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A Arendt, H., 161 Abd-al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn, 220 Ascherson, Neal, 15 Abduh, Muhammad, 220, 235n4 Asian Muslims, 198 academic achievement, 188 Asians, 13 accountability, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 155, and crime, 203, 204, 206 156, 157, 161, 164, 167 Aslan, R., 217, 221–222, 223, 231, Action-Directe, 219 235n2, 235n4 Adams, C., 224, 225, 226 assimilation, 8, 9–10, 21, 139–143, 145, Aden, 234 152, 202, 207, 209 Afghanistan, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234 assimilationist, 40, 54n20 African, 9, 13, 14 Augustine, 7 African National Congress, 220 autonomy, 41, 42, 65, 70, 72 agency, 158, 159, 163, 164, 167 Azzam, Abdallah, 229, 230, 231, 232, agency theory, 161 238n18 Ahmed, H., 217 Ahmed, N. M., 216 B Al-Afghani, 220, 235n4 Bano, S., 67, 71, 72, 73, 75 ala Mawdudi, Abdul, 216, 221, Barelvis, 86, 101n3, 188, 218 223–227 Barker, Martin, 15 al-Banna, Hassan, 216, 218, 221, Barry, B., 77 222–223, 227, 228, 236 Bauman, Z., 160, 161 al-Hudaybi, Hassan, 228, 236n10 behaviour management, 190 All London Teachers against racism and Benedict, 56–64 Fascism (ALTARF), 12 Bergen, P., 227, 236n6 Al-Mas’udi, 56–58 Berkeley, Rob, 9, 21 Al Muhajiroon, 218 Berlin, I., 70, 163 Al-Qaeda, 13, 15, 16, 18, 216, 217, 219, Beth Din courts, 66 220, 229–234, 236n6 Bianchini, Franco, 23n2 al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 216, 229–230, 233, Big Society’ vision, 79, 96–97, 100 236n6, 238n18 bin Laden, Osama, 216, 229, 230–234, American separation of religion and 236n6, 238n18 state, 115 biradari, 109, 111 Anarchists, 219 Birmingham, 10 Anglo-saxon model of multiculturalism, bisexual, 122, 123, 124–125, 132, 24, 27 133, 135, 136, 137n5, 137n9, Angry Brigade, 219 137n10 anti-racism, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210, Blair, Tony, 17, 18, 22n1, 39 214 blasphemous, 37, 54n21 anti-Semitism, 229 Blears, Hazel (Communities Minister), anti-terror legislation, 79 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 95, 98 Aquinas, T., 7, 56, 75, 163 Blunkett, David, 17 Arabic, 187, 188, 194 bodies, 140, 144, 147 Arab League, 38 bodily practices, 147 arbitration, 66, 71 booster classes, 195

262 Index 263

Bradford, 15 certificates, 195 British National Party (BNP) strength/ challenge, 189, 190, 196, 199 election results, 179, 183, 186n16 Channel programme, 99 Council for Mosques, 182 character, 163 demographic change, 177 child abuse, 190 English Defence League (EDL) Rally Children Act 1989, 190 2010, 181, 182, 183, 184 Christian church, 157 incidents of violence, 179, 185n10, Christians, 198 186n14 Christian values, 65 peaceful accommodation, 183 citizen(s), 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29–30, 33, quality of social relationships, 176, 34, 35, 69, 70, 77, 78, 156, 157, 178, 181 165, 166, 195 riots 2001, 169, 182, 183, 184, British, 69 185n6, 186n14 citizenship, 8, 16, 66, 70, 76–78, 83, risks of polarization, 177 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 202 shared vision of the future, 180–184 clash of cultures, 65 Brah, Avtar, 13 class, 12, 19 breeding centres, 189, 194 closure of mosques, 85 Brent Spar, 164 co-creation, 158 