An illustrated philatelic introduction to 4 × 4 Latin squares in Europe: 1283–1788 (with some comments about le fauteuil Dagobert 1 and about philatelic Latin squares in Europe: 1984–2007)

George P. H. Styan

June 19, 2009

1 For presentation at the 18th International Workshop on Matrices and Statistics: IWMS’09, Smolenice Castle, Smolenice, Slovakia, 23–27 June 2009, and based on Report 2009-02 from the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montréal. Special thanks to Peter D. Loly for introducing me to philatelic Latin squares and to Oskar Maria Baksalary for his careful of these overheads. Many thanks go also to BiStamp.com, Anthony Bonner, Christian Boyer, Ka Lok Chu, eBay.com, Jose Garrido, Google search, Groth AG: WWF Conservation Stamp , Ian Kimmerly Stamps, Alexander Kovačec, Michelle Kuan, Marlen Stamp & Coin Ltd., Phil-Ouest : Les timbres de France website, Friedrich Pukelsheim, Simo Puntanen, Klaus Schmidt, Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue, Marc Steurs WWF stamp catalogue online, Evelyn Matheson Styan, Götz Trenkler & Wikipedia. This research was supported, in part, by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Introduction: Latin squares and magic squares on amulets page SW2

In “The history of latin squares”2, Lars Døvling Andersen points out that: The first known occurrence of Latin squares seems to be their use on amulets3 in certain Arab and Indian communities from about the year 1000. The nature of the sources makes the dating difficult. Many amulets contain not Latin, but magic squares, and were worn to fight evil spirits, show reverence for gods, celebrate the sun and the planets.

2 Chapter on “The history of latin squares” by Lars Døvling Andersen, intended for publication in The History of Combinatorics, edited by Robin J. Wilson. Preliminary version, [Report] R-2007-32, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University (Aalborg Øst, Denmark), 32 pp., 2008. 3 An amulet (from Latin amuletum, meaning “an object that protects a person from trouble”), consists of any object intended to bring good luck and/or protection to its owner. The stamps are from Thailand: 2005, Scott 2178a–2178e (from left to right) Buddha warrior amulet votives: Phra Ruang Lang Rang Puen, Phra Hu Yan, Phra Chinnarat Bai Sema, Phra Mahesuan, Phra Tha Kradan. (A votive is an object given to a god at a temple or shrine as a token of devotion.) Scott catalog numbers are as given in the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue (James E. Kloetzel, ed.), pub. annually by Scott , Sidney, Ohio. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 MAGIC MATRICES: April 12, 2007 page 15

MAGIC MATRICES: April 12, 2007 page 15 Introduction: Magic square(s) on Dürer’s Melencolia I page SW3

  A (classic) magic square4 is a k × k array filled with the symbols 1, 2,..., k2 such that the sum of the numbers in every row, column and in each of the two main diagonals is the same.

A Latin square is a k × k array filled with the symbols 1, 2,..., k such that each of the numbers occurs precisely once in every row and in every column. A completed 9 × 9 Sudoku grid is a special kind of 9 × 9 Latin square. 4 The Otto Schäfer Museum in Schweinfurt (Germany) has prints of two versions of Dürer’s copper-plate engraving Melencolia I with a magic square in the upper right corner. The stamp is from Aitutaki (Cook Islands) 1986, Scott 391. We try to illustrate this talk, as much as possible, with postage stamps. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Philatelic Latin squares page SW4a

Postage stamps are occasionally issued in sets of k different stamps and printed in a k × k array of k2 stamps containing k of each of the k stamps. Sometimes the array forms a philatelic Latin square: each of the k stamps = appears exactly once in each# 165 in Abkhazia. row Beetles and in each column as with30/01/09 k5:20 PM 4 and Albania 1999:5 Mickey mouse Albania 2000: Donald duck these four 4 × 4 arrays of 16 stamps fromAbkhazia # 165 Europe: 1989–2000. Beetles

5 The stamps are (left to right) from Isle of Man 1989, Scott 399–402 (Manx seabirds); Portugal 1997, Scott 2153–2156 (Pyrenean desman); Abkhazia 2000, BiStamp 165 (beetles); Albania 2000, Scott 2615 (Donald Duck). The Manx seabirds depicted are the puffin, black guillemot, cormorant and kittiwake; the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) is a small semi-aquatic mammal that lives in the the wetlands and temperate areas of the Pyrenees. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788

http://www.bistamp.com/inter/BiStamp.nsf/2483bb849b4b993a42256a28005508b0/a1d4aaa1e28e54e2c2256ad100355f9e!OpenDocument Page 1 of 2 # 165 in Abkhazia. Beetles 30/01/09 5:20 PM Albania 1999: Mickey mouse Albania 2000: Donald duck Philatelic Latin squares (PLS)Abkhazia # 165 page SW4b Beetles

The first and second sets E1, E2 are both in Sudoku form, the third set (beetles) E3 is a 1-step forwards circulant Latin square, and the fourth set of (Donald Duck) E4 is a 1-step backwards circulant.

