o apta oh , r J “ ’ n Li S n f th e Li Y B k S mith s Adve tu es , The b a y ectio o te a y ea oo r r r r r r , “ ” 1 0 —8— The Li M m a nd Ar t ll i Y k 9 7 9 ; braries , useu s , Ga er es ear Boo “ ” Lo ndon Boroughs Series of Historical T0 po gr a phi es ; Co nt ributor o n “ ” “ ” “ L th e im L l o nm n w i l ibrary Topics to T es , oca G ver e t Revie , Da y

C r ni l . . h o c e etc , etc ,

d b Subs c r o n . Pr c e h rt Sh ll n To be i s s ue y ip ti i T i y i i g s . a e i i b i se A[ter publi c ti on th pr ce w ll e ra d.

TH E L IB RA RY ENCYCL OPE D IA will be demy octavo , n n n x 00 and l co tai i g appro imately 7 pages , wi l be illus I t rat ed wherever it is considered necessary . t has been fix hi necessary to the price at 305 . T s price will be i h c reased to should the volume be o fiered for sale

- a n En after publication to non subscribers . Such cyclo p aedia as this will be invaluable to the small library as a nd l va de m ecum well as the large , wil become a to the n hi n a nd f n i assistant . Eve the ghly trai ed e ficie t l brarian find n will it i comparable as a refresher for the memory . TH E L IB RARY E NCYCL OP E DI A will deal comprehensively L A n n n L with ibrary dmi istratio , Book Purchasi g , ibrary L n a nd n C n History , ibrary Pla s Buildi gs , lassificatio , C n Of a nd R n n Ai d atalogui g , fice Work outi e , Mecha ical s , n n Vn i A n L n a nd dvertisi g , Heati g , ighti g , e t lati g , the n n k n n n various co tributory bra ches of owledge , Bi di g , r n R Paper , the Prese vatio of ecords , Museum Work , n n i r E n S ecifica Practical Pri ti g , Bibl og aphy , stimati g , p n a nd all n b tio Work , the umerous su j ects either directly in r nn w i n r or di ectly co ected ith work public , proprieta y, i and private l braries a nd museums . Amongst the many emi nent authorities who will assist i n n w n the compilatio of the work , the follo i g have already k n o n — i dly promised to write special subjects Mr . D C l . C . T . . R . A . ouglas ockere l , Mr j acobi , Mr Peddie ,

. Sind ll . R . . A . a . . Mr lfred W Pollard , Mr W , Mr J Herbert S a nd . later , Mr . H . B . Wheatley FIRST LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS

to th e

i r a r En c c l o a e di a L b y y p .

T n In n i n t hi s co unt r and he followi g stitutio s _ _ y abroad have subscribed for one Copy or more of the L ibrary Encyclop aedia

Public L ibraries Bournemouth Bulawayo (Rho desia) Bolton Hampstead Worthi ng Ottawa (Canada) ; n n n E i n n Birkdale Wisco si (Madiso , rd gto ; Derby Erith E x eter Isl i ngton Glasgow Brighton Handsw orth ; K eighley ; West Hartlepool ; Bradford ; Tottenham Preston ; Chicago Stretford Perth ; Fulham Pittsburg Newcastle L ambeth Cambridge ; Nottingham ; Aston Manor ; D u ndee ; K ensington ; Su nderland ; Blackpool ; Bris tol ; Dunfermline ; Carlisle ; H ull ; Huddersfield ; Car di ff ; L ancaster ; L incol n ; Stockport ; Poplar Shef field Mi ddlesborough Gateshead ; Southport ; L ewis ham .

Other L ibraries a nd Institut i ons : National L ibrary ’ Wi lli m of Wales ; D r . a s s L ibrary ; Aberdeen U ni ver sit n R In D L Of y ; Midla d ailway stitute , erby ; ibrary

C n i n n G uille - A e L o gress , Wash gto , ll s ibrary , G n n R n L Founda uer sey ; Joh yla ds ibrary ; St . Bride n L Un L n n L tio ibrary ; iversity of o do ibrary .

F r H l . L . 00 e l Es . . b : . T E . P ivate Subscri ers J pp , q ; ’

Es . t r I L t d . . Co ea v e s n Barrett , q Messrs g dicators , n Messrs . Truslove a d Hanson .

’ Booksellers Orders : Messrs . Baer Co . Messrs .

Co . D n . i n L t d. A : W lliam awso So s , ; Messrs sher k n G . . St e h . . E c ert C . Messrs o Messrs Simp i , Marshall

rt . Mr n n . Co . A . Siegle Messrs . Steve s Brow Messrs Macleh ose n So s .

The Libra r ie s Muse um , s , a nd Art Ga lle r ie s Y a r B k e o o .

Edite d by ALEX J PHILIP . . .

GIVE S particulars of nearly two thousand possible n ubh sh ers f ce customers for pri ters , p , booksellers , o fi n a nd fur iture supply firms . G IVES of in x i n the most complete list libraries e ste ce , with the fullest details of each institution . FORM S a n inde x to the literary activities a nd artistic r n w n k i n oppo tu ities of the to s of the gdom .

Fo r t he L IBRA RIA N, t he C URA TOR, t he

‘ ‘ ‘ B UJ INEJ J MA N, a nd th e GENERAL P UBL IC .

D e m y 8 v o . n e t .

G REENWOOD AND SCOTT , SON, LUDGATE HILL

T H E Re f e r e n c e B o o k f e r a l l L i b r a r i a n s BOOK PRIOES CURRENT

8v o k m Gi lt wi n e M 1 8 . d . n t m . f N £ 7 6 . De y Buc ra , th Broad argi s or otes l BEING A RECORD OF THE PRICES AT WHICH BOO KS HAVE N SOL AT A UC I ON U IN H Y A wi l BEE D T D R G T E E R , th the Tit es and i i n C l N m N m of P Descr pt o s , ata ogue u bers , the a es the urchasers ,

S emal N o n C in k a nd r F ll I n x . p otes erta Boo s , a ve y u de In order to m eet the Wishes of many subscri bers BOO K - PRICES C n i i n - m n l URRENT is o w publ shed bi o th y parts .

li i nl n f £1 5 8 . 6d . The parts are supp ed to subscr bers o y , at the p ce o a n C in umfo rm n l i nd i . i c us ve , are se t by post as ssued ases to b d the parts , With the a nnual volume are obtainable . , % ” h A How TO SERl ES, for the Bibliograp er, etc.

W CA A U A HOW TO FORM A LIBR ARY. HO TO T LOG E LIBRARY HOW TO MAKE AN INDEX . ” w rt . H O W T o U S E A L IB RA RY, b y Ja m e s D o u g l a s S t e a

C l C n 2 . net . H n m l n i n l Gi t . i 8 a dso e y Bou d oth heap Ed tio , each ’ C 1 02 K ot An n and n l i . Write for atalogue No . ti q uaria Ge era L terature

London: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row, THE PRODUCTION OF THE

PRINTED CATALOGUE

The Production of the

Printed Catalogue

The Pre ara ion Prin in and Pub ica ion o f p t , t g, l t

Ca a o ue s o f Librar es Museums A rt Ga er e s t l g i , , ll i ,

Pub ishers Bookse ers and Bus ness ouse s l , ll i H .

Wi h a Cha er on the Monot e Machine t pt yp ,

and an A endix o f T e Faces pp yp .

LE PH A X . J ILIP

“ A utho r o A D ick ens D i ctiona r The L i bra ri es f y, M us eums a nd A rt Ga lleri es Yea r

B ook etc. etc , ,

LO NDON INSON LONDON LIMITED RO BERT ATK ( ) , LU DGATE H ILL 19 10

C ONT ENT S

PRE FACE

I N I NTR O D UCT O . The advant ages o f th e p rint ed over o ther fo rm s o i Catalogues

CHAPTER I. le in C talo ues : the list the book - m ark the Sty s a g , , bulle tin and the wo rk o f re erence , f

A II . CH PTER . The Card Catalogue andp rinting it

CHAPTER III . ’ ’ Bo ok sell ers and Publishers Catalogues ; T rade t a talo ues et c . e c C g , ,

CHAPTER IV. The co cards or sli s re arin it for the py, p ; p p g p ri nt er ; alphabetiz atio n

CHAPTER V . ( Economy in set ting and in t he m etho d of printi ng : single o r do uble co lum ns : type fo unt s R r rin in nion cat alo ue nd c . o ta U a fa es y p t g. g num ber Punctuation s.

CHAPTER VI. ’ im atin ce a d r ri k Est s a n co st he rin e s s . g p . T p t Propo rtio ns of mi xed types VII CHAPTER . ’ T o thVe print er s address CHAPTER III . Co rrecti ons what he re and h he uld , t y a ow t y sho be char ed for : ro idin fo r the in he n rac g p v g m t co t t . M akin an all n e Proo n readin g owa c . fs a d g the eci en rre i n m . Sp m co ct o s

x i CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER IX . i r Obtain n ad e tisem ents. The can asser r g v v . Wo k in re The ad ertisin cont ractor g di ct . v g

CHAPTER X . elli n he Cat alo ue and m aki n it a The busi S g t g g p y. i i r ness of the Cat alogue . Est mat ng the numbe s of ired do o r o d or copies req u . A t o sale

CHAPTER XI. “ u and the co er Arr n e o f Making p v . a g m ent in he lac t ads. e pages : p g She t s v ersus pages. O rnam ent al and useful covers I CHAPTER XI . i di r and b n n . e ifi Pape g Sp c cations and samples. Th e econ m r i chin . o of chea ness Pa e St t g y p . p covers : boards : cloth

CHAPTER XIII . ecifications : t enders and cont racts D raw Sp . in them u th e o ne : obtaini n the other : and g p, g ent ering into the third The local printer

CHAPTER X IV. The m o no t e Catalo ue it s uses and ad anta es yp g , v g

A endix CHAPTER XV . pp I The m onotype casting and set ting m achi ne : its hi st ory and a description CHAPTER XVI : Appendix II elect ed t e aces suitable fo r Catalo ue work S yp f , g VO CABUL ARY OF TERM s USE D I NDEX IL L U S T RA T IONS

Cat alogue Co ve r D esign Frontispi ece M o no type K eyboard

Drum

Casting M achine

M at ri ce s

PREFACE cataloguing ; but this book is a n endeavour to bridge the gulf between the librarian or the business man , and the printer an attempt to tell the one how to get the busi ness — a business comparatively new and very extensive — and how to execute it and to explain to the other how to prepare the

' copy and to c o mmi ssmn the work at least

CoSt . A very prevalent impression regarding printers is that they are always endeavour ing to get the better of their customers . While there are some fir m s— as in other walks — of business who are untrustworthy, the greater part of the suspected sharp practice is simply ignorance of the conditions govern ing the printing trade , and a want of know ledge of the art itself on the part of the cus

. S I tomer ome , at least , of this ignorance have endeavoured to dispel in the following pages .

GR VESEND ALE PH L P A , X . J. I I .

m m 1 1 0 . 7 , 9 INTRODUCTION

T H E ADVANTAG ES OF T H E P RI NTED OVER O T H ER FO RMS OF CATALO GU ES

OON after the open —access public

library was introduced to notice , it was very commonly stated , as one of the great advantages and economies of the new system , that printed catalogues were no longer necessary ; the classification of the fi books being a suf cient index to the shelves . T his untenable position , untenable in the case of public libraries at all events , is rarely occupied now ; because it was realized by the public that , by so much as the library was used the shelves failed to indicate the : contents of the library in other words , % ’ the greater the number of books out , the less one knew of the contents of the library . The card catalogue and the sheaf catalogue have been both pressed into service to obviate T the need for a printed catalogue . his , s use of s u however , i straining the the e a xi 4 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE liaries , neither of them being adapted for the purpose of general catalogues of large collections of books in constant use by numerous members of the public . As auxi liaries they are admirable ; and for use in connexion with reference libraries they are unsurpassed in many ways but their most ardent supporter would find a difficulty in maintaining their efficiency for popular T lending libraries . heir use , however , will be more fully dealt with in the chapt er devoted to the subj ect . In outlining the advantages of the printed catalogue , it is almost necessary to proceed upon the lines of bringing into relief the disadvantages of other systems . I n a public lending library it is essential that borrowers should be able to ascertain by rapid reference what books are contained in the library . As it is not compulsory in any municipal lending library that borrowers attend in person , it follows that this rapid reference should be possible away from the library building . In most municipal lend ing libraries about 2 5per cent . of the stock is t in constant circula ion , and if all the books were subj ect to the same demand it follows that one book in every four required by a ’ As borrower would be out . a matter of fact this is not the case ; the popularity of FORMS OF CATALOGUE S books is not evenly distributed ; and very commonly the proportion of popular books

in is less than one in ten . In these cases reference would have to be made to a fixed card cabinet or to a variety of volumes of a sheaf catalogue nine times before securing As a book . it is scarcely conceivable that the catalogue would remain disengaged during this search , it follows that the selec tion of a book would be such a protracted process that the library would become

- a negligible quantity . In an open access library this evil would be less noticeable at the present time , because there is a large , but a decreasing , proportion of borrowers who ‘ ’ only desire something to read : being e allowed direct access to the books , th y are able to select something Without having Th e recourse to a catalogue of any kind . most valuable asset of a public library is 18 d i n the reader who efinite his desire , who ‘ ’ has a subj ect , who is not a dilettante dawdler in the alleys of popular literature , but a student of either matter or form in books . He requires a catalogue . As the number of those who have been ‘ ’ called serious readers increases , so the su fficiency of the single catalogue — whether card or sheaf— as the sole index to the contents of the library decreases . 6 PR ODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE S uccinctly summarized , the advantages of the printed catalogu e are that it may be taken from the building ; that within or without the building it may be used at one time by as many people as require it ; and the form is one made suitable for every one Th e by centuries of use fact that , as a rule , catalogues are not purchased in large numbers by borrowers does not make any difference to the cardinal need for a catalogue as a key to unlock the hidden treasures of the storehouse of knowledge . Without a ready reference catalogue of the main stock of the library, of those books forming the ‘ ’ foundation of the stock , a book out is lost to the borrowers at large . I f, as is the case with booksellers and pub lisher s , a book issued (or sold) could be immediately replaced by another copy , the need for a printed catalogue in open —access libraries might not be so great , although the absent borrower would still remain — an insuperable problem . But as such a scheme is an impossible one , it need not be dis cussed it serves , however , to show wherein the public library differs from t he business A d house . n yet in the latter the catalogue has proved essential , as is evinced by the number and variety of Specimens . The trade catalogue of the publisher , PRINTED CATALOGUE

the bookseller , or the merchant , is a replica of the stock and the greater the stock the more need there is for a printed catalogue . The publisher who relied upon a card cata logue or a series of sheaf catalogues , retained on his premises , for pushing his publications , would find his business rapidly forsaking him . In j ust the same way that the publishers ’ catalogue advertises his stock , so does the catalogue advertise the contents of the library : and the advertisement of a single card catalogue is multiplied in the printed

“ catalogue by the number of copies in use . There is another department of the printed catalogue which must not be overlooked ,

- v iz . , the catalogues of semi public and pri he vate collections . T printed catalogue has been described as essential to the public library , but , if that were possible , it is still more necessary for the private and colle giate or university library, more particularly where the books are allowed to leave the library premises . I do not - say a word against the private collectors , and most of the members of this large body are willing to grant the use of their books to properly accredited s t udents . But the accumulation of rare or unique books in private hands deprives the world 8 ‘ PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE at large of the use of the knowledge con t ained in them of its natural dividend on And the accumulation of knowledge . the least possible return the owner of a collection of this kind can make to mankind and the continuation - o f the accumulation of know of ledge , is the production a catalogue of the fullest possible kind . The case of valuable university and other semi—public collections of books is somewhat similar , except that students of all nations cross the seven seas for books ‘ The they cannot find . Index to Special ‘ Collections in the Libraries , Museums ’ Art Y and Galleries ear Book , as well as R ’ Mr . ye s book on the Libraries of London , will do something , no doubt , to mitigate the evil ; but the bald fact remains that thes e collections will remain unused while there are no catalogues to indicate their size and scope . Many of them have already e realiz d the imperative need , and have issued catalogues more or less complete P and satisfactory . ossibly others may fol low it I when is pointed out , as hope to point out , that the catalogue need not be the expensive undertaking it has been hitherto regarded as . The catalogue of the private collection i s important from the historic standpoint .