Brevik, Anders, 22n1 coercion, 21, 52, 68, 72, 163 British identity, 39, 40 Cohen, Phil, 12 British madrassas, 188, 189, 190, 200 collective identities, 197 British Muslim Forum, 85, 86, 100n1 collective learning, 197 British Muslims, 143, 187–200, 201–215 collective values, 192 British National Party (BNP), 16, 17, 19, Colour and Citizenship, 10 20, 97 Commins, D., 221, 222, 223 Britishness, 11, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, commonalities, 24–35 22, 24, 29, 84 common good, 67, 69, 70, 76–78, 162, British values, 28 164, 165 brotherhood, 31, 34, 196 communal diversity, 38, 39, 41, 43, Brown, Gordon, 17, 18, 39, 86 44, 46 Buck-Morse, S., 234 communism, 216, 222, 228, 229, 232 Burnley, 15 communitarian, 41 business, 154–168 Communities and Local Government CLG, 81, 88, 89, 95, 96 C communities of choice, 41, 42 Cairo, 13, 221, 227, 235n1 community, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42–43, 44, Cameron, David, 7, 18, 39–40, 43, 45, 47 53n11, 54n12, 191, 199 community centres, 188 Cameron’s ‘Big Society,’ 79, 96–97, 100 community cohesion, 15, 17, 83, 96, Cantle, Ted, 15, 16 195, 197–199 Capitalism, 216, 219, 222, 225, 227 Community Leadership Fund, 86 Carey, Lord George, 65 community of practice, 196–197 Caribbean, 9, 10, 13 conflict, 190, 191, 198 Carrington, Ben, 16 Congress Party, 224 Carroll, B., 160 conjoined twins, 73–74 cartoons affair, 36–38, 39, 40, 47–50, conscience, 75, 76 53n8 conscience clause, 75 Catholic Work Ethics, 162 consciousness, 160 Census 2001, 80 Conservative Party, 10, 19 264 Index

CONTEST agenda, 82–90 156, 164, 165, 166, 167, 190, controversy, 188–191, 199 194, 195 Cook, D., 231, 233 difference, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, cooperation, 164–166 39, 40, 41, 43 corporate citizenship, 165 dignity, 33, 34 corporate social responsibility (CSR), discipline, 190 154, 155 discourses of authenticity, 104 cosmopolitanism, 20 discrimination, 29, 30, 34 Counter Terrorism Unit, 95 cultural, 7, 10, 15, 17, 20, 22 courts, 74, 75, 78 economic, 22 credit crisis, 155, 166, 167 diverse, 191 criminality, 201–215 diversity, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16 Criminal Records Bureau, 187 celebration of, 7, 17, 18, 21, 23n3 critical autonomy, 42, 46 negotiation of, 21 critical reflection, 194 divorce, 67, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78 Cruddas, John, 20 Dostoevsky, F., 160 cult dynamics, 189 duas, 194 cultural, 187, 188, 192, 196, 197, 198 Dummett, Ann, 13 cultural capital, 192 cultural diversity, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, E 53n6, 148 economical background, 189 culturally, 191 economics, 197 cultural recognition, 139 education, 163, 164, 165, 166, 188, 192, cultural traditions, 192 193, 196, 200 culture, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34 educational, 187 curriculum, 190, 191 educational achievement, 194–195 Curtis, M., 228, 237n17 education statistics, 81 egalitarianism, 121, 126 D Egypt, 38, 216, 218, 221–223, 224, 227, Danish action committee, 38 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 235n3, Daru’l-Islam, 224 235n4, 237n17 democracy, 18, 20, 25, 28, 32, 40, 65, embodiment, 106–108, 113, 116, 120 71, 216, 221, 222, 223, 225, 