To-date we have identified 160 4http://www.bistamp.com/inter/BiStamp.nsf/2483bb849b4b993a42256a28005508b0/a1d4aaa1e28e54e2c2256ad100355f9e!OpenDocument× 4 PLS from 1970–2009 (withPage 24 1 of 2 from Europe: 1984–2007) including 14 embedded in a sheetlet of size p × q, with p + q ≥ 9. There are 24 distinct Latin squares of size 4 × 4 in standard-form and we have found PLS for 15 of these 24. The 4 most popular of these 15 PLS are currently those illustrated here: E1 (Manx seabirds) with 47, E2 (desman) 8, E3 (beetles) 33, and E4 (Donald Duck) 53, which total 141 (out of 160).

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 4 × 4 Latin squares in Europe: 1283–1788 page SW5

WeLlull’s will Latin discuss square theseL1 in 4an× epitaph4 Latin found squares in Cornwall in Europe: 1283–1788:page 10 1 2 3 4 1283: Ramon Llull’s Prima Figura Elementalis,2 1 4 3 Llull’s criss-cross Latin square of type L1 =   is (also) to be 1704: Poignard’s Jupiter Latin square,3 4 1 2 4 3 2 1     found1708: in anEpitaph epitaph to to Hannibal Hannibal Bassett Bassett, (1687–1708), in a churchyard in Mawgan-in-Meneage,1723: Ozanam–Grandin Lizard Peninsula, solution Cornwall, to the Magic England. Card Puzzle, 1788: CrettéHanniball de Palluel’s [sic] Ba experimentalet [sic] here Inter’d design doth with lye 16 sheep, Who dying lives to all Eternitye 1791: Crettéhee de Palluel departed and thisLe life fauteuil the 17th Dagobert. of Ian 1709/8 in the 22th year of his age ∼ A lover of learning image in (row 1, columnimage in 3) (row should 1, column be the 3) should be the spades ,king of spades 

The 1725 statement of and solution (with typo) to the Magic Card Puzzle. The images are apparently of Shall wee all dyeplaying cards in the French Portrait de Paris style. Wee shall dye all all dye shall wee dye all wee shall.

FIGURE 2: A solution to the magic card puzzle from Récréations mathématiques et physiques, Tome quatrième,

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Ramon Llull’s Prima Figura Elementalis: 1283 page SW6

In Europe the first appearance of a Latin square might be in the set of four 4 × 4 arrays for fire, air, water, and land which comprise the “First Elemental Figure” diagram in the Ars Demonstrativa [v. 1, pp. 318–320] by Ramon Llull6 (1232–1316), apparently first published in 1283.

6 Ramon Llull (in Catalan) is Ramón Llull or Raimundo Lulio (in Spanish), Raymond Lully or Raymond Lull (in English), or Raimundus Lullus or Raymundus Lullus (in Latin). We will use the spelling: Ramon Llull. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Ramon Llull (1232–1316) page SW7

Ramon Llull was a Majorca writer and philosopher born in Palma, Majorca, now part of Spain. He wrote the first major literary work in the Catalan language. Recently surfaced manuscripts show him to have anticipated by several centuries prominent work on electoral systems, see, e.g., Hägele & Pukelsheim7. http://www.asmalldoseof.org/historyoftox/MiddleAges/Ramon_Llull.jpg

7 Llull’s writings on electoral systems, by Günter Hägele & Friedrich Pukelsheim, Studia Lulliana, 41, 3–38, 2001. The stamp, which depicts a detail from Llull’s De Nativitat, is from Andorra (Spanish Admin.) 1987, Scott 182. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Llull’s Figura Ignis is a criss-cross Latin square page SW8

In all 4 “elemental figures”, Ramon Llull used the criss-cross Latin square pattern as exhibited by the matrix   1 2 3 4 2 1 4 3 L =   , 1 3 4 1 2 4 3 2 1 which we call “criss-cross” since all the forwards-diagonal elements and all the backwards diagonal elements are equal.

Llull’s Latin square matrix L1 is formed by coding

1 = Ignis (fire), 2 = Aër (air), 3 = Aqua (water), 4 = Terra (land).

