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MODELS of WAGE DETERMINATION of OFFENSIVE LINEMEN in the NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE Daniel S

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MODELS of WAGE DETERMINATION of OFFENSIVE LINEMEN in the NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE Daniel S University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs Education ETDs Spring 4-3-2019 MODELS OF WAGE DETERMINATION OF OFFENSIVE LINEMEN IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE Daniel S. Krywaruczenko Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/educ_hess_etds Part of the Health and Physical Education Commons Recommended Citation Krywaruczenko, Daniel S.. "MODELS OF WAGE DETERMINATION OF OFFENSIVE LINEMEN IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE." (2019). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/educ_hess_etds/105 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Education ETDs at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Daniel S. Krywaruczenko Candidate Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences (HESS) Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Alfredo Martinez, Chairperson Dr. Lunhua Mao Dr. Evan Frederick Dr. David van der Goes MODELS OF WAGE DETERMINATION OF OFFENSIVE LINEMEN IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE by Daniel S. Krywaruczenko B.S., Mathematics (Minor in Business Administration). University of Tennessee, Magna Cum Laude, 2008 M.S., Statistics, Mississippi State University, 2010 M.A., Economics, University of New Mexico, 2015 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Physical Education, Sports and Exercise Science The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico May, 2019 © 2019, Daniel S. Krywaruczenko ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii MODELS OF WAGE DETERMINATION OF OFFENSIVE LINEMEN IN THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE by Daniel S. Krywaruczenko B.S., Mathematics (Minor in Business Administration). University of Tennessee, Magna Cum Laude, 2008 M.S., Statistics, Mississippi State University, 2010 M.A., Economics, University of New Mexico, 2015 Ph.D., Physical Education, Sports and Exercise Science, University of New Mexico, 2019 ABSTRACT This report reviews factors that can impact an offensive lineman’s salary in the National Football League. For years, factors measured by performance statistics have been gathered in various sports as a method to estimate a player’s production. Understanding performance statistics that impact a baseball player’s salary was popularized by the movie Moneyball, but limited work in this regard has been done to measure effectiveness or efficiency of offensive linemen in American football. The lack of publicly available data and many interdependencies in football make it difficult to objectively understand how salaries can best be determined. This study uses a quantitative approach and a single-equation model with a unique data set to explore the determinants of wages of offensive linemen in an open market. The data set consists of explanatory variables measured by the previous season’s individual statistics, team statistics, and statistics based on nonoffensive line positions along with characteristics of offensive linemen, such as the player’s age. The study found that several variables impact the salary of an offensive lineman in free agency, such as the number of iv games started. It is hoped that this study will provide a building block for additional research on wage determination in American football. v Table of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 10 Delimitations ............................................................................................................... 12 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 12 Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................................. 13 Review of Literature ............................................................................................................. 17 Wage Determination in Sport ..................................................................................... 17 a.) Marginal Revenue Production ............................................................................... 17 Summary ......................................................................................................... 26 b.) Race Discrimination .............................................................................................. 27 Summary ......................................................................................................... 41 c.) Performance Statistics ............................................................................................ 42 Summary ......................................................................................................... 51 d.) NFL Combine Metrics ........................................................................................... 51 Summary ......................................................................................................... 55 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 57 Research Design and Procedure .................................................................................. 57 Model 1: Wage Determination Model-All OL Positions ................................ 58 Models 2, 3, and 4: Wage Determination Model of Particular Positions ....... 65 Population and Sample ............................................................................................... 65 Data Source ................................................................................................................. 66 vi Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 67 Results .................................................................................................................................... 68 Individual Player Performance and Wage Determination .......................................... 70 Effect on Salary of Knockdowns Allowed ..................................................... 70 Effect on Salary of Games Started .................................................................. 72 Effect on Salary of Penalties ........................................................................... 73 Team Performance and Wage Determination ............................................................. 75 Effects on Salary of Passing and Rushing Yards ............................................ 76 Effect on Salary of Points Scored ................................................................... 77 Relative Performance and Wage Determination ......................................................... 79 Effect on Salary of the Difference between a Player’s Proportion of Knockdowns Allowed on Quarterbacks and His Offensive Line Teammates .......................................................................................... 79 Effect on Salary of the Difference between the Player’s Proportion of Knockdowns Allowed on Quarterbacks and His New Team ............. 81 Individual Performance of Nonoffensive Line Positions and Wage Determination .. 83 Effect on Salary of Adjusted Line Yards ........................................................ 83 Effect on Salary of Running Backs’ Yards before Contact (YBC) ................ 85 Effect on Salary of Running Backs’ AYPC .................................................... 86 Effect on Salary of Power Percentage ............................................................ 88 Effect on Salary of Stuff Percentage ............................................................... 89 Play Selection of a Team and Wage Determination ................................................... 90 Effect on Salary of Location Run Proportion ................................................. 91 vii Effect on Salary of Run-to-Pass Ratio ............................................................ 93 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 95 Summary of Major Findings ....................................................................................... 95 Summary of Findings .................................................................................................. 96 Managerial Applications ............................................................................................. 98 Recommendations for Future Research ...................................................................... 98 Final Remarks ........................................................................................................... 100 Appendix A Comparison of OBR Model and Selected Models from Research Questions ................................................................................................................................... 102 References ............................................................................................................................ 107 viii List of Tables
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