Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework
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LIST OF ANNEXES
1. PROVINCIAL REDD+ STRATEGY BRIEFS 6 2. THE CONSULTATION PROCESS – A SUMMARY 127 3. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST CURVES 181 4. LAND-USE PLANNING GUIDELINES 197 5. REDD+ CURRICULUM 212 6. GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROVINCIAL REDD+ STRATEGIES 226 7. GLOSSARY 237
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List of Abbreviations
AD Assistant Director ADB Asian Development Bank AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir AKLASC Azad Kashmir Logging and Sawmills Corporations AKRSP Aga Khan Rural Support Programme B.S. Bachelor of Science BFD Balochistan Forest Department BTTP Billion Tree Tsunami Project C&W Communication and Works Department CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis CBO Community-Based Organization CC Climate Change CCF Chief Conservator of Forests CCWL-KP Chief Conservator Wildlife-Khyber Pakhtunkhwa CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEO Chief Executive Officer CF Conservator of Forest CLP Climate Law and Policy CO2 Carbon Dioxide CTC CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd. DC Deputy Commissioner DCF Deputy Conservator of Forests DD Drivers of Deforestation DDEO Deputy District Education Officer DDP Deputy Director Planning DFO Divisional Forest Officer DG Director General EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FCR Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Crime Rules FD Forest Department FE& WD Forest Environment and Wildlife Department FGRM Forest Grievance Redress Mechanism FMO Forest Monitoring Officer FPIC Free Prior and Informed Consent FRELs Forest Reference Emissions Levels FRLs Forest Reference Levels FWF Forest Wildlife and Fisheries Department
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Department GB Gilgit-Baltistan GCISC Global Change Impact Study Centre GGI Green Growth Initiative GIS Geographical Information System GoP Government of Pakistan Ha. hectares HB Haigler Bailey HEC Higher Education Commission IRSA Indus River System Authority IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JUI-F Jamiat Ulema Islam-Fazlu Rehman KANA Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas (now renamed as the Ministry of Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) Kg Kilogram KKH Karakorum Highways KP Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas M.S Master of Science M.Sc. Master of Science MACC Marginal Abatement Cost Curve MNA Member National Assembly MoCC Ministry of Climate Change MPO Manager Programme Operations MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification NFI National Forest Inventory NFMS National Forest Monitoring System NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NOC No Objection Certificate NPV Net Present Value NRC National REDD+ Coordinator NRM Natural Resource Management NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products P&DD Planning and Development Department PAMs Policies and Measures PD Project Director PES Payment for Ecosystem Services PFI Pakistan Forest Institute Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy PHED Public Health Engineering Department PKR Pakistani Rupee PML-N Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz
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PO Project Officer PPPP Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians PROFOR Program on Forests PSDP Public Sector Development Programme PTI Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf R&D Research and Development REDD Reduction in Emissions through Deforestation and Forest Degradation RM Range Management RPP Readiness Preparation Proposal S&GAD Services and General Administration Department SAFWCO Sindh Awami Forestry Workers Cooperative Organization SBKWU Shaheed Bahadur Khan Women’s University SDFO Senior Divisional Forest Officer SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SDR Special Drawing Rights SFM Sustainable Forest Management SIS Safeguards Information System SO Section Officer SPFC South Punjab Forest Company SUPARCO Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission UNCIP United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNSD United Nations Statistics Divisions USD United States Dollar VDC Village Development Committee WESS Water Environment and Sanitation Society (An NGO) WP Working Plan WPI Wholesale Price Index WWF World Wide Fund for Nature XEN Chief Engineer
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Annex 1 Provincial REDD+ Strategy Briefs
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1. PROVINCIAL REDD+ STRATEGY BRIEFS
1.1 Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)
1.1.1 Minutes from the REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, November 13, 2017 Agenda • Participant introductions • Overview of REDD+ and different studies • Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd. (CTC) for the National REDD+ Strategy • Presentation by Arbonaut-World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) on the National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS), Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) and Forest Reference Emissions Levels (FRELs) • Presentation and group work facilitated by Climate Law and Policy-Haigler Bailey (CLP-HB) on Safeguards, the Forest Grievance Redress Mechanism (FGRM) and the Safeguards Information System (SIS) • Discussion and input from the Management Committee about the National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards, and SIS, etc.
Proceedings • The Secretary-Forests chaired the meeting. The Conservator of Forests greeted the participants. After the introduction of the participants, the Deputy Team Leader of Indufor-CTC explained the objectives of the meeting with the Management Committee and presented the studies undertaken by different firms. • An overall presentation regarding the REDD+ context was provided by Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF. He explained REDD+ and its different aspects and then presented the work done on establishing NFMS, MRV and Forest Reference Level (FRL)/ FRELs. • A focal person from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of the National REDD+ Strategy and Its Implementation Framework to validate the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation, forest governance assessment, and Strategy options. • The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work to the forum on safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM. • A vision statement was shared at the end of the presentation for review by and input from participants. The vision statement had been discussed with the Conservator of Forests before being shared with the participants. There was a consensus over the statement. Group work was undertaken afterward to discuss, review and prioritize the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and to identify potential strategic options, positive and negative
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impacts, and possible grievances and issues as well as ways to deal with these. • The meeting then continued with a brief discussion concerning the Benefit- sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+. This was also recorded. • The Secretary-Forests kindly accepted the request of the firms working under the National REDD+ Office to share the documents with the National Consultants for deliberation and to ensure that National Strategy and priorities of AJK are in line with each other and there are no contradictions and differences within the two.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with the following sections: - Analysis of the Legal Framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Strategic Framework for AJK
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List of Participants
S.No Name Organization Designation Ph.No E.mail 1 Nisar Ahmed Malik AKLASC Managing Director 0302-5820206 2 Dr.Hamayun Shaheen University of AJK Assistant Professor 0344-5952552 [email protected] 3 Dr.M.Bashir Butt Agriculture Department DG 0333-5308935 [email protected] 4 Imtiaz Ahmed Forests Department DFO 0344-9590040 [email protected] 5 Bilal Ahmed Forests Department DFO 0300-4441711 [email protected] 6 Syed Mazhar Hussain Forest Department DFO 0344-5925512 [email protected] 7 Irtaza Qureshi Forest Department DFO 0345-5920663 [email protected] 8 Dr.Rao Nadeem HB/CLP HB/CLP Consultant 0333-5574539 [email protected] 9 Imtiaz Ahmed CTC Consultant 0332-5399947 [email protected] 10 Raja Tariq Mehmood CLP/HBP Consultant 0301-5244036 [email protected] M.Ahmed Aslam 11 Chaudhary CTC Consultant 0333-5757274 [email protected] 12 Iqbal Muhammad WWF Deputy Team Leader [email protected] 13 Mah Jabeen Qazi CTC Sociologist [email protected]
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1.1.2 Constitutional Background of Forest Laws and Policies in Pakistan and the Challenges Created Thereby The territory within Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is still not considered a part of Pakistan’s territory as defined in Article 1 of the Constitution. However, Pakistan has nevertheless acted as a sovereign there, exercising an effective and continuous display of state authority generally recognized under international law. Nonetheless, Pakistan recognizes that the future status of the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir is yet to be determined in accordance with the freely expressed will of the people of the State through a plebiscite under the auspices of the United Nations, as envisaged in the United Nations Commission on India and Pakistan (UNCIP) Resolutions. As such, the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Interim Constitution Act, 1974 (“Interim Constitution”) was presented by the Government of Pakistan to the President of AJK for introduction and passage before the Legislative Assembly of AJK, and it was passed in due course. The salient features of the Interim Constitution for the current discussion are that it creates two bodies with legislative powers. The first body is the AJK Council (comprising the Prime Minister of Pakistan, the President of AJK, five members nominated by the Prime Minister from amongst the Federal Ministers and members of Parliament, the Prime Minister of AJK and six members to be appointed by the AJK Legislative Assembly). The second body is the Legislative Assembly, with a total of forty-one members directly elected, and eight members elected by the directly elected members against reserved seats. The Council has the exclusive power to make laws in respect of the subjects provided in the Third Schedule to the Interim Constitution (“Council Legislative List”), whereas the Legislative Assembly has the exclusive power to make laws in respect of all subjects not included in Council Legislative List. However, neither the Council nor the Legislative Assembly has the right to make any laws in respect of certain subjects, including the responsibilities of the Government of Pakistan under the UNCIP Resolutions, the defense and security of AJK, the current coin or issue of any bills or the external affairs of AJK. In respect of these reserved subjects, the Government of Pakistan reserves the right under Article 56 of the Interim Constitution to take any such action as it may consider necessary or expedient for the effective discharge of these responsibilities. Nothing in the Interim Constitution may derogate from these responsibilities. The subject of forests, and related themes, such as environment and ecology, which may be interpreted to include forests within their legislative field, are not to be found on the Council Legislative List. Therefore, the Legislative Assembly now retains the exclusive domain to make laws regarding forests in AJK. Under Article 12 of the Interim Constitution, the executive authority of AJK shall be exercised in the name of the President by the Government consisting of the Prime Minister, who shall be the Chief Executive of AJK, and the Ministers, which shall act through the Prime Minister. However, under Article 19, the executive authority of the Government shall extend only to such matters concerning which the Legislative Assembly has the power to make laws, which as described above, includes the subject of Forests. Alternatively, Under Article 21(7) of the Interim Constitution, the
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Council has the executive authority in respect of all matters and has the power to make laws. As apparent from the above discussion, the forests of AJK are within the exclusive legislative and executive domain of the Legislative Assembly. As such, any REDD+ related policy and legislative framework creation and/or amendments would require efforts directed at lobbying the Government of AJK, as opposed to the Government of Pakistan or the AJK Council (in distinction to Gilgit-Baltistan where forests are within the legislative and executive competence of the Gilgit-Baltistan Council headed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan). Since AJK is free to promulgate its policies on the subject, this raises the same concerns as with the provinces about the coherence of the overall framework because of a lack of coordination between the Federation of Pakistan and AJK. The primary legislation concerning forests in the AJK is the Jammu and Kashmir Forest [Regulation No.2 of 1936] (“AJK Forest Regulation”), which delineates several categories of government-owned and private forests as detailed below.
GOVERNMENT-OWNED FORESTS Demarcated Forest Under Section 3 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the Government may make rules declaring a forestland or wasteland as a demarcated forest, only when the land is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary right, or to which the Government is entitled, in which case it will affect the whole or any part of the forest produce. The acts regarding the offenses concerning a reserved forest under the Forest Act are also offenses concerning a demarcated forest under Section 6 of the Forest Regulations1. This is so unless done in exercise of any right, under a grant, concession or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer, or by rules made by the Government. Under a recent amendment to the AJK Forest Regulations, under Section 9-A, the Government may issue a notification to declare any demarcated forest or any part thereof as a reserved forest or a protected forest. A reserved forest is defined in the AJK Forest Regulations for this purpose as “the demarcated forests where all acts are prohibited unless permitted.” A protected forest is defined as “the forests where all acts are permitted unless prohibited.” The AJK Forest Regulation allows the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof, or a State forest2 or a demarcated forest3 as the case may be, is no
1 These offences include: a) making fresh clearing; b) setting fire to the reserved forest, kindling a fire or burning a fire which endangers the forest, or setting any plant or tree on fire; c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf; d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass; e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber; f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; g) quarrying stones, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce; h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose; and i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting or fishing; or setting up traps or snares. 2 Section 10 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation 3 Section 9 of the AJK Forest Regulation
~ 10 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework longer reserved4. This is an unrestricted power, and the Government does not need to have a prior justification for changing the status of the forest in this manner. Undemarcated Forest Under Section 10 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the management and control of un- demarcated forests is vested in the Forest Department. Undemarcated forests are defined as all forestland and wasteland that is the property of the Government and not appropriated for any specific purpose. This category of forests is similar to the protected forest classification under the Forest Act. Under Section 11 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the Government may issue a notification with regard to un-demarcated forests a) declaring any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date; and b) prohibiting from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest-produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or any other purpose, of any land in any such forest.
Importantly, the AJK Forest Regulations do not provide for the closing of any portion of the un-demarcated forest nor the suspension of rights of private persons therein as does the Forest Act 1927. In addition, under Section 12 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the Government may from time to time make rules to regulate the following matters: a) the sale and removal of trees and forest products from the un-demarcated forests, b) the protection and management of un-demarcated forests, and c) the exercise of concessions in un-demarcated forests.
Under Section 13 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the following acts are punishable offenses in respect of an un-demarcated forest where they infringe a notification under Section 11 and/or rules promulgated under Section 12: a) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; b) quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce; c) breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose; and d) infringing any rule under Section 12.
In addition, in a departure from the scheme for protected forests, regardless of a notification under Section 11 or rules made under Section 12, the following acts are deemed as offenses concerning un-demarcated forests: a) setting fire to such forest, or kindling or leaving any fire such as to endanger the forest,
4 Section 27 of the Forest Act and Section 27 of the Forest Ordinance
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b) removing or damaging the articles fixed to trees for the collection of resin, and c) installing or establishing a sawmill or forest-based industry within a prohibited limit outside an un-demarcated forest.
However, under Section 14 of the AJK Forest Regulation, an act that would otherwise have been an offence will not be deemed an offence if done in exercise of any right, under a grant, concession or contract made by the Government or under the law or with the written permission of the forest officer, or in accordance with rules made by the Government.
Village Forests Section 14-A of the AJK Forest Regulation provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been entered into settlement records as khalsa (“crown”) land. Further, the Government has the power to make rules for the management of a village forest, including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce including timber, other forest produce, and pasture, as well as their duties to protect and improve the forest. In addition, all the provisions related to demarcated forests would apply to village forests as well, insofar as these are not inconsistent with any rules about village forests made by the Government.
PRIVATE FORESTS Azad Jammu and Kashmir Community Forests Under Section 13-A of the AJK Forest Regulations, the management and control of the community forests shall vest with the Forest Department where community forests are defined as the shamilat-deh (common village land) areas, which are managed and developed by the Forest Department on behalf of the Deh Council. The net income from the community forests shall be treated as the revenue of the Deh Council. The following acts are prohibited in the community forests5, except where these are done with the permission in writing of the forest officer, or in accordance with any rule made by the Government, or in the exercise of any right created by grant or contract or concession made by or on behalf of the Government: a) setting fire to the community forest or kindling or leaving any fire burning which endangers the community forest; b) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf; c) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber; d) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same;
5 Section 13-B of the AJK Forest Regulations
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e) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce; f) clearing or breaking up any land or erecting a fence, or enclosure or constructing any structure or building or cultivating or attempting to cultivate any land in another manner in the community forest or for any other purpose; g) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares; h) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass in such part of the forest duly declared to be closed; i) removing or damaging the utensils, lips, nails or other articles fixed to trees for the collection of resin; j) infringing any rules made to regulate community forest; and k) installing a sawmill, or forest-based industry within a prohibited limit outside the community forest.
1.1.3 Background In Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) report having 417,000 hectares (ha.) of forest area, or approximately 10% of Pakistan’s current forest area (FCPF, 2014), which comprises mostly coniferous forests. The forests of AJK have a high ecological significance because of their ecosystem functions, such as maintaining soil stability in watershed areas. The forests in AJK provide ecosystem services not only to the local population but also to the downstream areas of Punjab and Sindh provinces. In AJK, forestry and forest products form an important component of local livelihoods and income. The coniferous forests are of higher quality than those of other provinces, and 50% of the forests have a cover density above 75% (Ahmad et al., 2012).
1.1.4 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation What follows is a literature review and analysis of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation for Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The literature review examines both studies which have incorporated remote sensing techniques and other land cover classification techniques; and studies which have followed other methods of quantitative and/or qualitative analyses. In the analysis portion, the drivers of deforestation and those of forest degradation are considered in the context of the studies and then separately, and underlying causes for each are identified.
Using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis, Ahmad et al. (2012) found that AJK’s coniferous forest cover changed over the 20 years of 1992-2010 (see Table 1). However, the annual change rate results show that AJK’s forest cover remained relatively stable.
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Table 1 Forest Cover Change (Conifer) for AJK, 1992-2010 Annual change Status of vegetation cover (ha.) rate (1992 base year) Year 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 AJK 241,000 289,000 267,000 288,000 272,000 0.71 Source: Ahmad et al. (2012)
More recent studies have been conducted incorporating remote sensing and robust land cover classification techniques, using different methodologies and assumptions. Qamer et al. (2016) produced land cover maps including 14 land classes (but excluding settlements) in the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. The results for AJK are presented in Table 2 below.
Table 2 Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Land Cover in Hectares in AJK, 1990-2010
1990- 2000- Category Land cover (ha.) 1990 2000 2010 2000 2010 Forest- Dense coniferous forest 171,149 169,521 167,689 -1,628 -1,832 land Sparse coniferous forest 112,300 112,585 112,971 285 386 Dense mix forest 90,731 89,811 87,182 -920 -2,629 Sparse mix forest 28,165 28,093 29,850 -72 1,757 Dense broadleaf forest 31,902 30,926 30,478 -976 -448 Sparse broadleaf forest 25,320 26,061 25,720 741 -341 Sub-total of forestland 459,567 456,997 453,890 -2,570 -3,107 Grassland Grasses/shrubs 264,641 283,624 265,091 18,983 -18,533 Alpine grasses 3,738 12,577 12,124 8,839 -453 Cropland Agriculture, cropped 244,013 199,687 243,158 -44,326 43,471 Agriculture, fallow 8902 75,066 41,127 66,165 -33,940 Other Bare soil/rock 94,742 117,154 116,083 22,412 -1,071 land Snow glacier/ice 86,161 34,621 33,338 -51,540 -1,283 Wetlands Water bodies 25,727 7,765 22,681 -17,962 14,916 Total 1,187,492 1,187,492 1,187,492 Source: Qamer et al. (2016)
The results in Table 2 show that land cover changes were dynamic in AJK over the 1990-2010 period. Importantly, dense forest classes continued to decline in all forest classes (coniferous, mixed forest and broadleaved forests) over the twenty-year period, which indicates degradation. Aggregated results for the forestland category indicate that AJK lost more than 5,600 ha of forest area. Other land categories, such as cropland and grassland, increased in size. A significant reduction of more than 50,000 ha took place in other land classified as snow/glacier/ice, indicating significant impacts of climate change.
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The study next estimated the changes in forest cover, assessing deforestation, degradation, regeneration and the net changes thereof. These results are presented in Table 3 below.