230, emotional bond, 196 235n3 employment, 81, 94, 95 radical, 21 Empowerment of Muslim women, 79, Dench, G., 16 84, 90–96 Deobandis, 188, 218, 224 Engaging with Women, 84 deontological ethics, 156 English Defence League, 97 Department for Communities and Local Enlightenment, 7, 65, 66, 68, 76 Government (DCLG), 87, 88, 89, enmity, active, 19 95, 195 equality, 8, 9, 14, 16, 68, 77, 145, 146, Department for Education, 195 148, 150, 196 Department for Work and Pensions, 80 economic, 9, 14, 22, 23n2 Deportation of extremist foreign Muslim equal opportunity, 9 clerics, 85 equal rights, 40 deprivation, 80 equal treatment, 77 Devji, F., 234 equity, 149 dialogic encounter, 20 essentialist, 22n2 dialogue, 36, 45, 46, 50–52, 58, 60, 63, ETA (Basque), 219 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 78, 154, ethical codes, 156 Index 265 ethical culture, 154 G ethically, 200 Gavron, K., 16 ethics, 154, 156, 160, 197 gay, 122, 123, 124–125, 126–127, 128, ethnic, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 20, 21, 22, 129, 130, 132–133, 134, 135, 136, 23n2, 140, 141, 145, 148, 149, 188, 137n5, 137n9, 137n10 189, 191, 197, 198, 199 Geaves, R., 71 ‘Ethnic colonies’ (Ballard), 178 gender, 107, 112, 114, 117, 121, 122, ethnicity, 7, 8, 14, 19, 20, 21 124, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134 ethnicity/religion and social class, 171 generation gap, 201 ethnic relations, 202 generations, 140, 141, 145, 147, 149 ethnic/religious conflict, 170, 171, 172, ghetto, 24 173, 180, 182, 184 ghusal, 194 ethno-national, 139 Gillon, R., 75 every child matters, 200 Gilroy, Paul, 14, 20 exceptionalism, 70, 73–76 global, 196, 197 extended, 109 Gohir, Shaista (resignation letter), 92 extracurricular activities, 200 Gospel of John, 59 extremism, 31 Greater London Council, 12 extremist groups, 191 Griffiths, Peter, 10 extremist ideology, 82, 98, 194 Gülen, F., 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168 F face veil, 86, 89, 100n2 H faith, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 Haddad, Y. Y., 227, 228 family, 67, 68, 69, 72, 106, 107, 108, Hadith, 123, 124, 127, 128, 131, 194 109, 110, 120 Hajj, 196, 200n2 Farrar, M., 15, 23 Hall, Stuart, 8, 13, 14, 21 fascist, 10 Haraam, 123, 127, 131, 133, 135, 136 female Muslim MPs, 91 Headscarves, 29 feminist, 121, 122, 124, 126, 130, 137n8 health, 81, 90, 93, 96 festival of Eid, 197 hearts and minds, 191 fiqh, 194, 195 Heath, Edward, 10 five pillars of Islam, 196, 199, 200n2 Hesse, Barnor, 12, 13 flashpoint, 36, 46, 47 hideouts, 189, 194 Forced Marriage Act, 107 higher education, 193 Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Highest crime rates, 80 110 hijab, 105, 106, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, Foucault, Michel, 103, 105, 119, 120n1 119, 120, 144, 192 Four P’s: PREVENT, PURSUE, PROTECT, Hinduism, 217, 224 and PREPARE, 83 Hindus, 198 France, 103–120 Hizb ut-Tahrir, 218 freedom, 27, 28, 31, 34, 65, 66, 69, 70, Hizmet, 159 158, 162, 163 Hodge, Margaret, 16 of expression, 36–55, 66 Holocaust, 160, 161 before the law, 68 Home Office, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89, 95, of worship, 40 98, 99 French republicanism, 115 homo-eroticism, 122 Friedman, M., 161, 162, 167 homophobic, 124 