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Properties of Llull’s criss-cross Latin square matrix L1 page SW9

1 2 3 4 2 1 4 3 We have coded the criss-cross Latin square matrix L =   1 3 4 1 2 4 3 2 1 to be in standard-form—the first row is 1, 2, 3, 4.

Llull’s Latin square matrix L1 has several interesting properties: it is in reduced-form, since the first column is also 1, 2, 3, 4, symmetric, i.e., L = L0, its transpose, 0 0 0 1 ! = , = 0 0 1 0 , centro-symmetric, i.e., FLF L where the flip matrix F 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 singular, with rank equal to 3, and null space spanned by (1, −1, −1, 1), × = AB ; = 1 2 , = 3 4 . 2 2 block-Latin, i.e., L BA here A 2 1 and B 4 3

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Delicious philatelic block-Latin square with 8 stamps page SW10

Joint issue for “Local Gastronomy”: Macau, China (top left block) & Singapore (top right block): 2008

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Poignard’s Jupiter Latin square L2 with numbers: 1704 page SW11

Possibly the first 4 × 4 Latin square with numbers may be represented by the matrix8 1 2 4 3 4 3 1 2 L =   , 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 3 4 published in the entitled

Traité des quarrés sublimes contenant des méthodes générales, toutes nouvelles et faciles, pour faire les sept quarrés planétaires et tous autres à l’infini par des nombres, en toutes sortes de progressions, by [Abbé François-Guillaume] Poignard9, Grand Chanoine de Bruxelles, pub. Guillaume Fricx, Brussels10, p. 74, 1704.

8 Many thanks to Christian Boyer for drawing our attention to this Latin square. 9 We know essentially nothing about Abbé Poignard. 10 We note while the city of Brussels (French: Bruxelles) is today the capital of Belgium, in 1704 Brussels was in the Spanish Netherlands, the part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain (1579–1713). George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Poignard associated the Latin square L2 with the planet Jupiter page SW12

Jupiter is the 5th planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the Solar System. The 5 stamps (and 1 label) from Guiné-Bissau for the International Astronomy Year 2009 feature Jupiter and its moons Europa, Callisto, Io, and Ganymede, along with Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). The orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, some of the largest satellites in the Solar System, form a pattern known as a Laplace resonance.

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Poignard’s L2 compared with Lllull’s L1 page SW13

# Let L2 be the matrix formed from Poignard’s matrix L2 # by interchanging the numbers 3 and 4. Then L2 is in standard-form and

        1 2 3 4 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 1 0 0 0 # 3 4 1 2 0 0 1 0 2 1 4 3 0 0 1 0 L =   =     =   L , 2 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 3 4 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 4 3 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 1 0 1 0 0

# and so the matrix L2 is just Llull’s Latin square matrix L1 with its 2nd row moved down two rows (to be the bottom row).

Four other Latin squares may be formed from L1 by permuting its rows.

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Properties of Poignard’s Latin square L2 page SW14 1 2 4 3 4 3 1 2 Poignard’s Latin square matrix L =   has some interesting 2 3 4 2 1 properties: it is 2 1 3 4 in Sudoku form, i.e., the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 are in the top-left, top-right, bottom-left and bottom-right 2 × 2 submatrices, diagonal, i.e., the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 appear in the forwards-diagonal and in the backwards-diagonal, +1 ! −1 singular, rank equal to 3, and column null space spanned by +1 , −1

orthogonal to L1, i.e., the pair (L1, L2) form a Graeco-Latin square.

When two Latin squares are overlaid to include two attributes in each cell of the array, with each pair appearing precisely once, then we obtain a Graeco-Latin square, and the Latin squares are said to be orthogonal.

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Llull’s Latin square L1 in an epitaph found in Cornwall page 10 1 2 3 4 2 1 4 3 Llull’s criss-cross Latin square of type L =   is (also) to be 1 3 4 1 2 4 3 2 1     found in an epitaph to Hannibal Bassett (1687–1708), in a churchyard in Mawgan-in-Meneage, Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, England.

Llull’s Latin square L in an epitaph found in Cornwall page SW15 Hanniball [sic1 ] Ba et [sic] here Inter’d doth lye   1 2 3 4 Who dying lives to2 all 1 Eternitye 4 3 Llull’s criss-cross Latin square L =   is (also) to be hee departed this1 life3 the 4 17th1 2 of Ian 4 3 2 1 1709/8 in the 22th year of his age found in an epitaph to Hannibal Bassett (1687–1708), in a churchyard∼ in Mawgan-in-Meneage,A lover Lizard of Peninsula, learning Cornwall, England. Shall wee all dye Wee shall dye all all dye shall wee dye all wee shall.