Table 3 Forest Cover Change in AJK
Forest cover change in AJK Total area (ha.) Net Annual Deforestation Degradation Regeneration change rate 1,187,492 6,965 6,113 1,288 11,789 -0.13
Qamer et al. (2016)
Table 3 illustrates that AJK suffered from deforestation and forest degradation during the twenty-year analysis period of 1990-2010. Regeneration was modest, with about 1,288 ha regenerated. Qamer et al. (2016) identified hotspots at the sub-district level for deforestation in AJK. These areas include Athmuqam, Kotil, and Muzaffarabad. Qamer et al. (2016) discussed the results and noted that according to their study, compared to Gilgit-Baltistan, Balochistan and KP/FATA provinces, AJK had the lowest rate of deforestation. The primary cause of deforestation was driven directly by demand for fuelwood, and indirectly by the growth of population.
Many studies have examined the impact of fuelwood consumption on AJK’s forests. Shaheen et al. (2016) observed that fuelwood is a major energy source for rural populations in the Kashmir Himalayas and that procurement thereof has resulted in forest degradation. The study concluded that increased fuelwood harvesting, combined with low tree density, high population growth, and severe climatic conditions, causes deforestation and associated biodiversity loss. Ahmad et al. (2012) noted that conifer forests in Pakistan are under intense pressure due to commercial harvesting for fuelwood and timber, demand being driven by population growth. Shaheen et al. (2011b) found that rural households in the Himalayas are highly dependent on fuelwood for their energy needs. Higher fuelwood consumption is mainly due to the lack of alternative energy sources and the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. The study concluded that the present consumption level of the forest resources far exceeds the carrying capacity and natural regeneration rates of the local forest resources. According to the environmental and social profile of Athmuqam District, the primary source of energy for heating and cooking in the macroenvironment of DHQ Athmuqam is fuelwood mainly extracted from the nearby forest area. Secondary sources include electricity, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene oil. Electricity has been provided to about 70% households. Fuelwood and unsustainable timber extraction is not the only threat to forests in AJK. Shaheen et al. (2011b) found that anthropogenic disturbances showed a significant negative impact on the distribution of medicinal and palatable (preferred by grazing animals) plant species. Unpalatable species dominated the local flora, indicating heavy grazing pressure in the area. Miller (1999) noted that Himalayan pastures had been grazed intensely for centuries. However, the available grazing area per animal has been observed as decreasing (see Malik (1988) and Misri (2003)). Rangelands
~ 15 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework for grazing are stressed, and overgrazing has become the norm, (FAO, 1987). More recently, Cochard and Dar (2014) have found that population growth drives growth in livestock, particularly in sheep and goats, and that there are high livestock densities (>2 animals per hectare) in and around Machiara National Park in Pakistan (administered in Kashmir), resulting in the degradation of pasture in sensitive areas. Siddiqui et al. (2010) found that disturbance in the native forests may provide the opportunity for invasion of aggressive exotic species that may prevent or slow down native species from re-establishing themselves. To enhance the growth of native species, grazing and fire should be allowed in a controlled manner. This will not only reduce the rate of soil erosion and increase fertility but will also provide better chances for seedling survival and growth of conifers in natural forests. The seedling regeneration status of various coniferous forests should be assessed. Amjad et al. (2014) studied species diversity and regenerating capacity in the forest of Nikyal Valley in relation to environmental variables and underlying anthropogenic influence. They identified human-induced factors of animal grazing as a barrier to regeneration. In addition, they remarked that because of deforestation, the soil had been washed out and rocks were exposed, creating further barriers to successful regeneration. Sudmeier-Rieux et al. (2007) reported that forested areas in AJK are less susceptible to being affected by landslides than are sparsely vegetated areas. The study revealed that forest-covered areas suffered much fewer landslides than deforested areas. Different methodologies and assumptions produce different results concerning the magnitude of trends affecting forests in AJK. The most thorough assessment to date has been conducted by Qamer et al. (2016), who found that deforestation, forest degradation, and natural regeneration are issues in AJK. The direct drivers of deforestation are fuelwood extraction for household and commercial purposes. Also, animal grazing is a significant driver of deforestation and degradation in the state, which also creates a barrier to regeneration. The indirect drivers of deforestation in AJK are population growth and the increasing number of livestock needing pastureland for grazing. All studies stated that the current forest and land use in AJK is unsustainable but note the importance of the contribution of forests to economic, social and environmental values. The results of the Driver of Deforestation (DD) survey and the literature review concerning the drivers of deforestation and degradation are mutually supportive. The key direct drivers of forest deforestation are prioritized as follows:
1. unsustainable fuelwood extraction; 2. unsustainable timber extraction; 3. forest fires (intentional); 4. forest fires (natural or due to negligence); 5. infrastructure development; 6. free and uncontrolled livestock grazing; 7. urban and rural expansion/habitation; 8. agricultural expansion for subsistence; 9. encroachment of population on demarcated forestland (due to factors such as burnt land records in 1947, the arrival of refugees in 1965); 10. floods, landslides, heavy snowfall, earthquake, drought and diseases, pests;
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11. weak governance; and 12. mining.
The main drivers of forest degradation are prioritized as follows:
1. agricultural expansion for subsistence; 2. unsustainable timber extraction; 3. unsustainable fuelwood extraction; 4. urban and rural expansion; 5. livestock grazing; 6. infrastructure development, e.g., roads; and 7. mining.
All these drivers are linked to underlying causes that include • wood energy needs; • food security; • livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence; • lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas; • poor extension services; • poor land-use planning/no land-use planning; • no demarcation of boundaries; • unsustainable forest management (i.e., forest management plans are not enforced); • poor implementation of laws (poor governance); • political pressure on forest officers to relax the laws, which discourages full enforcement of the law; and • uncontrolled nomadic activities and overgrazing.
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1.1.5 Strategic Framework Vision Forests in Azad Jammu and Kashmir provide ecosystem services and livelihood support on a sustainable basis. Mission To develop and manage forests and other bio-resources on a scientific basis for a healthy environment and to increase the wealth of the population sustainably. Strategic Objectives The 13 Strategic Objectives for Azad Jammu and Kashmir are 1. to establish a REDD+ Cell and its complete architecture to support REDD+ functions; 2. to align the AJK legal and policy framework with the REDD+ context and to strengthen the framework to support the forestry sector; 3. to manage the existing public forest resources scientifically to increase the production of wood and minor forest produce; 4. to manage watersheds to conserve soil and water and to improve the productivity of land; 5. to manage rangelands to boost production of forest and livestock; 6. to promote social/farm forestry on private lands; 7. to establish amenity forests and recreational parks; 8. to raise tree plantations for strategic purposes; 9. to engage in forest production, sale and export of forest products for enhanced financial viability; 10. to improve the institutional and management capacities of the Forest Department and allied organizations for sustainability; 11. to improve research capacities to enhance forest production and promote sustainable and innovative management practices; 12. to acquire and transfer forestlands, and to notify/de-notify in respect of reserve, protected and unclassed forests; and 13. to implement the various provisions of the AJK Forest Regulations and the rules framed thereunder. Legal and Policy Foundations These include 1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); 2. Vision 2025; 3. Interim Constitution Act, 1974; 4. Climate Change Policy 2017; 5. National policies on the forest, climate change, water, rangelands;
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6. Protection of Forests and Distribution of Timber Ordinance, 1980; 7. Forest (Sale of Timber) Act, 1930; 8. Forest Regulation, 1930; 9. Rules for Sale and Development of Private Forests, 1984; and 10. Logging and Sawmill Corporation Ordinance, 1968. Programmes of Action The sixteen Programmes of Action for Azad Jammu and Kashmir include 1. setting up a provincial REDD+ Directorate; 2. developing provincial / AJK land use plans and guidelines; 3. strengthening the policy framework and the provision of subsidies for alternative clean and efficient energy sources and systems; 4. diversifying sustainable livelihood options: promoting integrated natural resource management (agriculture, livestock, irrigation, among others) by adopting an efficient and model technique to facilitate diversified livelihoods with increased incomes, reducing forest dependency; 5. engaging in capacity building of the forest department regarding technological resources (NFMS & Reference levels, equipment, additional human resources); 6. raising awareness through campaigns focusing on specific target groups, e.g., politicians, forest staff, the general public, media, bureaucracy, and forest- dependent communities; 7. sensitizing and regulating the market and market actors to ensure efficient and sustainable use of forests and forest products; 8. educating and training forest staff; 9. establishing a forest school/college and adding REDD+ to the forest(ry) curricula; 10. integrating climate change, forestry and related subjects in general education curricula to provide awareness for reducing carbon emissions; 11. establishing wood and fodder lots as well as fodder banks in selected districts for fuelwood and fodder as well as for the construction industry; 12. promoting modern and sustainable livestock management and grazing practices; for example, promoting Rotational Grazing through department coordination on a model basis and through lateral integration; 13. introducing Forest Extension Services on a pilot basis for learning and integration; 14. exploring diversified aspects of eco-tourism through research and knowledge management; 15. connecting tourism-related institutions with tourists to promote eco-tourism; and 16. performing analyses/ conducting studies on the legal framework on forests and on the implementation of policy recommendation
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1.1.6 References Ahmad, S., Abbasi, Q., Jabeen, R. and Shah, M.T. 2012. Decline of conifer forest cover in Pakistan: a GIS approach. Pak. J. Bot, 44(2), pp.511-514. Amjad, M.S., Arshad, M. and Chaudhari, S.K. 2014. Structural diversity, its components and regenerating capacity of lesser Himalayan forest vegetation of Nikyal valley District Kotli (AK), Pakistan. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7, pp. S454-S460. Azad Jammu and Kashmir Interim Constitution Act, 1974. Cochard, Roland and Dar, Muhammad 2014. Mountain farmers’ livelihoods and perceptions of forest resource degradation at Machiara National Park, Pakistan- administered Kashmir. Environmental Development 10. Malik, A.Y. 1988. Feed availability, requirements for animals and current pattern of utilization in Pakistan. In: Devendra, C. (ed.). Non-conventional feed resources and fibrous agricultural residues, strategies for expanded utilization. International Development Research Centre, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India. Miller, D. and Schaller, G. 1999. Herders of forty centuries: nomads of Tibetan rangelands in western China. People and Rangelands: Building the Future, pp.19- 23. Misri B. 2003. Improvement of Sub-alpine and Alpine Himalayan Pastures. Palalumpur, India: Research Centre, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, HPKV Campus. Qamer, F.M., Shehzad, K., Abbas, S., Murthy, M.S.R., Xi, C., Gilani, H. and Bajracharya, B. 2016. Mapping Deforestation and Forest Degradation Patterns in Western Himalaya, Pakistan. Remote Sensing, 8(5), p.385. Shaheen Hamayun, Beenish Azad, AroosaMushtaq and Raja Waqar Ahmad Khan 2016. Fuelwood consumption pattern and its impact on forest structure in Kashmir Himalayas. Bosque 37(2): 419-424. Siddiqui, M.F., Ahmed, M., Khan, N. and Khan, I.A. 2010. A quantitative description of moist temperate conifer forests of Himalayan region of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 7(3), pp.175-185. Sudmeier-Rieux, K., Qureshi, R.A., Peduzzi, P., Jaboyedoff, M.J., Brogue, A., Dubois, J., Jaubert, R. and Cheema, M.A. 2007. An interdisciplinary approach to understanding landslides and risk management: a case study from earthquake- affected Kashmir. Mountain Forum, Mountain GIS e-Conference, January 14–25, 2008.
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1.2 Balochistan
1.2.1 Minutes from the REDD+ Management Committee Meeting of November 3, 2017 Agenda • Tilawat • Participant introductions • Overview of REDD+ and different related studies • Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV, and FRELs • Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC concerning the National REDD+ Strategy • Presentation and group work facilitated by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS • Group work and discussion for input from the Management Committee concerning the National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards, SIS, etc.
Proceedings • The Secretary-Forest and Wildlife chaired the meeting. The Honourable Secretary-Forest and Wildlife greeted the participants. After the introduction of the participants and the Provincial REDD+ Focal Point, Mr. Niaz Khan Kakar with the Management Committee explained the objectives of the meeting. The Deputy Team Leader of Indufor-CTC elaborated on the background of the studies and briefly provided an update on the status of the studies undertaken by different firms. • An overall presentation regarding the REDD+ context was provided by Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF, explaining REDD+ and different aspects thereof. He also then presented the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs. The REDD Management Committee identified that the number of sites for field data collection needs to be increased. They also identified that some of the sites are less relevant. They recommended that the sites be selected in close coordination with the Provincial REDD+ Focal Point. • A focal person from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of the National REDD+ Strategy and Its Implementation Framework to validate the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment, as well as the vision and Strategy options. • The focal person from CLP-HB presented their work on safeguard systems, SIS, and FGRM to the forum. • The meeting then continued with a brief discussion on the Benefit-sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of REDD+. This was also recorded. • Group work was undertaken at the end of the presentations. Discussed during the presentations were drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, the
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vision, strategic options, the negative and positive consequences of options, and grievances. The groups gave their presentations. The attached report is based on the findings of the group work for only part of the strategy. Other components of that group work were to be used by WWF-Arbonaut and CLP- HB.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks from the Provincial REDD+ Focal Point and also from the representatives of the firms to the participants for their dedicated participation.
Date: January 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached:
Draft Provincial Report, with the following sections: - Analysis of the Legal Framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework, Balochistan
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List of Participants Provincial REDD+ Consultation Meeting Quetta, Balochistan November 3, 2017 Name Organization/ Dept Designation Contact No Email Prof. Dr. Rehman Department of Zoology, Professor 0333-7803313 University of Balochistan Rana Khalid Nasar Forest L.S. Chairperson 0333-7801958 Dr. Gulam Hussain Jaffar Livestock Department D. General 0333-7801958 Abdul Jabbar BFD PD Green Pakistan 0301-8118777 [email protected] Program Tariq EPA DG- EPA 0333-1390148 Muhammad Rizwan EPA D.D EPA 0321-8136136 Naseebullah WESS NGO MPO 0300-8384573 Naseebullah IUCN Project Coordinator 0308-8882938 Iqbal Muhammad WWF Deputy Team Leader 0348-5439046 [email protected] Hafiz Mehmood Jan Forest & Wildlife C.F (Coastal) 0336-3138957 Department Muhammad Ibrahim Bazur Mines & Minerals Assistant Director 0337-7802748 Department Muhammad Ziviqar PCRWR Deputy Director 0321-8149357 Muhammad Akram Sustainable Use Project Officer 0331-8350470 [email protected] Specialist Group (SUSG) Muhammed Qaseem Agriculture Department Deputy Director 0300-3801329 Sana Khan SPEAK (NGO) Forest & Wildlife 0333-3639661 Gul Khan Forest Department PA 0313-3812812 Khudadad Kakar P&DD COS (Focal) 0321-8128071 Abdul Rahim Gwadar & Development AD Environment 0300-3776620 … Authority Kalsoom Kakar Sardar Bahadur Women M. Phil. Scholar kalsoom786.k.panezai@gmai Khan University, Department l.com of Environmental Sciences
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1.2.2 Background The primary legal regime determining the legal categories of forestlands in Pakistan and their governance is the Forest Act, 1927 (“Forest Act”). Balochistan is unique because the Forest Act is applicable there; however, part of the forests is still regulated by the provisions of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, 1890 (“Balochistan Forest Regulation”), which is valid despite the later promulgation of the Forest Act.
GOVERNMENT-OWNED FORESTS Reserved Forests and State Forests Under Section 3 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province may constitute as a reserved forest any forestland or wasteland which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or entitlement to the whole or a part of the produce. Under Sub-Section 1 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Act, rules, grant or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer6, the following acts are broadly prohibited in a reserved forest: a) making fresh clearing; b) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest, or setting on fire any plant or tree; c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf; d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass; e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber; f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; g) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce; h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose; and i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares.
While Balochistan retains the category of reserved forest under the Forest Act, it also retains the Balochistan Forest Regulation passed earlier. Under Section 3 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, the Government of Balochistan may declare any woodland, permanent grazing ground or other lands, which is the property of the Government, to be a State forest. Generally, all the acts which are offences in relation to a reserved forest under the Forest Act, are also punishable offences under Section 7 and 8 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, unless these acts are done with the permission of a forest officer
6Sub-section 2 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, 1927 and Sub-section 5 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, 1927 (with Amendments for Punjab)
~ 24 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework or the Chief Commissioner or otherwise in accordance with any rules made by the Government7. The forests that were declared State forests under the Balochistan Forest Regulation retain that status and are legally a separate category from the reserved forests under the Forest Act. Power to declare a forest no longer a reserved forest, a State forest or a demarcated forest – both the Forest Act and the Balochistan Forest Regulation allow the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof is no longer reserved8, or a State forest9, as the case may be. This is an unrestricted power, and the Government need not have a prior justification for changing the status of a forest in this manner. Protected Forest Under Section 29 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province may constitute as a protected forest any forestland or wasteland which is not included in a reserved forest, but which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or entitlement to the whole or a part of the produce. Section 30 of the Act provides that in respect of a protected forest, the Government, through a notification in this respect, may take the following three steps: a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date; b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term not exceeding 30 years as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion of forest, shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion; and c) prohibit, from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone; or the burning of lime or charcoal; or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process; or removal of any forest produce in any such forest; and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or any other purpose, of any land in any such forest. In addition, Section 32 of the Act empowers the Government to make rules for a protected forest, in respect of, among other things, clearing and breaking up of land for cultivation or for any other purpose, cutting of grass and pasturing of cattle, protection of timber and reserved trees from fire and the protection and management of any portion of a forest closed under Section 30. Essentially, Section 30 and Section 32 of the Forest Act allow the Government to regulate certain acts in respect of protected forests, which are automatically offenses in relation to a reserved forest merely by the fact of the notification as a reserved forest. The result is that unless a notification concerning the matters enumerated in Section 30 is issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated by the Government, all acts are permitted in a protected forest. However, once a notification under Section 30 of the Act has been issued, or rules under Section 32 of the Act
7 Section 9 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation 8 Section 27 of the Forest Act, 1927 9 Section 10 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation
~ 25 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework promulgated, under Section 33 of the Forest Act, the following acts shall be punishable offenses where they contravene the notification above or rules: a) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; b) quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce; c) breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose; d) setting or kindling fire without taking reasonable precautions to prevent its spreading to any reserved tree, whether standing, fallen or felled, or to any closed portion of the forest; e) leaving any fire burning in the vicinity of any reserved tree or closed portion of the forest; f) felling any tree or dragging any timber and damaging any reserved tree; g) permitting any cattle to damage any reserved tree; and h) infringing any rule made under Section 32 of the Act.