fundamentalism, 104, 113, 191, 217 homosexuality, 122–124, 125, 126, 127, The Future of Multi-ethnic Britain, 14 130, 131, 135, 218, 227 266 Index homosexual rights, 21 200n2, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220–223, honour and shame, 108–110, 116, 119, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 120 233, 234, 235n1, 235n3, 235n5, Hoover, J., 232 236n9, 237n15 hope, 165 Islamaphobia, 189 hostiles, latent, 19 Islamic, 187–200 housing, 80 Islamic banking, 66 human rights, 9 Islamic civilisation, 194 Hussain, Ed, 234 Islamic community, 154 hybridisation, 20 Islamic education, 194 Islamic ethics, 154 I Islamic fundamentalism, 191 Ibn Taymiyya, 232, 238n21 Islamic Jihad Party, 230 identifications, 198, 199 Islamic Jurisprudence, 194, 195 identity(ies), 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 21, 22n1, Islamic neighbourhood, 196 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 51, 66, 67, 68, Islamic Party, 223–227 69, 72, 76, 77, 139, 140, 141, 142, Islamic political terrorism, 201 143, 149, 154, 155, 162, 165, 166, Islamic radicalism, 106, 114 167, 187, 190, 192, 197–199 Islamic schools, 187–200 ambivalent, 19, 20 Islamic sects, 188, 196–197 hybridised, 14, 15 Islamic social thinking, 66 moral, 155 Islamic societies, 189, 193–194 national, 17, 18, 20 Islamic theology, 154 ideology, 24 of creation, 156, 157 Ijtihad, 142, 195, 200 Islamic values, 65, 67, 187–200 Ilim, 188 Islamic work ethic, 154 imagination, 165 Islamisation, 221, 226 Imam(s), 67, 71, 72, 189, 190, 195 Islamism, 191, 216–238 immigration, 40, 41 Islamist radicals, 189, 194 imperialism, 229, 234 Islamists, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, imputability, 155–156, 158, 159 227, 228, 231, 234, 235n3, 235n4, India, 223–227 236n9 Indian sub-continent, 10 Islamist terrorists, 191 Indices of Segregation, 174, 175, 176 Islamophobia, 9, 15, 17, 23n3 indoctrination, 190 Islamophobic, 37 inequalities, 199 Israel, 219, 222, 229 Institute of Race Relations (IRR), 12, 15 izzat, 109 integration, 7, 8, 9–10, 16, 19, 21, 36, 39, 43, 45, 138, 139–143, 144, 145, J 147, 149, 152, 202, 207, 208, 209 jahili, 227, 228 integrationists, cultural, 19 jahiliyya, 224, 227, 228 interactive multiculturalism, 44–47, 51, Jama’at-e-Islami, 223–227, 237n11 52 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 75 interculturalism, 8, 22, 23n2 Jenkins, Roy, 9, 10, 21 intergenerational crisis, 201 Jewish faith, 66 intimacy, 103–106 jihad, 217, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, intolerance, 43, 49 231–232, 233, 234, 236n9 Irish Republican Army, 219 Jihadi Islamism - Hizbut-Tahir, 79, Islam, 9, 13, 16, 22, 187, 188, 189, 185n9 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, Jonas, H., 160 Index 267

Joseph, Sir Keith, 11 logos, 59, 63 jurisprudence, 194, 195 London bombings, 16, 17 justice, 163, 167 London dockers, 10 Jyllands-Posten, 37, 38, 48, 49, 53n11, 55n26, 55n28 M Macpherson Report, 13 K madrassa, 187–200 Kaffir, 34 Madrid, 234, 235n1 kalimat, 194 mainstream, 24, 30, 187–200 Kashmir, 226, 227 mainstream community, 189, 191, 193, Keles, O., 66 195, 197, 200 Kelly, Ruth (Communities Minister), mainstream education, 187, 192, 195 85, 86 mainstream media, 189 Kepel, G., 217, 221, 