DOCSLIB.ORG

Conceptual and Experimental Tools to Understand Spatial Effects and Transport Phenomena in Nonlinear Biochemical Networks Illustrated with Patchy Switching Rebecca R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conceptual and Experimental Tools to Understand Spatial Effects and Transport Phenomena in Nonlinear Biochemical Networks Illustrated with Patchy Switching Rebecca R BI86CH14-Ismagilov ARI 18 May 2017 17:11 Conceptual and Experimental Tools to Understand Spatial ANNUAL REVIEWS Further Effects and Transport Click here to view this article's online features: • Download figures as PPT slides Phenomena in Nonlinear • Navigate linked references • Download citations • Explore related articles • Search keywords Biochemical Networks Illustrated with Patchy Switching Rebecca R. Pompano,1 Andrew H. Chiang,2 Christian J. Kastrup,3 and Rustem F. Ismagilov4 1Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904; email: [email protected] 2Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; email: [email protected] 3Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; email: [email protected] 4Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2017. 86:333–56 Keywords The Annual Review of Biochemistry is online at state switching, signaling, flow, mass transfer, Damkohler¨ number, biochem.annualreviews.org microfluidics https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem- 060815-014207 Abstract Copyright c 2017 by Annual Reviews. Many biochemical systems are spatially heterogeneous and exhibit nonlinear All rights reserved behaviors, such as state switching in response to small changes in the local concentration of diffusible molecules. Systems as varied as blood clotting, intracellular calcium signaling, and tissue inflammation are all heavily in- fluenced by the balance of rates of reaction and mass transport phenomena including flow and diffusion. Transport of signaling molecules is also affected Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2017.86:333-356. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by geometry and chemoselective confinement via matrix binding. In this re- Access provided by California Institute of Technology on 06/28/17. For personal use only. view, we use a phenomenon referred to as patchy switching to illustrate the interplay of nonlinearities, transport phenomena, and spatial effects. Patchy switching describes a change in the state of a network when the local concen- tration of a diffusible molecule surpasses a critical threshold. Using patchy switching as an example, we describe conceptual tools from nonlinear dy- namics and chemical engineering that make testable predictions and provide a unifying description of the myriad possible experimental observations. We describe experimental microfluidic and biochemical tools emerging to test conceptual predictions by controlling transport phenomena and spatial dis- tribution of diffusible signals, and we highlight the unmet need for in vivo tools. 333 BI86CH14-Ismagilov ARI 18 May 2017 17:11 Contents INTRODUCTION . 334 TRANSPORT AND THRESHOLD KINETICS DRIVE PATCHYSWITCHING....................................................... 334 DefinitionofPatchySwitching.................................................. 334 Dynamics of Patchy Switching Predicted by the DamkohlerNumber.............¨ 336 PredictingPatchySwitchinginResponsetoPatchSize........................... 337 MICROSCALECONTROLOVERTRANSPORTPHENOMENA............... 339 Controlling Patch Size and Clustering . 339 Chemically Controlling Diffusivity . 342 Utilizing Confinement . 343 Manipulating Flow and Shear . 345 CONCLUSIONSANDOUTLOOK.............................................. 346 To Which Biological Systems Might Patchy Switching Apply? . 346 Case Study: Possible Patchy Switching in the Lesions of Multiple Sclerosis ........ 346 Outlook on Tools for Testing the Role of Patchy Switching InVitroandInVivo......................................................... 348 INTRODUCTION Biochemical reactions rarely occur in a perfectly homogeneous environment. With the exception of a well-mixed test tube, molecules and cells are dispersed unevenly through complex matrices, whether inside a cell, culture dish, or tissue. Furthermore, the reactions themselves are moving in space—molecules and cells are transported by diffusion, convection, and cellular motion, except when bound to relatively stationary support structures such as the extracellular matrix (ECM). Historically, scientists have had better tools for controlling rates of reactions than for ma- nipulating transport phenomena. Quantification of the rates of reactions affecting signaling molecules—for example, rate of enzymatic activity, rate of cellular secretion, and levels of gene expression—is standard in biological experiments, and modulating reaction rates (via small molecules, siRNA, inactivating antibodies, etc.) is common in basic science and medicine. In con- trast, characterization and especially control of transport phenomena (1)—for example, diffusion, flow, effects of spatial arrangement, and effects of binding to the ECM (2–4)—have been more challenging. Yet, when these experiments are performed, they suggest that changes in transport Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2017.86:333-356. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org rates can be significant enough to perturb the local concentration of a signal. For example, bind- ∼ Access provided by California Institute of Technology on 06/28/17. For personal use only. ing of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to heparan sulfate (Kd 24 nM) slows its diffusion (5) through the basement membrane by >125-fold. Such a large change in local concentration can strongly affect the state of a biochemical network when the kinetics of the network depend nonlinearly on concentration (6). If a system shows threshold dependence on the concentration of the signal [e.g., in growth factor signaling (7)], this change may be sufficient to drive switching to a new state. TRANSPORT AND THRESHOLD KINETICS DRIVE PATCHY SWITCHING Definition of Patchy Switching To illustrate the interplay of nonlinear reaction kinetics, changes in local concentrations, and mass transport phenomena, in this review we focus our attention on biological systems that switch their 334 Pompano et al. BI86CH14-Ismagilov ARI 18 May 2017 17:11 Patchy switching System is OFF System is ON Threshold concentration Low [trigger] on patch High [trigger] on patch Da << 1 Da >> 1 Diffusivity Rate of reaction + Production Flow Da = – Degradation Rate of transport Geometry – Inhibition Figure 1 In patchy switching, local accumulation of diffusible triggers causes transitions between biological states, shown here for OFF and ON (red starburst) states. Triggers accumulate to high concentration (dark blue) only when their removal by transport ( green arrows) is slower than their net production (red arrows). The competition between reaction and transport is described by a unitless quantity termed the Damkohler¨ number (Da). state in response to a change in local concentrations of diffusible molecules, which we call triggers (Figure 1). Although this phenomenon may sound specialized, it is actually quite common. Intu- itive examples of state switching occur in blood coagulation (clotted/not clotted), cellular signaling networks (signaling on/off ), quorum sensing (swarming/resting), neural dynamics (firing/not fir- ing), and stem cell differentiation (pluripotent/differentiated). For a more rigorous description of state switching, we refer the reader to reviews of dynamical systems (8) and transitions between macro states in statistical thermodynamics (9). Triggers that control the state of a system as a re- sult of a change in concentration include small molecules, proteins, and enzymes. For simplicity, here we focus on molecular triggers, although such state switching may also occur in response to changes in the local concentration of larger structures, such as vesicles or cells. All of these molec- ular triggers are subject to mass transport, and therefore their local concentrations are controlled by the balance of production, degradation, and mass transport phenomena. A dramatic effect arises if two conditions are met: (a) triggers are localized or produced in a cluster we call a patch and (b) the system can switch from OFF to ON when triggers are present Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2017.86:333-356. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org above a critical threshold concentration. When the local concentration of triggers near a patch passes through its critical threshold value, we call the state change patchy switching (Figure 1). Access provided by California Institute of Technology on 06/28/17. For personal use only. For a concrete example, consider a small injury to a blood vessel that exposes blood to a patch of subendothelial tissue. This patch of damaged vasculature contains proteins, including tissue factor (TF) and collagen, which begin adhering platelets and activating an enzymatic cascade that can lead to a blood clot (10). Clotting occurs only when activated enzymes accumulate above a threshold concentration (11, 12), so this scenario meets the two conditions described above. Whether or not a clot forms and grows from the patch of damage depends on the balance between the net rate of enzyme activation (activation minus consumption and inhibition) and the rate of removal of those enzymes by flow or diffusion (13). The concept of patchy switching is not new, though appreciation for it has remained mostly confined to specific fields. Switching driven by mass transport effects is predicted by classical theory in chemistry, including work by Turing on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and work www.annualreviews.org