Under Section 34 of the Forest Act, an act that would otherwise be an offence shall not be deemed to be one if done with the permission of the forest officer, in accordance with the rules made in respect of protected forests, or except as regards any portion of the protected forest closed by notification or in the exercise of any right which is recognized by the Government at the time of notification of a protected forest. In addition to the provisions of the Forest Act as applicable to Balochistan, under Section 11 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, the Government may declare that any trees or any specified class or classes of trees standing on any land at the disposal of the Government shall be reserved trees from a specified date. Once reserved, under Section 12 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, the felling, girdling, marking, lopping, tapping or injuring by fire or otherwise of any such tree is a punishable offense. Village Forests The Forest Act10 provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. The Forest Act further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest. This includes the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce (including timber and pasture) and the duties of the community to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well insofar as these are not inconsistent with any rules concerning village forests constituted by the Government. However, none of the provinces, including Balochistan, has formed a village forest.
10 Section 28 of the Forest Act
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PRIVATE FORESTS Section 36 Forests Under Section 35 of the Forest Act, for several specified purposes11, the Government may regulate or prohibit in any forest or wasteland: a) the breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation, b) the pasturing of cattle, and c) the firing or clearing of vegetation.
In addition, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 35, the Government may, for any such purpose, construct these works on such forest or wasteland as it thinks fit. However, in case of neglect or willful disobedience of the regulation, or prohibition in respect of such wasteland or forest, or if required for any work under Section 35, the Government may, under Section 36 of the Forest Act, place it under the control of a forest officer and declare that any or all of the provisions of the Forest Act in respect of reserved forests shall apply to such forest or wasteland. Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Act, the owner of any land (or if there is more than one owner, then the owners with an aggregate of two-thirds of the land) may request from the relevant Revenue Department officer either that the land may be managed on their behalf by the Forest Officer as a reserved or protected forest, on such terms as may be mutually agreed, or that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act may be applied to such land. In either case, the Government may apply Section 38 provisions of the Forest Act to such land as it deems appropriate in the circumstances. Forest cover In Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), Balochistan reports having 591,000 hectares of forest area, comprising about 13.5% of Pakistan’s 4.392 million hectares of current forest area (FCPF, 2014). Balochistan is the largest province in Pakistan regarding the area. It has a multitude of forest ecosystems, of which juniper, mangrove, and Chilghoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) forests are the most studied. Balochistan has approximately 140,000 hectares (ha) of Juniperus excelsa forests; of this, some 86,000 ha are found in the Ziarat and Loralai districts (Achakzai et al., 2013). The dry temperate juniper forest is the second largest of its type in the world and contains trees as old as 2500-3500 years (Marcoux, 2000). The Chilghoza pine forests are found over a large area in Zhob Division. The juniper and Chilghoza forests provide important ecosystem services, especially for watershed management.
11The purposes for which a forest or wasteland may regulated under Section 35 of the Forest Act are as follows: (i) for protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches; (ii) for the preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land- slips, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel; (iii) for the maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers and tanks; (iv) for the protection of roads, bridges and railways and other lines of communication; and (v) for the preservation of the public health.
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In Balochistan province, mangroves are located at three sites: MianiHor, Kalmat Khor and Jiwani. According to recent image analysis, Balochistan has about 4,660 ha of mangroves along the Makran coast in three isolated pockets at MianiHor (4,018 ha), Kalmat Khor (407 ha) and Jiwani (235 ha) (see Abbas et al. (2011) and Abbas et al. (2013)).
1.2.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation What follows is a literature review and analysis of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation for Balochistan. The literature review examines studies which have followed methods of quantitative and/or qualitative analyses. In the analysis portion, natural and anthropogenic causes of deforestation, as well as the drivers of deforestation and those of forest degradation, are considered in the context of the studies and then separately, and underlying causes for each are considered.
The forests of Balochistan have suffered both natural and anthropogenic disturbances, resulting in deforestation, forest degradation and barriers to regeneration. The focus of this literature review is to identify the direct and indirect drivers of this deforestation and forest degradation. However, a brief review of the natural disturbances will be presented first, as these also create challenges for regenerating Balochistan forests. These natural disturbances include heart rot fungi, mistletoe, climate change, poor soil conditions, and drought. The first natural disturbance in Balochistan’s forests is thus heart rot fungi. Batool et al. (2012) evaluated the extent of heart rot fungi infection and its impact on live junipers in Ziarat Juniper Forest and concluded that infection occurred when the fungi entered tree wounds and that infection severity was high. Their research noted that the pruning and debranching of trees by the community must be stopped to control heart rot and degradation of wood quality. The second natural disturbance is mistletoe. While little is known about the infestation of dwarf mistletoe on Pakistan’s forests, some studies conclude that the incidence is a widespread threat to the juniper forests of Balochistan. Signs of infestation in host trees include growth loss, deformities, and tree mortality (see Sarangzai et al. (2010)). Climate change, the third natural disturbance, is expected to have significant social implications in Balochistan. According to IUCN (2012), its impacts are likely to be multi-sectoral and multi-dimensional, disrupting livelihoods and economic development. The fourth natural disturbance, droughts, can cause forest loss and further degradation in Balochistan through forest and range fires, reduced forest productivity, and increased dependence by communities on forests for grazing (see Shafiq et al. (2007)). Poor soil conditions, the fifth natural disturbance, have been attributed to slow radial growth and poor regeneration (Sarangzai et al., 2010); they are also exacerbated by droughts (Shafiq et al., 2007). In mangrove forests, the situation is both a natural and human-induced phenomenon, affecting the ability of mangroves to regenerate. Siltation is caused by the low discharge of the Porali River into the lagoon due to human consumption of water and low rainfall patterns, and this is exacerbated by human-induced deforestation and soil erosion (Saifullah et al., 2002).
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Sarangzai et al. (2010) noted that juniper forests in Ziarat had exhibited widespread decline, attributing the decline over the last 60-70 years to a range of ecological, pathological, and socio-economic reasons. Sarangzai et al. (2010) noted that over- grazing, illegal logging, a collection of fuelwood, periodic drought and the effect of climate change have all contributed to drastic changes in the species composition, regeneration patterns and productivity of forests in Ziarat, Balochistan. Achakzai et al. (2013) concurred. They found that the study of Ziarat juniper forests indicates a high rate of deforestation compared to that of regeneration and that this phenomenon is human-induced. Grazing is a key threat to regeneration, as local communities are dependent on the forests to feed their livestock. Goats, as the preferred livestock, exacerbate the problem, as they feed on small shrubs and vegetation. Sarangzai et al. (2010) conducted a review of juniper forests in Balochistan examining the direct and indirect drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Their research found that the Juniperus excelsa forest in Balochistan had a long history of overexploitation and degradation. Four direct human-induced changes causing forest degradation in juniper forests were noted: 1) illegal logging for timber, 2) selective felling of poles for graveyards and embankments, 3) debarking of juniper tree trunks for thatching of huts, and 4) branch cutting for agricultural fencing and hedges for sheep. Five indirect drivers of degradation in juniper forests were noted: 1) low forest investment; 2) unorganized tourism; 3) lack of awareness; 4) lack of coordination; and 5) experimental research, especially on the seed germination, nursery raising and reforestation of degraded sites. There are different types of pastoral systems in Balochistan, but the availability of livestock feed throughout the entire year is a major issue in all systems where mobility is a crucial factor. Pastoralists (shepherds) are compelled to use opportunistic grazing early in the season when grass is not at the optimal growth stage, which has a detrimental impact on both productivity and ecology (Ahmad et al. 2012). Islam and Adams (2000) found that increased human and livestock populations in the province have put tremendous pressure upon the rangeland resources for providing fuelwood, water, forage, and recreation. They estimated that rangelands provided forage for 33 million heads of livestock, with an estimated monetary value of PKR 477 billion. However, numerous studies also indicate that the plant species in Balochistan tend to be deficient in digestible nutrients, digestible protein and the dry matter concerning animal requirements (FAO, 1983; Islam and Adams, 2000; Ahmad et al., 2009). Bazai’s (2012) study found that 56% of the population used forest wood for fuel and that it was obtained in different forms, e.g., by cutting stems or branches. 28% of the community used wood for timber, and 11% used the tree bark of the junipers, making the trees vulnerable to diseases. Ahmed (1989) found that further indirect drivers of deforestation and degradation included increased human pressure for collecting fuelwood needed for domestic energy, especially in the winter, overgrazing and extensive forest clearing for cultivation without replanting, housing construction, uncontrolled recreation, and camping. Many of the causes of degradation identified in the studies are also barriers to the successful regeneration of juniper forests (Sarangzai et al., 2010). Generally, studies noting the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Balochistan are numerous. However, no study conducting a spatial-temporal
~ 29 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework analysis with field verification techniques was found. This means that while the general drivers of deforestation and degradation are known but not distinguishable, the extent and underlying causes are not always apparent, thus warranting further study. The drivers of deforestation identified in the literature review and the survey are in alignment. Natural causes of deforestation Natural causes include i. floods, a. runoff, b. erosion, ii. oceanic intrusion and tsunamis, iii. earthquakes, and iv. drought.
Anthropogenic causes of deforestation Anthropogenic causes include v. climate change (changing weather patterns causing reduced rainfall); vi. the state of law and order concerning forest clearing not being conducive to controlling it (Donors cannot visit due to poor security, and the No Objection Certificate (NOC) requirement is a challenging factor for donors.); vii. population increase; viii. lack of research in forest management; ix. lack of awareness regarding the importance of a forest and its ecosystem; x. refugees from Afghanistan and IDPs who have contributed to deforestation in Surkhab, Gugle parakzai (and other areas) and have even dug out roots (up-rooted trees) to obtain fuelwood; xi. expansion of agriculture and horticulture in the juniper ecosystem (wheat, maize, barley, apple, cherry, etc.); xii. old/obsolete laws governing forests in Balochistan; xiii. encroachment by communities and government agencies; xiv. a weak judicial system with legal cases taking time to resolve, creating an incentive to people who deforest; penalties are also not in accordance with the current situation; xv. untrained and/or unskilled officials; xvi. lack of coordination among government agencies; xvii. no Government inspections of water wells (NOCs); xviii. brick manufacturing (which sometimes uses fuelwood); xix. blasting in the mountains (mining, excavation for stones, soil, sand and crush plants), eroding top rich soil; xx. forest fires and lack of technology to control fires; xxi. freshwater pollution/wastewater as a threat to the marine ecosystem; and xxii. decentralization of forestry in Pakistan (initially, it was a royal service and later, its decentralization led to a reduced focus on forest and received reduced funding. This year, PSDP F only had a 0.8% allocation for forest).
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Drivers of forest degradation The main drivers of forest degradation identified are i. heavy and uncontrolled grazing; ii. urban expansion; iii. coal and other mining, including for ores (illegal mining, as well as the unplanned mining); iv. commercial agriculture; v. infrastructure development; vi. small-scale agriculture practices; vii. unsustainable timber extraction; and viii. unsustainable fuelwood extraction.
All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include the following: • wood energy needs, • livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence, • no demarcation of boundaries, • low incomes with less diversity in sources of income, • poor implementation of laws, • illegal logging, • food insecurity, • poor extension services, • poor land-use planning, • lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas, and • unsustainable forest management.
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1.2.4 Strategic Framework Vision Forest ecosystems in Balochistan are conserved and promoted to support livelihoods on a sustainable basis. Strategic Objectives
The ten Strategic Objectives for Balochistan are
1. to conserve, develop and sustainably manage forest, rangeland, and watersheds for economic, social and ecosystem services; 2. to enhance the policy and institutional framework supporting REDD+ activities in Balochistan; 3. to contribute towards establishing reference levels and having an effective monitoring system and forest monitoring system; 4. to provide alternative and energy efficient fuels to communities; 5. to improve the capacities of forest staff to enable them to engage in sustainable forest management practices and REDD+ practices; 6. to conserve soil and water through better management of watersheds and to improve the productivity of land and livelihoods for people; 7. to improve the management of rangelands to boost production of forest and livestock; 8. to promote research in various disciplines of forestry for providing strategic information for policy and decision makers; 9. to strengthen forest education in the province by establishing forest-related college/ institute; and 10. to develop and implement land-use plans, particularly focusing on urban and agricultural planning. Legal and Policy Foundations These include 1. Vision 2025; 2. SDGs; 3. National policies on the forest, climate change, water, rangelands; 4. Balochistan Forest Regulation, 1890; 5. Forest Act, 1927; and 6. Balochistan Wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation, and Management Act; 2014. Programmes of Action
The eighteen Programmes of Action for Balochistan include
1. establishing and functionalizing REDD+ architecture; 2. undertaking sustainable forest management practices and the enhancement of forest carbon stock; 3. introducing land-use planning for improved utilization of land for appropriate
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purposes; 4. encouraging the use of efficient alternative fuel/energy sources, particularly in forest areas (Zhob, Qalat, Ziarat and adjoining districts); 5. diversifying sustainable livelihood options: promoting integrated natural resource management (agriculture, livestock, irrigation, among others) by adopting efficient and model techniques to facilitate diversified livelihoods leading to increased incomes, reducing forest dependency; 6. engaging in capacity building of the forest department in terms of human and technological resources (NFMS indicators and criteria, equipment, staff training, additional human resources); 7. raising awareness through campaigns focusing on specific target groups, e.g., politicians, forest staff, the general public, media, bureaucracy, and forest- dependent communities; 8. educating and training of forest staff; 9. adding REDD+ to forest(ry) curricula; 10. establishing wood and fodder lots of fast-growing tree species in selected districts for fuelwood, timber, and fodder; 11. analyzing/studying the legal framework about forests and implementing policy recommendations; 12. building the capacities of forest communities, enabling them to make informed decisions on REDD+ initiatives (FPIC); 13. engaging security forces in consultations on forest protection; 14. introducing improved agri-practices for enhanced crop production and better livelihoods of forest communities; 15. creating woodlots of fast-growing tree species in selected districts (Jhal Magsi, etc.) for fuelwood; 16. incorporating modern and sustainable livestock management and grazing practices, e.g., rotational grazing. 17. developing fodder banks and alternative types of feed; and, 18. raising awareness of policymakers on climate change issues pertaining to forestry and their significance.
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1.2.5 References Abbas Faisal Mueen Qamer, Ghaffar Ali, Nitin Kumar Tripathi, Khurram Shehzad, Rashid Saleem and Hammad Gilani 2013. An assessment of status and distribution of mangrove forest cover in Pakistan. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), Vol. 3, No. 6, p. 64-78 Achakzai, Abdul Kabir Khan, Huma Batool, Tahir Aqeel and Zahoor Ahmed Bazai 2013.A comparative study of the deforestation and regeneration status of Ziarat juniper forest. Pak. J. Bot., 45(4): 1169-1172. Ahmad, S., Islam, M., Bano, G., Aslam, S., Koukab, S. 2009. Seasonal variation in current season and dead biomass in Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss) Stapf. and Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult in highland Balochistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41:519-527. BatoolHuma, Zahoor Ahmad Bazai, Rukhsana Jabeen and Tahir Aqil 2012. Evaluation of Extent of Heart Rot Fungi Infection and Impacts on Live Juniperus excelsa Trees in Ziarat Juniper Forest Balochistan, Pakistan. International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:12 No:06. Bazai, Zahoor Ahmad 2012. Ethnobotanical and Biodiversity Studies of Common Trees and Shrubs Added by the Nexus Between Climate Change and Gene Diversity of Juniperus excelsa in Zarghoon Ecosystem, Balochistan (Pakistan). A thesis submitted to University of Balochistan, Quetta in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Botany. IUCN 2012. https://www.iucn.org/content/balochistan%E2%80%99s-water-crises- may-last-until-2025-seminar-world-water-day-water-and-food. Islam, M., M. A. Adams 2000.Nutrient characteristics of foliage and the availability of water in rangeland near Quetta, Balochistan. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 3: 2058-2062. Saifullah, S.M. and F.Rasool 2002.Mangroves of MianiHor Lagoon in the North Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 34: 303-310. Sarangzai, A. M., N. Khan, M. Wahab and A. Kakar 2010. New spread of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium oxycedri) in juniper forests, Ziarat, Balochistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42: 3709–3714. Shafiq, Muhammad and Muhammad Azam Kakar 2007. Effects of Drought on Livestock Sector in Balochistan Province of Pakistan. Int. J. Agri. Biol., Vol. 9, No. 4. pp. 657–665.
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1.3 Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
1.3.1 Minutes from the REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, November 8, 2017 Agenda • Participant introductions • Overview of REDD+ and different studies conducted under the National REDD+ Office • Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV, and FRELs • Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for the National REDD+ Strategy • Presentation and group work by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM, and SIS • Discussion and input from the Management Committee concerning the National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards, SIS, etc.
Proceedings • The meeting started with a note of thanks and greeting of the participants by the Chair, the Secretary Forests. After an introduction of participants, a request was made for the review of the minutes of the previous meeting. • The Deputy Team Leader of Indufor-CTC explained the objectives of their participation in the meeting and provided an update on the studies undertaken by different firms. • Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF, provided an overall presentation regarding the REDD+ context, explaining REDD+, its different aspects and the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV, and FRL/ FRELs. • The Deputy Team Leader from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of the National REDD+ Strategy and Its Implementation Framework to validate the existing work done by the team regarding the drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment, vision, objectives as well as Strategy options. • The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work on safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM to the forum. • A brief discussion was held on the Benefit-sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of REDD+, which were recorded and the results of which are in the form of report attached to these minutes. • Later, the participants were engaged in group work focusing on drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, strategic options, objectives, consequences of options and grievances of stakeholders. The findings of the group/ group discussion are recorded in an attached report, which also contains findings of the literature.