RR GeorgeHanniball P. [sic H.] Styan Ba et [sic]Latin here Inter’d squares doth in Europe lye 1283–1788 Who dying lives to all Eternitye; hee departed this life the 17th of Ian 1709/8 in the 22th year of his age ∼ A lover of learning.

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 orchard 10/21/2008 11:39 AM orchard.doc 4 Oct 1997 JOSEPH ORCHARD by Ken F STEWART ORIGINS Joseph Orchard was baptised on the 20th of February 1800, the second son of the many children of William and Elizabeth (Betty) Orchard of Mawgan‑in‑Meneage, Helston, Cornwall. This hamlet on the Southern Coast of Cornwall was the birthplace of many generations of the Orchard family dating back to around 1712 Philip Orchard married Mary around 1712 Philip was baptised 10th May 1719, son of Philip and Mary. Philip Orchard married Mary TREWREN around 1738 Joseph was baptised 6th January 1752, son of Philip and Mary Joseph Orchard married Prudence ROGERSChurch around of 1770 Saint Mawgan & Spanish Armada page SW16 William was baptised 27 April 1773, son of Joseph and Prudence William Orchard married Elizabeth (Betty) COOKE around 1796, the eldest daughter of Thomas and Jane Cooke.

William ORCHARD and Betty COOKE's known family of six children were all born and baptised in Mawgan‑in‑Meneage, and included:‑ William Orchard baptised 28th January 1798 Joseph Orchard baptised 20th February 1800 Elizabeth Orchard baptised 13th June 1802 Mary Orchard baptised 5th April 1812 Jane Orchard baptised 13th March 1814 Hannibal Orchard baptised 9th April 1819

The Church of Mawgan-in-Meneage Joseph grew up in Mawgan and learned the trade of a pavior, the layer of flat paving stones. Around 1828 he married Elizabeth Bolitho, baptised 11th June 1808,Churchone of ofthe Saintvery large Mawganfamily inof Mawgan-in-Meneage,children of John Cornwall, England, and Bolitho and Mary Harris of Mawgan. The first four of their(right children panel) were Spanish all born in Armada Mawgan, approaching showing that Lizard Point11, 19 July 1588. was their residence, however when young Joseph (junior) was born in 1838 they were living in Ponsanooth with Joseph (senior) working as a thatcher. At the age of 48 he decided that his family had more chance to flourish away from the small rural Cornish towns, and taking his wife Elizabeth (nee Bolitho) and his 11 children sailed for Australia. The children were Stamp from Great Britain 1988, Scott 1217. John Orchard, born about 1828 George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Elizabeth Orchard bapt 4th July 1830 in Mawgan‑in‑Meneage Mary Orchard baptised 8th April 1832 in Mawgan‑in‑Meneage Susan Orchard baptised 8th June 1834 in Mawgan‑in‑Meneage Joseph Orchard born 12th November 1838 and baptised 20th April 1839 in Stithians Thus the family of seven included two near adult children, two teenage girls, and the younger eight year old Joseph (junior). Another elder sister Emily Orchard married to Hannabel Williams and was believed to also emmigrate for South Australia (but not necessarily on the same ship).

The "Westminster" sailed on the 20th of March 1848 and through the four month voyage Joseph kept a diary of the journey, noting the weather conditions, the ships progress, the seven births and twelve deaths aboard as measles slew many of the young children of the emmigrant passengers. In the crossing of the Bay of http://members.iinet.net.au/~kjstew/ORCHARDhistory.htm Page 1 of 10 The Magic Card Puzzle: 1723/1725 page SW17

In 1892, W. W. Rouse Ball12 defined the Magic Card Puzzle like this: Place the 16 court cards in the form of a square so that no row, no column, and no diagonal shall contain more than one card of each suit and one card of each rank. This is the earliest statement of the Magic Card Puzzle that we have found published in English (in 1892). The earliest version we have found anywhere is in French in

Récréations mathématiques et physiques, Tome quatrième, où l’on traite: Des phosphores naturels & artificiels, & des lampes perpétuelles. Dissertation physique & chymique. Avec l’explication des tours de gibecière, de gobelets, & autres récréatifs & divertissans by Jacques Ozanam (revised by Martin Grandin), published in 1723/172513. 12 Mathematical Recreations and Problems of Past and Present Times, 2nd (May 1892). Macmillan, , see p. 41. 13 The statement of and solution to the Magic Card Puzzle given below are taken from the digitized version of the 1725 edition; we believe that the same statement and solution are also given in the 1723 edition. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 The Ozanam–GrandinThe Ozanam–Grandin solution (1725) solution to the (1725) Magic to Card the MagicPuzzle Card Puzzle page 25 page 25