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GSA Welcomes 2012 Board Members
    7INTERs3PRING 4HE'3!2EPORTER winter s spring 2012 New Executive GSA Welcomes 2012 Board Members Director Now on Board The Genetics Society of America New Members of the GSA Board of welcomes four new members elected Directors Adam P. Fagen, by the general membership to the Ph.D., stepped in as 2012 GSA Board of Directors. The VICE PRESIDENT: GSA’s new Executive new members are: Michael Lynch Michael Lynch, Director beginning (Indiana University), who serves as Distinguished December 1, 2011. vice president in 2012 and as GSA Professor of Dr. Fagen previously president in 2013 and Marnie E. Biology, Class of was at the American Halpern (Carnegie Institution for 1954 Professor, Society of Plant Science); Mohamed Noor (Duke Department of Biologists (ASPB), University); and John Schimenti Biology, Indiana where he was the director of public (Cornell University), who will serve as University, continued on page nineteen directors. Bloomington. Dr. Lynch is a population and evolutionary biologist and a In addition to these elected officers, long-time member of GSA. Dr. Lynch 2012 Brenda J. Andrews (University of sees GSA as the home for geneticists Toronto), Editor-in-Chief of GSA’s who study a broad base of topics GSA Award journal, G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, and organisms, and as a forum Recipients which was first published online in where general discussion occurs, June 2011, becomes a member of the whether based on the principles Announced Board of Directors. The bylaws have of genetics, the most pressing historically included the GENETICS GSA is pleased to announce the issues within the discipline itself, or editor-in-chief on the Board and as a responses to societal concerns and/ 2012 recipients of its five awards result of a 2011 bylaw revision, the G3 for distinguished service in the or conflicts within applied genetics.
    [Show full text]
  • IST Annual Report 2019
    Annual Report 2019 IST Austria administrative and The people of IST Austria technical support staff by nationality Austria 59.4% Nationalities on campus Germany 5.6% Hungary 3.1% Poland 2.5% Romania 2.5% Scientists as well as administrative and technical support staff come Italy 2.1% Russia 1.7% from all over the world to conduct and back research at IST Austria. Czech Republic 1.4% As of December 31, 2019, a total of 72 nationalities were represented India 1.4% Slovakia 1.4% on campus. Spain 1.4% UK 1.4% Other 16.1% North America Europe Asia Canada Albania Italy Afghanistan Cuba Andorra Latvia Bangladesh El Salvador Armenia Lithuania China Mexico Austria Luxembourg South Korea USA Belarus Macedonia India Belgium Malta Iran Bosnia and Netherlands Israel Herzegovina Norway Japan Bulgaria Poland Jordan Croatia Portugal Kazakhstan Cyprus Romania Lebanon Czech Republic Serbia Mongolia Denmark Slovakia Philippines Finland Slovenia Russia France Spain Singapore Georgia Sweden Syria Germany Switzerland Vietnam Greece Turkey Hungary UK Ireland Ukraine Africa Egypt Kenya IST Austria scientists by nationality Libya Austria 14.7% Nigeria Germany 10.9% South America Italy 7.4% Argentina India 5.9% Russia 4.7% Brazil Slovakia 4.1% Chile China 4.1% Colombia Hungary 3.7% Peru Spain 3.3% Uruguay USA 3.1% Czech Republic 2.9% UK 2.4% Oceania Other 32.8% Australia Content 2 HAPPY BIRTHDAY! 40 RESEARCH 4 Foreword by the president 42 Biology 5 Board member voices 44 Computer science 6 “An Austrian miracle” 46 Mathematics A year of celebration 48 Neuroscience
    [Show full text]
  • The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT
    The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research was announced on October 9, 2007. By combining the faculty of the (now former) MIT Center for Cancer Research (CCR) with an equivalent number of distinguished engineers drawn from various MIT departments, the Koch Institute will continue CCR’s tradition of scientific excellence while also seeking to directly promote innovative ways to diagnose, monitor, and treat cancer through advanced technology. Among the engineering faculty there will be remarkable diversity, as the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Materials Science and Engineering, Biological Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering departments will be represented in the Koch Institute. For three decades, CCR has been a mainstay of MIT’s—and the nation’s—efforts to conquer cancer. Its faculty has included five Nobel Prize winners, and the wealth of fundamental discoveries that have emerged under its aegis have helped shape the face of molecular biology. Under the banner of the Koch Institute, the future promises to hold even more astounding advances. Within the Koch Institute we will not directly provide clinical care for cancer patients but discoveries made by Koch Institute scientists and engineers will have a broad impact on how the disease is detected and managed. Applying our great strengths in science and technology, and working closely with our clinical collaborators, Koch Institute researchers will be tireless in unraveling the complexities of this disease and bringing new discoveries—and new hope—to patients. The Koch Institute includes more than 40 laboratories and more than 500 researchers located at our headquarters and across the MIT campus.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Annual Report 2019 Annual Report Society for Science & the Public
    For more information, please contact: NEW FRONTIERS Bruce Makous Chief Advancement Officer 202-872-5138 | [email protected] www.societyforscience.org | www.sciencenews.org 2019 ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ANNUAL REPORT SOCIETY FOR SCIENCE & THE PUBLIC SCIENCE NEWS | MARCH 2, 2019 To create new elements and study the chemistry of the periodic table’s heaviest atoms, researchers at the Letter from Mary Sue Coleman, Chair 2 GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany, Letter from Maya Ajmera, President & CEO 4 use the apparatus shown below to create beams of ions that scientists then smash into other elements. Society Top Moments of 2019 6 GSI HELMHOLTZZENTRUM FÜR SCHWERIONENFORSCHUNG GMBH/JAN Competitions 8 MICHAEL HOSAN 2018 Regeneron Science Talent Search 10 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair 12 Broadcom MASTERS 14 Alumni 16 Science News Media Group 18 Science News 20 SN 10 22 Science News for Students 24 Outreach & Equity 26 Science News in High Schools 28 Advocate Program 30 Research Teachers Conferences 32 STEM Research Grants 34 STEM Action Grants 36 Financials 38 SCIENCE NEWS FOR STUDENTS | JUNE 6, 2019 New ISEF Sponsorship Model 40 ”Grid,” by math artist Henry Segerman, explores mathematical Giving 42 concepts using projections. This 3D-printed sculpture is a patterned Leadership 52 sphere. When light shines through the openings from above, the shadows form a square grid. Executive Team & Staff 55 H. SEGERMAN SCIENCE NEWS | MARCH 30, 2019 Maybe only 30 out of 1,000 icebergs have a green hue, earning them the nickname “jade bergs.” Now scientists may know why the ice has this unusual color.
    [Show full text]
  • Trouble with Testosterone Test
    Trouble with testosterone test Annual Meeting Special Section CONTENTS NEWS FEATURES PERSPECTIVES 2 14 36 EDITOR’S NOTE THE TROUBLE WITH PUBLIC AFFAIRS It’s time THE TESTOSTERONE TEST Are postdocs still invisible? 3 18 38 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE MASTERS OF PHYSIOLOGY MINORITY AFFAIRS Celebrating serendipity 38 Exemplifying Sewer’s commitment to diversity 22 40 Diversifying the scientic 4 THE 2017 ANNUAL MEETING NEWS FROM THE HILL workforce with IMAGE 23 Expand your scientic horizons A lot at stake 42 Cultivating a focus on diversity 29 e spotlight is on you as a community 30 Promoting lifelong learning 5 34 Advance your careers, grad students MEMBER UPDATE 44 and postdocs! TRANSITIONS 35 Reminders for the 2017 ASBMB 7 Undergraduate Poster Competition Wrestling with life RETROSPECTIVE 7 Roscoe Owen Brady (1923–2016) 14 48 9 Roger Tsien (1952–2016) Experts are OPEN CHANNELS grappling with what constitutes 10 high testosterone 42 blood levels in elite NEWS track and eld Blind wins Tabor award women athletes. for work on nuclear lipids 11 JOURNAL NEWS 11 Blocking potato blight’s ability 22 to set up shop 12 Infant gut microbes’ thirst for milk proteins 13 How a single-cell marine organism makes fatty acids 12 44 TRANSITION STATES NOVEMBER 2016 ASBMB TODAY 1 EDITOR’S NOTE THE MEMBER MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY It’s time By Angela Hopp OFFICERS COUNCIL MEMBERS Natalie Ahn Squire J. Booker President Victoria J. DeRose Wayne Fairbrother. recently saw a documen- Ben Corb, in his “News Steven McKnight Karen G. Fleming tary on Netix about from the Hill” column, Past President Rachel Green uncontacted tribes in writes about the count- Jennifer DuBois Susan Marqusee I Secretary Jared Rutter the rainforest on the border down to a new American Celia A.
