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Nobel peace speech Associate Professor Joshua FRYE Humboldt State University USA [email protected] Macy SUCHAN Humboldt State University USA [email protected] Abstract: The Nobel Peace Prize has long been considered the premier peace prize in the world. According to Geir Lundestad, Secretary of the Nobel Committee, of the 300 some peace prizes awarded worldwide, “none is in any way as well known and as highly respected as the Nobel Peace Prize” (Lundestad, 2001). Nobel peace speech is a unique and significant international site of public discourse committed to articulating the universal grammar of peace. Spanning over 100 years of sociopoliti- cal history on the world stage, Nobel Peace Laureates richly represent an important cross-section of domestic and international issues increasingly germane to many publics. Communication scholars’ interest in this rhetorical genre has increased in the past decade. Yet, the norm has been to analyze a single speech artifact from a prestigious or controversial winner rather than examine the collection of speeches for generic commonalities of import. In this essay, we analyze the discourse of No- bel peace speech inductively and argue that the organizing principle of the Nobel peace speech genre is the repetitive form of normative liberal principles and values that function as rhetorical topoi. These topoi include freedom and justice and appeal to the inviolable, inborn right of human beings to exercise certain political and civil liberties and the expectation of equality of protection from totalitarian and tyrannical abuses. The significance of this essay to contemporary communication theory is to expand our theoretical understanding of rhetoric’s role in the maintenance and de- velopment of an international and cross-cultural vocabulary for the grammar of peace. Keywords: Nobel Peace Prize, value appeals, normative liberalism, hero myth, repetitive form *** ESSACHESS. Journal for Communication Studies, vol. 10, no. 1(19) / 2017: 55-72 eISSN 1775-352X © ESSACHESS 56 Joshua FRYE, Macy SUCHAN Nobel peace speech Le discours de Nobel de la paix Résumé : Le prix Nobel de la paix a longtemps été considéré comme le premier prix de la paix au monde. Selon Geir Lundestad, secrétaire du Comité Nobel, sur les 300 prix de la paix décernés dans le monde entier, « aucun n'est ni connu ni respecté comme le prix Nobel de la paix » (Lundestad, 2001). Le discours Nobel de la paix est un terrain international unique et important de discours public engagé dans l’articulation de la grammaire universelle de la paix. Au cours de plus de 100 ans d’histoire sociopolitique sur la scène mondiale, les lauréats du prix Nobel de la paix représentent un échantillon important de problèmatiques nationales et internationales de plus en plus fréquentes pour de nombreux publics. L’intérêt des chercheurs en communication dans ce genre rhétorique a augmenté au cours de la dernière décen- nie. Néanmoins, la norme a été d’analyser un discours unique d’un gagnant pres- tigieux ou controversé plutôt que d’examiner une collection de discours afin de mettre en exergue les points communs génériques. Dans cet article, nous analysons inductivement le discours du discours du prix Nobel de paix en soutenant l’hypothèse que le principe organisateur du genre du discours de Nobel de la paix est un groupe de valeurs du libéralisme normatif qui fonctionnent comme topoi rhétorique. Ces topoi incluent la liberté et la justice et font appel au droit invincible et inné des êtres humains d’exercer certaines libertés politiques et civiles et l’attente de l’égalité de protection contre les abus totalitaires et tyranniques. La signification de cet essai pour la théorie de la communication contemporaine consiste à élargir notre compréhension théorique du rôle de la rhétorique dans le maintien et le dé- veloppement d’un vocabulaire international et interculturel pour une grammaire de la paix. Mots-clés : prix Nobel de la paix, attraction des valeurs, libéralisme normatif, mythe héroïque, forme répétitive *** Introduction The Nobel peace prize has long been considered the premier peace prize in the world. According to Geir Lundestad, former Secretary of the Nobel Committee, of the 300 some peace prizes awarded worldwide, “none is in any way as well known and as highly respected as the Nobel Peace Prize” (Lundestad, 2001). The very first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901; spanning over 100 years of sociopolitical history on the world stage, Nobel Peace Laureates richly represent an important cross-section of domestic and international issues increasingly germane to many publics as is evidenced by Kofi Annan’s 2001 Nobel lecture on behalf of the United Nations: Today’s real borders are not between nations, but between powerful and power- less, free and fettered, privileged and humiliated. Today, no walls can separate humanitarian or human rights crises in one part of the world from national security ESSACHESS. Journal for Communication Studies, vol. 10, no. 1(19) / 2017 57 crises in another. Scientists tell us that the world of nature is so small and interde- pendent that a