CHAPTER I

STYL ES I N C ATAL O GUES ATAL OGUE is a generic term used loosely to designate widely different ’ things , from a grocer s list of sundries to a A bibliographical work of reference . mongst the people who live by books , however , the i s word is more or less defined . Librar an a are even more precise , and cat logues are

- classified as lists , book marks , and catalogues E proper . ach of these classes is subj ect to very wide va riations variations almost as numerous as those to be found in the cata n log es of publishing houses and others . “ Much of what has been written and Still more of the following refer to all classes of catalogues but trade and other catalogues ar e more conveniently dealt with in Chapter

I I I . The list in library nomenclature may be anything from a reprint slip from the local t paper , dis ributed free to borrowers and 10 TH E LIS T

readers , to a pamphlet of pretentious size . Obviously the class —list does not fall with a in this category , as that is simply classified ‘ ’ Th e catalogue issued in parts . list is usually of two kinds , the most common being a single entry advertisement of recent addi tions the other form is that of a list of books on a Special subj ect . The latter may be printed , typed and duplicated , or written . It is usually written or typed when a single reading —list is asked for by a teacher , or lecturer , or a student interested in a special subj ect . I t is typed and duplicated when required for a class , or for circulating for display at a number of branches , reading rooms , or by obliging — P r e Shop keepers and others . rinting is sorted to when distribution is to be made to the borrowers at large . It is unnecessary to say anything about the first of these ; and little more is t e quired to be said about the second , except that the typewriter and the duplicator should always be the best obtainable for the

. Th e purpose last , the printed list , requires a more extensive description . Where the list is a topical one — and that is the only reading list likely to be distributed broad cast amongst the borrowers — the local edi tors are usually willing to find room for it 12 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE

in the columns of their papers , and to take a few hundred ‘ pulls before melting or distributing the type , for a nominal sum . Where this is not desirable and the list is not a long one , much that appears in the next chapter will apply . The reading list , issued as that and nothing else , is seldom more than a single S heet , not larger than octavo , and printed on one Side o f the paper only— in other words , a broadside . — In the case of a topical list say, for — example , on gardening the cost of a four page sheet to be given away broadcast may be always defrayed by devoting two pages to advertisements of local seedsmen Tine ma cbi ni n or garden tool sellers . g of the four pages costs no more than that of two , even on the machines of the compar a t iv ely small printer . Recent additions are advertised in a h r e variety of ways . T e typed wall list quires no description , and the supplement to As the catalogue is dealt with elsewhe r e . ‘ ’ already hinted , the list , apart from the S question of its ize , may be described as

gi ving one entry only to each book . Possibly the most popular method of bringing printed lists of recent additions before the public is by bulletins or maga LI BRAR Y MAGA Z INE S

i . e . zines , , by the publication at regular — intervals monthly , every two months , or — o f quarterly a library j ournal , containing , o f as a rule , notes current interest , lists of T additions , and topical reading lists . here is very great similarity between these library magazines , but those of Hampstead and Croydon stand out prominently from the ’ Rea derr Rev iew general number ; and the , the publication of the j oint committee of the National Home Reading Union A and the Library ssociation , occupies a ’ As he position apart . t Rea derr Rev iew is not a library publication , and the list is only an optional insertion in the centre of the periodical , it scarcely falls within the scope of the present chapter . I take the opportunity of pointing out here that the description of ” a library magazine as bi

bi— bi - weekly , monthly , or quarterly , as the case may be , is somewhat unfortunate , as this may be taken to mean once every two months , or twice a month by a very common usage . In comparatively few cases do the sales of the library magazine cover the cost , and the revenue is supplied by the insertion of advertisements These advertisements are i ff sometimes obta ned by the library sta , or by a canvasser engaged by t he librarian ; 14 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE in other cases the publication of the magazine is the subj ect of a contract with an outside

firm , which recoups itself for its outlay Ad from the advertisement receipts . v er t ise m ent s are dealt with fully in Chapter I X ; but it may be mentioned here that every library cannot expect the same terms A in a contract of this nature . dvertise ment revenue is unreliable . In some cases the contracting firm may be able to pay something to the funds of the library , as well as giving free delivery of the agreed number of Copies of the magazine in other cases they can only give free delivery while in still a third class it may be necessary for the library to pay a subsidy to the con tractor . Where there are no advertisements the library authority must be prepared to

finance the scheme , as it is most unlikely that the sales will balance the expenses . An excellent means of increasing the interest and popularity of the library maga ffi zine is to make it the medium , or the o cial organ , of local literary and scientific societies . Whether the library magazine is pub lished by the library authority or for the library by a contractor , the question of printing is of vital importance ; in fact , it is the only question of importance , as there . B OOK - MARK CATALOGUE are no editorial expenses connected with

It . I n planning the pamphlet , half of which , in some cases , is probably the same month by month , the matter likely to require cor r ect in g or altering should be kept together , leaving the standing matter complete in its A own pages . person unacquainted with printing is likely to think that the alteration of a word or a line in a page is of no moment , overlooking the fact that the alteration of even a word necessitates unlocking the chase and justifying the lines afresh . Where the matter is fresh in each issue of the magazine , it is still quite easy to increase the cost of printing without adding to e ither the value or the beauty of the publication by using several founts of type , or by fanciful methods of setting , and other freaks which are dealt with more fully elsewhere . Enough has been said regarding the list i to def ne its scope and legitimate use . The book - mark catalogue is in use largely amongst the smaller libraries unable to sup a port magazine by sales or advertisements , or even by the number of new books added . It usually consists of not more than eight pages , narrow column , printed in one fount of type on very thin paper . Advertisement s a e r sometimes taken . 16 PRODUCTION OF TH E PR INTED CATALOGUE

The catalogue , in public library termino o f logy , is several kinds , but in most cases it contains the whole of the books forming the initial stock of the library . Recently a suggestion has been made in several quarters for catalogues of selected standard I books in the library . n other words , it is proposed to omit all ephemeral literature ’ in and fiction other than the classics , cluding only those books likely to remain T in use permanently or for some years . e m porary literature would not be catalogued in this printed catalogue , and would not be

. S replaced when worn out tandard books , entered in the catalogue , would show neither date nor edition : because books of this nature should be kept up to date , and each new edition immediately p ut into stock to replace the old copy, which , theoretically , S would be out of date . ome parts of this proposal appear worth consideration ; for instance , if a library has funds available , it would be a most excellent plan to keep the scientific stock of books quite up to date but the selective idea is fraught with great And danger and many pitfalls . it is doubt ful if the small saving effected by the omis sion of those books which are obviously books

- of to day only , is worth the uncertainty and distrust bred in t he minds of those borrowers

CHAPTER I I

T HE CARD CATAL O GU E AND P RI NTI N G IT 0 far this handbook has dealt with the subj ect of the printed catalogue from a general standpoint : as an intro duc t o r y explanation , as much for the benefit of the printer as for that of the librarian . The following chapters take up the subj ect from a practical point of view . The card catalogue is an auxiliary, except for the smaller reference libraries , where it is sufficient alone for all practical purposes . In a lending library it should contain all the books in the department , including additions . It should also contain all the books at all the branch libraries ; and all the branch libraries should contain card catalogues of all the books at the central library and all the branches . The sheaf catalogue may be used in the same way . But in both cases the card cabinet , or the sheaf catalogue stack , should e s b plit up into small sections , to enable 18 H OME PRINTING the greatest number of readers to use it

at one time with convenience . Various expedients have been employed . to make these two forms of catalogue more A legible in writing , by the use of the meri can dis - j oined hand : and also by the use

of the typewriter . Neither of these , how

ever , can approach in any way to the printed A card or sheaf . ttempts have been made

to publish subscription cards . But libr do not all buy the same books , nor do the catalogue them in the same way . T fi here is , however , no dif culty in the way of printing them , and where a number of cards are required— and in the intere st of hygiene several cards are needed in even the smallest card catalogue — printing is even more economical in time . To undertake this home - printing a small outfit is required , costing at the outside A a few pounds . hand machine , taking an octavo page , is to be recommended . The number and variety of founts must depend upon the taste of the librarian and the needs of the catalogue . But three founts , with italics and small caps , will be found sufficient for all ordinary card print

Ing purposes . The indispensable items of an outfit fo r card catalogue printing are 20 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE

T F . he printing press . urniture and reglets

T . . Leads . ype cases Composing stick

P . . Gauge pins . Mallet . laner Brass rule

T . . Hand roller . Bodkin . weezers Inks

Founts of type . For card catalogue printing the most use ful founts will probably be found to be 8 Th e I O 1 2 . point , point , and point smaller types used in the printed book catalogue are unnecessary for cards . A galley is not essential ; but that , amongst other articles , including an extra chase , shears , saw , extra furniture , shooting stick , type cabinet , may be added with advantage as well as borders and ornaments if other printing is to be done . Card printing is exceedingly Simple and , with a little practice , can be executed with great speed . Where from ten to fifty r ca ds are required , the saving in time on T other methods is considerable . he time required in duplicating cards is one of the greatest obstacles to the successful use of T the card system for the public . ake , for instance , a library system with half a dozen branches seven copies of each card are required , even though the cards are not

Shown in duplicate at the library . Several hundreds of people use the cabinets day by day , and the cards very quickly become T . he ff bent , broken , and dirty only e ective CARD PRINTING method is to keep a stock of cards under other circumstances there is a constant demand on the time of the sta ff to replace dirty cards . Having set the type for printed cards , it is no additional trouble to take a su fficient number of copies to last for some he years . T number of copies it is advisable to print depends largely upon the class of people using the cards or sheaf and the class of book catalogue . In a library system requiring seven copies of each card it would be advisable , no doubt , to print two addi t ional copies for each library ; or twenty one in all . It will be seen readily that even in a smaller library system printing will , prove much more expeditious than any other method . In one case where a home outfit is in use the setting is done by the caretaker .

I mention this , not to recommend that this generally hard - worked individual should have additional work thrust upon him , but merely to show the simplicity of the method . The catalogue entries should be written first by the librarian or responsible assistant by the cataloguing assistant where there is a S pecially appointed member of the staff . These should be ' handed over to the assis tant entrusted with the printing . He , even if a j unior , will be quite capable of 22 PRODUCTION OF TH E PR INTED CATALOGUE

reading the proof of the entry in fact , after a short time , he will find it unnecessary to take pulls , but will read from the type , particularly as catalogue entries are usually short and concise . Obviously full instructions for printing cannot be compressed into a portion of this chapter , and reference may be made to one or other of the books dealing with print ing , if the tyro desires to go into the subj ect A more thoroughly . few simple directions may prove sufficient for the purpose of card print i ng T ake the composing stick in the left hand , with the slide fixed at the length of the T full line . ake the first letter of the first line in the right hand , and place it , with n S the ick or groove in the ide uppermost , in the angle formed by the stick and the slide . The left thumb is generally used to guide the type letter as it is placed in the e stick , and to hold ach successive letter as it is added to the last . When the line is complete (in the case of subj ect headings the line will consist largely of quads) it should be well leaded , to display the entry, and the second line commenced . In cata logue work the second line is usually in dented ; to do this , a quad should be inserted before the first letter of the line . When TYPES FOR CARD S this line is completed it should not be leaded so heavily as the heading . As a rule the third line of type , that is , the second line of the entry proper , in card printing ,

l - fol ows the form of book form entry, and is indented half the indent of the first line under the heading . Notes are inde nted the same distance below the last line of the entry proper that the second and succeed ing lines of the entry are indented under the first line . This may be varied to suit an the personal tastes of each l ibrari , but —fl the following is a typical card ent ry

IRELAND : So cial life .

o ce W S all er social hi or o f ancien j y (J. . ) m st y t land 1 0 6 r 6 ll . C . e . I I 9 . 44

R li i n. Mili aw. e m tar em . L o G overn ent . y syst g

Ar . E . L earning. t t c From this example it will be seen that t he first line of the annotation is again indented . The heading , which should be repeated on each card of the same subj ect , should be preferably in a larger type or small capitals . The annotation should be in a smaller fount than the body of the entry , and leaded accordingly . A Justifying the line is Spacing it out . little care is sometimes required in doing 24 PRODUCTIO N OF THE PRINTED CATALOGUE i th s , to prevent a bad appearance by breaking words and running them over on to the following line ; or by making words look white and A good piece of printing will readily Show the defects of ’ t he amateur s work by comparison ; and the faults may be rectified . Card entries will seldom run to more

. than half a stick , and this small quantity of T e type can be easily handled . h leads will give solidity to the body of type (and it will be rarely , if ever , necessary to set s card printing without leads) , but the bra s rule may be also used if desired . Grasp the type with both hands thumbs at the bottom and for efinger s at the top : bend the other fingers to support the type at the sides ; and convey it to the chase In card printing work it is unnecessary to use the galley . Some corrections will be e ssential at

first , no doubt , and these will be made with the aid of the t weezers ; care being taken A not to damage the face of the letters . fter a little practice , however , corrections in these short entries will be unnecessary , except in s the tick , and the first print will probably be a perfect one . If it is desirable , however , R a proof may be taken on a card . ough proofs of card work are simply waste time

26 PRODUCTION OF THE PRINTED CATALOGUE make it absolutely impossible to give out card catalogue printing successfully . Each entry must be printed off before the next is set up or at the best no more than two entries may be set at the same time . This chapter applies equally in all respects e to the sheaf catalogue . Th sheaf slips should be printed on the left or verso page . CHAPTER I I I

, BO O KS ELLERS AND PU B LIS H E RS CATAL O GUES T RAD E CATAL O GU ES HIS class of work differs largely from

library or museum catalogue work , yet the one is so closely allied to the other that it is fitting this large class of work should be dealt with here . ’ ’ The maj ority of booksellers , publishers and trade catalogues are simply advertise ments drawn up to ‘ sell ’ the books or The articles included . literary value of the book or the utility of the article catalogued have no bearing upon the style or extent of the entry : the sole govern i ng feature is i the selling price and the s ze of the demand . For this reason it often appears to me a mistake to issue catalogues of books selling at a few pence when there is only one copy to be disposed of . At the same time some catalogues , parti cularl - y catalogues of second hand books , are works of permanent value , reference books 2 7 28 PRODUCTIO N OF THE PRINTED CATALOGUE

in the true sense of the word . It would be invidious to give examples of these catalogues , but librarians , as a rule , are well aware of their value . Catalogues of this class are something more than adv er t ise m ent s : but a little additional ex pen ‘ ’ dit ur e on the paper and the get up is a good 1nv est m ent . When l ssuing a catalogue the class of books contained in it should ’ A ublishe s be carefully considered . p r cata logue of fiction is not worth printing on good paper , and binding in cloth ; because , at the end of the year , if not earlier , it finds its A way to the waste paper bag . catalogue of scientific works , particularly if it is a large x one , is well worth classifying , inde ing , printing on a lasting paper and binding in T o cloth . w or three examples of these can be readily called to mind , which are in Th e constant use . outlay on their pro duction is considerable , but it is not wasted . In these larger catalogues the question of postage or carriage does not enter into the calculation , but in the smaller catalogue the weight of the paper should be carefully worked out before a final selection is made . A fraction of an ounce may make an addition of a halfpenny or a penny on the postage and this , on a circulation of five or ten thou sand , is well worth considering . If a thinner T RAD E ( ‘ATA LO GU ES or lighter paper will answer the purp ose ’ without looking cheap , by all means use

fo r t he . it , if only sake of postage When mailing catalogues it is advisable fiat to send them when , for some unknown reason , they are rolled , the edges should be T o inside to protect them . do this properly without breaking the back of the leaves , the catalogue should be held loosely in the hands in a circle , and screwed with either he hand alternately . T most expeditious method of a ffixing postage stamps by hand is to pile the catalogues in an even stack . Separate the st a mps into strips (the catalogues can be turned in any direction to take the stamps upright) . Place a wet pad beside the catalogues and take a strip of Stamps P in the right hand . ress the first stamp on to the wet pad with the right thumb , and transfer it , still under the thumb , to the

first catalogue . Then press the left thumb on it , and tear the rest of the stamps away with the right hand . Stamping after the catalogues have been wrappered prevents to a large extent the misappropriation of stamps . The practice is now fairly common to issue illustrations of particularly choice items on plate paper . Here again are several opportunities of increasing the cost without 3 0 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE adding to the value of the catalogue from the sales point of View . I have seen line drawings on plate paper , without the slightest P “ necessity . lates are often faced to pages

v it nec e s in the middle of a section , making sary to separate the leaves to insert the plate before the edges are cut with the guillotine . Where there are two plates it is more ec ono mical to make them come in the centre or at the end of the sections , so that they may be stitched or sewn with the section

. A itself gain , where there are many plates it is often quite as cheap to add another to an odd number to make four , eight , or sixteen , or , better still in an octavo book ,

- thirty two . A practice is growing up amongst pub lishing houses of issuing an inordinate number of leaflets , and to send them out to libraries and other likely purchasers in assorted bundles . These leaflets are of S various sizes and hapes , and the cost of printing them must be considerably greater than it would be if they were included In ‘ ’ one small interim catalogue . In addition ,

- they fail in their effect . Most book buyers

- - regular book buyers , such as librarians

file all catalogues . But the multitude of leaflet s— — these two or four page sheets for the most part— makes it impossible to do TRADE LE AFLETS anything effective with them : and many librarians follow the practice of pitching the whole lot into the waste paper basket , know ing that if information regarding recent publications is wanted it can be obtained from one or other of the literary papers or book lists , while the regular catalogues of the publishing houses will contain all their publications . The Obj ect of the leafl et is simply an ’ advertisement reminder , and when sent d alone it is an excellent me ium , but sending a number together fails in the obj ect for each of them . The time of year , too , has something to do with the effectiveness of publishers ’ and booksellers ’ catalogues when librarians are concerned , and , as the public libraries of the country probably spend upwards of 2 00 000 J£ , a year on books , they are worth some consideration .