The Ozanam–GrandinThe Ozanam–Grandin solution solution [79, Pl. 12, fig. 35,[79, (1725)] Pl. 12, to fig. the 35, (1725)] to the The Magic Card Puzzle: 1723/1725Magic Card Puzzle,Magic apparently Card Puzzle, with images apparently page SW18 with images of old French playingof old cards. French [Note playing that cards. the [Note that the image in (row 1, columnimage in 3) (row should 1, column be the 3) should be the king of spades ,kingnot ofkingspades of clubs, not.] king of clubs .] ♠ ♠ ♣ ♣

FIGURE 2: A solution to theFIGURE magic card2: A puzzlesolution from to the Récréations magic card mathématiques puzzle from Récréations et physiques, mathématiques Tome quatrième, et physiques, Tome quatrième, The 1725 statement of and solution (with typo) to the George P. H. StyanGeorgeSome P. H. Styancomments onSome Graeco-Latin comments squares on Graeco-Latin and on the squares Magic and Card on Puzzle, the Magic illustrated Card Puzzle, with playing illustrated cards with and playing postage cards stamps and postage stamps Magic Card Puzzle. The images are apparently of playing cards in the French Portrait de Paris style.

FIGURE 2: A solution to the magic card puzzle from Récréations mathématiques et physiques, Tome quatrième,

George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788

FIGURE 2: A solution to the magic card puzzle from Récréations mathématiques et physiques, Tome quatrième, Solution to the Magic Card Puzzle: 1723/1725 page SW19

The solution to the Magic Card Puzzle is a diagonal Graeco-Latin square14. When the constituent orthogonal Latin squares are diagonal, then we have a diagonal Graeco-Latin square, e.g., the two diagonal Latin square matrices 1 2 4 3 1 2 3 4 4 3 1 2 4 3 2 1 L =   , L =   2 3 4 2 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 3 4 3 4 1 2

are orthogonal and so the pair (L2, L3) is a solution to the Magic Card Puzzle. As we already observed, the matrix L2 was considered by Poignard (1704).

The Latin square matrix L3, like L2, is in Sudoku form, and singular with rank 3, # and diagonal. The matrices L2 (L2 with 3 and 4 interchanged) and L3 are the only 4 × 4 diagonal Latin square matrices in standard-form15.

14 As we already observed, when two Latin squares are overlaid to include two attributes in each cell of the array, with each pair appearing precisely once, then we obtain a Graeco-Latin square, and the Latin squares are orthogonal. 15 There are 12 4 × 4 Latin square matrices in standard-form with rank 3, and all 12 have null space spanned by 0 (1, −1, −1, 1) . There are 24 4 × 4 Latin square matrices in standard-form and 12 of these are nonsingular. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 First (?) use of a Latin square in an experimental design: France 1788 page SW20

Probably the earliest use of a Latin square in an experimental design was in France by François Cretté de Palluel (1741–1798), who in 1788 published a study16 implicitly using the 4 × 4 one-step forwards-circulant Latin square

1 2 3 4 4 1 2 3 L =   4 3 4 1 2 2 3 4 1 in an experiment involving the fattening of 16 sheep, four of each of four different breeds (French: races):

Isle de France (Élève du pays) Beauce (Beauceron)17, Champagne (Champenois), Picardy (Picard).

16 Sur les avantages & l’économie que procurent les racines employées à l’engrais des moutons à l’étable. Mémoires d’agriculture, d’économie rurale et domestique, Trimestre d’été 1788 (“Lu le 31 juillet 1788”), pp. 17–23 (& 2 foldout-pages of tables facing p. 23). 17 The historical region of Beauce is now part of the départements of Eure-et-Loire and Loir-et-Cher in the northern “Central Loire Valley”. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Four breeds of sheep & four regions of France page SW21

The regions of France depicted in the stamps18 below correspond to the

Zoom sur le timbre «Champagne-Ardenne Régions administratives» 08/13/2008 11:04 AM Zoom sur le timbre «Pays de la Loire Régions administratives» 08/13/2008 01:11 PM Zoom sur le timbre «Picardie Régions administratives» 08/13/2008 11:02 AM breeds of sheep studied by François Cretté de Palluel in 1788.donc peut-être susceptibles de vous Pays de la Loire Champagne-Ardenne Picardie intéresser... Régions administratives Régions administratives Régions administratives

Hôtels Champagne-Ardenne Visitez-vous Champagne- Ardenne? Comparez prix & critiques d'hôtels www.TripAdvisor.fr