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The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with the following sections: - Analysis of the Legal Framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework, FATA
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List of Participants
S.No Name Organization Designation Ph.No E.mail 1 Raja Tariq Mehmood CLP/HBP Consultant 0301-5244036 [email protected] 2 Imtiaz Ahmed CTC Consultant 0332-5399947 [email protected] 3 Hanifullah Journalist FATA Reporter 0303-8261400 [email protected] 4 Dr. Rao Nadeem HB/ CLP Social Consultant 0333-5574539 [email protected] 5 Mahjabeen Qazi CTC Sociologist 0300-5371923 [email protected] 6 Irfan Wazir FATA Secretariat Deputy Secretary 7 Dr. Malik Ayaz Wazir Director L/S FATA Director 0333-9798328 [email protected] 8 Abdul Basir Forest Department Conservator 0313-9104949 …………………………….. 9 Hazrat Ali Forest Department DFO 0341-8886999 ……………………………. 10 Shahid Noor Forest Department DFO 0345-5341640 [email protected] 11 Naveed Ahmed Forest owner FATA Resident 0345-9002166 …………………………….. 12 Dr. Kamran Livestock Department Project Officer 0334-9128818 …………………………………. 13 Ehtesham Agriculture Department AD, Food Cell 0334-9063862 [email protected] 14 Engr. Adnan PHED Executive Engineer 0333-3381679 ………………………………….. 15 M. Pervez Irrigation Department Asst. Engineer 0333-9169685 [email protected] 16 M. Shafi Marwat Fisheries Department Director 0348-8838907 [email protected] 17 Raina Gul FISMA Gender Specialist 0341-9090968 ……………………………… 18 Nasir Ali Khan P & DD Section Officer 0301-844115 ………………………………
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1.3.2 Constitutional and Legal background The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (“FATA”), which comprise seven Agencies and five Frontier regions12, are a part of the territories of Pakistan under Sub-article 2 of Article 1 of the Constitution. The FATA are regulated under the Frontier Crimes Regulation, 1901 (“FCR”), devised as a special law for these tribal areas by the British Colonial Government and amended from time to time since then. The manner of administration of the FATA is provided in Article 247 of the Constitution, according to which the executive authority of the Federation shall extend to FATA. Under the same Article13, the President may give such directions to the Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa relating to the FATA as he may deem necessary, and the Governor shall comply with such directions. Most importantly, under Sub-Article 3 of Article 247, no act of Majlis-e- Shoora (Parliament) shall apply to any part of FATA unless the President so directs, and in giving such a direction, the President may further direct that such a law shall have effect subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the direction. As such, although the FATA is under the administrative control of the Federation, only laws promulgated by the Parliament are effective, as those are extended to the FATA at the direction of the President. The primary legislation in respect of forests, as far as the rest of Pakistan is concerned, i.e. the Forest Act, 1927, has not yet been extended to the FATA, nor has any other act in respect of this matter been passed by Parliament for the FATA specifically and directed to be extended by the President. Therefore, there is presently no specific legal framework to regulate forest-related matters in the FATA. However, forest-related offenses, which may otherwise be offenses under the Pakistan Penal Code (such as theft for example), may be tried under the FCR, which is not adequate to meet the objectives of REDD+ in Pakistan. Therefore, the effective management and regulation of forest issues in the FATA (where all forestland is privately owned), especially in the context of REDD+, require a suitable act to be passed by the Parliament and subsequently extended to the FATA by the President under Article 247 of the Constitution.
1.3.3 Background The latest available FATA Development Statistics publication (Bureau of Statistics 2015) contains the forest cover data for FATA’s tribal agencies and frontier regions, as displayed in Table 4 below.
12 FCR- A bad law nobody can defend – Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (Peshawar Chapter) – July 2005 13 Sub-article 2 of Article 247 of the Constitution
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Table 4 Forest Area in FATA in 2014-2015, in Acres Man-made Linear Forest area Total forest Total area (in forest/ plantation Natural forest with % of Agencies/FRs area acres) artificial (avenue (estimated) the total covered plantation kilometer) area FATA 6,636,999 334,538 3,304 966,014 1,303,856 19,65 Bajaur 339,530 42,998 193 21,359 64,550 19,01 Khyber 644,618 35,118 170 20,000 55,288 8,58 Kurram 834,815 61,113 931 119,271 181,315 21,72 Mohmand 568,100 41,335 280 8,000 49,615 8,73 North 1,162,487 29,629 576 127,400 157,605 13,56 Waziristan Orakzai 384,869 33,015 215 161,645 194,875 50,63 South 1,585,449 48,974 713 410,946 460,633 29,05 Waziristan FR 183,992 10,022 0 13,902 23,924 13,00 Bannu/Lakki FR D.I. Khan 475,213 6,591 87 40,948 47,626 10,02 FR Kohat 112,338 10,073 48 1,997 12,118 10,79 FR Peshawar 65,312 7,295 91 500 7,886 12,07 FR Tank 280,276 8,375 0 40,046 48,421 17,28
As Table 4 illustrates, as of 2015, almost 20% of FATA’s area, or almost 528,000 hectares, consisted of forests, one-fourth of which were plantations. Nearly two- thirds of forestlands in FATA were concentrated in the most forested districts, such as South Waziristan, Orakzai and Kurram. Conversely, Khyber, Mohmand and North Waziristan were the least forested districts.
1.3.4 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation What follows is a literature review and analysis of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). The literature review examines datasets, policies, and studies which have followed methods of quantitative and/or qualitative analyses. In the analysis portion, the drivers of deforestation and those of forest degradation are considered in the context of the available information and then separately, and underlying causes for each are identified.
FATA Development Statistic sets available for 2009, 2013, and 2015 demonstrate that during the reference period (2007-2015), the forest area in FATA grew. A rapid increase in the forest area during 2013-2014 in comparison to the preceding year, which can be noted from the graph below, may be explained by the fact that the area of the natural forest estimated by the officials has more than doubled.
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Figure 1 Forest Area Development in the FATA, 2007-2015
2.0 million acres 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010* 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 Source: FATA Development Statistics 2009, 2013, 2015 NB: *no data for 2009-2010 are available; bar added as an arithmetical trend line
The FATA Sustainable Development Plan for 2007-2015 (FATA Civil Secretariat 2006) describes that FATA’s forests are mostly composed of such coniferous tree species as Chilghoza (Pinus gerardiana), Kail (Himalayan pine, Pinus wallichiana), Deodar (Himalayan cedar, Cedrus deodara), Chir (Pinus roxburgii) and other shrubs; and such broadleaved species as oak (Quercus ilex, Q. dilatata), but also Ber (Zizyphus jujuba), Gurgura (Monotheca buxifolia), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Amaltas (Indian laburnum, Cassia fistula) and walnut (Juglans regia). The Plan points out that official forest cover data in FATA is unreliable. Although several sources criticize the reliability of the forest cover data provided by the official sources, the study conducted by Baig et al. (2011) demonstrated, using the “ground survey of randomly sampled areas based on Area Frame Sampling (AFS) and satellite image classification”, that the land-use data provided by the FATA secretariat and Federal Bureau of Statistics actually had an accuracy rate of 91.82% (or a 1.72% difference for forests). The Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) and FAO have recently announced the completion of a land cover survey for FATA, and the results are reported to be published in an atlas after passing quality control. Whether the estimates of SUPARCO are close to those regularly published in FATA’s development statistics remains to be seen. According to the Agricultural Policy for FATA (Government of Pakistan, 2014) covering the ten-year period from 2014 to 2024, the total forest area of the FATA is some 529,282 ha, but it could be potentially increased to as much as 1,446,413 ha. Presently, most of the area which could be reforested is rangelands degraded due to overgrazing. It is also recognized that the reforestation of rangelands in FATA would, among other things, improve the water table in FATA, as many rangelands are situated in catchment areas. The policy document underlines that one of the main reasons behind FATA’s degrading forest cover is its arid conditions, with the majority of the territory stretching over dry arid and semi-arid zones with quite common long- lasting droughts. In addition, overexploitation of land resources due to overgrazing and to the high dependency of the increasing population on agriculture also foments
~ 40 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework additional pressure on forest resources. Moreover, the situation is worsened by illegal logging, constant conflicts over land tenure, lack of control and undiligent forest management practices. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for Pakistan (International Monetary Fund, 2010) identifies similar reasons for the decrease in FATA’s forest area, including continuous droughts and grazing. It additionally points out the negative effect of wood harvesting done for the population’s own needs (e.g., fuelwood extraction) and for export, which has jointly led to harvesting in volumes beyond sustainable levels. The FATA Sustainable Development Plan for 2007-2015 (Civil Secretariat FATA, 2006) mentions overexploitation of land by Afghan refugees as another contributing factor to deforestation in FATA, although this trend has been diminishing. In addition, it points out that the present monitoring and regulatory activities in the forest sector are insufficient and, moreover, there is no forest legislation in the province, resulting in the lack of demarcation of different forest categories and control over harvesting activities. The protection of land and forest tenure rights is challenging, as a land settlement has only been done in one agency in FATA – in Kurram– and tenure rights in the province are mostly customary. The authors admit that the recovery of the forest cover and forest productivity might take a long time, as the ability of forest resources to regenerate has significantly decreased. The reasons for deforestation in the FATA listed in official policy documents are also mirrored in scientific sources. Thus, the problem of illegal timber harvesting and pressure on forest resources due to the extraction of firewood is mentioned by Ajaib et al. (2014). Ajaib et al. consider fuelwood harvesting to be the most significant cause of deforestation in Parachinar, Upper Kurram Agency; they explain that it is due to the lack of availability of natural gas, which could be substituted for fuelwood and used instead by local people for cooking. Khokhar et al. (2014) have examined aspects of deforestation related to Afghan refugee resettlement and to customary ownership of forest and land resources. However, Thomas (1995) does not concur, stating that deforestation and overgrazing had been occurring in the FATA and in KP even before the mass flight of refugees began. To sum it up, the official policy documents, scientific sources, and consultations are in conformity with each other. The major drivers of deforestation include • illegal and unsustainable logging; • unsustainable fuelwood harvesting for cooking; • an arid and semi-arid climate with long periods of droughts; • forest clearing for livestock grazing, overgrazing and/or uncontrolled grazing of livestock; • forest clearing for small-scale agriculture; • forest overexploitation of land and forests by Afghan refugees; • clearing for habitation; • forest fires (intentional); and • forest clearing for security purposes.
The main drivers of forest degradation identified are • unsustainable timber extraction;
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• unsustainable fuelwood extraction; • mining for marble extraction, coal, and other minerals; • infrastructure development (e.g., roads); and • livestock grazing. All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include • an absence of forest law (it is yet to be defined whether the cutting down of trees is legal or illegal in the FATA); • increasing population and dependency on agricultural crops like wheat and maize and food security; • customary forest and land tenure; • insufficient governmental control, monitoring, and enforcement of regulations related to forest resources; • a lack of sustainable forest management practices and forest legislation; • livelihoods being dependent on forest-related income; • a lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas; • poor extension services; • poor/no land-use planning; and • a past influx of Afghan refugees and their heavy dependence on forests.
1.3.5 Strategic Framework Vision Forests in FATA provide ecosystem services and livelihood support on a sustainable basis, with the active engagement of communities in conservation activities.
Strategic Objectives The twelve Strategic Objectives are 1. to enhance the functional capacity of the FATA forest department to boost its role (in provincial integrations, provincial status); 2. to innovate new forestry initiatives within the Forest Department in the limited legal capacity of the FATA; 3. to encourage the Federal Government and the Parliament to formulate appropriate legislative and policy framework for the management of forests in the FATA, in accordance with REDD+ objectives; or 4. to provide support, in the case of FATA integration with KP, to the Forest Department to integrate KP forest laws, while respecting the local context of tribal areas; 5. to work actively with forest stakeholders, including communities and security agencies, towards the conservation and protection of existing forests; 6. to contribute to the sustainable management of livestock and their grazing for livelihood support; 7. to provide alternative energy efficient fuels to the communities for their daily needs; 8. to interact with the forest-related public and private institutions and businesses for ensuring forest-friendly developmental activities; 9. to improve and diversify agricultural productivity for reducing reliance on the forest for livelihood; 10. to promote town planning with the political administration to control habitation
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in forest areas; 11. to sensitize communities to forest fire risk factors and to promote controlled grazing within forest areas; and 12. to promote research in the FATA to generate empirical data regarding forests in order to do planning with communities and to provide the Forest Department with innovative ideas on forest management practices in the unique scenario of the FATA.
Legal and Policy Foundations These include 1. Sustainable Development Goals; 2. Vision 2025; 3. National policy on water, forest, climate change, range management, mining, tourism; and 4. Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR).
Programmes of Action The eighteen Programmes of Action for the FATA region include 1. providing alternative sustainable livelihoods; 2. introducing tourism/eco-tourism in the FATA region, contingent upon the national security guidelines; 3. providing alternative energy sources for communities, particularly in winter in Tirah and other cold regions (e.g., energy efficient stoves, subsidized LPG, etc.); 4. increasing supervision and control of mining activities to ensure forest-friendly mining practices; 5. cooperating with security agencies to promote advocacy for protecting forests along the Pakistan-Afghan borders and during security operations; 6. improving inter- and intra-departmental coordination, and improving the implementation of laws and policies; 7. promoting research in FATA forests in order to identify aspects of cooperation for forest conservation; 8. introducing land-use plans in order to improve the utilization of land for appropriate purposes; 9. building the capacities of the Forest Department in terms of human and technological of resources (e.g., through NFMS indicators and criteria, equipment, staff training, additional human resources) 10. educating and training forest staff (including exposure to the REDD+ context and principles); 11. advocating for policy formulation concerning an expanded role for the Forest Department in the FATA forestry sector (in view of the future of the FATA); 12. improving and diversifying crop production for better livelihoods of forest communities; 13. creating woodlots of fast-growing tree species in selected districts to increase the supply of fuelwood; 14. promoting modern and sustainable livestock management and grazing practices (e.g., through rotational grazing); 15. performing analyses/studies concerning the legal framework pertaining to forests and the implementation of policy recommendations; 16. formulating appropriate legislative and policy framework for the management
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of forests in FATA in accordance with REDD+ objectives; 17. promoting small hydro units in mountain communities for energy production; and 18. introducing high-yield livestock breeds to foster improved productivity.
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1.3.6 References Ajaib Muhammad, Zubaria Ashraf, Fatima Riaz and Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui 2014. Ethnobotanical studies of some plants of Tehsil Kharian, District Gujarat. FUUAST J. Biol., 4(1): 65-71 Baig, M.B. and Straquadine, G. 2011. “Sustainable agriculture ensures sustainable rural development: a reality or a myth”. In: M. Behnassi et al. (Eds.), Global food insecurity: rethinking agricultural and rural development paradigm and policy, pp. 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0890-7_3, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. Burau of Statistics 2015.http://kp.gov.pk/uploads/2016/04/2015.PDF Civil Secretariat FATA 2006.FATA Sustainable Development Plan for 2007-2015. 117 p. International Monetary Fund 2010. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: Pakistan. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2016/12/31/Pakistan-Poverty- Reduction-Strategy-Paper-24003 Khokhar, Noel I., Manzoor Ahmed Abbasi and Ghani Jafar 2014. Evolving Dynamics of FATA: Reflections on Transformations. Evolving Dynamics of FATA: Reflections on Transformations. National Defence University (NDU) & The Centre for Pakistan and Gulf Studies (CPGS). Thomas, D. S. G. 1995. Desertification: Causes and processes. In Encyclopaedia of Environmental Biology, Vol. 1, ed. W. A. Nierenberg. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995. pp.463-473.
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1.4 Gilgit-Baltistan
1.4.1 Minutes from the REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, November 18, 2017 Agenda • Tilawat • Participant introductions • Overview of the REDD+ and different studies under the National REDD+ Office • Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV, and FRELs • Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for the National REDD+ Strategy • Presentation and group work facilitated by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS • Group work, discussion, and input from Management Committee concerning the National /provincial Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards, and SIS, etc.
Proceedings • The Secretary-Forest chaired the meeting. The Secretary-Forest greeted the participants, and after the introduction of participants, the Deputy Team Leader of Indufor-CTC explained the objectives of both the meeting with the Management Committee and the studies undertaken by different firms. • Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF, provided an overall presentation regarding the REDD+ context, explaining REDD+ and different aspects thereof. He also explained the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs. • The Deputy Team Leader from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of the National REDD+ Strategy and Its Implementation to validate the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment as well as Strategy options. The vision statement was shared for input by the committee, and after discussion and review, it was agreed and finalized. • The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work on Safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM to the forum. • A brief discussion was held on the Benefit-sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of REDD+. This discussion was recorded. The results are in the form of report attached to these minutes. • Later, with the permission of the Honourable Secretary-Forests, group work was undertaken with the participants. This included small-group discussion regarding drivers, strategic options, consequences of these options and possible grievances. The findings of the group work and from the literature review are used in the attached report.
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The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Report, with the following sections: - Analysis of the Legal Framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Strategic Framework, Gilgit-Baltistan
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1.4.2 Background The territory that now comprises Gilgit-Baltistan was once part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947, after a successful revolution against the decision of the Hindu Maharaja of Kashmir to accede to India after Independence, despite the presence of a Muslim majority local population, the Revolutionary Council requested the Government of Pakistan to take over the administration of the Northern Areas (as Gilgit-Baltistan was then called). Like Azad Jammu and Kashmir, the status of Gilgit- Baltistan was subject to resolutions adopted by the UN Security Council and the UN Commission for India and Pakistan. In 1949, the Government of Pakistan, the Azad Kashmir Government and the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference signed an agreement granting administrative control of the Northern Areas to Pakistan. The territory that is today included in the Northern Areas acceded unconditionally to Pakistan after Independence with one exception: in 1951, the tribal areas that now form part of the Diamer District signed an agreement with the Government of Pakistan, retaining certain rights of self-governance. In 1999, the Supreme Court of Pakistan held in the case titled Al-Jehad Trust and 9 others v. Federation of Pakistan and 3 others (1999 SCMR 1379) (“Al-Jehad Trust”) that the Government of Pakistan exercises de jure as well as de facto administrative control over the Northern Areas and that residents of the Northern Areas enjoy full citizenship of Pakistan, and are entitled to the safeguards provided by the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 (“Constitution”). The upshot is that while Gilgit-Baltistan is still not considered a part of Pakistan Territory as defined in Article 1 of the Constitution, Pakistan has nevertheless acted as a sovereign in the Northern Areas, exercising an effective and continuous display of state authority generally recognized under international law. Nevertheless, the Constitution is not applicable to Gilgit-Baltistan in its entirety (except as its effect is extended to Gilgit-Baltistan by the Al-Jehad Trust decision). Previously under the Federal Rules of Business 1973 (Rule 3(3) read with Schedule II, Item 19(3)), the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas (“KANA”) (which has now been re-named the Ministry of Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) was vested with the power to make laws for the Northern Areas, and the power to extend any federal or provincial law to the Northern Areas. Furthermore, under the Northern Areas Council Legal Framework Order, 1994, the Northern Areas Legislative Council had limited powers to legislate in 49 prescribed areas. During this time, through various orders and notifications, the Government of Pakistan has extended the Forest Act, 1927 to all of the Northern Areas. In 2009, the Government of Pakistan notified the Gilgit-Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009 (“Order”) with the express purpose of providing greater political empowerment and better governance to the people of Gilgit- Baltistan, and for all intents and purposes to act as the interim constitution of the Gilgit-Baltistan. The salient features of the Order for the current discussion are that it creates two bodies with legislative powers: a) the Gilgit-Baltistan Council (comprising the Prime Minister of Pakistan, the Governor of Gilgit-Baltistan, six members nominated by the Prime Minister from amongst the Federal Ministers and members of Parliament, the Chief Minister of Gilgit-Baltistan and six members to be appointed by the Gilgit- Baltistan Legislative Assembly); and b) the Legislative Assembly of a total of thirty
~ 48 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework three elected and reserved seat members. The Council has the exclusive power to make laws in respect of the subjects provided in the Third Schedule to the Order (“Council Legislative List”), whereas the Legislative Assembly has the exclusive power to make laws in respect of subjects included in the Fourth Schedule to the Order (“Assembly Legislative List”). The Government of Pakistan retains the residuary but exclusive power to make laws in respect of any matters not enumerated in either of the legislative lists of the Order. The subject of “Forest” is specifically included in the Council Legislative List at entry no. 40 and therefore the Council now retains the exclusive domain to make laws with regard to forests in Gilgit-Baltistan. Furthermore, the Council has the power to adopt an amendment in the existing laws of Pakistan or any new law in force in Pakistan. Furthermore, under Article 84 of the Order, all laws which, immediately before the commencement of the Order, were in force in Gilgit-Baltistan shall continue to be in force until altered, repealed or amended by an Act of the appropriate authority. In the case of forests, this means that the Forest Act, 1927 continues to apply to Gilgit- Baltistan and shall so continue until repealed or amended by the Council. Under Article 22 of the Order, the executive authority of Gilgit-Baltistan shall be exercised in the name of the Governor by the Government through the Cabinet consisting of the Chief Minister and the Ministers, which shall act through the Chief Minister who shall be the Chief Executive. However, the executive authority of the Government shall extend only to such matters with respect to which the Assembly has the power to make laws. On the other hand, under Article 33(12) of the Order, the Council has the executive authority: in respect of all matters, it has the power to make laws (which of course includes forests). The forests of Gilgit-Baltistan are within the exclusive legislative and executive domain of the Council with the Prime Minister of Pakistan, as its Chairman who may exercise the executive authority vested in the Council directly or through the Secretariat of the Council of which the Federal Minister for Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan Division is in charge. As such, the National Forest Policy 2015 or the National Climate Change Policy 2012, both of which lay down an effective policy framework necessary for the implementation of REDD+ across Pakistan, can effectively be used as a platform for the implementation of REDD+ in Gilgit-Baltistan, which is not possible in the case of the provinces of Pakistan, as above explained. However, for Gilgit-Baltistan, these policies may be made applicable by the issuance of a notification to that effect from the Gilgit-Baltistan Council (the Chairman of which is also the Chief Executive of the Federation). From an institutional capacity point of view, this is good for the effective implementation of the REDD+ framework insofar as Gilgit-Baltistan is concerned.