Many, if not most , public libraries finish their financial year at the end of March . I t follows , therefore , that December , Janu F had ary , and ebruary are very often buying months March is one of the best , because although that is the last month of the finan cial year , lists of books passed for purchase then are not ordered , and are not paid for , new until the opening of the financial year , 32 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE

With regard to the circulariz ation a — few libraries village libraries - “ spend less 10 than £ annually on books . Obviously it is useless sending a catalogue or leafl et of a 1 0 book or books , of from £5 to J£ in value . Th e only course , then , and even this is a doubtful one , is to send a circular letter pointing out the valuable features of the book , and suggesting the possibility of per suading some local magnate to purchase it and present it to the library . It may be even possible to obtain the names of likely donors and approach them direct . This method of advertising by personal letter has much to be said in its favour , while it is not too common ; and I know of at

’ least one case where a ‘ co mpl et e edition was disposed of in this way after the book had been refused by the booksellers in the ordinary way . I have drawn up several that have proved the effectiveness of the plan . A fl n ddressing the catalogue , lea et or cire lar is a matter of some importance It is essential that it should be addressed to Th e the librarian by name , and not to ’ A d Librarian . n a penny stamp and a closed envelope are at least twice as effective as an Open envelope and a halfpenny stamp . In the case of the larger libraries wrap ~

3 4 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATAL OGUE in the multitude of articles in the catalogue of no importance to the individua l . The limitations of space make it impossi~ ble to deal with this class of catalogue as : fully as might be desired , but the whole book will be found to contain information on this branch of the subj ect , as well as on the more complex work of the compilation of cata lognes of large collections of books . CHAPTER I V

P REPA RI N G T H E C O PY

ITHOUT going into the various forms of classes of catalogues classified , sectional , dictionary or dictionary classified— in this chapter , instructions for ’ preparing the copy .for either or all of these forms will be given . The first question to be decided— and it must be decided once and finally, as the — plans cannot be mixed is , are the entries to be made on cards or slips S lips are pieces of foolscap , varying in size according to the taste of the user and the length of the entries , from one inch to three T or even four . hey may be purchased ready cut , or a local printer or binder will cut up reams of foolscap to any required

Size for a nominal sum . Another method of using slips is to write the entries on ordi nary foolscap and cut them up with a pair of T ~ scissors afterwards . his plan is only pos 36 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE sible where the entries are checked as they are written otherwise , when the books have been replaced on the shelves , the variou s S other processes of tamping , cutting and labelling , etc . , makes it unlikely that they will be all at one time on the shelves in their right order , when checking is another process taking place some time after and performed by a different individual . Slips already cut , however , are left in the book when written until checked . Accidental loss is unlikely ; if it should occur it is easily detected by the one checking . Cards for catalogue entries are simply the For x . usual 3 in . 5in this purpose , however , they need not be rotary cut , nor need they be linen quality . In fact , a cheap quality paste card , ruled and coloured , may be purchased at a price round about 2 6s . for The disadvantage of slips for catalogue copy is the enormous expenditure of time T on sorting and pasting . he disadvantage attached to cards is to the printer , who will probably have to add an infinitesimal sum to his contract for the wages of a boy to turn the cards for the monotype operator , as an obliging gentleman turns the music for the lady pianist . I f the few shillings are of more ~import e n tim anc tha e , slips should be used ; if, CARDS VERS US SLIPS h owever , as is usually the case , time is of the

first moment , cards should be adopted . An advantage of considerable value at t ached to - the use of cards is that when they are returned from the printer they may be used for a Staff card - catalogue ; additions being inserted as new books are put into stock .

Whether slips or cards are decided upon , they should not be left longer in the books than is necessary , and , when checked they should be placed at once into boxes . When the cataloguing is finished the slips or cards should be gathered together and sorted into ’ first letter alphabet all the A s to ’ gether , all the B s together , and so on . Large envelopes will be found convenient to hold the sorted slips , while the cards may . be replaced in the divided drawers , with guide cards to separate one letter from another . The S lips get bent or folded, and being ffi so much thinner , are more di cult to sort . The quickest method of sorting them , although the least scientific , is to spread out a large number on a table and pick out the r lette s showing . With cards the best plan is to take from fifty to a hundred in hand , a nd by bending them slightly, and holding and releasing them at either end alternately, 3 8 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE

‘ to separate each one . Hold the sprayed cards in the left hand and drop each one on t e to its proper pile in h alphabetical sequence .

When the first letter sorting is completed , ’ take all the A s and sort them into second ’ ’ ’ Aa Ab E Ac So . letter , , , and on ach of these must be placed in envelopes , and the ’ ’

B s . same thing done to I t is , as a rule , safer to go through the whole alphabet

- u before pasting p or numbering , because however carefully the first sorting may have been performed , some slips are sure to have been put into the wrong envelopes ; and some subj ect heading will most certainly require revising . When the third letter sorting has been done , unless the catalogue is an exceptionally large one , it will be found that the letters are sufficiently small to be handled ; and , in the case of cards , the final sorting may be undertaken at once . When the cards are all finally sorted they An must be numbered immedi ately . auto matic numbering machine is most useful for the purpose , but if this is not available , the numbers may be written in blue or other pencil it is not advisable to make them in ink not only will it take much longer , but the numbers are liable to smudge .

With slips , however , this final operation is not so simple . MOUNTING S LIPS These small bundles of slips — sorted t o the third or fourth letter , as the case may be— must be arranged in final alphabetical order on the table or bench . Sheets of paper (foolscap Size) must then be pasted and the slips laid down in their correct order , and as far as possible , in their right positions below one another . The easiest method of doing this is to take a pile of paper , paste the top one and ‘ t he s lay lips in their correct order , rubbing d it own when it is full , then place it away P to dry . asted sheets should not be placed one on top of the other until they are dry , as the slips are likely to be spoiled by sticking . Fo r this purpose I generally use discarded periodicals of a little larger size than fools cap , printed on a comparatively soft paper without a surface . A nother method , giving a much neater result , but taking a great deal more time , is e to paste a slate and place ach entry on it , to get enough paste on the back of the slip ’ d to make it a here to the sheet of paper . Amongst the uninitiated alphabetization As is considered quite a simple operation . e a matter of fact , there are s veral rules directly opposed by others , making it some what difficult to satisfy every one with the The result . most uncertain of these rules 40 P RODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE

’ is expressed as nothing before something . A ’ ’ rticles a , an , and the are disregarded o in catal gue alphabetization , and are usually omitted from the entries . But it must be decided whether a shorter word followed by a word beginning with a later letter of the alphabet , is to precede a longer word with an earlier letter . I t is gene rally accepted that entries under the same word relating to persons , places and things should be arranged in that order . But to make the nothing before something quite clear the following words are arranged in alternative columns .

( 1) (2) (3)

en R G reen . R Green ba t ree Gre (J. .) (J .) y bo k en N E. Green N. E. Green o G re ( . ) ( ) Green carnat ion Green O . Green (O .) ( ) G reen bay t ree G reen bay t ree Greene (J) reen b Greener W T Green book G ook ( . . )

n i n reen carna ion Greenhill A G . G reen car at o G t ( . ) G reen k ail Greene Greenhouses

W Green . R reener T . . Green past ures G ( . ) (J ) ne Greenhill A G Green k ail G ree (J. ) ( . . ) h use reen N E ener W T G reen o s G . . Gre ( . .) ( ) n hi l A reen k ail G ree O . reen l G . G G ( . ) ( ) Greenhouses Green past ures Green past ures

These three tables Show the various I methods . do not say one is correct or incorrect it is largely a matter of taste ;

42 PRODUCTION OF TH E TRINTED CATALOGUE

The sheets or cards are now ready for S marking for press . ome catalogue com pilers prefer to do this before the Sheets are pasted , while the entries are lying ready . But there are many Obj ections to be urged All against this plan . words to be omitted , such as the repetition of subj ect headings ’ and authors names , should be scored through with a blue pencil . Much of the marking for type founts may be done when the entries are being written , in this way lessen ing the chance of omissions . The markings generally recognized are B three lines for capitals , irds ; two lines for

small capitals , Birds ; one line for italics ,

and a w Birds thick avy line for clarendon ,

Birds . When sending copy to press , how

it ever , is as well to give written instructions stating that this or some other plan of mark ing has been adopted .

In catalogue work, where sometimes five or even more founts of type are used , mark ing is frequently a tedious j ob . A specimen entry marked for the printer h I is give below . t is understood that the body of the book , the entries themselves ,

13 P . that , are to be set in , say , ica S I Z E S OF TYPE S

Folklore .

L eland (C . G . ) Etruscan Roman

1 8 2 . remains in popular tradition . 9

Illustrated .

An int erest ing account showing t hat t he e asan r o f t he Roma na Toscana in p t y g , t al have reserved rom ri m It Iv e i mes I y, p , f p t , hi a syst em of sorcery and spirit wors p . It is not suggested for a moment that the entry Should be set in s . e . (small capitals) ’ or the author s name in caps . (capitals) ; the entry is lined in this way simply to Show And the largest number of markings . even n if small capitals had been chose , it would a s be unnecessary to mark each entry, that would be the body type throughout . It is not essenti a l to mark each annotation ; but it has to be done by some one , and it does not appear quite fair to the printers to leave them to do the marking of so many cards or slips , without informing them pre v ious submit t in an to their g estimate , as , where there are possibly sixty or eighty

t . housand entries , the task is a lengthy one CHAPTER V

EC I N T AND I N T H E M H O N O M Y SE T I N G , ET OD O F P RI NTI N G

EFORE deciding upon the setting , the

founts , and the faces to be used , it will be of some assistance to those who are not sufficiently a n / a i t with printing to get specimens of as many catalogues as possible , and the appendix of type faces at the end o f the book is designed to Show a large range of variety . One of the first ques tions to be decided is whether the page Th e is to be single or double column . ‘ ’ respective advantages are less fat , or white , on the page in the case of double column setting ; that is , there is less waste Space on the lines that are not quite filled ; because there is less waste the page looks more compact and better balanced if the catalogue is a large one it will be smaller set in double column than otherwise . The double column catalogue must be a larger 44 STYLES page size than the single column catalogue The need be . single column catalogue has this advantage , therefore , that in size it is more compact the type used will in all pro hability be larger and therefore more legible .

In relative cost , however , the double column The is the cheaper . best size for a single column catalogue is undoubtedly crown 8v o , while a double column catalogue should not be less than demy 8v o . t Leading , tha is , spacing between the lines o f type , is rarely required in catalogue usedin r ead work , although it is sometimes ing lists and bul letins where a diffi culty is experienced in filling the pages . Not only o are leads seld m used , but they are not desira ble , as it is more advantageous to use a larger type , set solid ; particularly if the and type would otherwise be small , of s s var i ous 1z e . The difference in value between the two styles will be apparent from the examples i The 13 ofdouble g ven below . first a specimen column setting for a demy 8v o catalogue . Th e second i s the same matter set in single column for crown 8v o Size ; while the third is the same matter set for single column for 8v o crown size , but each of the respective founts two Size s larger than in the other examples . 46 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE DOU BL E CO LU M N S ETTI N G

o a . a % m é A Mu v E g S 8 h S n m o m c m [ a S u S fi a m S fi m o 3 n S z E n E o S m S e m . Q o x m fi w . m . £ EO o c . a E —O o o 6 w n E i n w c y b w s : 8 o 0 m a n o a w s I £ a s o z 2 m fi ~ a d E E S 2 A i o o fl a 0 m m > o S o o o 9 o g . z I w J i h o 2 5 n a m H r S s m 5 . k fi 3 A ? N w . g 5 m w E 8 £ h a e a d u s m c fi . a O w h , s fi g fC H 3 a m m 2 o r C s Z a o e H 0 AC S 3 O n v m mQ U d ms Q h a h V d R 8 S v w n x S m 5 C a P E . 2 fi h n r S ® £E 9 sfi o n a d g a s e d 5 s . w w e s s o o a E w 5 S 5 a 5 m c m . m s o w B o m w w c : 0 2 2 c 3 o Eé a . z a mo mo 8 8 mo mo fimo mo

m w m w w A w m 5 m m m a a w £a 3 fi ? z z s s o 3 3 S 2 fi a m m 8 :

a

s

C a S d a o d 9 1fi £ a . o 2 8 m 0 5 p m o mA N s c ? 5 S o e m p c O 2 s s a m o c e a mS n m a H o v e w m fi S fi m 3 n m m 9 m o e o 5 a s w A m Q 8 : o a é d m fi 9 c o u E c b w o 8 o mt O 0 emm “h P RODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE 47

R o S IN GLE C OLU M N S ET TI N G C N . 8 v .

l ’ T B e e s e E . S . . Eli z a be th . 2 . . E . y ( ) Q 9 ( S . ) — 2 Bee thoven (Ludwig van. ) 17 70 18 7

’ Rudal l H A B eet h o en ( . . ) v . 90. M 103

Wor k s .

s d. m t ns r a n L i l . e Co po i io p ou p i o . ( ) Conce rt o s p o ur piano F de O era i lio . ( p ) So na t as fo r pi a nofort e Sym ph onies ’ ’ f r an o ol n a nd cell o . P eter s e Trio s o i i i dn. p , v , ( )

B ar h ee tl e . M s By R . Beetles

B r sh I l 8 3 W d m m on ti s l . E 1 o o (J. G ). Co i bee tl e . B egbie Fa ll o f th e c ur t a in EIIG7 ’

B . e rne L 28 Begum s for tune . y J V 1

m r m e nt n m Ed. B e nth a F a o o ve r n e nt . (J g g , ’

M nt a ue . 0 5 w th li e b F . 1 i C. o . 3 f , y g 9 1 Ben inck Lord William 1 4— 1 3 9 t ( , ) 7 7 8

r D B ent k R I K 48 9 B oul e C. inc . . g ( . ) ( . ) Ben le Ri hard 1662— 1 42 t y ( c , ) 7

e R B entl e E 1 6 bb L . D 6 J ( . C. ) y . ( . M . ) M — Ben ow sk ount A . de em oir and t r a els 4 C s 1 1. y y ( , ) v , 17 7 I Ad ventur e S er i es . G2 ll . 18 98 . ( ) 70 with no te an l ar b A a B owul . W Ed s d o ss . . tt e . . f g y, y J y 18 94 B B Wh itb 11 B e ue a th d. 15 4 q e y . y 9

L r - h M Ber e s or d o d C Br e a k u of C ina . 8 a s f ( . ) p 1 99. p . 0 13 9 — Be rin er C a nd Te x t boo k of a a in . 1 s 89 . g ( . J . s y g 7

Ill . E 328

’ 2 K E1izabeth . 9 . 8 Q. ? 48 PRODUCTION OF THE PRINTED CATALOGUE

S I N G L E CO LU M N Tw o S IZ ES L A RG ER — Beethoven Ludwi Van. 1770 18 27 ( g )

’ u all H A B ee M . R d . . th ov en 90. G ( ) . ( ) M 103

Wor k s .

i r L . d. Comp os ti ons p ou piano . ( i t e ) M 32 Concer t os p our pia no M 24 F eli o O era M 2 id . ( p ) 5 Sona ta s for piano fo rt e M 25 Sym ph oni es M26 ’ ’ r r ia i li ios fo no v o n a n ll . P e er s ed T d ce o t n . p , , ( ) M IDI

eetle B R Marsh . 111 88 B . y . 0 Beetles i h l om m n Brit s bee es . Ill . E 18 3 Wo od (J. G . ) C o t

Be i all of the curtain 11 16 gb e (H . ) F 7

’ ‘ B ern L 2SI Be u s fortune . . Ve g m y J r Benth am ( J Fr agment on gov e nment . ’ 1 153 9 . . 0 Ed wit life b . Monta ue . h F. C . , , y g Bentinck Lord William 1 4— 183 9 ( , ) 77 l 4 B ou er . . B en inck . R I . K 8 g (D C ) t ( . ) 9 r 1662— 1 42 Bentley (Richa d, ) 7

b . B l E . M . L . D 1 . 66 Je b (R C ) ent ey . ( )

w k ount A de Mem oirs and tra els Ben o s C . . y y ( ) v , 41— 1 l 1 A v ture er s G2 0 1 . I l . 8 98 . d en S i e 7 7 ( ) . 7 f h an lossar b A Beowul . Ed. wit notes d . . g y, y J tt 1 4 N3 9 a 89 . Wy . 1594 h ed. B B hitb . H eat W . Beq u y . y ‘ ’ - i 1 r Br f h na 899 . Beresford (L o d eak up o C . 013 9 M aps .