Annonces Google Collection De Timbre Timbre Poste Zoom Zoom Philatélie Timbres France

Tous droits réservés Tous droits réservés Tous droits réservés

Cérès n° 1852 Dallay n° 1885 Yvert & Tellier n° 1849 Dallay n° 1957 Yvert & Tellier n° 1920 Marianne n° 75-37 Yvert & Tellier n° 1847

Dessiné par Sylvia Karl-Marquet Dessiné par Jean-Marc Lallemand Gravé par Claude Haley Dessiné par Roland Irolla Gravé par Claude Haley Gravé par Jean Pheulpin

Chercher sur la vaste toile - Chercher seulement dans Phil-Ouest The sheep were harvested on 4 differentChercher dayssur la vaste toile in- 1788Chercher seulement dans exactlyPhil-Ouest Chercher onesur la vaste toile month- Chercher seulement apart:dans Phil-Ouest

Signaler une anomalie - Vos commentaires (1) 20 February, (2) 20 March, (3)Signaler une 20anomalie - April,Vos commentaires (4) 20 May.Signaler une anomalie - Vos commentaires http://www.phil-ouest.com/Timbre_zoom.php?Nom_timbre=Pays_Loire_1975&type=Zoom Page 1 of 2 http://www.phil-ouest.com/Timbre_zoom.php?Nom_timbre=Picardie_1975&type=Zoom Page 1 of 2 Ce site a été visité 2 105 739 fois - cette page a été visitée 21 fois - précédente visite le 13/08/2008 à 17h 04mn Mois de août 2008: 98 741 visites cumulées des pages pour 18 064 visites du site. 18 The four stamps are all from France: 1978, Scott 1588 (Ile-de-France); 1975, Scott 1445 (Pays de la Loire); 1977, Scott 1513 (Champagne-Ardennes); 1975 Scott 1443 (Picardie). George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788

http://www.phil-ouest.com/Timbre_zoom.php?Nom_timbre=Champagne_Ardenne_1977&type=Zoom Page 1 of 1 The sheep were fed four different kinds of food (nourriture): page SW22 (a) potatoes (pommes de terre), (b) turnips (turneps), (c) beet (betteraves), (d) corn (grains, avoine, orge & pois gris)19.

The main purpose of this experiment by Cretté de Palluel was to compare feeding sheep with root vegetables (rather than corn) indoors during the winter. The use of a 4 × 4 Latin square enabled Cretté de Palluel to use only 16 = 42 sheep rather than 64 = 43. 19 The stamps are from (left to right): India 1985, Scott 1085 (50 years of potato research); Hungary 1960, Scott 1338 (The Turnip: Russian Fairy Tale); Finland 2005, Scott 1235 (Whitefish and beetroot tartare on lettuce, with se-tenant (not shown) sautéed reindeer and grouse breast); Mali 1974, Scott 213 (Farmer with rural newspaper “Kibaru” and corn). George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Le fauteuil Dagobert (Dagobert chair or throne) page SW23

During the French Revolution (1789–1799), François Cretté de Palluel served on the commission for agriculture and the arts and he is credited with the conservation of the famous fauteuil Dagobert20.

20 Pictures from (left panel) Illustrated History of Furniture: From the Earliest to the Present Time, Containing over Three Hundred and Fifty Illustrations of Representative Examples of the Different Periods, by Frederick Litchfield, 6th Edition, Truslove and Hanson, London, page 21, 1907, and (right panel) Creating French Culture: Treasures from the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Monarchs and Monasteries: Knowledge and Power in Medieval France (late 8th – late 15th centuries). of Congress Exhibition, Washington, DC, 2006. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Abbey at Saint-Denis to the Bibliothèque nationale de France: 1791 page SW24

In 1791 François Cretté de Palluel arranged that le fauteuil Dagobert be moved21 from the Abbey at Saint-Denis to the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

21 Archives de la Noblesse: Nobiliaire Universel de France (L. de Magney, ed.), XIXe , pub. Archives de la Noblesse, Paris, 1888, see section “Maingard”, pp. 62–63; 1885 and 1878 editions also digitized by Google . The stamps are both from France: (left panel) 1944, Scott 498: Crypt of the Abbey at Saint-Denis & (right panel) 1996, Scott 2551: Bibliothèque nationale de France. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788 Boulogne sur Mer - Timbre de 1967 11/14/2008 02:03 PM