butterfly flapping its wings in the Amazon rainforest can generate a violent storm on the other side of the earth. This principle is known as the “Butter- fly Effect.” Today, we realize, perhaps more than ever, that the world of human activity also has its own “Butterfly Effect”-for better or for worse (Annan, 2001). Nobel Peace Laureates are not selected for the power of their eloquent speech making. Rather, they are selected for the importance of their actions. Nevertheless, Nobel Peace Laureates deliver a Nobel lecture upon the now world-renowned occa- sion of the award ceremony. The speech ensuing from this forum has its own aes- thetic and instrumental power and bears an important relationship to prior and future international peace work. Nobel lectures are worthy of attention by those interested in understanding how highly engaged political actors use language and rhetorical appeals to advance peace. Several Nobel lectures have been included in the volumes of Vital Speeches of the Day, a rhetorical index of significant historical and contem- porary political speech. Moreover, included in their pioneering work Diplomatic Discourse in which Donahue and Prosser (1997) analyze the addresses of world leaders at the United Nations from a rhetorical perspective, three of the documented leaders speaking at the UN also received the Nobel Peace Prize at some point in their lives. Such an important site of rhetorical inventio warrants scholarly investigation. Nobel Peace Laureates by right of a prestigious ceremonial tradition have the atten- tion of an audience composed of members of diverse publics, including heads of state. Scholarly attention to Nobel peace speech has increased in the past decade. Yet, the norm has been for scholars to analyze a single speech artifact from a pres- tigious winner such as Mother Theresa (Kuseski, 1988); Liu Xiaobo (Hartnett, 2013); Barak Obama (Rhodes & Hlavacik, 2015); The Dalai Lama (Robinett, 2015); and Wangari Maathai (Kundai, 2016). Nevertheless, there is a gap in scholarly literature examining the rhetoric of Nobel Peace lectures as a genre. This essay aims to add to our knowledge of this understudied, yet powerful, discourse by answering the question: How does Nobel peace speech function as a rhetorical genre to induce actions and invoke values favorable to world peace? An inductive analysis was performed using the following methodology. A pur- posive sample of Nobel lectures from the body of available Nobel lectures to date was selected. We analyzed an average of 50 Nobel lectures, ranging from Albert G. Schmedeman's speech on behalf of Thomas Woodrow Wilson in 1919 to the most recent laureate Juan Manuel Santos’s lecture in 2016, with the greater emphasis placed on the last thirty years. We used a chronological rationale for focusing on Nobel lectures from the last thirty years. This purposive large-scale selection of recent speeches from the past several decades is based on the premise that this par- ticular rhetorical genre of ceremonial award acceptance speech would reveal a kind of unfolding narrative cohesion. This is partly because historically earlier Nobel prize speeches would likely set a rhetorical precedent for later speeches. Also, Nobel Peace Prize winners share similar visions for world peace and as globalization pro- 58 Joshua FRYE, Macy SUCHAN Nobel peace speech cesses accelerate, their articulations of problems and solutions may become more convergent. In other words, over time, Nobel lectures from vastly different recipi- ents might tell a similar story, even though the laureates come from diverse cultures and are engaged in diverse kinds of peace work. As Cobban (2000) has argued, the collaborative construction of a narrative for characterizing our “globewide human culture” may be wisely located from the Nobel peace laureate discursive communi- ty.1 In this essay we argue that Nobel peace speech has been instrumental in forward- ing a systematic articulation and reaffirmation of specific human values and political structures worldwide and has provided a rich vocabulary for the grammar of peace in western civilization and increasingly around the globe. The Nobel peace speech genre has achieved this heightened discursive ability through a series of highly ap- pealing message characteristics. These discursive characteristics include: (1) recur- rent situations and meaningful rhetorical action; (2) repetitive form; (3) a cluster of value appeals taken from the ideology of normative liberalism; and (4) consistent ideal hero enactment. In addition to this complex rhetoric, the Nobel Peace Prize tradition pursues institutional reification, which helps advance the practice, as well as the rhetoric, of peace. The rhetorical force of this genre of ceremonial speech revolves around the recurrent situation of humanity not living up to its creative and humanistic potential of peace and cooperation. The significance of this essay to communication theory is its contribution to our understanding of rhetoric’s role in the maintenance and development of an international and cross-cultural vocabulary for the grammar of peace.
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