- in er an x t book of assa in . r d . . Te Be g (C. J J ) y g E3 28 l . 1897 . Il The next problem is the fou nts of type t o be employed ,

50 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGUE

for notes . In these very small founts it is advisable to omit one size where two founts occur together ; and as this may be the case where a note is appended to an entry under a subj ect - heading Brevier should not be used . Bourgeois will be found most suitable for the subj ect entries ; and Long

Primer or Small Pica for the ordinary entries . If these questions of setting and type can be decided before the catalogue entries are written , it will enable the cataloguer to avoid , to some extent at all events , unsightly turn overs , by ascertaining the average length of A lines . little care in counting the average number o f letters in the printed line and in the manuscript line , and comparing the two , will quickly enable the writer to know when W the line is turned hile , if the cataloguer writes evenly and always the same hand , and uses standard cards or slips , it will not be even necessary to count . Cards of the standard size , ruled TY P E FACES will make it still ea sier to gauge the length of line . But it mu st be remembered that the lines make the margins for entry and note , and additional margins should not be left . The face of the type should be carefully considered , not from the point of view of artistic beauty or from the individual taste of the compiler , but solely from the stand T point of utility . hat is , the type face most legible and restful to the eyes in the form of catalogue decided upon should be chosen . There is much more in the selection of a type face than is often supposed . The t e searches o f an eminent medical man pointed to the conclusion that much irre parable damage could be done to the eyes of children i — by compelling them to read books - school books and others — of unsuitable type faces

. and setting and spaces , While this is the ’ case with children s books , it is much more obj ectionable in the solid face of a page of A catalogue matter . series of type faces suitable for catalogue work will be found at A II the end of this volume , ppendix , which will be found of real assistance in deciding this difficult but important question . Undoubtedly the multiplicity of founts in catalogue work is of assistance in displaying the page . But it must be remembered e O that th co st is considerably increased . ne 52 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATALOGUE of the cheapest catalogues to be obtained is i n that which there are only two founts , with rare subj ect headings in a larger type . The i s type set by Monotype machines , a i matrix is taken of eight , s xteen or thirty two pages , and a rotary machine plate made from the matrix or cast . These plates are placed on the rotary T printing press and run o ff. his is assuming that not less t han copies of the cata logue are required . Rotary printing presses are complicated machines , taking in the paper from a roll several miles in length , and turning out the section at the other extremity printed , folded and counted ; when they are adj usted their work seems more than human l n its ingenuity but it takes some little time to adjust the machine , and this is seldom worth while for a run of less than and only then in catalogue work because there is probably a large num ber of sheets , or sections , identical in size and form . The adoption of this form of catalogue Pers nall l . o is simply a question of cost y, think the economy is dearly bought by the And sacrifice of type founts . not many libraries are able to dispose of two thousand copies of a catalogue before it becomes u f e i somewhat o t o date , Nev rtheless , it s PUNCTUATI ON

possible , on the lines laid down , to produce a catalogue at a price less than a third of the — cat al o ue where cost of an ordinary hand set g ,

five , six , or even seven founts are in use ; and even less than a Monotype - set catalogue with the same number (five , six , or seven) of founts , but printed on a Wharfedale machine for 750 or a thousand copies . T Take the line as a unit . here are found to be many points on which there is con siderable disagreement , or , at least , want of uniformity , more particularly between the — catalogues of public and non public libraries . T hese variations , insignificant in a single line , have great influence on the type page ; rendering it restful to the eye and well balanced , or harsh and broken , according to T the combination adopted . hey do not amount to much in the question of economy, but must be considered from the p oint of view of taste only . A few of the possible variations are shown in the lines printed below

li E A n n e a d C . B. Hurs . L aw of n k ee ers. J ( . .) J. t I p 1 904 x500 lf E e A. and Hu w of in k e e . r B. L a n e rs . J ( ) st (C . J. ) p 1 0 x 00 9 4. 5 eli A n nn E. d a C . B Hurs L w of i k e ers . a e . J , , J. . t . p 1 0 x 00 9 4. 5 eli E A n f in e 1 0 . . a B. L aw o nk e r . d Hurs C . e s J , , t, . J , p . 9 4 x500 A E. . elf and C B Hur e c . s t . ( ) J J. . t, 54 PRODUCTION OF THE PRI NTED CATALOGUE There are many more variations possible in the last the idea is to keep the margin line by the surna me , leaving the initials outside that imaginary line . But this is n early as wasteful as the practice adopted in some union catalogues of putting the numbers of the different copies of books in columns . The lack of economy in this respect will be apparent from the following lines :

e lf E . A . and C B. H urst e t c . C . x 0 0 D Y . J ( ) . J. , ( ) 5 ( ) 499

nk ins D 8 E. F e R. C . Cant e rbur C . x 0 0 Y J ( ) y. ( ) 5 ( ) 49 ( ) 9 e nk s E P a rliam e nt ar En land Y 8 0 J ( .) y g (C) 4

Th e page of this book is scarcely wide enough to show the whole drawback at t ached to this method of printing catalogues , but it may be expressed in the following way the waste is determined by the number ’ of libraries included in the union , and is equal to the difference between the smallest number of duplicates and the largest stock . Th e method of punctuation is closely allied to the appearance of the line unit already referred to , and should be decide d upon before the catalogue entries are written . This subj ect is sometimes dealt with in rules for the compilation of catalogues , but it falls quite as much into the sphere of the com S inst ruc positor , so much so , that if pecial tions are not given to follow copy in this respect , it is quite probable that what are PUNCTU ATI ON sometimes termed the rules of the offi ce will be followed . The punctuation of

straight copy , or narrative matter , is com parat iv ely simple when compared with that required for some of the complex catalogue work of the present time . Here are a few examples

i n B M rok n atua o b Mrs . . . C er I f t , y . a i n B Mrs B M Crok e l n a u o . . . r f t t y . .

The rules of grammar , or , of the unwritten ff law of the title page , have no e ect here ; the matter is one of taste and appearance only . An annotation giving a list of chapter headings , or of allied essays in a volume may be presented in several forms

l ndex lossar int roduct ion and arallel t ransla , g y, , p

t Il .

r ernmen Mili ar s m L w R li O Go v . s e . a . e , t t y y t

n Ar . gio . t Or T ele ra h : t ele hone : ar iller : t or edoes , g p y p t y p subm arines Sometimes the nature of the book will assist in the decision , but more often than not the matter must be decided upon other grounds . Subj ect headings may be followed by a point , by a dash , by a colon , or by a colon and a dash . 56 PRODUCTION OF THE PRINTED CATALOGUE One of the most disputed points is the punctuation of a divided title with the first part transposed , an example of which is the following

i h enes rom B T C H awat a Sc S. . . f , y , or , B T S. . C . Hiawa ha scenes rom . t , f y

The arguments for and against both of these are much too numerous and far too long , ranging as they do into the grammar and history of our language , to be given here . But when deciding , the appearance of the type page and the remaining punctuation must be kept 1n mind : obviously 1n some ca ses this method

Hiawatha Scenes rom b S T C . . f , y . . might lead to strange entries , while

n B Hiawatha sce es rom . T S. C , f y . .

may in other titles prove equally misleading . What has been already termed the un

v iz . written law of the title page , , that there shall be no punctuation , is now scarcely so binding as it was at one time , and in cata logue work punctuation must be supplied , as the ( l) thin line showing the line termi nati ons on the title are quite impossible m an ordinary H e . r lending library catalogue e , the only rule is to follow the sense of the title page ,

58 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE is in progress . Some nicety of j udgement is required in planning the work of proofing and preparing , so that the printer has always f plenty of copy in hand . It is not su ficient ‘ S to give him enough to go on with . uch a practice is demoralizing to the compositors , and a printer might justly obj ect to the par sim onious doling out of copy in small batches . And , as a rule , proof reading provides plenty of work in keeping up with the output . It may be taken as a golden rule , therefore , that the whole of the copy should be ready for the printer within a week after his receipt of the first batch . At about this time the T first galley proofs will be arriving . his part of the work is dealt with in a later chapter . ’ When sending copy , care should be taken to tie it up securely in bundles of T moderate and uniform Size . his remark F applies more particularly to cards . rom 300 to 500 of these form bundles of con v enient size . CHAPTER VI

EST I M AT I NG SPAC E AND C OST

T 18 almost impossible for the librarian t o i n estimate space catalogue printing , and , ffi of course , equally di cult or impossible to

. T estimate cost his refers to the total cost , not to cost per page , which is a comparatively easy matter to estimate . Nevertheless printers are frequently asked to tender for printing a T complete catalogue . his is neither more nor less than gambling on a guess . Either the printer quotes a high price to cover his risk , in which case the library loses on the transaction ; or a ridiculously low quotation is given , resulting in a loss to the printer .

Neither is fair trading . The risks the printer runs are many and enormous , the most important , probably , being the uncertainty in the number of pages an additional risk of less magnitude is that of odd leaves t e n quiri g to be tipped or pasted on . In a large edition this is a considerable item in the 59 60 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE

sum total of cost , the work requiring to be done by hand . Even where a quotation per page or sheet of sixteen or thirty - two pages is given , this latter risk still exists , and should be provided for . But these items will be better dealt with in the chapter on tenders and specifications .

In catalogues employing one or , at the outside , two founts , including italics of the same size , with occasional subj ect headings , it is more or less easy to estimate by taking the number of lines to the page and m easur The ing the copy of say two or three pages . technical method of estimating , interesting 1t 1s IS fi as , scarcely of suf cient importance to librarians or other catalogue makers to warrant its inclusion here . My obj ect is to warn the printer against some of the pitfalls prepared for him by the technical ignorance of catalogue makers , and to advise the cata logue maker against the preparation of these traps , as inevitably he will fall into the pit ’ he has digged . Unless the catalogue maker is so ingenious that he can devise an entirely new typo l n graphical form of catalogue , his best plan estimating roughly the s i ze of his own cata logue is to take as a standard a similar cata logue already produced . If he is not a new ’ one hand , and such a is scarcely likely to ENTRI ES P ER P AGE

a be producing catalogue , he knows the average number of entries he gives to a T book . his number , it may be two or three or even four for a dictionary or dictionary classified catalogue , should be used to mul t iply the number of books to be catalogued . This total will give the approximate number The of entries . number of entries per page should then be counted in the catalogue chosen as a model , for , say, eight pages , and The an average struck . division of the approximate number of entries divided by the average number of entries per page will give the probable number of pages in the proj ected catalogue . When there are nu me rous type founts to be used for annotations of very varying lengths , the number of pages to be counted for the average number of entries per page should be increased to twelve or sixteen , and an allowance made for long runs of the smaller founts , such as for magazine contents . As a annotations are a v rying quantity, it is impossible to give the number of lines per page , where the notes , contents , etc . , are in It 18 smaller founts . only fair to the printer that a just sample of copy should be shown him . I have known cases where , under a mistaken idea that the printer would be ’ o bested , false impressions f the propor 62 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRI NTED CATAL OGUE t ionat e quantities of small types have been T given . he fallac y of this idea can be readily demonstrated . Th e specification provides , no doubt , for the insertion of some small type , viva voce the smart man described the annotations as ‘ just a few in number . But when the catalogue is t hat t here printed it transpires . are large quantities of small type on every page . If ffi the catalogue is su ciently large , and most library catalogues usually are , the printer asks for an extra payment on account of T deviation from the contract . his charge might be j ustly , and probably will be , larger than it would have been if the Specification had b een a fair one . It may be refused . In that case a measurement of the lines of T type founts may have to be made . his may take weeks of work , according to the class of catalogue and the skill of the counter . It was my lot on one occasion to count the r lines of type in a la ge catalogue , when the — printers were not in the right . Not having the necessary gauges , the work was almost interminable , as the founts were small , and followed in size without the omission of one

Size between each two . If it should be ‘ found , as it will be in the case of the faked ’ S pecification , that the proportion of smalls i s x i s of i c e cess ve , the co t th s ounting will SP ACE have to be borne in addition to the payment for the type itself . I t is true the contract may have been so artfully drawn that this is covered and the printer rendered impotent so far as his agreement is concerned . But it would not be a diffi cult matter to get such a contract , obviously iniquitous , set ‘ ’ And aside . while the printer or printers

firm might have nothing to lose , it is other in wise with the library , where , municipal libraries at all events , it is a maxim early inculcated to avoid the law— even in the — person of the policeman and , where litiga tion is unavoidable , to have a clear case . Most of this is the result of experience in business , on both sides of the library w alls the moral is to play a fair game with the printer , and if he is a reputable man he will deal fairly with you . So far I have dealt with the estimating S : of pace cost , although closely allied in S theory to pace , is not always so in practice . T enders in printing , as in everything else , are found to vary considerably . But unlike many other branches of work , there is often good reason for those variations in price .

Obviously it is impossible to give any prices , or even ideas of prices , here . Not only does the cost of production change with t — regard to ma erials paper , ink , metal , 64 t PRODUCTION OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE boards — but the price of labour undergoes occasional alterations : an increase in the price of fuel , remote as it may seem at the ff first glance , may e ect a change in price . I n all these departments there is room for considerable differences in purchasing by pr1nt ers . Another important factor in fixing prices is the method of working in the Sh0p ; the quantity and the quality of the machinery in use ; rent ; rates , and many other con dit ions all aid in determining the tendered prices while the amount of work in hand may also have some effect ” in determining the cost . The introduction of machine setting , which will be dealt with fully in the chapter on the Monotype casting machine , has brought about a great reduction in the cost of catalogue production . In one case , where estimates were obtained for the same cata logue from several firms for hand - setting ff and Monotype setting , the di erence was nearly 50 per cent . in favour of the latter .

Under certain conditions , such as those described in the account of a cheap cata logue in the previous chapter , the rotary printing press has also a great effect in t e ducing the price of catalogue printing . I i f it s essential , however , to obtain some

CHAPTER VI I

’ T O T H E P RI NTER S ADDRESS

HIS chapter is by way of being a Short

aside to the printer , a private whisper for him only .

Undoubtedly, my dear sir , there are some catalogue makers who try to be Sharp in B t their dealings with the printer . u most of the funny things you see in librarians ’ Specifications and schedules are due to ignorance . I have perpetrated them , and S so speak from knowledge . uch ignorance of technical terms and methods is pardonable

- I in the non technical man , when printers have met do not know what a type setting i i machine is or does , and are qu te gnorant A d on all questions relating to binding . n after all , you know , no doubt , that catalogue work for public libraries differs very much from book work, newspaper work, and from tabular work as well . It is a class of work d apart . What the librarian knows vou o 66 SUBMITTI NG TE ND ERS not ; and so v i ce v ersa may be said to be quid pro quo in this respect . When you find something you do not understand , or even clauses you know to be impossible of fulfilment in a library speci ficat ion s ecificat ion— , do not revise the p you B might j ust as well save the postage . y the common rules governing the acceptance of tenders by public bodies , your tender , submitted on a specification revised by you in the way you think it Should have been drawn , will not be considered .