    [Show full text]
  • SCHEDULE of EVENTS Saturday, April 5 ALL SESSIONS ELIGIBLE for CME CREDIT UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.*
    09_14AM_SchedEvents_Layout 1 3/11/14 12:29 PM Page 101 SCHEDULE OF EVENTS Saturday, April 5 ALL SESSIONS ELIGIBLE FOR CME CREDIT UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED.* Saturday, April 5, 2014 Integrative Molecular Epidemiology , Thomas A. Sellers, Chairperson, Room 25, San Diego Convention Center, p. 146 8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m. Educational Sessions Speakers: Thomas A. Sellers, Lorelei A. Mucci, Simon A. Gayther, Peter Kraft Beyond Ipilimumab and PD1/PD-L1 Pathway Blockade: Next Generation of Immunomodulatory PI3K-mTOR/PTEN , Ramon E. Parsons, Chairperson, Antibodies , Mario Sznol, Chairperson, Room 33, Room 31, San Diego Convention Center, p. 146 San Diego Convention Center, p. 143 Speakers: Lewis C. Cantley, Bart Vanhaesebroeck, John Speakers: Mario Sznol, Ana C. Anderson, Drew M. Blenis, Ramon E. Parsons Pardoll, Andrew D. Weinberg Targeting RhoGTPases and Their Kinase Effectors , Cancer Metabolism , Chi V. Dang, Chairperson, Jonathan Chernoff, Chairperson, Room 1, San Diego Room 6CF, San Diego Convention Center, p. 143 Convention Center, p. 146 Speakers: Chi V. Dang, Joshua D. Rabinowitz, Matthew Speakers: Jonathan Chernoff, Nupam P. Mahajan, G. Vander Heiden, Teresa W. M. Fan Cristina Fernandez-Valle, Michael F. Olson Drugging the Cell Cycle in Cancer , Geoffrey I. Shapiro, Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy for Non- Chairperson, Room 7, San Diego Convention Center, Immunologists , Michael A. Caligiuri, Chairperson, p. 144 Ballroom 20D, San Diego Convention Center, p. 147 Speakers: Geoffrey I. Shapiro, David D. L. Bowtell, Alan Speakers: Robert A. Baiocchi, Lisa M. Coussens, Jeffrey Eastman, Wenyi Wei A. Sosman, Crystal L. Mackall Evolving Tumor Cell Populations: Dealing with Diversity , Nicholas E. Navin, Chairperson, Room 11, San Diego Convention Center, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Education Issue
    ascb august 2018 | vol. 41 | no. 4 NEWSsecond order promotingLETTER scholarly developingascb election science 7 change in 14 evaluation of teaching 1721 educatorsresults one best higher education practice at a time education issue five ways to get scientific about learning and teaching Call for Papers Fifth Special Issue on Quantitative Cell Biology Image by Hafuy Wolfenson, courtesy of Michael Sheetz Issue Co-Editors: Diane Lidke, Submit by: Oct. 15 • Release Date: Spring 2019 • Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, and Alex Mogilner About the issue: ASCB and Molecular Biology of the Cell (MBoC) recognize the profound influence that concepts and technologies from the physical and computational sciences are having on cell biology. This issue will build on the great success of the first four issues, published in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017, and will provide an opportunity for researchers whose work crosses disciplines to reach a wide audience. MBoC invites you to submit your best research articles, including methods papers, in the following areas: Quantitative imaging • Superresolution imaging techniques and their applications • Single- molecule biology • Biophysical properties of cells and cell structures • Computational and mathematical modeling • Systems studies of cell signaling and complex physiological processes • Innovative physical or computational approaches to cell biological problems • Big data methods and applications MBoC offers fair, constructive, and rapid peer review. It is your journal for the best in cell biology research. ASCB members receive a 20% discount on article publication charges. Stop waiting. Start publishing. /ascbiology Questions? Please contact Editor-in-Chief David Drubin at [email protected] or visit molbiolcell.org. @ascbiology Submit your paper today at www.mbcpapers.org molbiolcell.org contents august 2018 | vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Spo13 Regulates Cohesin Cleavage