222, 223, 230, mainstream schools, 195, 200 236n10 mainstream society, 189, 191, 200 Khalifa, 158 majority, 139 Khan, Ayub, 226 Major, John, 13 Kinship, 122, 130 maktabs, 188, 194 Ku Klux Klan, 10 Mandaville, P., 217 Kymlica, Will, 8, 9, 21 Mandelson, Peter, 17 marriage, 66, 72, 104, 106, 107, 108, L 109, 110–113, 116, 123, 124, 128, Labour Government’s Anti-Terror 129, 130, 131, 137n4 legislation, 79 martyrdom, 223, 233 laicité, 144, 152n4 Marxist, 12, 15, 22n1, 222, 228 language, 26, 27, 33, 34 masjid, 196 Lawrence, Stephen, 13 McKenny, P., 155 Leeds, 15 McLaughlin, Eugene, 15 Lee, S., 73, 74 Mecca, 231, 238n20 legal monopoly, 76–78 media inconsistency, 190 legal system, 65, 66, 78 mediation, 69, 71 leisure, 143, 145, 146, 147 Medina, 231, 238n20 lesbian, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, memories, 26, 32 128, 129, 132, 133, 134–136, 137n5, Metropolitan Police, 14 137n8, 137n9, 137n10 migration and population movements, leviticus, 66 171, 175, 176, 178 liability, 155, 156–157, 160, 161 Milestones, 227, 228 liberal(s)/liberalism, 36, 40, 42, 51, Mill, John Stuart, 7 53n11, 54n12, 103, 104, 119, misconceptions, 191, 193 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 131, 136, modernisation of Islam, 84 137n2, 218, 219, 222, 227 modernity, 103, 104, 113, 115, 138, 139, mainstream, 19 143–146, 147, 152 muscular, 18, 21, 23n2 modern sport, 138, 139, 143–146, 152 liberal state, 65, 68, 77 modesty, 103–104, 106, 108–110, 117, liberty, 77 119 linguistic, 187, 188 Modood, Tariq, 8, 9, 15, 21 linguistically, 191 Mongols, 232 live-and-let-live, 40, 41–44, 46 monoculturalism, 40, 41, 42, 54n15 local, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 150 monolithic, 191 local authorities, 144 Montesquieu, 7 268 Index moral authority, 71 51, 52, 53n4, 53n7, 53n8, 54n23, moral development, 194 55n29, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 76, 154, moral seriousness, 48, 49, 50 162, 165, 166, 187–200 Mosley, Oswald, 10 Muslims in prison, 80 mosques, 140, 149, 187–188, 189, 190, Muslims, within and without, 17 192, 194, 195, 196 Muslim women, 72, 143, 145, 147, 151 mother tongue, 188, 192 Muslim Women Power List, 90 motivation, 197 Muslim Women’s Network, 85, 93 mujahideen, 229, 230 multicultural, 7, 8–9, 10, 12, 14, 15, N 16–20, 22n1 namaz, 194 multicultural Britain, 189 Nasr Seyyed, V. R., 224, 225, 226, multiculturalism, 7–23, 36, 38–40, 43, 237n11 44–47, 51, 52, 139, 147, 148, 149, Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 222, 223, 228, 154, 166, 167, 187, 202, 204, 207 236n10, 237n17 critical, 20–22 National Association of Multiracial everyday, 14, 16, 19, 20 Education (NAME), 12 liberal, 20–21, 22n2, 23n3 national identity, 198 national, 16–20, 21, 23n2 nationalism, 104, 119, 141, 144 normative, 14 nationality, 141, 142, 145 multiculturalists, confident, 19 National Muslim Women’s Advisory multicultural policies, 198 Group (NMWAG), 87–88, 89, 92, 93 multicultural society, 38, 39, 40, 43 nation-state, 138, 139, 141 multifunctional, 196 Nawaz, Maajid, 234, 238n20 multiple identifications, 198 Nazism, 222 muscular liberalism, 199 Neal, Sarah, 15 Musharraf, 226 neo-conservative, 60 Muslim Brotherhood, 229, 230, 231, Neuhaus, R. J., 60–61 235n3, 236n8, 236n10 