Write , and ask for an interpretation of u the terms or clause . Yo may tentatively suggest that a new form of specification might be advisable , but do not press it . You yourself may not know everything , and technical terms hav e been known to differ in different parts of the British Isles . I once had two tradesmen disputing over an enormous doormat , as to whether or not it was prison made . Both agreed that there were certain signs inherent in prison made F mats , but rom this it may be in ferred , as I have actually found it to be , that even printers cannot agree . 13 It not quite safe either to quote , in the i way it is possible to quote , pr ces , with a loophole for unauthorized extras . Builders s estim t t s ometimes a e on extras , and prin er 68 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E PR INTE D CATA L OGUE

— of a certain class— estimate to get their whole profit out of illicit corrections . I am sure you will find it better to state clearly your charge for corrections— there may be a practical printer on the committee of the o n library , or the Local Council

If yours should be the successful tender , Sir i remember, my dear , that the librar an is like the corn between the upper and the nether millstones , of which you are the one and his committee the embodiment of e the other . Th specification having been accepted cannot be varied or deviated from without raising a dark cloud of local pas ff sions and prejudices , which will e ectually prevent the sun of popular favour from ff shining upon the unfortunate o icial . T his class of work, as you may have gathered from the book if you have read so P far , is a very large one . robably more than fifty thousand pounds are spent an nually by public library and museum au tho rit ies on catalogue and similar printing ; how much more is expended by private and semi - public institution s it is impossible to say ; while not even the wildest guess can be made as to the expenditure of booksellers in and publishers , and business houses general .

he S n art icua T work is pecial i character, p TE NDERS larl 1n y the case of public library catalogues , and endless econo mies in t i me and money might be effected by a careful study of the Y u i . o S r subj ect , , have probably given no particular attention to it , largely because so little of it has hitherto come your way . This is probably due to the fact that there is no recognized medium for advertising for tenders of this description , beyond that T of the local papers . here are , however , comparatively few ‘ local ’ firms capable of handling a large catalogue efficiently a nd economically . CHAPTER VIII

C O RRECT I O NS 2 W HAT T H EY ARE A ND H O W T H EY ARE C H ARGED FO R ROBABLY corrections cause more dis agreement between the printer and his clients than anything else in connexion T with the production of a catalogue . his

Should not be so . But like most other causes of discontent , it is due to the ignorance of the librarian , and the knowledge that certain unscrupulous firms have iniquitous methods of calculating corrections and charg ing for them . There are several methods of charging for corrections , but let it be said at once that the most equitable plan is to have them charged for at so much an hour for the time

. T S employed his hould be rendered at once , and in the event of any serious dispute the printer ’ s tim e sheets should be open for in

Spe c tion . It is sometimes thought that the charge Should be the amount paid to the 70 CORRECTI ONS

’ workman , but a moment s reflection will

Show how absurd an idea this is . Very frequently there is no provision in the contract for corrections and their pay ment , because the librarian , with an angelic i belief in his own infallib lity, says there will be none beyond those of the compositor . T S his is imply courting disputes , as the catalogue has not yet been compiled in which some corrections were not necessary in proof .

Corrections in revised , or page proofs , are always to be avoided , because they cause a much greater disarrangement of the type , the insertion or deletion of an additional entry sometimes necessitating alterations in several pages . In first , or galley proof, the correction begins and ends with itself . From this it is obvious that a galley proof should always be provided for in catalogue 1t 13 ust ifica work , where possible by the j tion of several lines to ease off an addition . I t will be readily seen that a line in a book of straight matter may be easily worked off i n in a page or two but a catalogue , where broken entries are to be avoided as far as it possible , may be necessary to go over several pages before the entries may be satisfactorily adjusted . I have known cases where no charges fo r 7 2 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGUE corrections of any kind have been allowed for , but this is another species of gamble Similar to that described in a previous chap ter . Where the manuscript of the compiler

- is well known to the printer , the allowance for this might be estimated with comparative closeness ; but this knowledge cannot be possessed by all the printers who may tender for the work , and those who do not possess A d it are seriously handicapped . n the knowledge that his competitors will be obliged to put on a high percentage to cover this risk will enable the man who has the knowledge to increase his price proportion ately : in this way the client — in this case the librarian or his committee — militates against either a low tender or a just tender .

In printing , as in everything else , it is more satisfactory to pay for what one purchases and to know what one obtains . It must be understood that these remarks apply to catalogue work and to either open tenders or to tenders invited from a reason o f able number printers , and not to those cases where the work is given to one man

' without competitive tenders of any kind . An idea much more common than might be reasonably supposed is that entries al ‘ ready Set up may be deleted with im punity from the proof . Let me elucidate

7 4 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E PRI NTED CATAL OGUE

proof with the first page proof, and the first page proof with the second revise , this is duplicate copy not essential . In correcting l t 1s usual for one to read from the copy and another to make the necessary corrections in the proof the one with the greater Skill doing the latter . T his depends , to some extent at all events , P on individual circumstances . ersonally, ’ when I have written the Stuff myself I ‘ ’ The generally dispense with a reader . reader helps to ensure that the proof agrees with the copy, but makes it less likely that ’ errors in the copy will be spotted . Where a reader is employed , the assistant with the clearest and most rapid enunciation T should be put on to the work . here is , to my mind , nothing more annoying in the whole of the work connected with the cata logue than , when racing time , to have to follow the Slow and halting Speech of a ’ And reader . when correcting it is as well to stop the reader as seldom as possible . After some little practice it will be found easy to make all the simple corrections on the way When a junior I have frequently S x read for five or i hours at a stretch , stopping only to take coffee ; if I had been obliged to stop after every few lines for corrections the (literally) j aw —ache would have been so MARK ING P ROOFS intense that I should have been unable to continue so long . It must be remembered that in a library this work is only occasional , and that it never continues long enough for any one to get thoroughly inured to

1t .

There are certain well - known marks or symbols used in correcting proof which it is in well to follow . Original marks , quite t elli ible g to the amateur who makes them , are obscure or misleading to the printer , and should be avoided . If anything arises outside the scope of the symbols given below , the instructions should be clearly written in full . These signs are quite well known to those who have had much to do with printers , ’ — but I am indebted to Mr . Jacobi s well known ’ book on printing and to Mr . Hitchcock s useful work on The Building of a Book for the list of them , although neither of these has been followed in the manner of presenting them to the reader .

In the table following , the first column gives a description of the desired alteration . They are given in the order in which they are most frequently required in catalogue work . In connexion with this , reference Should be made to the markings given in the chapter on preparing the copy . 76 ITKHNKH HON OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGU E

C O RRECT I O N M ARKS .

Comm a t o be insert ed

Point or ull s o t o be insert ed or t o re f t p , place a co mma o r o t her m ark Parent hesis t o be insert ed

Brack et

I t alics t o be substit ut ed for som e ot her fount

Note : It is usual t o underline t he w o rd t o be chan ed g .

Roman t e t o be subst it ut ed o m yp r .

Clarendon t e t o be subs it ut ed yp t .

No t e It is usual t o underline t he

word t o be chan ed wit h a w a in g vy l e .

Sm all ca it als t o be subst i ut ed e o m r s . ca . p t s . . p

Ca i al let t ers t o be used a p t c ps .

Bre ie our i a h wn r B eo s e c . re s o b Bre Bour . v t v . , g , , y , ,

et c .

m ll le r u i u d l o l w r S a t t e s t o be s bs t e . c . r o e t t , case

To remo ve or t o t ak e o ut o r t o dele t e , , 3)

l t er fi ur Wron le t er i . e a r t . et or e om a g , g f different fount to be alt ere d wro ng fount Co rrect i on w rongly m ade ; t he o riginal t o rem ain St e t .

No t e It is usual t o put a ro w o f dots b nea h t he w ord e t .

Bad le t er or fi ure t o be remo ed b l v . . or t g , X CORRECTI ON MARKS

Quo t at ion m arks o r superio r lett ers t o be inserted

Line t o be indent ed or set in beneath t he one above it

Not e Technically t his sho uldbe set in o ne em but in cat alo ue work it is , g underst o od t o stand for t he indenta io n a reed u on t g p .

L e er u side down or urned tt p , t

Space t o be insert ed or increased

be t rans d T ns o r s L et t ers et c . t o ose ra t r , , p . .

L et t ers out o f alignment below or abo ve t he line

Space t o be reduced

Space t o be t ak en out altogether Black line of a quadrat Show ing k nock ed down

New line t o be commenced New ar o r p ,

n . . o r If p ,

New line which should have follow ed

h recedin one t e p g run 011 .

Crook ed lines

Bad Spacing t o be equalized Margin line uneven

L e t er t o be inser ed t t .

L eaders t o be insert ed

Selec t ed cat alogue ent ries t o Show t he applicat io n of t hese mark s o r sym bols are given in t he following pages 7 8 P RODU CTI ON OF TH E PRI NTED CATAL OGU E

A PA G E O F ERRO RS .

Gaboriau E Honor of the nam e France ( ) , ( L ouis XVIII i h dff M r E L . Vo n B s. . c G a y. y y

G ainsborou h Thom as g ( ,)

ld M r B. insbo ou h Arno (G . . ) G a g

Gas.

M[urdoch (A Century o f gas

Sk et ch of he in en o r t v t .

rri er M l Ga eless Ba . B L a et 6 t y . 11 1 0 1

ero ck s B M in — Gav . S. . Bar ld G o u . 116 0 y g . 8 i ’ r N M . G ear S W. . L aw er s wi e 11 2 0 2 y ( ) y f . 3

i las B A . L e G l B . . Sa e 3 g . 11987

se D 10 6 ile Chi e lit eratur e. G s (H . n

M archant i rl ca i e B B. G pt v s. y

M Frem an ers B . E. W. H I 60 G iv . y 8

i s A 1 o r . L eo G o re (0 ) Body f Ch t . 7 5 the G r eat A2 9 1

Con r e e D 00 Gosse (E. ) g v 2 CO RR EC‘TIO N MA RK S

M ARKED FO R C O RRECT I O N .

oria Hono r of F Ga u E. b ( ) th e name%( rance . 0 Louis xvnn m .

fl 0 Gad . B E L . Vo ni ch 111 Ma t . y y . y 53

G ainsborouh Thomas 9 Cap g ( , )

l r w d M . ainsb ou h F A o G. . B G 8 D K rn ( ) f g 3 1 m

G as. 020 ” [3 J Century of gas / l et ch of th e El JA ,W . ) J a l er Malet 11 1 6 e B L . 1 G t ess . y 0

ero k s B rin Gav c . s. Ba y M. g 97 ’ ir W aw N. . L er e 11 Ge r S . M s wi 2 0 2 w a y( ) y f . 3 l Gil B as. I A. . Le Sa e . 8 8 ? 3 g A 9 7 ” ile Chi e li terature. G s (H. n M K ) Marchant B B. G l rk i pti ves y A 6 F man 11 1 60 . . r 8 B M . E W Givers. y q I 8 0 P RODU CTI ON OF TH E P R I NTED CAT A L OGUE

E T H C O RRECT ED PA C E.

G o r ab i E. H n r h n m Fr n au ( ) o o of t e a e . ( a ce L ouis XVIII)

Ga d l B i h M r . E. L . n c . V f y y s oy

G AI NSB O ROUG H (Thom as)

A d i r h M B. n bo ou rn l G . G o ( . ) a s g

Gas.

M [urdo ch](A ) Century o f gas

k e h o f the in e n S tc v t or . i B r L . M ale 1 Gat eless bar er . y t 11 10 6

' r i - d G c B S. Bar n G ul av e o k s. y g o 11680

’ G ear i H S r W. N M L aw r i e . 2 0 2 y ( . ) ye s w f 3

Gil B H B A . R. L a 8 las. y e S ge 9 7 i G le H A . Chinese lit era ure D 1 0 6 s ( . ) t

i h L G r c i B B. M arc an l apt ves. y t 433

i r H B M . E. . Fre m an 6O G ve s. y W e I S

Bo d f Christ A G o re (C. ) y o 1 7 5

L eo the G reat A2 9 1

n r 1 Go sse (E. ) Co g eve D2 00

CHAPTER IX

O BTAINI NG ADVERT I SEM ENT S

DVERTISEMENTS or no advertise P ments . is a more pathetic question with most library committees contemplating the publication of a catalogue , than even “ ” The the famous soliloquy in Hamlet . desire for the revenue to be derived from this source usually overcomes the sense of dignity and fastidious good taste . There is no doubt that a catalogue looks more scient ific— ponderous , and more and for that reason more repellent to the average — borrower without advertisements . I f the library can afford to ignore advertisement revenue , the subj ect does not need lengthy discussion : but is there such a library in 3 A Of this country nother point View , how

of . ever , is the waste a good medium Library publications , whether bookmarks , guides , or niat ch ed c atalogues , are scarcely to be for their excellence as distributing agen ts o f 8 2 ADVERTI SEMENT CANV ASS I NG advertising material : and it is doubtful if the refusal to accept advertisements could be defended successfully in the interests of T public economy . hat this is the view generally adopted is evident from the large and increasing number of library authorities inserting advertisements in one or more of their publications . In some cases a certain amount of opposition is to be met with from local papers , but this is nothing more ’ than good business , and will be found to exist between one paper and another . All advertisements Should be subj ect to A approval . pproval must not be withheld except in rare and extreme cases ; but the existence of the power to disapprove will be found su fficient to prevent any unsuitable advertisements being received . If the library committee decides to insert advertisements in its catalogue or other pub licat ions , the next point to be considered Ob is , how are the advertisements to be t ained One method of canvassing is to undertake the work direct , the librarian or his assistants T going out themselves . here are numer ous obj ections to this : the work is not pleasant but undoubtedly the most serious obj ection is the inability of the average I librarian to accomplish it successfully . t 8 4 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGUE is true the whole of the proceeds may be rec eived for the benefit of the library funds s in this way , although it is rea onable on the part of the librarian to expect at least 1 0 per cent . commission on the receipts , but except in almost unique cases the receipts will be found much less than they would have been if the canvassing had been

, A entrusted to an experienced agent . gain , unless the librarian is extremely facile , well known , and popular , the enormous loss of time entailed in canvassing the whole of the town can be scarcely compensated for by the receipts . But , in the event of this method being adopted in spite of the pre i a ceding warn ngs , few hints may be found useful .

Do not make the prices too high . I have been asked on several occasions What ought I to charge ? Everything depends upon A T . local conditions . here is no rule village with one store cannot expect to get any advertisements except by way of charity . While it does not follow that a town twi ce the Size of another could double the price The Of per page . radius of influence both the tradesman and the advertising medium are factors of the utmost i mportance . It is a si ne qua non in securi ng advertise ments that the most likely customer should

86 PRODU CTI ON OF THE PRINTED CATALOGU E

Th e nex t plan is to engage a local can Th e vasser . one point in favour of this is that he knows the local tradesmen and the A likely clients . gainst it , however , are several O Of bj ections , any one them in my opinion and from my experience more than sufficient to counterbalance it if they are known to x F Of e ist . irst of all , he is quite ignorant the points in favour of library advertising S ff the work is of a pecial kind , di ering con siderably from newspaper canvassing or can v assin m g for local church and other agazines , where the net circulation is the great thing . — l br In library advertising public, i ary, at all events — the gross circulation is the more A important factor . thousand catalogues m a y be , and probably will be , used five A hundred thousand times . bookmark may be issued in a book a dozen times before it becomes too dirty to be used again and on each issue it may be used by the same borrower as many as twenty times . Without taking into consideration the number of times it is likely to be used by other members of obv i ous t hese the family , it is two multiples give enormous gross circulations . Th e local canvasser is either something S else , filling in his pare time as an agent . on commission ; or he i s a canvasser with 1S quite a lot of other work or, he no good , A NVA E TH E C SS R in which case we need not consider him i further . If he fulfils the first descr ption use because e he is not of much , spar time and odd moments are not wanted in can ‘ ’ v assing for ads . for a catalogue . If he falls into the second category, the work will The not be of much use to him . canvassing he already does is constant , or at all events A frequently recurrent . dvertisers , it must onl a be remembered , have y certain amount of money to lay out : and it is scarcely human to expect him to push the catalogue at the expense of the work paying him best . I can perhaps best illustrate this by men t ioning a case within my own knowledge in which three local canvassers were put on the j ob , one after another , without securing one order ; the particular medium yielded ,

6 . ultimately , J£7 From the foregoing it will be seen that S library advertising is pecial work , requiring S pecial knowledge and training to conduct it . There is not enough work in any library to keep one canvasser going all the time but a number of libraries provide scope for T several canvassers . hese conditions have resulted in the genesis and exodus of the A Library dvertisement Contractor . The contractor takes over the whole of the business connected with the advertise 8 8 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E PRINTED CATAL OGUE

a s ments . Cont r cts vary with local condition r t n j ust as much as , if not mo e ha , prices vary in different localities. When looking at the conditions of these contracts it must be remembered that the contractor has I heavy expenses . I mention this because have often heard it expressed that the con tractor must make enormous profit s . While S the best bargain possible hould be secured , it is obvious that the contractor is not in business simply for the amusement it a ffords him . T o sum up . Circumstances may make it preferable to adopt e ither of the three plans

v iz . outlined , by handling the matter per sonally ; by engaging a local canvasser by contracting on fixed terms . If either of the two first are adopted and fail , the proj ect , ff in most instances , is e ectively killed for the time being . The disposition of the advertisements will be dealt with in the chapter on making ’ up , and other chapters deal with paper , illustrations , etc .