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 26, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Spo13 regulates cohesin cleavage Brian H. Lee, Angelika Amon,2 and Susanne Prinz1 Center for Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA A key aspect ofmeiotic chromosome segregation is that cohesin, the protei n complex that holds sister chromatids together, dissociates from chromosome arms during meiosis I and from centromeric regions during meiosis II. The budding yeast protein Spo13 plays a key role in preventing centromeric cohesin from being lost during meiosis I. We have determined the molecular basis for the metaphase arrest obtained when SPO13 is overexpressed during the mitotic cell cycle. Overexpression of SPO13 inhibits anaphase onset by at least two mechanisms. First, Spo13 causes a transient delay in degradation ofth e anaphase inhibitor Pds1. Second, Spo13 inhibits cleavage ofthe cohesin subunit Scc1/Mcd1 or its meiosis-s pecific homolog, Rec8, by the separase Esp1. The finding that Spo13 did not prevent cleavage of another Esp1 substrate, Slk19, suggests that overexpression of SPO13 is sufficient to prevent cohesin cleavage by protecting specific substrates from separase activity. [Key Words: Spo13; separin; cohesin; sister-chromatid; segregation; meiosis; S. cerevisiae] Received March 5, 2002; revised version accepted May 13, 2002. To generate two daughter cells with the exact same entire length of the chromosome by the onset of ana- complement of chromosomes, it is critical that sister phase, sister-chromatid cohesion is lost in a stepwise chromatids remain tightly associated prior to chromo- manner during meiosis (for review, see Miyazaki and some segregation and promptly dissociate as nuclear di- Orr-Weaver 1994; Lee and Orr-Weaver 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 2016 Meetings & Courses
    Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 2016 Meetings & Courses Meetings Gene Expression & Signaling in the Glia in Health & Disease Axon Guidance, Synapse Formation & Regeneration Immune System July 21 - 25 abstracts due May 6 September 20 - 24 abstracts due July 1 Marc Freeman, Kelly Monk Greg Bashaw, Linda Richards, Peter Scheiffele Systems Biology: Global Regulation of April 26 - 30 abstracts due February 5 Gene Expression Diane Mathis, Stephen Nutt, Alexander Rudensky, Art Weiss Genome Engineering: The CRISPR/Cas Revolution August 17 - 20 abstracts due May 27 Mechanisms of Aging March 15 - 19 abstracts due January 8 September 26 - 30 abstracts due July 25 Nuclear Organization & Function Jennifer Doudna, Maria Jasin, Jonathan Weissman Barak Cohen, Christina Leslie, John Stamatoyannopoulos, Sarah Teichmann Vera Gorbunova, Malene Hansen, Scott Pletcher May 3 - 7 abstracts due February 12 Evolutionary Biology of Caenorhabditis & Edith Heard, Martin Hetzer, David Spector Regulatory & Non-Coding RNAs August 23 - 27 abstracts due June 3 Germ Cells October 4 - 8 abstracts due July 15 Other Nematodes The Biology of Genomes Victor Ambros, Elisa Izaurralde, Nicholas Proudfoot Robert Braun, Geraldine Seydoux March 30 - April 2 abstracts due January 15 May 10 - 14 abstracts due February 19 Scott Baird, Marie Delattre, Erik Ragsdale, Adrian Streit Ewan Birney, Michel Georges, Jonathan Pritchard, Molly Przeworski The PI3K-mTOR-PTEN Network in Biological Data Science Neuronal Circuits The Cell Cycle Health & Disease October 25 - 29 abstracts due August 12
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Biochemistry LECTURER
    COURSE (TITLE): Cellular Biochemistry LECTURER: YEAR and SEMESTER: I year/I semester CREDITS (CFU): 6 CFU SECTOR (SSD): Biochemistry (BIO/10) ACADEMIC YEAR: ASSESSMENT: Oral exam LOCATION: Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, Via Vivaldi 43, 8100, Caserta, Italy. COURSE OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES: The course is rooted in an understanding of the molecules within cells and of the interactions between cells that allow development of multicellular organisms. Key concepts in cellular biochemistry and their experimental underpinnings will be presented. Medically relevant examples will be described where appropriate to help illustrate the connections between cellular biochemistry and health and human disease. A hallmark of the course is the use of experiments to engage students in the history of cell biology and the research that has contributed to the field. SYLLABUS (overview) Cells in culture and techniques for their study; Cell cycle and control of cell growth in eukaryotes; Development of multicellular organisms: integrating cells into tissues; Signal Transduction pathways; Cancer. SYLLABUS (Detailed description): Part I: Cells, the Fundamental Units of Life - Course Introduction - Chemical Components of Cells, Cells, and Model Organisms - Ways of working with cells: Culturing cells, Cell culture Media, Reagents, Cell lines, Cell cultures, Primary Cell cultures; Visualizing cells and their components; Identifying and Analysing molecules inside the cells and Studying their Interactions. - Model Organisms