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Land Tenure and User Rights Forest Stakeholders User Rights Legal Forest Type Classific Formal Informal Formal Informal document ation Owners retain all Montane sub- Resident rights over their Private NIL tropical scrub communities own forest resources. In the case of private Owners retain forests, non-owners, rights over their also access forest Forest Act, 1927 own forest De facto rights, Montane dry Resident resources. These with resources. In the overgrazing, temperate communities, could be tenants or amendments of case of protected fuelwood, and coniferous/Deoda, lessees, and the solely local 1993. Private forests, NTFP Kail, fur spruce, Forest communities. In Forest communities retain collection, as Chalghoza Department addition, a number of Regulation Protected rights to agreed with NGOs are working on 1970. Private /private fallen/dead wood, the Forest forest/green sector Forest rules grazing, collecting Department. interventions. 1975 firewood, Montane dry construction timber temperate/ Resident (with the broadleaf communities Seasonal migrants permission of the Sub-alpine/birch, and the Forest Forest juniper, willow Department Department) Northern dry scrub
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According to Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), the forest area and land classes are presented for Gilgit-Baltistan under the term Northern Areas. The R-PP reports 666,000 hectares, or about 15% of Pakistan’s forest area (FCPF, 2014), comprised mainly of coniferous forests.
GOVERNMENT-OWNED FORESTS The primary legal regime determining the legal categories of forestland in Pakistan and governance thereof is the Forest Act, 1927 (“Forest Act”). Reserved Forest This is the strictest category of forests from the perspective of governance and of the exclusion of rights of private persons. These forests generally exclude all private rights unless these have been specifically allowed by the Forest Officer in writing or are otherwise sanctioned by the Government through a contract, concession or under rules promulgated by the Government. Under Section 3 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province/territory may constitute as a reserved forest any forestland or wasteland which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or entitlement to the whole or a part of the produce. In accordance with Sub-Section 1 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Act, rules, grant or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer14, broadly, the following acts are prohibited offenses in a reserved forest: a) making fresh clearing; b) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or set on fire any plant or tree; c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf; d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass; e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber; f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; g) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce; h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose; and i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares.
The Forest Act allows the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof is no longer reserved15. This is an unrestricted power, and the
14Sub-section 2 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, 1927, and Sub-section 5 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, 1927 (with Amendments for Punjab) 15 Section 27 of the Forest Act
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Government need not have a prior justification for changing the status of a forest in this manner. Protected Forest As a class of forests, under all the respective legal regimes of the provinces, all activities by private persons are permitted within a protected forest unless these have been specifically proscribed either through a notification by the relevant Government in this respect or through the promulgation of rules in respect of such matters. However, once the notification or rules have been issued, any contravention of such notification or rules is a punishable offense. Under Section 29 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province may constitute as a protected forest, any forestland or wasteland which is not included in a reserved forest, but which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or entitlement to the whole or a part of the produce. Section 30 of the Act provides that in respect of a protected forest, the Government, through a notification in this respect, may take the following three steps: a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date; b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term not exceeding 30 years as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion, shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion; and c) prohibit from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest-produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest. In addition, Section 32 of the Act empowers the Government to make rules for a protected forest, in respect of, among other things, clearing and breaking up of land for cultivation or for any other purpose, cutting of grass and pasturing of cattle, protection of timber and reserved trees from fire and the protection and management of any portion of a forest closed under Section 30. The result is that unless a notification regarding the matters enumerated in Section 30 is issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated by the Government, all acts are permitted in a protected forest. However, once a notification under Section 30 of the Act has been issued, or rules under Section 32 of the Act promulgated, under Section 33 of the Forest Act, the following acts shall be punishable offenses where they contravene the notification under Section 30 or rules made under Section 32 of the Forest Act: a) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; b) quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce;
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c) breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose; d) setting or kindling fire without taking reasonable precautions to prevent its spreading to any reserved tree, whether standing, fallen or felled, or to any closed portion of the forest; e) leaving any fire burning in the vicinity of any reserved tree or closed portion of the forest; f) felling any tree or dragging any timber and damaging any reserved tree; g) permitting any cattle to damage any reserved tree; and h) infringing any rule made under Section 32 of the Act.
Under Section 34 of the Forest Act, an act that would otherwise be an offence shall not be deemed an offence if done with the permission of the forest officer, in accordance with rules made in respect of protected forests, or except as regards any portion of the protected forest closed by notification or in the exercise of any right which is recognized by the Government at the time of notification of a protected forest. The Forest Act does not empower the Government to declare a forest as no longer protected. Village Forest The Forest Act16 provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. The Forest Act further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest, including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce (including timber and pasture), and the duties of the community to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well insofar as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government. However, as with all the provinces, Gilgit-Baltistan has not actually formed a village forest.
PRIVATE FORESTS Section 36 Forests Under Section 36 of the Forest Act, for several specified purposes17, the Government may regulate or prohibit in any forest or wasteland:
16 Section 28 of the Forest Act 17The purposes for which a forest or wasteland may regulated under Section 35 of the Forest Act are as follows: (vi) for protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches;
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a) the breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation, b) the pasturing of cattle, and c) the burning or clearing of vegetation.
In addition, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 35, the Government may, for any such purpose, construct these works on such forest or wasteland as it thinks fit. However, in case of neglect or willful disobedience of the regulation, or prohibition in respect of such wasteland or forest, or if required for the purpose of any work under Section 35, the Government may, under Section 36 of the Forest Act, place it under the control of a forest officer and declare that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act in respect of reserved forests shall apply to such forest or wasteland. Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Act, the owner of any land (or if there is more than one owner, then the owners with an aggregate of two-thirds of the land) may request from the relevant Revenue Department officer either that the land may be managed on their behalf by the Forest Officer as a reserved or protected forest, on such terms as may be mutually agreed, or that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act may be applied to such land. In either case, the Government may apply any of the provisions of the Forest Act to such land as it deems appropriate in the circumstances.
Forests of the Diamer District of Gilgit-Baltistan Under the Accession Deed of 1952 (“Accession Deed”), the Government of Pakistan has accepted the private ownership of forests located in the District of Diamer in Gilgit-Baltistan as it existed prior to the date of accession. Furthermore, under the Accession Deed, the protection, oversight, management, promotion, propagation, and felling of these forests is the responsibility of and the exclusive expense of the Government of Pakistan in consultation with the owners of these forests. However, to all intents and purposes, the owners of the forests are not consulted during the preparation of working plans or the sale of trees (Bilal, Haq and Moore 2003)18. The Accession Deed also requires that more than a third of the revenue generated by the Government from these forests will be spent for the benefit of the locals and the area. Specifically addressing a driver of deforestation, the Accession
(vii) for the preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land-slips, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel; (viii) for the maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers and tanks; (ix) for the protection of roads, bridges and railways and other lines of communication; (x) for the preservation of the public health. 18 Bilal, A., Haq, H., & Moore, P. 2003. Customary laws governing natural resources management in Northern Areas. Planning and Development Department Northern Areas. IUCN Law Programme 2003. Available at: www.iucn.org/places/pakistan/elaws/pdf/customary%20law%20folder/customary%20laws%20na.pdf.
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Deed also provides for the “imposition of restrictions of free grazing in regeneration areas” (FAO)19.
1.4.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation What follows is a literature review and analysis of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation for Gilgit-Baltistan (G-B). The literature review examines both studies which have incorporated remote sensing techniques and other land cover classification techniques; and studies which have followed more traditional methods of quantitative and/or qualitative analyses. In the analysis portion, the drivers of deforestation and those of forest degradation are considered in the context of the studies and then separately, and underlying causes for each are identified.
Qamer et al. (2016) produced land cover maps including 14 land classes (but excluding settlements) in the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. The results are presented in Table 5 below for Gilgit-Baltistan.
19 Trends in forest ownership, forest resources tenure and institutional arrangements – A case study from Pakistan, FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/forestry/11265-0f977bbb5c6a591b2924c6443ef171d08.pdf
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Table 5 Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Land Cover in Gilgit- Baltistan (in Hectares), 1990-2010 2000- Category Land cover (ha.) 1990 2000 2010 1990-2000 2010 Forest- Dense coniferous 45,226 44,248 41,800 -978 -2,448 land forest Sparse coniferous 82,367 82,258 79,454 -109 -2,804 forest Dense mix forest 27,489 27,860 26,189 371 -1,671 Sparse mix forest 10,828 10,295 10,788 -532 493 Dense broadleaf 2 2 2 0 0 forest Sparse broadleaf - - - - - forest Sub-total of 165,912 164,663 158,233 -1,249 -6,430 forestland Grassland Grasses/shrubs 837,438 986,354 1,022,002 148,916 35,649 Alpine grasses 6,126 26,263 24,785 20,137 -1,477 Cropland Agriculture, cropped 80,045 50,979 81,193 -29,066 30,215 Agriculture, fallow 38,852 69,787 14,069 30,936 -55,718 Other Bare soil/rock 2,427,343 3,115,46 3,024,594 688,203 -90,953 land Snow glacier/ice 2,962,873 1,877,379 1,934,108 -1,085,493 56,729 Wetlands Water bodies 19,631 23,864 29,485 4233 5,621 Peatland 353,995 577,378 603,743 223,383 26,365 Total 7060,125 7,058,788 7,052,443 2,980,767 488,882 Source: Qamer et al. (2016)
The results indicate that Gilgit-Baltistan’s land cover changes have been dynamic over the time analysis period of 1990-2010. Of relevance, dense forest classes have continued to decline for coniferous and mixed forest over the twenty-year period, indicating degradation and deforestation. When the results are aggregated for the forestland category, they show that Gilgit- Baltistan lost more than 7,600 ha of forest area during 1990-2010. There was a significant reduction of more than 1,000,000 ha in the land classified as snow/glacier/ice, while water bodies increased between 1990 and 2000, indicating significant impacts of climate change. The study assessed the individual changes in forest cover pertaining to deforestation, degradation, and regeneration, as well as the net changes of those categories. The results are presented in Table 6 below.
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Table 6 Forest Cover Change (in Hectares) in Gilgit-Baltistan Province Forest cover change (in ha.) in Gilgit-Baltistan Total Net Annual Deforestation Degradation Regeneration Area change Rate 6,892,214 7680 2701 2 10,379 -0.31 Qamer et al. (2016)
Gilgit-Baltistan clearly suffered from deforestation and forest degradation during the twenty-year analysis period. Regeneration was extremely modest, with only 2 ha of regeneration detected. Qamer et al. (2016) identified hotspots at the sub-district level for deforestation and degradation in Gilgit- Baltistan. The sub-district of Chilas experienced the highest rate of deforestation between 2000 and 2010, exceeding 3,500 hectares. Darel/Tangir reported the second highest rate of deforestation between 2000 and 2010, exceeding 2,000 hectares. Astore was the sub-district with the third highest rate of deforestation, which was much less than Chilas and Darel/Tangir. The results correlate with a study by Ahmad et al. (2012), who used GIS and various classification parameters to examine the changes in coniferous forests and to disaggregate the results for the Northern Areas. The study found that coniferous forest areas had been lost and had degraded, noting that only 9% of the coniferous forest areas had a tree canopy cover of more than 75%. This observation was further supported by an anonymous FAO study quoted in Ahmad et al. (2012) showing that the Northern Areas--where 72% of the area under a coniferous forest has a tree cover density below 25%--are in even worse condition than the other provinces.
Table 7 Forest Cover Change (Conifer) in the Northern Areas (GB), 1992-2010 Area Status of vegetation cover (in ha.) Annual Change % 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 Northern Areas 660,000 312,000 318,000 301,000 285,000 -0.08 Source: Ahmad et al. (2012) Many other studies have examined the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Gilgit-Baltistan, and have examined the prevailing theory of Himalayan environmental degradation. Ali and Benjaminsen (2004) collected local data on fuelwood consumption and timber extraction from Basho Valley. Their results demonstrated that forest degradation and deforestation occurring over three decades was primarily driven by unsustainable commercial harvesting and mismanagement, and the authors cited the timber mafia and the Government as driving the largest extent of the forest depletion in the 1970s and 1980s. The degradation resulting from commercial harvesting depleted the forest to such an extent that the authors stated that “local use is also starting to have an impact on the forest.” The local use is driven by
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework fuelwood and local housing construction needs. Ali and Benjaminsen (2004) noted that the forests in Basho Valley are at risk of being lost within the next decade at the current speed of extraction unless alternative sources of energy or wood for fuel are made available. Ali and Benjaminsen (2004) also noted that grazing and the conversion of forest land to agricultural land had influenced forest cover to a lesser extent. Other indirect drivers of deforestation have been identified as sectarian disputes and increased access to forest resources in Darel/Tangir and Chilas Valleys (see Gohar (2002)). Ali et al. (2014) conducted a baseline study for Dayan Valley in the Astore district. They found that vegetation had been disturbed and overexploited, as lopping and uprooting of trees are frequently practiced by forest-dependent communities to procure timber, fuelwood, and medicinal herbs. They determined that this practice also creates a barrier to regeneration. Their study pointed out that the use of wood for housing and furniture, and fuelwood for cooking and heating is inefficient, and leads to higher extraction than necessary. Finally, the study noted the role of overuse of pastures for livestock grazing, resulting in a negative impact on palatable grass species and an increase in soil erosion. Akbar et al. (2011) conducted a quantitative study on forest vegetation in three districts of Gilgit-Baltistan. They observed illegal cutting in Rama and Skardu Districts, noting that the canopy was mostly open (due to degradation), but that in some areas, it was closed. More recently, Akbar et al. (2013) investigated the forest size-class structure in Astore, Gilgit and Skardu Districts. Their study found that anthropogenic disturbances have affected the quality of the forest stand structure owing to many human-instigated activities such as grazing, cutting, sliding and burning. They concluded that prompt action is required to stop current practices from eradicating the remaining stocks. Khan et al. (2013) studied the high-altitude rangelands and their interfacing areas in Gilgit-Balitstan. They found that the lower timberline ecotone is undergoing excessive degradation and severe erosion due to intensive farming, deforestation and infrastructure development; and to frequent hazards such as flash floods, mudslides, and landslips. It is further threatened by the expansion of farming activities, road networks, resorts, and other infrastructure. Khan et al.’s (2013) study also noted that the number of livestock in Gilgit- Baltistan, especially cattle, sheep, and goats, increased from 0.88 million in 1976 to 2.45 million in 2006, an increase of 1.67% per annum. This has caused increased pressure on the ecosystems, exacerbated by the lack of a proper rangeland management system. Khan et al. (2013) also noted various exploitative uses of rangelands such as agriculture, extraction of plant biomass for fuelwood and rapid infrastructure. Hussain et al. (2015) studied pasture-condition trends, biomass productivity, carrying capacity, possible influences of grazing on alpine grasslands and key issues of Deosai National Park in Gilgit-Batistan, and they concur with Khan et al. (2013). Hussain et al. (2015) found that the average biomass production was low following a decreasing trend, and they noted that a heavy influx of
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework nomads, free grazing by peripheral communities, extraction of fuelwood and medicinal plants, and unmanaged tourism were major issues affecting the environmental health of the national park. The park did not have a buffer zone. The construction of the Karakorum Highway (KKH), which links Pakistan with China, also played an important role in accelerating deforestation. The KKH facilitated the easy and cheap transport of timber to other areas, and opened previously isolated forested valley areas; see Ali et al. (2005). Other studies have noted the incidence of deforestation and forest degradation as the result of constructed roads in Gilgit-Baltistan. Schickhoff (1998) found that healthy forest stands were found in valleys with no roads, while degraded forest areas were found in valleys linked with roads to the Karakorum Highway. The regeneration of forests presents multiple challenges and barriers, given the climatic and mountainous growing conditions, slow-growing species, occurrences of natural disasters, and human activities that reduce the potential for successful regeneration. Khan et al. (2015) studied the present status and future trend of the tree species of forest in the study area of Ganji Valley in the Skardu District. The study concluded that most of the stands have few seedlings and fewer young trees, or they do not show signs of seedling establishment or are prone to anthropogenic disturbances. In a separate study, Khan et al. (2015) studied the distribution of Chalghoza forests in the Diamer District of Goharabad. The study found that most of the forests have few seedlings and young trees or they do not show signs of seedling establishment. The poor regeneration was attributed to both anthropogenic (nuts collection, cutting, grazing, burning, etc.) and natural (land sliding, floods) causes. Historically, the primary cause of deforestation and forest degradation in Gilgit-Baltistan has been unsustainable commercial harvesting and illegal cutting. This has reduced the capacity of the current forests to supply a sustainable source of fuelwood and timber for local housing, cooking, and heating needs. The forests that remain are highly degraded, and local dependence on these forests is severely driving further degradation and loss of forests.