90 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E PR I NTED CATALOGUE

’ ‘ e n o o —o n exc lle t f ll w , as it is termed in advertising circles , is a leaflet describing the uses and methods of the catalogue . It is necessary to provide catalogues for use at the counters , but if there are any copies Of a previous edition , use them rather than copies of the new edition — with a bold notice on the cover of each that the new catalogue may be Obtained at such and such a price . Most of the tradesmen with whom the library deals will be willing to display notices , and even in some cases to take Copies of the ’ catalogue on sale or return . By this method , not only the catalogue is advertised , The but the library itself . local papers are , as a rule , anxious to give a review of the ’ catalogue , and small ads . can be generally inserted at a uniform rate of Sixpence a week . As the catalogue becomes obsolete , or

- of- out date , the price should be reduced ; and in estimating the stock year by year , something Should be written Off on account e of this depreciation . It is not a good pra tice to reduce the price Of the catalogue l with a f are of trumpets , metaphorically speaking , as a draper announces his sale in The the autumn . best method is to include the supplementary catalogue or guide in the T price to new purchasers . hat is , if the S l original price of the catalogue is one hil ing, PRI CE OF TH E CATALOGUE

and , at the end of the year a list of additions is issued at , say , twopence , purchasers of the catalogue should receive both for their il O f S . h ling In other words , the issue the list of additions should be made the means of advertising the first catalogue . Th e price at which the catalogue should be sold is invariably a question of much soul T stirring discussion . his depends some

Of i . e . what upon the nature the district , , i Of the poverty or r ches the borrowers , and upon the condition of the finances of the library . Under no circumstances , however , l can the cata ogue be sold at the prime cost , AS if the sales are expected to be large . it is with most other goods , low prices mean A d larger sales . n it may be very generally accepted that a shilling is th e maximum price l at which the cata ogue is likely to sell at all . S ixpence is the usual minimum , and nine pence a very good average . Curiously S u enough , the ize of the catalog e has com parat iv ely little bearing upon this question The of price . small catalogue of a small l library sel s at threepence , not because it S does not look ixpennyworth , but because the borrowers are few in number or poor in pocket ; if they were not one or the other , or both , the library would be neither small nor unimportant . 92 PRODUCTION OF TH E PR I NTED CATAL OGUE

The Size of the edition to be printed has The considerable bearing upon the price . Of larger the number , the less the cost each c opy becomes , until an irreducible minimum : is arrived at but , if the large edition cannot be sold or disposed of in some way , the large cheap edition becomes more costly than the small dear one . In spite of this apparent fi t he dif culty , real determining factor is the number Of Copies the whole of the b orrowers are likely to absorb either by way of pur I chases Or by use at the counters . n other O f words , the whole total borrowers represents a very much smaller number of homes , and it is unlikely that two copies will be required in a single home . It is impossible to lay down any rules for ascertaining the propor Of t he tion homes to borrowers , as in poorer districts this proportion is very much smaller S than in the well to do localities . ales of the general catalogue amongst j uvenile

- readers may be said to be non existent . An approximate idea of the possible sales may be gained from the number of rate ’ payers tickets in circulation . In a middle class neighbourhood , it will take , as a general rule , five years to dispose of as many copies as there are borrowing ratepayers .

If, therefore , it is considered that the cata logue will be out of date before the expira

9 4 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGUE

library to the notice of residents . These are so numerous , however , that it is impossible to describe them all here enough has been S S written to how the cope in this direction . To make the catalogue a source of rev enue , or at all events , to prevent it becoming a charge on the funds of th e s ine ua non library , it is a q that advertise ments be taken . But it is not possible to Obtain sufficient advertisements to pay : for all catalogues in fact , it is doubt ful if in any case advertisements have been secured in sufficient numbers to pay the whole charges of even a small catalogue . The crown 8v o catalogue is more re muner adv er ative than the larger sizes , because an tiser takes a page or half page ; while the cost of printing , etc . , is considerably less in the smaller si ze and the number of pages available much larger ; the advertiser is willing to pay almost as inu ch for the smaller as for the larger page the great idea is that r ec it is a whole page . If the course o m mended in an earlier chapter of sub — letting the advertising is resorted to , the amount to be paid for the catalogue is a known and fixed quantity ; and against it must be placed the selling price of the whole edition . The fact that a large numb er of copies will be worn out in public c ounte r use withou t COU NTE R COP I ES bringing any monetary return must not be The taken into consideration here . cost of these counter copies should be carried to the u general fund , and cannot fairly be ded cted from the catalogue account . In a catalogue that is to be a revenue producer , great attention must be paid to economy in style and printing . I have before me two cases in the one the price 1 per page is in the other it is 35 . It is true the one is Slightly larger than the other but most of the larger sum is due to the difference in style . Under these circum

it - stances is easily seen that hand set type , — linen thread , hand sewing and several other

- high class features of a similar nature , will so increase the prime cost Of the catalogue that it would be quite impossible to prevent the sale of each copy becoming a loss to the library . If the catalogue is cast and set by Mono e S t machine , the annual rent charge hould be carried to the cost of the second edition , and not added to that of the first . CHAPTER XI

M AKI N G U P AND T H E CO VER

HE arrangement and numbering of the

pages , making up as it is termed , is one of the most difficult Operations in the publication of a book catalogue . If the advertisements are printed on a different kind of paper for the sake of the advertisers ’ f be blocks , it becomes still more dif icult , cause there are then two sections to be made T . he up body of the catalogue , composed Of the catalogue entries , is not elastic to any

The . extent . rest is The obj ect in View , the principal obj ect S at all events , is to keep the work in heets or d dd O . half sheets , avoi ing leaves or pages Odd Where these pages occur naturally, they may be prevented in a variety of ways . For instance , if the back of the title has been l O f fi le ft b ank, the list committee and of cers may be transferred to reduce the total by one if that Should be desirable if it is meces 96

9 8 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E PRI NTED CATAL OGUE

’ I f the advertisements have been let out , the librarian is relieved of all worry and anxiety . If this is not the case , however , some clear ideas regarding the number of pages likely to be let Should be obtained S beforehand . uppose for a moment that the advertisements are to be printed on a form of plate paper : If thirty—two pages have been let , it would be a , mistake to take a thirty - third page unless there is some prospect of increasing the number to thirty

Six . It then becomes a calculation of the difference between the cost of the odd page and a blank and the amount to be received for the advertisement . Other questions enter very much into the

- u make p , even after the number of pages has been straightened out ; amongst them the T balance of appearance . his , of course , refers l to the advertisements . It wil be found , where there is any large number of them , that the advertisements divide themselves some what evenly into two classes . those relying ff upon typographical e ect for their display , and those m which blocks are the prominent The feature . course to be recommended 13 a to arrange these lternately as far as possible , a type page facing a block page . In this way both advertisements receive their full display value the balance of the open pa ge ( ‘ATAL OGU E COVE R

is maintained ; and the general evenness of

the book is preserved . I f the question of

economy is not too pressing , a few blanks ,

on the back of the title , for instance , greatly improve the general appearance of the cata logue and the effect of the advertisement The paper . plan of separate plate paper for advertisements should be avoided if possible not only on account of cost and inc onv e ni ence , but because it limits the number of the more valuable positions facing matter , and whatever method is adopted of securing advertisements , will reduce the receipts from them . The cover of the catalogue rarely receives F the attention it deserves . requently it is a duplicate of the title page , which may be an S S unattractive one . ometimes light differ me e es are made in the type setting , but while this serves to increase the cost , it has no ff E e ect on the appearance . ven the colour is chosen from some personal predilection o f the librarian , without any reference to either appearance or usefulness The result all too frequently is that the catalogue looks repellent when new , and , readily showing dirt , continues to be repellent even when old . The cover may be made either ornamental T . he or useful , or both reduced illustration , the the facing the title page , of cover of 100 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATALOGUE

Gravesend Library catalogue serves to Show how the usual type description may be effect T t iv el . y varied his is a line drawing , photo graphed and printed on grey paper with a Th e rough surface by line block block , a line block it must be remembered , will cost a few shillings only , at the same time saving the The setting . cost may be defrayed by the introduction of an advertisement , as has been the case here . Not only is this cover decor ative , when used in large size on the paper described , but it serves to locate the build ing in the minds of those who see the cata A logue . nother useful form of cover is a street map of the roads leading to the library building . Th e cover to be effective should be de signed on bold lines and executed in a strik The ing manner . two forms mentioned may be combined by making a central illus t rat ion of the library building with a few of the main streets leading to it . Merely allegorical and florid decorative designs

- should be avoided , and small half tone nec es block illustrations , which must be saril undesir y printed on smooth paper , are b able if anything better can e obtain ed,

102 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGUE

depends upon the machining , that the only satisfactory plan in selecting a paper is to T resort to samples . his may be done by submitting a sample to the printer to match , a plan I personally do not altogether agree with ; or by asking for samples from the printer on lines suggested . If the latter course is adopted , the choice of samples may be limited considerably by specifying that ’ the paper is to contain no mechanical wood .

Mechanical wood pulp is cheap , but it is Th nasty too . e thickness to which the catalogue is expected to bulk may be given , and by giving a less thickness than that — occupied by feather weight paper , this obj ectionable feature of modern book pro The duction may be eliminated also . choice may be still further reduced by stating that the paper is not to contain clay , or minerals for producing a surface , or that this must not be present in larger quantity than I O per

A a - . rt er fo r cent p p . half tone blocks in the advertisements — if it is felt to be necessary ‘ ’ T ‘ ’ must contain this loading . hese don ts in the selection of paper will enable the printer to submit a fai rly good paper at a s l reasonable price , but the choice of amp es S adv is is till very wide , and it is still further if able , you possess it , to give the printer a clear idea of what you want . This is all the P AP E R more necessary as you may have all the printers entering tendering for different a ers with p p , the result that the lowest price C might not be the heapest , on account of the T poor quality of the paper to be used . here t is less risk of this , however , if the prin ers are requested to send in three samples , P stating the weight of each . aper is sold by weight , at prices varying from twopence to S ixpence a pound , in qualities and weights suitable for catalogue work . It is obvious from this great range of price that some fairly close guide must be given to the printer i when tendering , and it is qu te possible to provide for a paper at a gi ven price i n the specification , the selection of the actual paper to be made from samples at that price after the acceptance of the tender . It is somewhat easier to choose and Specify a binding , because one is better able to say, ‘ ’ this or that is wanted . Now , what is ? You wanted may select wire stabbing ,

e . i . stitching with wire staples right through the catalogue from back to front , as in

: i . e . magazine work or , wire stitching , stitching with thinner wire through each : section on to tapes or webbing or , yet again , you may have the sections sewn by

- machine with thread . Hand sewing is an extravagance scarcely defensible in catalogue 104 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E PR I NTED CAT AL OGUE

work for an ordinary lending library . These are mentioned in the order of their cost . Th e wire , whether for stabbing or stitching ,

- should be described as non corrosive . With a respectable firm of printers it is sufficient to . qualify the thread used as of good ’ quality .

In this , as well as in all other chapters , I am taking it as accepted that the printer is to undertake the whole contract . It is possible , but so unsatisfactory from a library catalogue point Of View that I do not care to go into details , to buy the paper , and send it S to the printer , and to receive the heets and send them to a selected binder . The number of staples to be used must be T specified . hese vary according to the size 8v o of the catalogue two for crown , three for demy may be sufficient for cheap I work . n wire stitching and thread sewing the number of tapes and the nature of the S E fabric hould be Stated . xcept for heavy catalogues bound in whole cloth , or per S manent catalogues of pecial collections , For tapes are unnecessary . catalogues of value best flexible glue Should be specified ; for ordinary work , where price is one of the ffi most important considerations , it is su cient to mention glue of good quality, while T for very light work paste is sufficient . hese

106 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E PRI NTED CATALOGUE

P ffi for demy . aste boards are su cient for the quarter cloth , but for whole cloth bind ing Straw board of sufficient thickness should be provided for . Care , at least equal to that ex er used in the choice of paper , should be c e d is in the selection Of a suitable cloth . Th e librarian , more than any one else , must divest himself of his ingrained ideas regarding the binding of the permanent stock of his librar y in c onnex ion ' wit h cata Fo r logue work . ordinary purposes a very much lighter material is not only advisable but frequently essential . It requires some little acumen to appr e ciate the difference between a sample of book cloth in the hand and the same cloth on A d the cover . n the word of warning may be — repeated choose a light Cloth . Large cata lo ues g , of course , will require thicker boards

F . and heavier cloth . rom this it will be gathered that everything depends upon the size . Hard and fast rules cannot be given .

Not only do tastes vary , but each catalogue issued is surrounded by its own set of special

' AS circumstances . a rough means of guid m a ance , however , it y be said that quarter su fli cient l o cloth and boards is a y go d and 0 strong binding for anything up to 35 pages ,

2 . and about lb in weight , of a temporary nature . PERMANENT COP I ES

If the library committee , or other author ity , is able to incur the expense of a cloth binding , it appears likely that they can afford t e a block for the cover . If this is so , the marks regarding the decorative cover in the preceding chapter are applicable here . When a cloth cover is provided for it is as well to remember that ink printing is cheaper than t gold blocking , and on cer ain colours , much more effective . Large catalogues and those bound in good cloth covers Should be wrappered in paper covers , to improve the general appearance and to preserve them while in store . A C Six few opies , say , or a dozen , may be in bound leather by the library , or other binder , for permanent preservation in the library two of these may be interleaved for additions to the stock . It is not advisable , however , to bind counter copies strongly , as the leaves so soon get dirty with public use . CHAPTER Xl II

SP EC I FI CAT I O NS TENDERS AND C O NT RACTS , ,

RAWING up specifications working

out tenders , and completing the arrangements for contracts , are amongst the most difficult problems of catalogue pro duction in connexion with public inst it u tions . Often the librarian , and the curator , has not sufficient intimate knowledge of the printing and allied trades to guard against pitfalls and the printers tendering cannot be expected to know what was in the mind of the man who drew the specification , and e ven if they were to attempt to guess the o f meaning an obscure passage , they might , as I have already pointed out , be debarring themselves from participation in the compe n tition . If the te ders are invited there is a i susp cion of favouritism , which , if there happen to be local tradesmen on the com mit t e e o or c rporation , is generally l ”loudly voiced . Whi e , if the tenders are 108

110 P RODUCTI O N OF TH E PRINTED CATAL OGUE

S hows the librarian what it looks like , and any experiments he may wish to make may be tried here at a trifling cost in addition , it also serves as a standard of appeal in all the dealings with the accepted tenderer . The chief heads of the specification are

v iz . three , , composing and machining ; T paper ; binding . here are numerous other i m nor heads , including corrections and T delivery . hese will all appear in the speci i men specification g ven below , and are fully treated in the various chapters dealing with. these specific subj ects . The numbers against the items refer to the notes following .

PU BL I C LI BRARY SPECI FICAT ION FOR PRINT ING CATALOGUE D N L BRARY OF LEN I G I .