Accueil A propos Adresses Années Annuaire Napoléon (1769–1821) and le fauteuil Dagobert page SW25 Depuis maintenant plus de 11 ans ce site, à but non lucratif, est financé grâce mes Articles Artistes Chronologie Communes La France économies, néanmoins sa maintenance n'est hélas pas gratuite, je me suis donc Lexique Oblitérations Recherches Séries-thèmes Timbres résigné à y intégrer de la publicité. In August 1804, Napoléon brought le fauteuil Dagobert to J'espère que vous ne les trouverez pas Basse-Normandie 14 50 61 Bretagne 22 29 35 56 Pays-de-la-Loire 44 49 53 72 85 France trop gênantes. Elles sont ciblées en fonction du contenu de chaque page et Boulogne-sur-Mer, where he used it when he distributed the first medals of donc peut-être susceptibles de vous the Légion d’honneur. A year later, in August 1805, Napoléon came back Cérès n° 1514 Dallay n° 1537 Yvert & Tellier n° 1503 intéresser... 1967 Vente générale le 8 juillet 1967 to Boulogne-sur-Mer and seated on le fauteuil Dagobert, Retiré de la vente le 22 janvier 1971 he held a grand review of hisBoulogne troops22sur. Mer Valeur faciale : 0,95 F Format : 36x21,45 mm Dentelure : 13 Philatélie Couleur : vert, violet et bleu Le specialiste de la philatélie Imprimé en taille douce rotative à 50 timbres par feuille Vente en ligne, paiement securisé www.lapostale.fr La série à laquelle appartient le timbre 1967 - Série sites et monuments Les timbres de l´Ouest sont en vert Annonces Google Saint Quentin L´Hôtel de Ville Timbres Timbres Rares France Tous droits réservés Collection Timbres Poste Vire Philatélie 22 La Porte et la tour de l´Horloge Napoléon and the End of the French Revolution, by CharlesDessiné F. Warwick,par pub.Jacques George W.Combet Jacobs, Philadelphia, Vente Ligne Timbres pp. 225–226, 1910. The stamps are both from France: (left panel) 1954, Scott 730: 150th anniversary of Napoléon awarding Légion d’honneur, Camp de Boulogne, 16 August 1804; (right panel) 1967, Scott 1189: Harbour at Saint Germain en Laye Boulogne-sur-Mer. Les timbres de sites et monuments Le Château George P. H.Les StyantimbresLatindu squaresPas de inCalais Europe 1283–1788 La Baule Les timbres de l'année 1967 Boulogne sur Mer Lien vers le site «Le phare à travers le monde» par A. Guyomard et R. Carceller - Le phare de Boulogne Rodez 104 par Jacques Conreux La Cathédrale