New Commonwealth, 9 Muslim Brothers, 221–223, 228, 229, New Labour, 15, 16, 39 230, 231 New Testament, 57, 59, 61 Muslim community(ies), 37, 38, 39, 71, NGOs, 165 72, 73, 77, 138, 140, 143, 144, 145, Niebuhr, H. R., 156, 159 146, 149, 151, 165 Nihilists, 219, 234 Muslim councillors, 91 9/11, 79, 80–82, 83, 189, 190 Muslim Council of Britain, 83, 86, 224 9/11 Commission Report, 216 Muslim crisis, 201–203, 207, 210 niqab, 86, 100n2 Muslim disaffection, 201, 202, 203, 211, normalising discourses, 103 214 normativity, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45 Muslim identity, 187, 190, 192, 197– Novak, M., 70, 162, 163 199, 202, 203, 207, 209, 214 Nussbaum, M., 76 Muslim marriage, 72 nutrition, 144 Muslim men, 79, 81, 85, 88, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102n5 O Muslim minorities, 138, 139–143 Office for Security and Counter Muslim Parliament, 190 Terrorism (OSCT), 89 Muslim Population, 80, 84, 100n1 Ofsted, 200, 200n1 Muslim representatives, 83, 84, 85 Oldham, 15 Muslims, 12–16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, Olympic Games, 148, 149 23n3, 36, 37, 38, 39, 47, 48, 49, 50, ontological, 41 Index 269

Organization of the Islamic Conference, Prevent strategy, 194, 195 38 principles, 66–67, 73, 74 orientalism, 60 prison populations, 80 Ottoman, 231 professional athletes, 144 Ottoman Empire, 59–60 progressive Islam, 123, 124, 134, 135, overrepresentation in the criminal 137n2 justice system, 204 pro-Hijab movement, 118 P Prophet, 37, 48, 49, 50, 52n2, 55n29, paedophilia, 124 217, 224, 227, 234, 235n2, 235n4, Pakistan, 223–227, 229, 234, 237n15 235n5, 238n20 Pakistani, 104, 109, 110–113, 114, 116 Prophet Muhammad, 37, 48, 49, 55n25, Pakistani community, 80, 94 194, 200n2, 217, 236n10 Palestine, 220, 232 psychological integration, 24–35 parallel lives, 15, 198 psychology, 25, 26, 31 Parekh, Bhikhu, 7, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21 public disorder, 201, 214 parents, 188, 191–192, 193, 194, 195, publicity of sexuality, 103–106 198 public space, 192 pastoral theology, 71 Punjab, 224, 226 peace, 166 Punjabi, 104, 108, 109, 113 peer culture, 194 pursuing terrorists, 82 Peshawar, 229, 230, 232, 238n18 PVE Strategy, 79, 82–90, 96 phenotype, 8 Phillips, Caryl, 8 Q Phillips, Melanie, 16, 22n1 ‘queer theory,’ 124 Phillips, Trevor, 16, 91, 199 Qur’an, 72, 158, 165, 188, 192, 193, physical abuse, 190 194, 217, 218, 223, 234, 236n5 physical education, 144, 145, 147 Qur’anic instructions, 188 Pickthal, M. M., 233 Qur’anic teachings, 198 Pitcher, Ben, 16–17 Qutb, Muhammad, 229 plural identity, 66, 67, 69 Qutb, Sayyid, 216, 217, 218, 221, 223, pluralism, 24, 25–28, 66 227–229, 230 interactive, 70, 71, 72 plurality, 69, 70 R polarization, 176–180 race/racism, 111, 112, 118, 119 policing and police powers, 204, 205–207 race/racist, 36, 39, 40, 53n8, 53n11 politics, 106–108, 109, 113, 114, 116, racial discrimination, 7, 10, 17, 20 120, 197, 216–238 racism, 11, 12, 17, 20, 23n3, 203, post-modern, 122, 124, 130 204–205, 206, 209–210, 211 poverty, 80 cultural, 15 Powell, Enoch, 10, 16 institutional, 13–14 power, 41, 122 radicalisation, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, pragmatic acceptance, 40–41 90, 97, 98, 99 prevent, 22 radical