— n co nsist o f Co ies Edit io n First e dit io t o p . in inches when cut 1 8 vo X . Size . , ( ) The size o f t he printed page t o be 11 in he c s) . Sett ing — The composit ion and set t ing t o be by Mono chines t ype m a . 2 — The ount s used t o be ace T e . yp f f , and t o be Bour eois Brevier and Non areil wit h g , , p , art line t alics and Clarendon headin s in double p I , g , m a ure 3 se s lid colum ns with oc casional uart er e s t o . , q , Specimen — The Specim en cat alogue (Cat alogue of t he endin De art ment of t he G rewt here Librar L g p y, 1 0 Shows the Size of t he rint ed a e t he m ann r 9 9) p p g , e S PECIFIC ATIO N

o f se t in o ut and t he ro o r io ns o f t e ount s t g , p p t yp f , and m ay be ac cepted as a fair specim e n of t he cata n e i r uir d logue for which this te d r s eq e . — lb wei ht Pa r used is t o be o f . Pa er . e p p g , uni o rm colo ur hrou ho u size o f f ( ) t g t . 4 w ul The cat alo ue Free rom mechanical oo d . f p p g , when com le e t o bulk no t less t han inch o n an p t , e e he f ix e a (est imated) numbe r o f t w lv s et s o s t e n p ges . 5 indin ~ — Sheet s t o be St i ched w it h ood t hread Of B g . t g suitable thick ness (Single leaves t o be t ipped on wit h The back t o be lined u wi h auz e of o od paste ) . p t g g ualit The whole t o be bound in t hick ul q y. p p bo ard iv e wei ht if t hou h advisable wi h clot h (g g g t ) , t o d uali back of go q ty. “ Proo s CO ies o f each ro o will be re uired f . p p f q . Th w ill be alle o r sli roo s and t wo re ises ese g y p p f v . Corrections — NO charge for co rrect io ns will be allowed exce de ar ure ro m o ri inal Co and reat care pt p t f g py, g ’ will be t ak en t o k eep aut ho r s correct io ns as low as oss bl New m at t er m a be insert edin all e roo s p i e . y g y p f wit hou ex tra char e but need onl be inser t ed in t g , y revises at t he discret io n of t he print er ; and in t he even of t he rint er inser in such new m at t e r t o be t p t g, h har es for co rrec i ns c arged fo r as co rrect ions. C g t o t o be m ade wit h roo and in t he e vent of dis u e as t o p f , p t such charges t he t ime bo ok s of t he co nt ract or t o be o en fo r ins ectio n The co nt ract or t o de ra p p . f y his own ex penses in connexion wit h any quest ion raised by him as t o t he proport ion of fo unt s in t he cat alo ue a t er t he si nin of t he co nt rac g f g g t . 7 Co — Co is o n cards o r sli s o r sheet s and ma be py. py ( p ) , y seen at t he Librar Ro ad an da y , y y bet ween t he hours o f and Time — Slip proofs must be submitt ed at not less t han 3 t he unifo rm rat e o f Sheet s pages) per eek at re ular in ervals o f da s rom t he w , g t y f 112 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E PRI NTED CATAL OGUE

dis at ch of t he c o R p py. evise proo fs t o be submitted in t he sam e ro o rt ions t he firs t o be dis at ched p p , t p no t mor e t han days a ft er t he ret urn o f t he correct ed sli roo s Seco nd re ise t o be in p p f . v t he same ” ro ort ions a p p . d ys will be allow ed from t he passing o f t he last sheet s t o t he delivery of t he 10 o rder A fine Of Shillin s ill . g w be m ade and deduct ed from t he amount payable t o the cont ract or for every day beyond t he t im e all ow ed unt il he rder is x cu ed Full allowan e i t o e e t . c w ll be m ade for any delay in t he return of correct ed proo fs he n r t o t co t ract o .

1 1 Pr ice - Th rice be a f in and . e t o t er a e o r set at p p p g t g, r 16 a es e c f r m a hinin and a r e t . o c e as er p p g , , g p p p schedule heret o and exce where ot hefwise st at ed , , pt , t o in l d all s c u e t ype . Hire of e — The T e t o be at the dis osal of t he typ . yp p 2 Pu li f 1 ear b c Library Authority or y s . They are t o be at liberty t o hire it for t he whole or an art of t hat eriod and m a t erminat e t his y p p , y agreem ent at t he end o f any year count ing fro m t he dat e of t he cont ract and t he Public Library Aut horit y do not bind t hemselves t o give any order t o t he cont ract or during t he t erm d h d ion o f t his co nt ract co vere by t e urat . New Edit io n — Quo t at ions fo r new and re vised edit ions and reprint s t o be governed by any advance o r re h f a rial o b r An duction in t e price o m t e r la ou . y disput e as t o variat ion in t hese prices t o be decided ’ i n r or bo k s by t he product on of t he co t act s o . Terms of Cont ract — The Public Library Aut hority do not bind t hem selves t o accept t he lowest or an t ender And no art of t hi s cont rac y . p t m ay be sub- let without t he consent of t he Library uthori Ob ain d t hrou h t heir Libraria A ty t e g n.

114 PR ODUCTI ON OF TH E PRI NTED CATALOGU E

1 a N s o . . ( l 4 4 1. .

I ° S 3 7 3 , 5 I 6 6 9 3 a: I 7 3 ) 3 , 7 ' Samples t o be submitted a Pa er . p . Co er a er for ualit b. v . p p , q y Pul b rd 6. oa p . 1 Noa m— With mixed types it is impossible t o give f lin s t h a s ha 2 mber o e o t e e ee . nu C . See p g , p VI 3 ndix It is unders ood t hat t o a oid a bad Appe II . t v t urnover it is som et imes necessar t o lead but t his y , ha ns in at al rk 4 ha l e c o ue wo . See C rare . y pp g p XII . 6 5 ha X II Kee the number o f sli s as low as See C p . . p p 7 3 ible See ha Two Shee s t hirt - w oss . C . t t o p p IV , y a air am n of d uble col dem 8V r a es is ou t o . O o our p g , f y , f h of sin le col crown 8VO art icularl as re is s eet s . v es , g , p y 9 i be ore t he sli roo i s all recei ed Four will arr ve f p p f v . 1° en da a leas Should be allowed Fi e shillin t e ys t t . v gs a da on each 100 o f t he o rder is sufficient and is seldom y £ , en o rced if t he rint er has an ood reason for sli ht f , p y g g 1 1 dela Per sheet is be t er but as ex lained else y. t , , p h r ract icable in cat alo ue work It is no ad w e e not . t , p g visable t o quo t e po rtions of pages as t hey scarcely e ver o ccur The ract ice of askin fo r rices er a e of . p g p p p g separat e types when t he fount s are t o be mixed and used mixed is o nl conducive of dis ut es and in t enders con , y p , , , veys very lit tle t o t he librarian : and in m achine com position t he amount of mixing m akes considerable difference Fi e ears is enerall admi ed t o be . v y g y tt lon enou h g g .

O adv er I f the tender is to be an pen one , t ise m ent s Should be inserted in the local paper , and in selected trade and also muni S U B - L ETTINC

The cipal papers . latest date for receiving tenders should be clearly stated in the adv er t isem ent and the covering letter a e com All panying specification and schedule . tenders Should be opened in the presence of the chairman of committee or at a meeting of the committee or sub - committee ap pointed to deal with the matter . If the one it catalogue is a large , will be necessary to draw up a table of comparative prices , for the benefit of the committee , showing clearly the total costs of each tender . In considering the question of a subse quent edition , due regard must be paid to the yearly rental , as it is possible that it may be cheaper to let the type go back to the melting pot and have an entirely new cata T logue . his is very seldom the case , but if a very long period of years is expected to elapse before the second edition will be required the rental may become a heavy item . This is dealt with more fully in the chapter on the Monotype catalogue . The clause relating to sub - letting the con tract is a protective one . No opposition should be shown to a proposed sub —contract between two reputable firms : such methods are of everyday occurrence and recognized by the pri nti ng trade . I t usually occurs i in catalogue pr nting , between a local man 116 P RODUCTION OF TH E P RI NTED CATA LOGUE who has not the necessary plant or staff and give s the contract to a larger firm doing work for the trade , contenting himself with a percentage discount as profit . I t S is essential , however , that both firms hould be of some standing , otherwise there is some possibility of the trade printer increasing his price , to cover the risk of his not receiving payment from the local contractor ; at the same time the local firm may attempt to give the work to a mushroom firm of trade printers in the hope of a larger profit . Where the work is too large for a local firm , there is nothing more in the hackneyed plea for ‘ local consideration for local men than the discount profit for the individual trades man the work is done outside , and for that reason the contract should be thrown open , or selected printers capable of undertaking the work should be invited to tender . The open tender is invariably the best for the i so a eto for institution , and p f the local rate payers , or for the private customer .

1 18 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGUE I have mentioned this matter because atten tion has been , on occasion , drawn to this P supposed defect . ersonally, I may say that although I have used Monotype work for

first and second edition catalogues , and have S ecim enS I carefully examined other p , have found no defects that would not be equally

- A common in hand set work . most useful article on the Monotype machine for cata

. . E. logue work , by Mr W Doubleday , of the P Hampstead ublic Library, appeared in the

' Libra ry Arroei a ti on Record some years ago but I have purposely refrained from making t his and S use of , I have not read it ince it appeared . This chapter deals only with the applica tion of the Monotype principle to catalogue The work , and its advantages . machine and its work are described in the first A ppendix . Among the many advantages possessed by the Monotype casting and setting machinery over hand — setting in this department of printingwork two stand out prominently I ( ) , the cheapness ; and the possibility of keeping the type standing for a lengthy period . fli Very few printing o c es are able to take out of stock the enormou s quantity of type necessary for the printing of a large library MONOTY PE CATALOGU E

catalogue , and keep it locked away for , per E haps , five years . ven if a printer were found with this amount of spare type , the capital outlay it would represent would be so large that the yearly rental would be pro hibit iv e ; and , except for reprints without

- any alteration , stereo plates or matrices F would be valueless . rom this it will be evident that only machine casting and set ting has made this economical method of ‘ ’ keeping the type standing possible . In the case of the Monotype machine this is easily explained if it is remembered that in ordinary work of the hand - set character composing represents three charges ( 1) the cost of the type metal , which is itself more costly than the metal used in the Monotype machine , and cannot be used again by the 2 The printer as metal . ( ) cost of casting the type . These two are represented by the T original cost of the type to the printer . his first cost is undergoing constant depreciation T by wear and tear . (3) hat of setting or composing by hand . In comparison with this the Monotype And machine has only two charges . when it is remembered that the first cost of the metal is one of these , it may be fairly said that , as the metal can be used again and again in the melting pot of the same machine , 120 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E PR I NTED CATAL OGUE

i . e . these two charges are reduced to one , the cost of composing . A comparison of cost s cannot be given in definite figures , because local conditions vary and the circumstances of particular offices ff di er . But it is safe to say that for catalogue work Monotype casting and setting is not more than half the price of hand composing At for the same work . the same time it is as well to remind the reader who is not suffi cient l a u a i t y f with book producing , that type - setting is not the only charge ; and that a reduction in the cost of composing has ff no e ect on the price of paper or binding .

In other words , although the application of Monotype work to the production of your catalogue will reduce the cost of the com position by half , the total cost of printing , paper , and binding will not be reduced in the P same proportion . ossibly the quotation of a concrete example will illustrate this better T than any other method . hese figures were actual quotations for work ultimately done . Tw o tenders were obtained for the . print i n ing , binding , etc . of the catalogue the

- ordinary method of hand set type . One ’ was all at , that is , the quotation included everything , except corrections , in one lump 1 Th i . 8 1 0 v z 5. e sum , , £7 second tender for the ordinary method of printing was on

122 PRODUCTION OF TH E PRI NTED CATAL OGUE time it is required will effect considerable saving in various directions , not only in i i pr nt ng charges , but also in the labour of C fresh preparation of opy . In place of handling the great mass of copy again , it ’ t o is only necessary deal with new copy . Where the catalogue is compiled on the classified principle , it is quite easy to keep certain classes only standing , and to send the rest of the metal back to the melting pot . T o take full advantage of what may be called the Monotype principle , all supple mentary catalogues should be composed and S S set in the same founts in a imilar tyle . Andwhere advertisements are accepted, it will generally be found that the receipts from this source b ea r a larger proportion of the prime cost of the supplement than in the The case of the larger volume . printing of the supplements , if it is decided to adopt this method in its entirety , must be pro v ide d for in the first tender , because it is impracticable to combine the two sets of o type owned by two printers . In additi n , no

firm of printers would agree to such a course . In t he case of a new complete edition of the catalogue being decided upon , the most simple arrangement for the r e—imposition of the pages is to number each item of the new C cu opy conse tively ; and here , at all events MONOTY PE CATAL OG UE there is little doubt that cards are most useful , as they enable the printer to divide “ ” The the work into convenient takes . numbered cards arranged beforehand in the desired order , are then used as a key to the The insertion of the matter they contain . original catalogue Should be mounted on sheets leaving a sufficiently wide margin . T wo copies will be required for this purpose . The number of each card Should be written in the margin in the place it is to appear . If the matter has already appeared in the form Of a supplement the same method can be applied to the additions . If more than one supplement has been issued , it will be al desirable to distinguish between them , though the entries themselves would be a At final guide . the same time , it must be pointed out that the issue of too numerous supplements spread over too long a period st ult ifies one of the greatest r ec o m m enda i v z . tions of the Monotype p rinciple , , that it permits the catalogue — the complete — catalogue to be kept , for all practical

- — e u . purpos s , p to date Storing the rolls of perforated paper from the Monotype machine , invaluable as it is for reprints , is open to the same disadvantage that the stereo plate labours under for catalogue work . Catalogues of libraries , 124 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E PRI NTED CATAL OGUE

museums , art galleries , and business houses all undergo constant revision or addition , while some of them are subj ect to both . I f the perforated roll had to be relied upon the type must be necessarily recast , and then

- the insertions made and the pages r e imposed .

By maintaining the type itself, this recasting As is avoided . is the case with most work into which the human element enters , it is almost impossible to give any comparison in detail between the cost of t e - imposing and t e - Off casting so much depends upon the ice , the locality , the state of the market , and , perhaps more than upon any other , the style And of the catalogue . , it might almost be said that the longer the locked formes are

e difli cult - kept the mor this re imposition becomes , because the type , with the dried

s . ink, becomes more or le s welded together E verything points , therefore , to not only the public advantage of small editions of the

r e - catalogue with frequent issues , but to the economy of the course . I have dealt elsewhere with the founts it is advisable to use in the printing compila tion of the catalogue , and it may be as well to remark here that the multiplicity of founts presents no obstacle to the use of the Monotype catalogue ; neither is there any ‘ ’ limit in the choice of face .

126 PROD UCTI O N OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGU E

catalogue issued in this way . The catalogue must be unidentified and unidentifiable . I will give first the cost as it actually was and follow on with the tenders for the — same work in hand set type . With the exception of this matter of the setting , the specification was the same in both cases

M ON T YP E O .

To t al cost of first edit ion co ies , p R l f r hree ears ent a o t . , y Cos of second e dit ion wit h 2 0 er cen o f new t p t . m att er including re —imposit io n and40 pages o f new advertisement m att er

Total cost

AND SETTI NG H .