Secondary drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Gilgit-Baltistan are the construction of roads, overgrazing of animals and farming practices. Population increases in both humans and livestock are an indirect driver of deforestation and forest degradation, following the theory of Himalayan environmental deterioration. The regeneration of forests is curbed by a multitude of challenges from anthropogenic and natural occurrences, and it will require a high degree of management on the part of the communities and the State to be successful.
The results of the survey and literature review regarding deforestation and forest degradation complement each other. The main drivers of deforestation include • commercial agricultural expansion: potatoes, peas, supply to the hotel industry;
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• agricultural expansion for subsistence farming (vegetables, horticulture, etc.); • unsustainable fuelwood extraction; • urban expansion (low level); • mining of gems and metal ores, marble, other precious minerals (low level); • infrastructure development (e.g. roads (low level)); • forest clearing for habitation (very limited); and • forest fires (natural or due to negligence) (very limited, mostly negligence, cigarettes, and tea-making, etc.). The main drivers of forest degradation are • agricultural expansion for subsistence farming (potatoes); • unsustainable timber extraction, which was further exacerbated by the ban on commercial logging in the year 1992; • unsustainable timber extraction; • unsustainable fuelwood extraction; • urban expansion; and • free grazing. All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include the following: • wood energy needs; • food security; • livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence; • lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas; • no demarcation of boundaries (demarcation has not been done, which leads to conflicts); • unsustainable forest management (i.e., forest management plans not enforced); • poor implementation of laws; • poor governance (overall government is weak; 1927 laws are still being used although the laws have been revised); and • other factors (e.g., ambiguities in terms of GB’s status of province/ territory. The Federal Government does not have sufficient time to attend to GB and court cases, so issues do not get resolved. This, in particular, affects the advancement of laws and court cases.)
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1.4.4 Strategic Framework Vision Forests in Gilgit-Baltistan provide ecosystem services and livelihood support on a sustainable basis. Strategic Objectives The fourteen Strategic Objectives are 1. to enhance the policy, legal and governance framework supporting REDD+ and the commitments to international instruments; 2. to promote forest cover by engaging communities in community forestry actions as well as through sustainable forest management practices; 3. to provide alternative and energy efficient fuels to the communities; 4. to establish capacities and systems to contribute towards forest monitoring for carbon stock, biodiversity conservation, and other indicators, including livelihood-related health of forest ecosystems; 5. to improve the capacities of forest staff to enable them to follow sustainable forest management practices; 6. to sensitize the hotel industry in GB to promoting sustainable, diverse and forest friendly eco-tourism, and to regulate the same; 7. to promote sustainable eco-tourism in Gilgit-Baltistan for local and national tourists, in order to sensitize them to forest vulnerabilities; 8. to manage watersheds with the goal of conserving soil and water, and to improve the productivity of land; 9. to improve the management of national parks and wildlife in such a way that develops livelihood support for forest communities; 10. to promote and manage NTFPs on a sustainable basis for alternative livelihoods for local mountainous communities; 11. to conduct regional research in various disciplines of forestry, wildlife, sericulture, and fisheries; 12. to implement various provisions of the Forest Act and rules framed thereunder; 13. to develop and implement land-use plans, particularly focusing on urban and agricultural planning; and 14. to harness and utilize the immense hydro energy sources for the livelihood and energy needs of GB.
Legal and Policy Foundations These include 1. SDGs; 2. Vision 2025; 3. National policy on water, forest, climate change, range management; 4. Draft forest and rangelands policies; 5. Forest Act, 1927; 6. GB Environmental Protection Act; 7. Gilgit Private Forest Regulation, 1970; and 8. Gilgit-Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009. Programmes of Action The 21 Programmes of Action for Gilgit-Baltistan include 1. providing alternative sustainable livelihoods;
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2. creating sustainable eco-tourism and tourism diversification; 3. improving inter- and intra-departmental coordination, and improving the implementation of laws and policies; 4. offering alternative energy sources to GB communities, particularly in winter; 5. supervising and regulating mining activities to ensure forest-friendly mining practices; 6. sensitizing policymakers to issues related to forests, REDD+, biodiversity conservation, and eco-tourism; 7. introducing a land-use plan to improve the utilization of land for appropriate purposes; 8. building capacity of the Forest Department in terms of human and technological resources (incorporating NFMS indicators and criteria, equipment, staff training, and additional human resources); 9. educating and training forest staff (including exposure to the REDD+ context and principles); 10. adding REDD+ to forest(ry) curricula; 11. improving and diversifying crop production for better livelihoods of forest communities; 12. creating woodlots of fast-growing tree species in selected districts for fuelwood; 13. promoting modern and sustainable livestock management and grazing practices (e.g., through rotational grazing); 14. developing fodder banks and alternate feeds; 15. setting up a provincial REDD+ Directorate; 16. strengthening the policy framework to promote/encourage alternative clean and efficient energies; 17. conducting analyses/studies on the legal framework pertaining to forests and the implementation of policy recommendation; 18. promoting small hydro units in mountain communities for energy; 19. engaging hotel industry staff in coordinated and eco-friendly tourism; 20. introducing high-yield livestock breeds to foster improved productivity; and 21. improving policy interest and investment in wildlife management for biodiversity, including in NTFP and trophy-hunting contexts.
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1.4.5 References Ahmad, S., Abbasi, Q., Jabeen, R. and Shah, M.T. 2012. Decline of conifer forest cover in Pakistan: a GIS approach. Pak. J. Bot, 44(2), pp.511-514. Akbar, M., Ahmed, M., Hussain, A., Zafar, M.U. and Khan, M. 2011.Quantitative forests description from Skardu, Gilgit and Astore Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. FUUAST Journal of Biology, 1(2), p.149. Akbar, Muhammad, Ahmed, Moinuddun, Shaukat, S.S., Hussain, Alamdar, Zafar, M.U., Sarangzai, A.M. and Hussain, Faisal 2013.Size class structure of some forests from Himalayan range of Gilgit-Baltistan.Sci., Tech. and Dev, 32(1), pp.56-73. Ali, R., Ali, B.K., Khan, M.Z., Khan, G., Abbas, S. and Ali, E.H. 2014.Baseline Study of Vegetation in Doyan Valley District Astore, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 1(01). Ali, J. and Benjaminsen, T.A. 2004. Fuelwood, timber and deforestation in the Himalayas: the case of Basho Valley, Baltistan region, Pakistan. Mountain Research and Development, 24(4), pp.312-318. FCPF 2014. Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) for Pakistan. Final version with incorporation of PC - 16 decision: July 25, 2014 Gilgit-Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009 Hussain, Z., Mirza, S.N., Ashraf, M.I. and Nizami, S.M. 2015. Grassland Productivity and Carrying Capacity of Deosai National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural Research, 53(3). Khan, M.Z., Khan, B., Awan, S., Khan, G. and Ali, R. 2013. High-altitude rangelands and their interfaces in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan: Current status and management strategies. High-Altitude Rangelands and their Interfaces in the Hindu Kush Himalayas, p.66. Qamer, F.M., Shehzad, K., Abbas, S., Murthy, M.S.R., Xi, C., Gilani, H. and Bajracharya, B. 2016. Mapping Deforestation and Forest Degradation Patterns in Western Himalaya, Pakistan. Remote Sensing, 8(5), p.385.
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1.5 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1.5.1 Minutes from the REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, December 28, 2017 Agenda • Participant introductions • Overview of REDD+ and different studies • Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for the National REDD+ Strategy • Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV, and FRELs • Presentation and group work facilitated by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS • Discussion and input from the Management Committee concerning the National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards, SIS, etc.
Proceedings • The Secretary-Forest, Environment, and Wildlife chaired the meeting. • The Secretary greeted the participants. Following the introduction of the participants, the Project Coordinator of the National REDD+ Office explained the objectives of both the meeting with the Management Committee and the studies undertaken by different firms. • Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF, provided an overall presentation regarding the REDD+ context, explaining REDD+ and different aspects thereof. He also explained the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs.
• The focal person from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of the National REDD+ Strategy and Its Implementation Framework to validate the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment as well as Strategy options. However, it was agreed that detailed group work would be undertaken with the Forest Department Team at PFI on December 29, 2018.
• The focal person from CLP-HB presented work done on Safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM to the forum.
• A brief discussion was held on the benefit-sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+. This was recorded, and the results are provided in the form of report attached to these minutes.
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• The Secretary-Forest, Environment, and Wildlife kindly accepted the request of the firms working under the National REDD+ Office to share the draft provincial Strategy with the National Consultants for deliberation and to ensure that the National Strategy and provincial Strategy are in line with each other and that there are no contradictions and differences within the two.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: January 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with the following sections: - Analysis of the Legal Framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework
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List of Participants
S. # Name Designation Organization Contact No Email 1 M.Tayyab General Manager CTC 0334-4411109 [email protected] 2 Kifayatullah Baloch SO (T) Forest Department 0333-7262673 [email protected] 3 Dr. Rao Nadeem Alam Social Consultant CLP/HB CLP/HB 0333-5574539 [email protected] 4 Raja Tariq Mehmood Consultant CP/ HB CLP/HB 0300-5244036 [email protected] 5 M. Qasim National Forest inventory REDD+ office, 0304-1639395 [email protected] Expert MoCC 6 Hakim Shah D.G PFI PFI 0332-2404645 [email protected] 7 Mahjabeen Qazi Consultant CP/ HB CTC 0300-5871923 [email protected] 8 Salahuddin DDP FE & WD 091-9211477 [email protected] 9 M.Tehmesif PD/ BTAP Forest Department 0343-8923598 [email protected] 10 M.Arif PD/REDD+ /DFO-2 Forest Department 0300-5966732 [email protected] 11 Anwar Ali FMO, PFI PFI 0333-5068176 [email protected] 12 Gohar Ali DFO-Silva Focal person KP Forest Dept. 0333-9227849 [email protected] 13 M.Masood Additional Secretary, FE Forest Department 091-9212220 [email protected] &WD 14 Dr.Qazi Zia ul Rehman Director Livestock KP Livestock 0333-9121644 [email protected] Department 15 Niaz Ali CF FP Forest Department 0300-5888874 [email protected] 16 Iqbal Muhammad Deputy Team Leader WWF 0348-5439014 [email protected] 17 Dr.Ghulam Akbar NRC MoCC 0345-8228536 [email protected] 18 Imtiaz Ahmed Consultant CTC 0332-5399947 [email protected] 19 Safdar Ali Shah CCWL- KP Wildlife 0333-5040664 [email protected] Department KP 29-12-2017 1 Shabir Muhammad Consultant 0345-8181778 [email protected]
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S. # Name Designation Organization Contact No Email 2 Gohar Ali DFO- Silva REDD+ Focal Forest Dept. 0333-9227849 [email protected] Point REDD+ 3 Anwar Ali FMO PFI 0333-5068176 [email protected] 4 Alamgir Khan Environment Specialist IUCN 0301-8830744 [email protected] 5 Dr.Rao Nadeem Consultant HB/CLP 0333-5574539 [email protected] 6 M.Tayyab General Manager CTC 0334-4411109 [email protected] 7 Imtiaz Ahmed Consultant CTC 0332-5399947 [email protected] 8 Dr. Waheed Chaudhry Consultant HBP 0345-8543733 [email protected]
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1.5.2 Analysis of the Legal Framework The Forest Act, 1927 was applicable to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa until the promulgation of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002 (“Forest Ordinance”). The Forest Ordinance, inter alia, consolidated all forest-related laws applicable in the province of KP and repealed the Forest Act in its application to KP. Nonetheless, the Ordinance also co-opted the major legal categories of forests laid out in the Forest Act, as detailed below.
GOVERNMENT-OWNED FORESTS Reserved Forest The Forest Ordinance retains many of the same provisions as the Forest Act that it replaced. Therefore, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Government may constitute a reserved forest under Section 4 of the Forest Ordinance in the same manner as provided under Section 3 of the Forest Act. In addition, many of the acts that are offenses under the Forest Act in relation to reserved forests are also offenses under the Forest Ordinance20, unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Ordinance, or with the written permission of the forest officer, or in accordance with the rules made by the Government.21 In addition to these, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has also prohibited the following acts in a reserved forest: a) constructing any building or other infrastructure or altering and enlarging any existing building or infrastructure22, and b) polluting soil or water through any pollutants or other means23.
Section 27 of the Forest Ordinance allows the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof is no longer reserved. This is an unrestricted power, and the Government need not have a prior justification for changing the status of a forest in this manner.
20 These acts include: a) making fresh clearing; b) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or setting on fire any plant or tree; c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf; d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass; e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber; f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; g) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce; h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose; and i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares. 21Sub-section 5 of Section 26 of the Forest Ordinance 22 Sub-section 1(b) of Section 26 of the Forest Ordinance 23 Sub-section 1(h) of Section 26 of the Forest Ordinance
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Protected Forest The Forest Ordinance essentially follows the same scheme as that provided by the Forest Act, empowering the Government to declare a forest as a protected forest under Section 29 and further empowering it to issue a notification (in the same terms in respect of a protected forest as Section 30 of the Forest Act) under Section 3024. Further, as with the Forest Act, the Forest Ordinance empowers the Government to make rules in respect of certain matters in relation to the protected forest under Section 34 of the Forest Ordinance. Subject to the notification under Section 30 and/or promulgation of rules under Section 34 of the Ordinance, essentially all the acts that are prohibited in relation to a protected forest under the Forest Act are also prohibited under the Forest Ordinance25. Village Forests and Community Forests Section 28 of the Forest Ordinance provides for the formation of village forests, whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. In addition, the Forest Ordinance also provides for the formation of community forests, whereby the Divisional Forest Officer may assign to any village forest community, village organization or Joint Forest Management Committee, all or any of its rights of management over any protected forest, Guzara forest and protected wasteland under Section 101 of the Forest Ordinance.
24 Section 30 of the Forest Ordinance provides that in respect of a protected forest, the Government, through a notification in this respect, may a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date; b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term not exceeding 30 years as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion; and c) prohibit from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest-produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest.
25 These acts dictate that one must not (a) cultivate any land or clear or break up any land for cultivation or occupy or encroach upon any land for any other purpose; (b) construct or cause to be constructed any building, or alter or enlarge any existing building, or make any enclosure or alter or enlarge any existing enclosure; (c) trespass, graze, browse, pasture or drive cattle, or permit cattle to trespass, or cut grass, or enter into a fenced enclosure; (d) cause any damage by negligence in felling any tree or cutting or dragging any timber; (e) cut, fell, uproot, girdle, lop, tap, burn any tree, or brushwood listed in Schedule-I, or extract torch wood, or strip off its bark or leaves from or otherwise damage the same; (f) quarry any stone, burn lime or charcoal, or collect, subject to any manufacturing process, or remove any forest produce; (g) pollute soil or water by sewerage, sewage, domestic or industrial waste or through any other pollutants or means; [or] (h) hunt, shoot, fish, or poison water, or set snares or traps; and (i) abet in the commission or furtherance of any of the above acts.
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The Forest Ordinance further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest or a community forest, including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce (including timber and pasture), and the duties of the community to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well insofar as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government. Despite these provisions, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has not yet formed a village forest or a community forest.
PRIVATE FORESTS Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Guzara Forests and Protected Wasteland Under the Forest Ordinance, subject to certain specific exceptions, any uncultivated or uncultivable land in areas comprising the Districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Kohistan, and Batagram is defined as a wasteland26. Where these wastelands are included in the boundaries of a village, under Section 35 of the Forest Ordinance, these are deemed to be the property of the landowners of the village to be held jointly or severally. Under Section 36 of the Forest Ordinance, the Conservator of Forests may declare any wasteland to be a protected wasteland for several defined purposes27 through an order in this respect. Where a protected wasteland of a village is set aside at the time of the regular settlement for the meeting of the requirements of the landowners and right- holders (as was done at the time of the first regular settlement for land in the Districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Kohistan and Batagram), such protected wasteland is defined as a Guzara Forest28. Any protected wasteland may otherwise also be declared a Guzara Forest under the Forest Ordinance and the rules made thereunder. Under Section 35 of the Forest Ordinance, the landowners of the village are entitled to use any trees and forest produce found in Guzara forests and wastelands for their own domestic and agricultural requirements in their capacity as owners of these Guzara forests and wasteland. However, under Section 44 of the Forest Ordinance, the following acts are prohibited in both Guzara forests and wastelands:
26 Sub-section 51 of Section 2 of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002 27 The purposes for which a wasteland may be declared a protected wasteland are as follow: The (xi) protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches, or any other natural calamities; (xii) conservation or preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land-slips or landslides, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion and floods, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel; (xiii) protection of catchments basins, banks and beds of rivers, streams, torrents and ravines; (xiv) protection, conservation and regeneration of particular types of trees, brushwood or grasses; (xv) maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers, tanks and reservoir; and (xvi) protection of lines of communication including roads, bridges and railways and other infrastructure. 28 Sub-section 23 of Section 2 of the Forest Ordinance
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a) breaking up or cultivating or occupying or constructing any building or enclosure or making any other kind of encroachment or permitting the same; b) contravening any general or special management order passed under the Forest Ordinance or the rules made thereunder; c) selling or conveying for sale certain specified trees, timber or brushwood without the permission of the Conservator of Forests; d) cutting, felling, uprooting, girdling, lopping, tapping, burning or injuring any tree or brushwood contrary to any general or special management order passed under the Forest Ordinance or the rules made thereunder; e) setting fire to a wasteland otherwise than as permitted by a Forest Officer, not below the rank of a Divisional Forest Officer; f) causing any damage by negligence in felling any tree or cutting or dragging any timber; g) quarrying stones, mining of minerals, burning lime or charcoal or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process or removing any forest produce; h) hunting, shooting, poisoning of water or setting of traps and snares; i) polluting of soil or water; and j) abetting the commission or furtherance of any of the above acts.
Furthermore, under Sub-Section 3 of Section 36 the following acts are prohibited in a protected wasteland: a) encroachment by breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation or construction of buildings and infrastructure or its occupation for this purpose; b) pasturing of cattle; c) burning or clearing of vegetation; d) cutting of particular types of trees or removal of forest produce; e) quarrying of stones, mining of minerals or burning lime or charcoal; f) hunting, shooting, poisoning of water or setting of traps and snares; and g) polluting of soil or water.