Islam, 191 Prevent Agenda, 79–102, 190 Rahman, Omar Abdul, 233 Preventing Extremism Together Working RAISE project, 199 Groups, 84 Ramadan, 144, 152n3, 193, 196, 200n2 preventing terrorism, 82, 87, 98 Ramadan, Tariq, 27, 35, 143, 146, 149, Preventing Violent Extremism (PVE), 79, 152n2, 195, 200, 218–219, 231, 82–90, 96, 201 236n9 prevent review, 98 Rattansi, Ali, 22n2 270 Index reason, 58, 59, 61–62, 63 Rushdie, Salman, 13, 16, 37, 188, 196 reconciliation, 71, 72 Ruthven, M., 217, 222 recreation, 146 Red Army Faction, 219 S Red Brigades, 219 Sacks, J., 167 reductionism, 41 Sadat, Anwar, 229, 233 Rees, P., 229 safeguarding of children, 193 reformation, 59 Salafi, 218, 219, 231, 232, 235n4 Regensburg, 56–64 salat, 196, 200n2 regulated, 193 sartorial styles, 114 religion, 24, 25, 27, 28, 32, 33, 189, 190, Satanic Verses, 13, 37, 46, 49, 54n24 191, 192, 193, 197, 198 Saudi Arabia, 230, 231 religiosity, 141, 146 scarf affair, 104, 106, 108, 112, 113, 114, religious 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 affiliation, 196 Scarman, Lord, 14 authority, 104, 106 schools, 7–8, 11, 12, 16 beliefs, 36, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 51, science, 157, 158 52n4, 54n19 and religion, 158 formation, 72 scripted identities, 41, 42, 45, 46 freedom, 66 Searchlight Educational Trust, 19 identity, 190, 192, 197, 198 second generation migrants, 109, 112, institutions, 188, 190 120 instructors, 189 secular, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, knowledge, 188 145, 152, 152n4, 153n5, 191, 192 leaders, 189 secularism, 123, 129, 136, 137, 221, perspectives, 192 227 practice, 191–192, 193, 194 secular Muslim groups, 84, 92 rights, 154 secular perspectives, 192 sects, 191, 196 secular state, 65, 77 values, 68, 74 security, 29 renaissance of Islam, 56, 57 segregated communities, 43, 53n11, residential zoning, 196 197 resilience, 192 segregated neighbourhoods, 197 respect, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 40, segregation, 15, 16, 18, 202, 203, 205, 43, 46, 48, 166, 167 206, 207 responsibility, 76–78, 154–168 self-censorship, 37, 49, 52n3 negotiated, 156, 164, 165 self-segregation, 170–171, 172, 173, 174, shared for creation, 158, 160, 165 177, 178, 180, 181, 203, 206 universal, 160, 161, 163 separateness, 39 rights, 7, 8, 9, 18, 19, 21, 22n1, 23n3, 7/7, 79, 80–82, 83, 85, 86, 100n1, 189, 27, 30, 34, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 190, 199 74, 75, 78 7 July 2005 bombings, 83, 84, 100n1 right to choose, 110, 113, 116 sex, 40 rishtedar, 109 sexism, 12 Robinson, S., 71, 72, 154, 155, 160, 161, sexual abuse, 190 162, 165, 167 sexual freedom, 103, 119 Roman Catholic Church, 74, 75 sexuality, 40, 103–106, 119, 121–137 Rose, EJB, 9, 10 Shari’a, 65–78 Roy, O., 217, 218, 226 conditions for accommodating, 69 rule of law, 25, 27, 28, 40 Shariah law, 218, 219, 225, 226, 235n5 Runnymede Trust, 9, 13, 14, 15 Sheikh, 71 Index 271