Estima e fo r firs edi io n 2 000 co ies wi ho u t t t , , p t t cost o f correct ions Es im a e fo r seco nd e dit io n t ha IS for new cat a t t , t , lo ue ent irel includin an increase Of 2 0 er g y, g p in si e cent . z

It will be seen from these figures that the saving by the Monotype principle on both 66 editions was £3 , exclusive of the cost of A d . n corrections in the larger amount , in adv an addition , there were the numerous tages I have already enumerated . CHAPTER XV

APPENDIX 1

T H E M O NOTY P E M AC H I NE A ND ITS W O RK

V no w v OIDI NG technicalities , I will gi e as short a description of the machin e and its methods (as they appeared to me) as is consistent with intelligibility . I magine a typewriter carrying two key 2 6 boards and no fewer than 7 keys , of which eight black keys are used for fix e d- size spaces and two long ones for the j ustifying spaces . Thirty keys at the head of the board are red with white figures— two sets from 1 to I — ur o ses as 5 and utilized for justifying p p , _ S explained later , and two pecial keys at the bottom of the board are respectively for use in ascertaining the necessary amount to be spaced out in and returning the calcula ting and recording mechanism (for column widths) back to zero at the end of each line . The remaining keys are white , with the C haracters engraved in black , and cover 127 12 8 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGUE

from five to seven alphabets , with two sets of figures , points and sorts . The buttons are at the end of levers , which when pressed raise a light steel bar , which in turn actuates a compressed air valve which sets in motion punches selected

by the position of the button . When the

finger pressure is removed, the keys fly up to the original position , but in the meantime the released air has forced up two punches at the back of the board , and these two punche s make two small circular perforations in a strip of paper , which is rolled off one

130 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTE D CATAL OGU E

get no more in any particular line , with due regard to syllabication , he presses the justi ’ at fying key the bottom of the board , which causes the drum to revolve a certain distance in accordance with the distance between the end of the line (or column width) , and the point at which the scale shows the letters composed would occupy in such line normally Spaced— normal spac 4 ing being considered 1 s of an em quad T of the particular type being used . his movement causes a pointer to distinctly 1 indicate two numbers , say 4 and 5, these numbers representing the red or j ust ifica tion keys , which are to be pressed to bring about a perfectly full line — the first number in the top row of keys and the sec ondn u mber in the next row this operation will cause the casting machine in due time to cast the spaces in that particular line of such an increased thickness (setwise) that the line will be full perfectly j ust ifie d— although the Operator need not consider such details and is only asked to blindly follow the indication and press the given keys . T his j ustification , though a very import o f ant feature the machine , is easily arrived The — at . figuring on the drum reminding

' one of a Chinese praying drum— has been ? arrived at by means of calculations showing MONOTY P E MACH I NE the result of a division of any given number of ems being under four over any given num S ber of paces not exceeding twenty, and the figures on the dru m are arranged in such fashion that in Operation those shown by the pointer (which rises one of twenty such possible elevations for each Space key de pressed) at the end of each line are the num

bers of those keys which will make a com bination of perforations on the Spool of paper calculated to dictate on the casting machine the production , in that individual line , of spaces of the correct size to fill out the line to the full column width . The keyboard is capable of providing for any width of column up to 60 ems of any given E body from pearl to nglish , but if the caster 13 2 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E P RINTED CATAL OGUE is not fitted with a special 60 ems attachment it c an only cast and assemble up to 42 % ems E pica . ven this latter width , however , covers all the normal requirements of the printer . Measure is altered by simply moving an indicator backwards or forwards on a scale (graduated in ens representing the total of 60 ems of the body which may be in course of composition at any given time) much as the pointer on a billiard marker is moved backwards and forwards . The justification drum has to be changed with every change of face , as the necessary calculations must naturally differ with every ff — in di erent width of quad other words , with every different set . Consequently each drum is boldly marked with figures represent

- 8 ing the set size , thus , for brevier modern

8 4 and } for brevier old style , and so on , accord ing to the width of face . The drum cannot be put on the machine incorrectly— a child can fit one in a few seconds . I t Will thus be seen that the whole func tion of the keyboard is to perforate a strip of paper , which will afterwards be used on the caster to determine the order in which the various types are t o be ca st and placed in the galley.

134 P ROD UCTI ON OF TH E P R INTED CATAL OGUE altogether different from any other com posing machine . The escapement is so perfect that it has been tested , by means of a special machine n desig ed for the purpose , up to ens an hour without one single skip taking place . s It is obviou , therefore , that the machine is equal to all demands which human skill can make . h e We now turn to the casting machine . T whole of its mechanism could be placed

- - under a decent sized dish cover , but being mounted on a heavy base , for the sake of stability , and raised to the height of about three feet for convenience of working , it presents quite an imposing appearance , and the presence of a chimney stack about three feet long (to carry the heat of the metal pot above the head of the operator) gives the Whole the appearance of a miniature i eng ne . T his machine comprises a mould , for the casting of the type , mounted immediately b a ove the metal pot , which is filled with — molten type - metal consisting of certain proportions of tin , antimony and lead , this being maintained by the aid of two Bunsen ° burners at a heat of a bout 680 — and fitted with a high pressure pump , the well and delivery channel of which are immersed in MONO ' I‘ YP E MACH l NE

T O the molten metal . his mould is pen at the top , and thus a cover is required to complete i the shape of the type to be cast , and th s — cover is supplied by the die case , which is mounted on a compound slide , and is clamped on the top of the mould at each

A revolution of the machine . device is provided for first cutting off the j et at the foot of the type , and then conveying the new type to the channel into which it is ej ected , each succeeding type pushing the others onwards in the channel leading to the galley , until the Operat on of the red or j ustificati on 13 6 P ROD UCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATALOGUE key perforations sets the Special galley mechanism in motion , and results in the line of type being conveyed under a lifting gate into the galley , the gate immediately closing down behind the line , and preventing it E from falling back into the channel . ach succeeding line pushes the previously cast lines forward in the galley, until in turn the galley is full , when it is removed , and an empty galley is fitted in its place — this opera tion being carried out without stopping the An machine . adjustable galley stop or weight is placed against the first line of type and moves with it along the galley, and prevents the type from falling for wards . The type is cooled almost instantaneously by means of a continuous current of cold water passing through a channel surround The ing the casting chamber of the mould . amount of water required is only a trickle , except in the case of pica , when the size of type requires rather a larger supply . I was informed that a new mould was about to be placed on the market , which would enable the Operator to cast a t will high space s and quads in the ordinary course of work , or alternatively , high quads and low

S S . paces , or high paces and low quads One of these moulds was actually at work in the

13 8 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E PRINTED CATALOGUE

S composition , paces or character types follow ing each other in rapid succession . The die case must thus change its position on the mould so that the exact character required will be cast , and this is brought about by use of the Spool of perforated paper which we left in the hands of the attendant . He sees that the Spool necessitates the use sa of a set of matrices , y brevier old style on the standard or b ook lay— out ; that it i s to be cast on a long primer mould, so that the matter will appear leaded with six - to A pica lead . ccordingly he inserts the proper — o n die case , a work of a minute , and puts a long primer mould , taking say, even to fifteen o S minutes , acc rding to his kill as an operator He places his Spool in a basket provided for that purpose , and the end of the paper b ar strip under an air pressure , and starts his machine . With each revolution the paper advances one marginal perforation , thus bringing the combinations of character perforations under the pressure bar one at a time . Now under this pressure bar , which is supplied with compressed air , is a row — of thirty one holes leading into tubes , and as each combination is presented air gets through the perforations into the tubes immediately under them . Of these thirty one tubes fourteen are carried to a casting MONOTYPE MACH l NE

- behind the die case , fourteen to a similar casting at right angles to a line drawn be

- tween the first casting and the die case . These castings are fitted with fourt een pis tons , which are blown up whenever air gets 0 under them , and when up st p the travel of a rod governed by certain mechanisms — and attached to the die case . In each case the fourteen pistons and a zero stop give fifteen t h e p ositions in which this rod , and therefore — die case , may be arrested , and multiplying fifteen by fifteen gives the 2 2 5 positions necessary to enable any one of the 2 2 5 matrices in the die - case to be held over the T mould orifice whilst a type is cast . his explains the use of the two perforations — one dominating the movements of the die - case from the front to back , and the other its movements from right to left .

We have still three tubes to account for . These are carried to small pistons in the centre of the machine , and when blown up cause certain rods to engage in a lifting arm , one resulting in the casting of a characterless space type , and the other two being utilized S S t o regulate the ize of the paces , and to put the galley motion in action at the end of each line . Accurate alignment is obtained by the method of clamping the matrix on to the 140 P RODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATALOGUE

mould , a conical pointed steel pin descending

- into a cone hole at the back of each matrix , and holding it in position to a tenth of a thou sandt h You part of an inch . will ask, what does this measurement mean Well , if you will measure the thickness of a fine hair you will find it is anything from thirty to seventy of these ten - thousandth parts of an inch , or say on an average fifty times as coarse as the fineness of this adjustment . It will easily be understood from the fore going that once the spool has been perfor ated it can be used over and over again air being blown through the holes will not 01nt 18 damage it in any way , and the only p that ordinary care should be used not to tear the spool in taking it off the casting machine . The S peed has already been referred to , but it may be worth while mentioning , as an evidence of what some people seem to expect F from a machine , that a rench printer at one time ran an unfortunate Monotype for twenty - four hours at a stretch at the speed of letters an hour This equals letters per day, whilst the Monotype Com pany only claim ens as a practical

- return for a 50 h our week . The extraordinary nature of this wonder ful machine and its consummate accuracy are alike apparent to any one taking the time

142 PRODUCTI ON OF TH E P RI NTED CATAL OGUE

T O a welve distinct per tions , but the num ber of subsidiary movements culminating

1 2 . with those numbered , , and 4 is legion At the end of each line the pump — stroke gives place to the galley—mechanism move ment , which latter lifts the galley gate , pushes in the complete line , and recloses the gate . This movement is so human - like that it cannot fail to excite the attention of the onlooker . F un inally, whilst the machine will run so attended , long as the metal supply keeps n up , it will stop automatically if a lo g or short line is cast , thus giving the attendant an Opportunity to return to his machine and put matters straight before any damage is possible . THE LANSTON MONOTYPE

C o m p o s i ng

a n d

C a s t i n g

M a c h i n e

Is no w t o be

Fo u nd i n t h e

C o m p o s i ng

Ro o m s

O F MORE T HAN

SIX HUNDRED FIFTY R PEAN PRIN R EU O TE S. Wh at t he Mo no t e offe rs t he P r inte r yp .

PERFECT SINGLE TYPE ( not distortedlines of type) . A Fo undr a w l a Com r to 1 2 i I y s e l s a p ose . 5 po nt ( 4 p o int wi th s ec ial a p a tt c hment ) . LOW U nt n fr b Q ADS AND SPACES Ior pri i g om mova le type. HIGH QUADS AND SPACES for Stereotypi ng

WIDE MEASURE 42 ems . 60 ems with s ecial e ui e ( § ) p q pm nt.

GREAT RANGE. SPEED.

FULL FOUNTS avail able from Keyboard at one time. or al h abets each o f whic h c an be di s lace 5 7 p , p d by others wi thout

l r a - - eli mina flting a smg e ne cessary cha c ter . NO two letter matrices With their i n exi ble limitations.

INSTANTANEOUS CHANGE OF MATRICES i n die- c ase, yet retaining UNIVERSAL TYPEWRITER LAY- OUT on Ke board t y hroughout.

U ERIOR DESIGN OF FA ES. FACILITYOF COR I S P C RECT ON.

ECONOMICAL OPERATION. MULTI JUSTIFI C TIO A N i n one li ne.

I T IBUTION whether of t es or matri ces. NO D S R , yp

For Full Particulars call or write to the Offices of The Lausten Monot e Cor r ion yp po at , Ltd 3 a nd 4 3 a Fe t t e r L a n e Fl e e t S t r e e t 4 , , . ,

LO NDON, s .c . CHAPTER X VI

APPENDI X 1]

TY P E FAC ES

F Farrar F William De an B F . . False co in o r t ru e . y . ( , ) Fa r ra r R L i e o f Freder ic Mo ntr esor H 1164 ( . ) f W Fa rr a r 1 4 90 . A 2 6 b . . 7 m hle t s Ed. Fa m o us p a p . y

Wor k s . H Mo rle 0 90 . y Bible its m e anin a nd s u re m re e B Gibbo n 11 666 , g p Fa ncy f . y a c 18 97 A 5I y . Fa nc fr e e . B Ede n Phill y y E a rl da s o f Ch ristia nit y y y . o tts 11127 7 p 18 92 A 128

n H a tt o n . F a ni E . S ec h ( Eric . S c oo 0 0 0 0 0 L 18 9 g ( ) J ( l ) 0 0 0 0 0 a nother co L py 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 73 Ga th e rin clouds 4th cen g . ( Fans t ur y) 11 595 l m e E Ed Mo de rn de r H o . . G e at bo o k s t 18 8 . D 1 ( ) , e c . 9 27

si n in e w ell e r a nd a ns . Julia n H o m e Uni vers it g j y f . ( y I F 53 8 i 1 02 ll . l . . 1 9 . . fe ) L 90 w L an ua e a nd l an ua es Far fr om th e m a dding cr o d. g g g g . B H ar 11 43 18 8 1 D 2 y T. , dy 7

Origins of speech and th e formation — Faraday Michael . 17 9 1 18 67 ( ) of words .

h o m son S P Mich a el T p ( . . ) Li e a nd w o r k f o f St . P aul . Fa ra da : h is li e and w o r k y f . 18 92 A 298 18 8 I ll E 42 8 9 . . Li e o f h r f C ist . 18 97 I ll A O3

T ndal Fa ra da 18 94 . . E 525 y l . L i e o f li es 1 y f v . 900 A 64

Furth er studies in the li e of Christ . Wor k . f

’ t Wini red s h em i al h is t or o f a c andle S . . S chool . L IQI C c y . f ( ) nd M M ne l k es 18 8 6 a rs . e l . H ol m an W. Cr o o . Ed. by . y H unt . 18 93 I ll A r t An I ll For chi ldr en. L 2O . . ( ) ( Fa re w el Nik ol a B Bo o th nua l ) F 3 3 5 l . y G . ’ — Ed H bre ws . e 93 Ca mb. by 11 24 1 ( B ible . ) A 4 I F nwa H a r u S ee Co . F g s ( . . ) y ( J St Lu k e 9 1 a i . ( C mbr dge n Me re i th 11 Fa ri a B G . 113 9 . y d B i bl e A 3 O ’ ) B l - - Far eon . B a de o r as rr5 j ( ) g s 90 Fa rr a r A A . dam m ith (J . ) S . Ma r ch o f fa t e 11 59 1 18 8 1. C 3 53 Mes m r st s a n o el 2 e i v . H 59 Bo o k s c ondem ne d t o be M o f r m st er o a l a il . H 59 3 y y y .

bur nt . D 126 P ride o f r a c e 11 594 Farr a r L or d Fr e e t r ( , ) a de Farming v ersus fa ir tr a de 1904 Ne w e d. 022 1 ra i E T H isto r o f a C g ( . . ) y R l a F rr in n B a do s . w E . T . Fo hine an d c o - o p e r a t ive fa r m g y

in 18 93 2 ler . H 615 g . 0 3 7 ’ r H F m e r s Fa t a l i t H a a d R . a r B F r . . M gg ( ) g f y . o o e 11 1172 8 I l ea r . 1 99 . l . F 454 a t a P F l Z er o . B Fa £1 6 y y . ye 60 Re er a lso to Ga rdenin Ma r f g : Fat e o f En illo e K d . By S . . k e t . H o ck ing 11 1701 Fa th e r Anth o n B Eu R . Farnham y . y ch a na n H o m e Fa rnh a m a 1127 5 (G . ) nd its Fa t r din s 1 00 I h e r Fa bia n . B E . . sur oun 9 . ll g . . y J Wo r bo ise 111651

Readings in 8 pt. Latin

Body type in 8 pt. mode Small type in 7 pt at F lse coin o r t rue . B F. F . FARRAR F W LL a y ( . I IAM) Montreso r r1 1 1 64 D ea n F rr b a ar R. i l Ed. L e of F ederic Fa m o us p a mph ets . y ( ) f r

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Life of lives . 1900

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in alphabetical o rder. — DICTIONARY- CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE In which collectIv e sub j cet h eadi ngs are included in the alphabeti cal arrangem ent e whole catalo ue of th g . r PE — Th€ s le of he e e FACES o TY . ty t typ fac . Fa un— The whit e or unprint ed part of the print ed page when i i ro o rti onat el lar er than usu l t s p p y g a . — F T r TYPE. A set f t e of one siz e nd s le OUN o o yp a ty . — L E AND GAL LEY PRO OF shallo - li e hold r f r GA L Y, . A w box k e o colum ns of type before m aking up into pages : a proof tak en rom the t e in the alle f yp g y. — - NE L c x Ro h n illus ra ion l ck r HALF TO B o ( ug ly) . A t t b o e roduced rom a h ot o ra h or wash drawin in whi ch p f p g p g,

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AL PHABETI CAL L I ST OF THE CONTENT S

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ha LIST TH E C . , p I ? ? AL P H AB ETI CAL L I ST OF T H II] CONTENTS 1C} Q

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