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King Dagobert I (605–639). page SW26 Dagobert I 11/08/2008 04:30 PM Car un pays sans passé est un pays sans avenir... < Accueil - Mythologie - Histoire - Dossiers & Résumés - Généalogies - Atlas - Bibliographie - Forum - Liens - La Boutique - Expositions culturelles > This is a beta version of NNDB [ Précédente ] [ Remonter ] [ Suivante ] 23 Annonces Google Search: All Names for Search Le fauteuil Dagobert is named afterLa King Boutique histoire Dagobert I , who Monnaie Histoire Les mensonges de l'Histoire Histoire Antiquité - Les nouveautés du Le Roi Lion was bornLe inbon 605roi Dagobert anda mis diedsa culotte onà l'envers 19 January 639 in the Abbey of Saint-Denis Histoire Moyen Age Pendentif Mythologie DagobertFaux! Car contrairementandà ce que l'on wasI pourrait thecroire, après firstavoir Frenchentendu à maintes king reprises la to be120 buried€ there. -Egyptienne fameuse chanson, Dagobert n'était ni un idiot, ni un faible, bien au contraire! -Grecque Sphère armillaire -Scandinave Born: 605 AD Died: 19-Jan-639 AD 450 € Histoire Location of death: Saint-Denis, France -Ancienne HIMALAYA -Médiévale Cause of death: unspecified 135 € Dossiers & Résumés Gender: Male Coupe 3 -Les sept merveilles du monde -Le retour du Roi Religion: Roman Catholic 49 euros -Les mensonges de l'Histoire Race or Ethnicity: White euros -L'histoire du père noël -La statue de la Liberté Occupation: Royalty -Alesia ------Partenaires -La Guerre du Mexique Nationality: Barbarian Executive summary: King of the Franks, 629-39 Généalogies -Dynasties de l'Antiquité -Dynasties du Moyen Age Dagobert I, king of the Franks, was the son of Clotaire II. -Dynasties de l'époque Moderne In 623 his father established him as king of the region east -Dynasties de l'époque contemporaine of the Ardennes, and in 626 revived for him the ancient Atlas kingdom of Austrasia, minus Aquitaine and Provence. As -Cartes de l'Antiquité Dagobert was yet but a child, he was placed under the -Cartes du Moyen Age -Cartes de l'époque Moderne authority of the mayor of the palace, Pippin, and Arnulf, -Cartes de l'époque Contemporaine Portraitbishopde Dagobert of ,Metz.par Émile AtSIGNOL, the1842, deathconservé of auClotaireMusée National II indu château629,et Dagobertdes Trianons de wishedVersailles. to reestablish unity in the Frankish En effet,realm,il lutta andcontre in 629les nobles and 630les plus maderemuants, expeditionsréorganisa intol'administration Neustria andet la Burgundy,justice du where7 novembre he succeeded in Bibliographie royaume, centralisa la frappe de la monnaie dans son palais, et favorisa le développement de 1659 : le traité des Pyrénées 23securing the recognition of his authority. In Aquitaine he gave his brotherLa CharibertFrance de Louis XIVthe administration -Littérature grecque l'éducationThe et des portraits arts (il fit ériger of Kingl'Église Saint Dagobert Denis, nécropole I are: des (leftrois de panel) France.). 1842 portrait bypuissance Émileeuropéenne Signol (1804–1892); -Littérature latine En outre,of therappelons counties aussi que of l'èreToulouse, des rois fainéants Cahors,ne commença Agen, Périgueux,pas sous le règne and de Dagobert,Saintes; mais but at Charibert'sprépondérante... deathsuite in 632 -Littérature française (rightjuste à sa panel)mort, en 639. portrait from the biography on the NNDB tracking the entire world website. -Littérature anglo-saxonne Dagobert became sole ruler of the whole of the Frankish territories south of theC'est saLoire. fête : Carine Under him the Je vous invite à lire la fameuse chanson, que je commenterai à la fin de cette page. Une martyre d'Anatolie... Merovingian monarchy attained its culminatingGeorge P. H.point. Styan He restoredLatin to the squares royal domain in Europe the lands 1283–1788 that had © Réagissez Le bonbeen roi Dagobert usurped by the great nobles and by the church; he maintained at Paris a luxurious, though, from the -Forum A mis sa culotte a l'envers; -Livre d'or Le grandexample saint Éloi he himself set, a disorderly court; he was a patron of the arts, and delighted in the exquisite -Email Lui dit:craftsmanship Ô mon roi ! of his treasurer, the goldsmith St. Eloi. His authority was recognized through the length Votre andmajesté breadth of the realm. The duke of the Basques came to his court to swear fidelity, and at his villa at Liens Est mal culottée. Web Histoir C'est vrai,Clichy lui dit the le roi chief of the Bretons of Domnoné promised obedience. He intervened in the affairs of the -Sites Internet Recherche Google -Annuaires Je vaisVisigoths la remettre à ofl'endroit. Spain and the Lombards of Italy, and was heard with deference. Indeed, as a sovereign, Dagobert was reckoned superior to the other barbarian kings. He entered into relations with the eastern Comme il la remettait Un peutempire, trop il se and découvrait; swore a "perpetual peace" with the emperor Heraclius; andExpositions it is probable culturelles that the two Le grandsovereigns saint Éloi took common measures against the Slav and Bulgarian tribes, which ravaged in turn the Lui dit: Ô mon roi ! Vous avezByzantine la peau state and the German territories subject to the Franks. Dagobert protected the church and placed illustrious prelates at the head of the bishoprics -- Eloi (Eligius) at Noyon, Ouen (Audoenus) at Rouen, and Didier (Desiderius) at Cahors. His reign is also marked by the creation of numerous http://www.histoire-fr.com/mensonges_histoire_dagobert.htmmonasteries and by renewed missionary activity, in Flanders and among thePage Basques. 1 of 5 He died on the 19th of January 639, and was buried at St. Denis. After his death the Frankish monarchy was again

http://www.nndb.com/people/017/000096726/ Page 1 of 2 Le bon roi Dagobert (The Good King Dagobert) page SW27

King Dagobert I was immortalized in the song Le bon roi Dagobert, a nursery rhyme which became extremely popular as an expression of the anti-monarchist sentiment of the French Revolution.

Le bon roi Dagobert is the title (and subject) of two movies: the first (1963) stars Fernandel24 and the second (1984) stars Coluche25.

24 Fernand Joseph Désiré Contandin (1903–1971) also appeared in Around the World in Eighty Days (1956) in which he played David Niven’s coachman. Stamp is from France 1994: Scott B657. 25 Michel Colucci (1944–1986), who attempted to run in the French presidential elections in 1981. Stamp is from France 1994: Scott B661. George P. H. Styan Latin squares in Europe 1283–1788