Shia, 188, 196 Sufis, 188, 218 Sikhs, 198 Sufi tradition, 155 silent majority, 89, 98, 100n1 Sunnah, 72, 128, 217, 218, 221, 225, Simcox, R., 217 231, 235n2 Simpson, L. Sunni, 188, 196 denial and displacement, 180 supplementary schools, 187, 195 ‘myths’ of segregation, 170, 172, support, 189, 191, 193, 196, 199 173–176 Swann Report, 11, 12 Sinn Fein, 220 swimming, 143, 145 slavery, 124, 129, 132 slippery slope, 47 T Smethwick, 10 Tablighi-Jamaat, 218 Smith, Anna Marie, 10 tackling extremism, 85, 86, 98, 99 social, 189, 194 takfir, 230, 231, 232, 234 social and community cohesion, 201, Taliban, 218, 232 202, 204, 207 tarbiyah, 195 social capital, 43, 197 tasfeer, 194 social cohesion, 39, 43, 83, 96, 100n1, Tawney, R. H., 160, 163 190, 199 Taylor, C., 66, 155 social dimension, 192 teaching, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, social identity, 41, 197 198, 199 socialisation, 192 teaching methods, 195 socialism, 222, 225, 227, 231 Tebbitt, Norman, 13 socially restricted, 192 technological developments, 197 social networking, 197 terror, 216–238 social segregation terrorism, 37, 50, 51, 55n30, 63, 121, educational, 176 136, 191, 194 residential, 171–173, 175, 176 Terrorism Acts, 112, 204 social space, 192 terrorist, 82, 83, 85, 87, 97, 98, 99, social unrest, 169, 171 101 solidarity, 196 terrorist activity, 82, 83, 85, 87, 97, 98, South Asian, 9 99 South Asian Community in Bradford terrorist attacks, 201 demographic change, 170, 171, 174, Thatcher, Margaret, 10, 11, 13, 16 175, 176 three-dimensional toleration, 46, 47, 48, links with sub-continent, 178 49, 51, 52 spirituality, 154, 162 tolerance, 167 sport, 138–153 totalitarianism, 26 sport clothing, 142 tradition, 104, 106, 108, 113, 115, 138, sport governing bodies, 144 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147, sporting practice, 145, 147–149 152 stakeholder theories, 161, 162 traditonalists, 218 state, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 54n13 transgender, 122, 123, 136, 137n5, state multiculturalism, 7, 18, 40, 53n10, 137n10 54n13 transnational corporations, 166 Sternberg, E., 161, 167 transparency, 156 stops and searches, 80, 89, 204 Tripp, C., 222, 227, 228, 229 Straw, Jack, 14 trophies, 195 structuralist, 122 Troyna, Barry, 12 Stuart, H., 217 trust, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 43 Sufi Muslim Council, 86, 100n1 Twin Towers, 233 272 Index

U welfare state, 43 Ulama, 224, 225, 230, 232, 237n13 well-being, 147 Ummah, 196, 197, 217, 219, 231, Weller, Paul, 13 236n7, 238n20 West, 216, 218, 219, 222, 225, 226, 227, unemployment, 80, 81 231 unity, 196 the West, 138–153 universal rights, 70 Western, 37, 47, 48, 51, 53n4, 216–238 urban, 138, 142, 145 western democracy, 191 US embassies, 13 westernised, 191 USS Cole, 13 White Christians, 198 utilitarianism, 156 Williams, R., 65–78 winning hearts and minds, 86, 191, 201 V Wise, Amanda, 14 values, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21 women, 21, 223, 226, 227, 235n3 veil, 103–120, 121 women’s refuges, 111 Velayutham, Selvaraj, 14 working class, white, 16, 17 vicegerent, 157, 158 World Trade Centre, 233 violence, 15, 18, 19, 22, 39, 50, 51, worldviews, 155, 192 55n29, 59, 60, 62, 63, 216, 219, Wright, Lawrence, 229, 230, 231, 232, 220, 229, 232, 234, 237n14 233, 234, 238n18 violence curriculum, 31 violent urban protests, 15 Y virtues, 163 Young, M., 16 young Muslims, 140, 142, 143, 147 W Yousef, Ramzi, 13 Wahhabis, 188 war on terror, 17, 18 Z Warsi, Baroness, 91, 101n5 Zia, 226 Weather Underground, 219 zina, 124, 127 Weldon, Fay, 13 Zionism, 229