Under Sub-Section 5 of Section 36 of the Forest Ordinance, the Conservator of Forests may carry out such cultural and engineering works upon a protected wasteland as he deems fit for the purpose for which the wasteland has been declared protected. The management of wastelands and protected wastelands shall normally remain with the landowners of the village. However, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 37, the Conservator of Forests may assume management of protected wastelands where the landowners negligently or willfully disobey an order made under Section 36 of the Forest Ordinance, in relation to acts prohibited in a protected wasteland or where this is required for the purposes of any work or construction to be carried out in a protected wasteland as provided in Sub-Section 5 of Section 36 of the Forest Ordinance.
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On the other hand, the management of Guzara forests is automatically vested in the Forest Department under Sub-Section 1 of Section 37 of the Forest Ordinance. Under the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004, (“KP Guzara Rules”) all right holders in a village may utilize dry wood and brushwood without restriction29. However, the sale of dry wood and brushwood from a Guzara Forest shall be prohibited except in accordance with the provisions of the approved forest management plan30. Furthermore, under the KP Guzara Rules, the Divisional Forest Officer may grant trees or brushwood from the Guzara forests for the purposes of the domestic building to resident right holders. This is subject to several conditions including, inter alia, the confinement of the sanctioned timber to the volume of timber actually required for the construction of the house; silvicultural availability of the trees; and preference being given to dead, dying, diseased and fallen trees over green standing trees31. In addition, a non- resident landowner in the village land may also apply for the sanction of timber from a Guzara forest subject to the same conditions as those for resident right holders and subject to the availability of trees as being more than sufficient to meet the requirements of resident right holders32. The debarking of trees and extraction of firewood from a standing tree as well as the lopping of trees is prohibited within Guzara forests.33 Commercial harvesting of timber and extraction of other forest produce from Guzara forests may only be done in accordance with the approved forest management plans34. Eighty percent of the net sale proceeds from such commercial harvesting is payable to the owners of the Guzara forest with the rest being credited to the Forest Department’s Forest Development Fund. The upshot of the above with regard to the governance of these three types of private forests is that wastelands afford the village community landowners the most rights in respect of the use of the trees therein, and are subject to the least management from the Forest Department. On the other hand, Guzara forests allow for the many of the same rights to the village landowners as wastelands, but only subject to the management of the Forest Department. Protected wastelands are not automatically managed by the Forest Department; however, the rights of the village landowners in these are restricted, particularly regarding pasturing of cattle, the cutting of particular types of trees, and removal of forest produce, which are rights available in both wastelands and Guzara forests. Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Ordinance, the owners of any wasteland other than Guzara forest may hand over management of such wasteland subject to similar provisions as those of Section 38 of the Forest Act, by making an application in this respect to the Conservator of Forests.
29Rule 4 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 30Rule 5 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 31Rule 7 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 32Rule 8 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 33Rules 15 and 16 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 34Rule 17 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004
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The application made under Section 38 of the Forest Ordinance is not restricted to handing over management of the wasteland to the Forest Officer as a reserved or protected forest; it may also request that the wasteland may be managed by a community-based organization, by a village-based organization (as a village forest), or by the Joint Forest Management Committee. As opposed to the Forest Act, under Sub-Section 4 of Section of Section 38 of the Forest Ordinance, the Conservator of Forests is specifically empowered to transfer the management of such wasteland back to the landowner for any reason he deems fit. Section 105 of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002 Under Section 105 of the Forest Ordinance, the KP Forest Department may, where it considers appropriate, lease out the whole or any portion of the reserved forest, protected forest, wasteland, or other forest placed under the management of a Forest Officer, for the following purposes: a) to plant trees and increase production of forest produce, b) to implement agroforestry and social forestry schemes for the benefit of local communities, or c) to operate farms for breeding of wildlife and conservation of biodiversity and nature reserves.
However, Section 105 also provides that any lease granted thereunder may not allow any activities inconsistent with the principles of forest conservancy and sustainable management or prejudicial to the rights and concessions of local communities. To date, leases of forestland owned or managed by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Department have not been awarded. However, the experience of Sindh in this regard suggests that the rolling out of a leasing scheme only based on a deliberate and sufficiently regulated process of granting leases is warranted. In this way, the desired aims and objectives of this scheme may be realized.
1.5.3 Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
What follows is a literature review and analysis of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation for Khyber Patunkhwa. The literature review examines studies which have incorporated Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing techniques, and studies which have followed other methods of quantitative and/or qualitative analyses. It also considers policy documents, reports of initiatives and statistical data. In the analysis portion, the drivers of deforestation and those of forest degradation are considered in the context of the studies/documents and then separately, and underlying causes for each are identified.
As of 2014, forests covered 21%, or 1.3 million hectares, of the area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Bureau of Statistics, 2015). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in figures statistic datasets indicate that during the reference period of 2011-
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2014, the forest area in KP province slightly decreased. However, in the context of a longer time-span, the decrease is quite considerable (see Figure 1 below).
Figure 2 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s Forest Area Development, 2011-2014
million ha. 1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014
Source: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Figures 2013, 2014, 2015
Sajjad et al.’s (2015) study using GIS and remote sensing techniques demonstrated a 12% decrease of the forest area over a 12-year period (2000- 2012) in Barawal Valley. This is similar to the results of other studies identifying a 13% decrease in the forest area of Swat, and an 11% decrease in Shangla. Deforestation trends in KP over a 40-year period are much more drastic: as the result of expanded agriculture and built-up areas, in Kalam, the forest cover contracted by 30%; in Barikot, by 32%; and in Malam Jabba, by over 50% (Banba 2017). Forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are virtually evenly distributed among three major categories: Guzara forests, protected forests and other forests, including village forests. Reserved forests, a minor category, comprise approximately 6% of forestlands (see Figure 3).
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Figure 3 Types of Forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 2013
Reserved, 6%
Other, incl.village forest, 34% Protected, 29%
Guzara, 31%
Source: Implementation of Forest Laws in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Afridi, 2013)
Comprising 15% of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s forestlands, Upper Dir and Lower Dir are the most forested districts. Altogether constituting 5% of KP’s forests, Bannu, Malakand, Lakki Marwat, Peshawar, and Torghar are the least forested districts. The distribution of forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s districts is presented in Table 8 below.
Table 8 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's Forest Area by Districts in 2013-2014 Forest area Area, in District with % of the ha. total area Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4,649,734 100 Abbottabad 199,710 4 Bannu 35,587 1 Battagram 246,839 5 Buner 273,765 6 Charsadda 176,877 4 Chitral 125,677 3 Dera Ismail Khan 74,525 2 Dir, Upper & Lower 686,780 15 Hangu 181,645 4 Haripur 184,271 4 Karak 87,604 2 Kohat 70,654 2 Kohistan 481,064 10 Lakki Marwat 44,430 1
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Forest area Area, in District with % of the ha. total area Malakand 30,479 1 Mansehra 536,426 11 Mardan 91,729 2 Nowshera 178,142 4 Peshawar 55,043 1 Shangla 180,430 4 Swabi 109,888 2 Swat 409,247 9 Tank 188,919 4 Torghar 35,983 1 Source: Natural Resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) (Marwat, 2016)
The forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are governed by the KP Forest Ordinance 2002 and the KP Forest Policy of 1999 approved by the cabinet. The forest law and policy explicitly state that the sustainable management of forests is one of the main objectives. It states that it is expedient to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the protection, conservation, management and sustainable development of forests and other renewable natural resources, and matters ancillary or incidental thereto in KP. In KP, the Forestry sector is governed by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance, 2002 (“Ordinance”) passed by the Governor of the province while the Constitution of Pakistan was in abeyance pursuant to General Pervaiz Musharraf’s Proclamation of Emergency of the 14 October 1999 and the Provisional Constitutional Order No.1 of 1999. While the Ordinance borrows heavily from the Forest Act 1927 in terms of mechanisms available to the Provincial Government and its Forest Officers to essentially exclude private individuals and communities from the use of forest- lands, it also goes some way in creating a more participatory environment in comparison to the Forest Act 1927 for the various stakeholders as well. Notably Section 3 of the Ordinance (“Objectives and guiding principles”) expressly includes the objective of “protection, conservation, management and sustainable development of forests” and the “involvement of local communities and interested parties in the formulation and implementation of forest policies and forest management plans” with Section 3 (2) (e) of the Ordinance providing that “the role of the Government regarding sustainable development of forests shall, as far as possible, be confined to preparing management plans, setting out objectives and criteria, monitoring progress, promoting research and education, providing advisory services, while interested parties shall be encouraged to undertake a leading role in developmental activities where the forests are owned by the people or where the people are the major right holders”. As with the Forest Act 1927 before it, the Ordinance co-opted the three broad categories of forests i.e. reserved forest, protected forest and village forest
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The “Billion Tree Tsunami” project aiming at reversing deforestation in the province has been included in the global Bonn Challenge, and as of now, according to officials, 80% of the 380 000 ha forest restoration goal in KP has already been reached, and some 750 million new trees were planted last
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The GGI was a direct response to the worsening deforestation in KP, which by 2013 had led to depletion of 74% of forests in the province. One of the main reasons behind it is believed to be widespread illegal logging practices in addition to unjustified overharvesting of old and aged trees under the “windfall policy” (Khan 2017). According to the Research and Development Directorate, deforestation in KP has been the result of the unavailability of energy sources other than fuelwood in the mountainous regions. The survey prepared by the Directorate demonstrates that additional pressure on forest resources in the province has been caused by overgrazing (Ali et al. 2016).
A study entitled Spatiotemporal Monitoring for Deforestation and Forest Degradation Activities in Selected Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa conducted by Khalid et al. (2016) pointed out a different set of causes behind deforestation, naming heavy snowfall, landslides, flash flooding and earthquakes as the most important ones. In addition, they also acknowledge that factors such as illegal mining, lack of other energy sources apart from wood, poverty, and lack of employment opportunities contribute to the loss of forest cover in the area under study. A study focusing on forest depletion and socio-economic factors carried out by Nazir et al. (2015) demonstrated that national urban planning, agricultural, construction, and demographic policies take the largest toll on KP’s forest resources; therefore, careful planning is key to decreasing the amount of pressure on KP forests for the future and gradual restoration of healthy forest cover. To sum up, the main factors which have led to deforestation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa include
• agricultural expansion for subsistence farming (potatoes, maize, etc.); • unsustainable timber extraction for construction material and other uses; • urban expansion; • mining; • infrastructure development, e.g., roads; • forest clearing for small-scale agriculture; • forest clearing for habitation; • forest fires (natural or due to negligence); and • forest fires (intentional).
The main drivers of forest degradation are • agricultural expansion for subsistence; • unsustainable timber extraction; • unsustainable fuelwood extraction; • mining; • uncontrolled natural and anthropogenic fires;
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• livestock grazing; • abnormal wood requirements arising from damage to construction caused by natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods; and • indiscriminate and intentional tree cutting on account of disputes stemming from ownership and land tenure issues.
All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include • illegal logging, • wood energy needs, • food security, • livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence, • lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas, • poor extension services, • poor/no land-use planning, • no demarcation of boundaries, • unsustainable forest management (i.e., forest management plans are not enforced), • poor implementation of laws (poor governance), • poverty, • population growth, • tourism, • developmental works, • illegal encroachment, and • Afghan refugee camps. .
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1.5.4 Strategic Framework Vision Adapted from the KP Strategy: Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa is a globally recognized leader in climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in the forestry sector in Pakistan. Suggested from Indufor-CTC: Sustainable forest ecosystems in Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa provide ecosystem services and livelihood support to KP communities.
Mission: To improve the functional capacity of forestry and its associated institutions in order to effectively implement policies, laws and management practices and to achieve green, inclusive development, while contributing to climate change mitigation, adaptation and sustainable livelihood of forest communities.
Strategic Objectives The nine Strategic Objectives are 1. to align legal, policy and institutional framework to comply with REDD+ requirements and to support forestry actions; 2. to conserve, develop and sustainably manage forests and rangelands for economic, social and ecosystem services; 3. to devise mechanisms for enhancing forest carbon stocks and for addressing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation; 4. to establish an equitable and transparent benefit-sharing mechanism under REDD+; 5. to improve knowledge and capacities regarding REDD+ among the concerned stakeholders; 6. to promote alternative livelihood opportunities (eco-tourism, NTFP, trophy hunting, national parks, etc.); 7. to undertake innovative and modern initiatives for engaging community in the forest sector and in biodiversity conservation; 8. to engage the private sector in forestry and biodiversity initiatives; and 9. to develop modern and effective land use plans and guidelines for KP in view of REDD+ and other developmental parameters. Policy, Legal and Strategic Foundations The nine Policy, Legal and Strategic Foundations include 1. Sustainable Development Goals; 2. Vision 2025; 3. National Policies on climate change, forest, water, rangelands,
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livestock, minerals, and food security; 4. KP Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan; 5. Provincial KP Forest Policy, Range Land Policy, as well as KP agriculture, minerals, livestock, energy, tourism, and climate change policies; 6. KP Forest Ordinance, 2002; 7. KP Forestry Commission Act, 1999; 8. KP Forest Guzara Rules, 2004; and 9. KP Forest Development Rules, 2006. Programmes of Action The twenty-eight Programmes of Action for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa include 1. establishing and functionalizing REDD+ architecture (REDD+ Management Committee, Management Unit, etc.); 2. developing land-use planning guidelines; 3. improving the implementation of laws and policies; 4. promoting alternative fuels to reduce pressure on forests; 5. introducing and promoting alternative and efficient energy sources for KP communities, particularly in winter; 6. undertaking sustainable forest management practices to ensure healthy forests and communities; 7. regulating the market in view of and sensitizing market actors to efficient and sustainable use of forest and forest products; 8. diversifying sustainable livelihood options by integrating natural resource management (inter alia, into agriculture, livestock, and irrigation management); and by adopting efficient and model techniques to facilitate diversified livelihoods in order to increase income and reduce unsustainable forest dependency; 9. exploring diversified aspects of eco-tourism through research and knowledge management to engage tourism-related institutions in eco- tourism; 10. enhancing human, technological and effective systems for improved enforcement of laws; 11. establishing special forest courts, particularly at the regional level (particularly in Hazara and Malakand regions); 12. supervising and regulating mining activities to ensure forest-friendly mining practices; 13. building capacity of the Forest Department in terms of technological and human resources (NFMS, criteria, and indicators for SFM and reference levels, equipment, and additional human resources); 14. raising of awareness of REDD+ through campaigns focusing on specific target groups, e.g., politicians, forest staff, the general public, media,
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bureaucrats and forest-dependent communities; 15. educating and training forest staff about REDD+; 16. upgrading of PFI as a degree-awarding university and strengthening it through advanced technological and human input; 17. adding climate change and REDD+ to the forest(ry) curricula at PFI, other universities and Forest Schools; 18. improving and diversifying crop production for better livelihoods of forest communities; 19. introducing wood and fodder lots as well as fodder banks/alternative feeds in selected districts for a sustainable source of fuelwood, timber, and fodder; 20. encouraging environmental and fiscal reforms for generating resources towards spending in forest management; 21. promoting modern and sustainable livestock management and grazing practices (e.g., through rotational grazing); 22. conducting analyses/studies on the legal framework surrounding forests, and implementing policy recommendations; 23. promoting small hydro units in mountain communities for energy through PIDO and engaging the private sector; 24. promoting research into the valuation of ecosystem services in KP, particularly focusing on identifying opportunities for payments for such services; 25. engaging tourism-industry staff in coordinated and eco-friendly tourism; 26. improving policy interest and investment in wildlife management for biodiversity and trophy hunting to generate financial resources for communities; 27. building the capacities of forest communities, enabling them to make informed decisions concerning REDD+ initiatives (FPIC); and 28. strengthening coordination among sectors and stakeholders having direct and indirect impacts on land use and forestry in the province.
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1.5.5 References Ali, Kashif, Muhammad Shuaib, Zahid Hussain, Wasim Sajjad, Fawad Ali and Muhammad Fazil 2016, Ethnobotanical assessment of the medicinal flora of Khyber Agency, Pakistan. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 22(4):607-616. Banba, Michico 2017. Land use management and risk communication. In: Land use management and risk reduction. Springer. Gilgit-Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009 Khalid, S. R., Khan, M. R., Usman, M., Yasin, M. W. and Iqbal, M. S. (2016) Spatiotemporal Monitoring for Deforestation and Forest Degradation Activities in Selected Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK).International Journal of Geosciences, 7, 1191-1207. Khan, Z., Akbar, M., Rizvi, S.M.A., Hussain, A., Ali, I., Ali, M. and Hussain, J. 2015. Assessment of deforestation using Diameter size classes distribution of trees in Ganji Valley Himalayan Range of Pakistan. International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(6), pp.76-86. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in figures 2013, 2014, 2015. http://kp.gov.pk/page/kp_in_figures Sajjad, Anwar, Ahmad Hussain, Umar Wahab, Syed Adnan, Saqib Ali, Zahoor Ahmad and Ashfaq Ali 2015. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Forest Cover Change in Tehsil Barawal, District Dir, Pakistan.American Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol.06, No.09.
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1.6 Punjab
1.6.1 Minutes from the Provincial REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, November 9, 2017 Agenda • Participant introductions • Overview of the REDD+ and different studies under the National REDD+ Office • Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV, and FRELs • Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for National REDD+ Strategy • Presentation and Group work by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM, and SIS • Discussion and inputs from the Management Committee towards National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards, and SIS, etc.
Proceedings • The meeting was chaired by the Additional Secretary-Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries Department. The Honourable Additional Secretary greeted the participants and after the introduction of participants, requested for the review of the minutes of the previous meeting. • Deputy Team Leader of Indufor CTC explained the objectives of their participation in the meeting and provided an update on the studies undertaken by different firms. • Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF, provided an overall presentation regarding REDD+ context, explaining the REDD+, its different aspects and later, also the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV, and FRL/ FRELs. • The Deputy Team Leader from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of National REDD+ Strategy and Its Implementation Framework to validate the existing work done by the team regarding the drivers of deforestation, forest governance assessment, vision, objectives and Strategy options. The vision statement was discussed, and it was suggested by the Additional Secretary that it be changed due to its non-compliant content. After a lengthy discussion, the vision statement was changed and finalized. • The focal person of CLP-HB presented work done on Safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM to the forum. • A brief discussion was held on the Benefit-sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+. This was recorded, and the results are in the form of report attached to these minutes.