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Biology, Report to the President 2015-2016
    Department of Biology Academic year 2016 was an exciting and productive one for the Department of Biology. The department is considered one of the best biological science departments in the world. Our superb faculty members are leaders in biological research and education. Highlights of the department’s faculty, research, and educational programs are noted below. Faculty Count, Promotions, and Departures During academic year 2016, the Department of Biology had 58 faculty members—44 full professors, eight associate professors, and six assistant professors. Research homes are distributed between Building 68, the Broad Institute, the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, and the Whitehead Institute. In addition to 58 primary faculty members, there were seven faculty members with secondary appointments in Biology. These joint faculty members provide important connections to other departments, including Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Chemistry, Biological Engineering, and Civil and Environmental Engineering. JoAnne Stubbe, whose home department is Chemistry but who held a joint appointment in Biology, retired effective June 30, 2015. Faculty Awards Angelika Amon was the recipient of the American Association for Cancer Research Women in Cancer Research Charlotte Friend Memorial Lectureship. Catherine Drennan was named to the Searle Scholars Advisory Board. Gerald Fink was chosen to give the Thomas Roderick Memorial Lecture at the Jackson Laboratory. H. Robert Horvitz was elected to the National Academy of Inventors. Richard O. Hynes delivered the keynote address at the North American Vascular Biology Organization annual meeting in Hyannis on October 2015. Tyler Jacks was named to the John Mendelsohn Visiting Professorship in Cancer Medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • S.Y. B.Sc Biotechnology
    Deccan Education Society’s FERGUSSON COLLEGE, PUNE (AUTONOMOUS) SYLLABUS UNDER AUTONOMY SECOND YEAR B.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY SEMESTER –I Academic Year 2017-2018 BTH 2301-Cell Biology I (3C) Sr. Lecture Topic No. (Total 45) 1 Introduction to Cell and its functions. Comparative account of archeabacteria, 5 prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cell structure, cellular diversity, cell types. 2 Structure and function of cell organelles: 15 Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Ribosomes Golgi body, nucleus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxysomes and Glyoxysomes, Plastids 3 Plasma membrane, cytoskeleton and extra cellar matrix: Organization and 15 properties of plasma membrane. Cytoskeleton- Structure- assembly and disassembly of cytoskeleton elements, Extracellular matrix and cell junctions- relevance to tissue structure, Plamodesmata- structure and function Plant cell wall - primary and secondary, glycocalyx 3 Cell Cycle and its regulation: Mitosis, meiosis in plants and animals, Phases of 10 cell cycle. Checkpoints and regulation of cell cycle Learning Outcome: The students should acquire the knowledge about: Ultra structure of organelles in a eukaryotic cell Structure of Cytoskeletal elements, plasma membrane and Cell wall Cell Cycle phases and its importance. Reference Books: 1. Molecular Cell Biology. Lodish H., Berk A, Kaiser C., KReiger M., Bretscher A., Ploegh H., Angelika Amon A., Matthew P. Scott M.P., 7th Edition, (2012) W.H. Freeman and Co., USA 2. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter, 5th Edition (2007) Garland Science, USA 3. Cell Biology, Gerald Karp. 6th edition, (2010) John Wiley & Sons., USA 4. The Cell: A Molecular Approach, Geoffrey M. Cooper, Robert E. 6th edition (2013), Hausman, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
    [Show full text]