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• Later, the participants were engaged in group work focusing on drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, strategic options, objectives, consequences of options and grievances of stakeholders. The findings of the group/ group discussion are recorded in the attached report, which also contains findings of the literature.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with the following sections: - Analysis of the Legal Framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework, Punjab
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List of Participants S.# Name Organization Designation Phone No. E.mail 1 Shahid Rashid Awan FW,F Department Additional Secretary 2 M. Tayyab CTC General Manager 0334-4411109 [email protected] 3 Engr. Dr. M. Yaseen Punjab University Assistant Professor 0333-8925891 [email protected] 4 Iqbal Muhammad WWF-P Deputy Team leader 0348-5439046 [email protected] 5 Dr. Masood Arshad WWF-P 0300-6245555 [email protected] 6 M. Tariq Naseem Forest Expert 0335-6660024 [email protected] 7 Imtiaz Ahmed Indufor-CTC Consultant-Forester 0332-5399947 [email protected] 8 Raja Tariq Mehmood CLP-HB Consultant 0301-5244036 [email protected] 9 Hiddayatullah Niazi M&M Director 0300-4467523 [email protected] Livestock 10 Dr. M.Ajmal Department 042-99201117 [email protected] 11 Ifftikharul Hassan Forest Department DFO 0300-5557680 [email protected] Agriculture 12 M. AbdulBasit Deparment Deputy Director 0322-4473091 13 Firozudin Ahmed Forest Department DFO 0333-4228447 [email protected] 14 Aqeela Mobeen Forest Department Research Officer 0322-6051174 [email protected] 15 Mahjabeen Qazsi CTC Consultant 0300-5871923 [email protected] M. Ahmed Ahmed 16 Aslam Chaudhary CTC Consultant 0333-5757274 [email protected] Design & Communication 17 Saba Zahid CTC department 0340-8442596 [email protected] 18 Qazi Mahmood DPR Research Officer 0341-7122404 [email protected] 19 Dr.Waheed Chaudhary HBP Social Expert 0345-8543733 [email protected]
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1.6.2 Analysis of the Legal Framework The primary legal regime determining the legal categories of forestland in Pakistan and the governance thereof is the Forest Act, 1927 (“Forest Act”). The provinces have made periodical amendments to the Forest Act, with Punjab having made the most significant overhaul of the provisions of the almost century-old law; however, the basic legal regime remains intact. The Forest Act delineates several categories of government-owned and private forests, as detailed below. GOVERNMENT-OWNED FORESTS Reserved Forest This is the strictest category of forests from the perspective of governance and of the exclusion of rights of private persons. Under Section 3 of the Forest Act, the Government may constitute as a reserved forest any forestland or wasteland which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or entitlement to the whole or a part of the produce. In accordance with Sub-Section 1 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Act, rules, grant or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer35, broadly, any act that can cause damage or harm to the forest or the forest eco- system36 is an offense in a reserved forest. Power to declare a forest no longer reserved: The province of Punjab has amended Section 27 of the Forest Act to provide that the Government shall not declare or notify a reserved forest or any part thereof as no longer being reserved, and further, that the Government shall not allow change in the land
35 Sub-Section 5 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, 1927 (with Amendments for Punjab) 36 These acts include: a) making fresh clearing; b) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or setting on fire any plant or tree; c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf; d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass; e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber; f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; g) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce; h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose; i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares; j) cutting or damaging any plant; k) constructing any building, structure, hutment or cattle pen; l) encroaching upon the forest land; m) causing damage or tampering with barbed wire, or fence erected in or around the forest; n) removing or causing damage to the soil, water, natural vegetation (shrubs, herbs and plants), fish, wild animals and wild birds; o) damaging any structure such as [a] water channel, check dam, embankment, reservoir or pond; p) changing the land use for the purpose other than development, preservation or conservation of the forest or park; and q) installing a saw mill, charcoal kiln or establishing a timber or firewood depot or operating any mechanical aid designed to cut, fashion or convert a tree or timber; or fabricating wood into articles of furniture, building materials, joinery or articles of domestic or commercial use in or within a five-mile radius of the forest.
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework use of a reserved forest except for the purpose of right of way, building of roads and development of a forest park, but the Government shall not allow construction of [a] concrete building or permanent structure therein37. However, through a further amendment to Section 2738, the Government of Punjab may declare a reserved forest, or a part thereof, as no longer reserved, if the organization requiring the reserved forestland is able to a) satisfy the Government that there is no other option but to use the reserved forestland for the purposes of a national project of strategic importance; b) provide a substitute land equal to or bigger than the required reserved forestland, in a compact form and situated close to the reserved forestland; and c) provide funds for immediate forestation and maintenance of the substitute forestland.
Protected Forest Under Section 29 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province may constitute as a protected forest any forestland or wasteland which is not included in a reserved forest, but which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or entitlement to the whole or a part of the produce. Section 30 of the Act provides that in respect of a protected forest the Government, through a notification in this respect, may take the following three steps: a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date; b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term not exceeding 30 years as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion, shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion; and c) prohibit from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest-produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest. In addition, Section 30 and Section 32 of the Forest Act allows the Government to regulate certain acts in respect of protected forests, which are automatically offenses in relation to a reserved forest merely by dint of the notification as a reserved forest. The result is that unless notification in respect of the matters enumerated in Section 30 is issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated by the Government, all acts are permitted in a protected forest. However, once a notification under Section 30 of the Act has been issued, or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated, under Section 33 of the Forest Act,
37 Amendments through Punjab Forest (Amendment) Act 2010 38Addition of Sub-Section 3 to Section 27 of the Forest Act through Punjab Forest (Amendment) Act 2016
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework several acts39 shall be punishable offenses where they contravene the aforementioned notification and rules. In protected forests in Punjab40, an act that would otherwise have been an offence under the provisions of the respective laws will not be deemed an offence if done in exercise of any right, under a grant, concession or contract made by the Government, or under the law or with the written permission of the forest officer, or in accordance with rules made by the Government. Village Forest The Forest Act41 provides for the formation of village forests, whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. The Forest Act further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest, including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce (including timber and pasture), and the duties of the community to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well, insofar as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government. However, none of the provinces, including Punjab, have actually formed a village forest. Unclassed Forest In Punjab, Section 28-A was inserted in the Forest Act through the Forest (Amendment) Act, 2010, whereby the Government may declare a wasteland, not being a reserved forest or protected forest, as unclassed forest, and further direct that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act relating to a reserved forest or protected forest shall apply to such unclassed forest.
PRIVATE FORESTS Punjab Guzara Forests Within the Murree and Kahuta Tehsil of the Rawalpindi District, all forests (other than reserved and protected forests) and wasteland, including privately
39 These acts include: a) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; b) quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce; c) breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose; d) setting or kindling fire without taking reasonable precautions to prevent its spreading to any reserved tree, whether standing, fallen or felled, or to any closed portion of the forest; e) leaving any fire burning in the vicinity of any reserved tree or closed portion of the forest; f) felling any tree or dragging any timber and damaging any reserved tree; g) permitting any cattle to damage any reserved tree; and h) infringing any rule made under Section 32 of the Act. 40 Through an amendment to Section 33 of the Forest Act in its application to Punjab 41 Section 28 of the Forest Act
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework owned forests, wasteland, and Guzara forests, are subject to regulation under the “Rules of Guzara land, or forest and wastelands of the Murree and Kahuta Tahsils, other than Reserved and Protected Forests under Section 76 (c) of Act XVI of 1927” (“Punjab Guzara Rules”). Wasteland is defined in the Forest Act as uncultivated or uncultivable land constituted as a wasteland by the Government of Punjab42. The Forest Act as applicable to the province of Punjab does not expressly address Guzara forests; however, certain wastelands close to villages in the Murree and Kahuta Tehsils of the District of Rawalpindi were set aside at the time of the first regular settlement for the purpose of meeting the genuine domestic needs of the village landowners.43 These Guzara (literally subsistence) forests are owned by the village landowners but managed by the Forest Department as per the Punjab Guzara Rules. Subject to certain exemptions44, generally, no person may do any of the following acts in privately owned wastelands and in Guzara forests45: a) fell, girdle, lop, tap or burn any tree; b) strip off the bark or leaves from or otherwise damage or destroy any tree: c) fell any tree or drag any timber as to damage or destroy any tree; d) permit any cattle to damage any tree; e) burn lime or charcoal or bricks or break up land for extending cultivation, which is likely to cause injury to trees or timber, or to affect adversely the natural reproduction of trees; f) cause or permit any other person or otherwise abet any person in the commission of any of the above acts; and g) set fire to the Guzara forest or wasteland, or any timber, forest produce, and grass nor negligently permit any fire to spread.
However, the residents of a village in whose boundaries a Guzara Forest exists have the right to use certain classes of trees for ordinary domestic and agricultural purposes46, including a quota of three trees for the construction of a new house47. Section 36 Forests
42 Sub-Section (u) of Section 2 of the Forest Act, 1927, as amended by Punjab 43 Changing perspectives on forest policy (1998), by Jawad Ahmed and Fawad Mahmood 44 Under Sub-Rule 2 of Rule 6 of the Punjab Guzara Rules, the following acts are exempted: a) the felling and removal of any dry timber or any dry timber for ordinary domestic and agricultural purposes, b) the cutting and removal of grass and fruit of all kinds and species, c) the removal of fallen pine needles and empty pine cones, d) the lopping of any tree whose shade is detrimental to the growth of field crops up to one half of the height of the tree above the ground, and e) the lopping of leaves for fodder for cattle from such trees and at such seasons as may be prescribed by the Deputy Commissioner from time to time.
45 Rules 4 and 12 of the Rules of Guzara land, or forestlands of the Murree and KahutaTahsils, other than Reserved and Protected Forests under Section 76 (c) of Act XVI of 1927 46 Rule 5 of Guzara land, or forestlands of the Murree and Kahuta Tahsils, other than Reserved and Protected Forests under Section 76 (c) of Act XVI of 1927 47 Rule 11 of Guzara land, or forestlands of the Murree and Kahuta Tahsils, other than Reserved and Protected Forests under Section 76 (c) of Act XVI of 1927
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Under Section 35 of the Forest Act, for several specified purposes48, the Government may regulate or prohibit in any forest or wasteland: a) the breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation, b) the pasturing of cattle, and c) the firing or clearing of vegetation.
In addition, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 35, the Government may, for any such purpose, construct these works on such forest or wasteland as it thinks fit. In case of neglect or willful disobedience of the regulation or prohibition in respect of such wasteland or forest, or if required for the purpose of any work under Section 35, the Government may, under Section 36 of the Forest Act, place such wasteland or forest under the control of a forest officer and declare that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act in respect of reserved forests shall apply to such forest or wasteland. Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Act, the owner of any land (or if there is more than one owner, then the owners with an aggregate of two-thirds of the land) may request from the relevant Revenue Department officer either that the land may be managed on their behalf by the Forest Officer as a reserved or protected forest, on such terms as may be mutually agreed, or that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act may be applied to such land. In either case, the Government may apply any of the provisions of the Forest Act to such land as it deems appropriate in the circumstances. Land Subject to the Punjab Land Preservation (Chos) Act, 1900 Under the Punjab Land Preservation (Chos) Act, 1900 (“Chos Act”), for the conservation of sub-soil water or the prevention of erosion in any area subject or likely to erosion, the Government may constitute such area under Section 3 of the Chos Act. Under Section 4 of the Chos Act, the Government may regulate an area under Section 3 by controlling, restricting or prohibiting several activities49 in such area, including the cutting of trees or timber or the
48The purposes for which a forest or wasteland may regulated under Section 35 of the Forest Act are as follow: (xvii) for protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches; (xviii) for the preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land- slips, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel; (xix) for the maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers and tanks; (xx) for the protection of roads, bridges and railways and other lines of communication; and (xxi) for the preservation of the public health. 49Under Section 4 of the Chos Act, the following acts may be regulated, restricted or prohibited in an area constituted under Section 3: (a) the clearing or breaking up of land not ordinarily under cultivation prior to the notification under Section 3; (b) the quarrying of stone or burning lime at places where this was not ordinarily done prior to the notification under Section 3; (c) the cutting of trees or timber, or the collection or removal or subjection to any manufacturing process of any forest produce other than grass, save for bona fide domestic or agricultural purposes (of right holders in such area); (d) the setting on fire of trees timber and forest produce; (e) the admission, herding, pasturing or retention of sheep (goats or camel); (f) the examination of forest produce passing out of such area; and
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework collection or removal of forest produce (other than by right holders in such area for a bona fide domestic or agricultural purpose). Furthermore, under Section 5 of the Chos Act, in respect of any village or villages, or parts thereof, comprised within the limits of any area under Section 3, the Government may further regulate, restrict and prohibit certain acts50 in such village, including the cultivation of land ordinarily under cultivation prior to the notification under Section 3, or the cutting of trees or timber or the collection or removal of forest produce for any purpose.
LEASE OF FORESTLAND Forest Company Under Section 78-A of the Forest Act 1927 for Punjab Under Sub-Section 3 of Section 80-A of the Forest Act, the Government of Punjab may itself or through a forest company permit any person to use bare forestland or wasteland to increase the productivity of the forest. Under Section 78-A of the Forest Act, the Government of Punjab may establish a forest company to oversee the implementation of a public-private partnership on assigned forestland or wasteland. Under Sub-Section 2 of Section 78-A, the Government may assign its own bare forestland or wasteland to a forest company for this purpose. Under Sub-Section 3 of Section 78-A, the agreement between the forest company and the successful applicant shall not exceed a term of fifteen (15) years, but it may contain a provision for the extension of the agreement for one more term of fifteen (15) years, subject to the satisfactory performance of the applicant. Under the mandate of these provisions, the South Punjab Forest Company (“SPFC”) was incorporated as a not-for-profit company under Section 42 of the Companies Ordinance 1984. This was done for the purpose of raising tree plantations on bare forestland belonging to the Government of Punjab through private investment on a profit-sharing basis, as delineated under Section 78-A of the Forest Act. The draft concession agreement (“Draft Agreement”) between the SPFC and the potential Concessionaire51 lays down several conditions in relation to the afforestation and management of the forestland assigned to a concessionaire. Most importantly, the Concessionaire is obliged to fully complete the development of land and plantation of the plantable area with the
(g) the granting of permits to the inhabitants of the area and towns and villages in the vicinity of such an area to take any tree, timber or forest produce for their own use therefrom, or to pasture sheep (goats or camel), or to cultivate or erect buildings therein, and return of such permits by such persons. 50 Under Section 5 of the Chos Act, the following acts may be regulated, restricted or prohibited in an area constituted under Section 3: (a) the clearing or breaking up of land ordinarily under cultivation prior to the notification under Section 3; (b) the quarrying of stone or burning of lime at places where this was ordinarily done prior to the notification under Section 3; (c) the cutting of trees or timber, or the collection or removal or subjection to any manufacturing process of any forest produce (for any purpose); and (d) the admission, herding, pasturing or retention of sheep (goats or camel). 51 http://spfc.org.pk/tenders/docs/Concession_Agreement.pdf
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework recommended species of trees (or other species approved by the SPFC) by the third year of the concession period. As remuneration for the concession granted by the South Punjab Forest Company, the Company shall receive from the Concessionaire a certain share of any forest timber crop standing on the plantable area that is ready for harvesting. The crop share of the SPFC shall be harvested only at its own discretion, while the Concessionaire may harvest the remaining forest timber crop subject to the written permission of the SPFC. In addition, the SPFC is entitled to share in the revenue generated by the Concessionaire from the non-timber forest produce on the project site. Finally, the SPFC is also entitled to a certain fee per acre of rangeland included in the project site. The Concessionaire may plant the rangeland with a forest timber crop and shall be exclusively entitled to the proceeds from the harvesting of timber from the rangelands.
1.6.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation In Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), Punjab reports having 529,000 hectares of forest area, comprising about 12% of Pakistan’s current forest area (FCPF, 2014). Different forest types include conifer, scrub, riverine, irrigated plantation, farmland trees, and other plantations. Punjab has large forest and farmland tree plantation resources, and its irrigated forest plantations are rich in wildlife diversity. Punjab produces both soft and hardwoods, and its natural forests are facing severe deforestation resulting from unsustainable cutting to meet domestic wood fiber needs. Punjab is the most populous province in Pakistan. What follows is a literature review and analysis of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation for Punjab Province.The literature review examines studies which have followed methods of quantitative and/or qualitative analyses. In the analysis portion, the drivers of deforestation and those of forest degradation are considered in the context of the studies and then separately, and underlying causes for each are considered.
Shahzad et al. (2015) studied the sustainability of State-owned and private forest ecosystems in the sub-watershed area of the Murree, Galliat region using remote sensing and Participatory Geographical Information Systems approaches to demarcate boundaries. They found that State-owned and private forests alike were converted from forest to non-forest between 2005 and 2011, and concluded that conservation is more effective in State-owned forests than in private forests. The study reported that between 2005 and 2011, a total of 5,500 ha. had been deforested, of which 2,400 ha. was State- owned forest, and 3,100 ha. was private or community forests. Shahzad et al. (2015) identified the direct drivers of forest conversion as tourism, illegal cutting, forest fires and urban/commercial expansion in Murree. The indirect drivers of deforestation were attributed to weak law and policy enforcement applied to local encroachment and to further clarification needed on rights of ownership and land tenure (see also Wani (2002)). In addition, Shahzad et al. (2015) found that the dearth of proper record-keeping and the lack of an effective monitoring system were also indirect drivers of
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework forest loss in the area. Ashraf et al. (2014) studied forest encroachments in Murree Forest Division (MFD). They found that MFD consisted of 19,135 ha. of state forestland, out of which 1,159 ha. were identified as land encroached upon by land grabbers, builders and the timber mafia. Tanvir et al. (2002) noted that the strain of overpopulation has led to a growing imbalance between demand and supply of timber wood and wood products and that Pakistan is suffering from an acute wood shortage. Muhammad et al. (2011) found that increased agriculture and rapid urbanization has created pressure to clear forests and utilize the land for more economically viable options in Punjab. Plantations and tree farming represent a potential opportunity to improve the forest cover in Punjab and to address the wood fiber deficit. However, this literature review finds that there is plentiful but contradictory research on the role of plantations and tree farming and their business potential in Punjab. Azhar et al. (2011) studied the Daphar Irrigated Plantation of Punjab Province in 2006 to investigate its profitability. Overall results showed that Daphar Irrigated Plantation was profitable, but its net financial benefits were low. Reasons for this were attributed to high tree mortality, social/illicit tree felling and high initial costs. The authors recommended that by adopting proper and improved techniques and managerial approaches, profitability could be increased significantly. Tanvir et al. (2002) studied the rotation of farm-grown Eucalyptus canadensis based on maximum volume production and ultimate economic return in Central Punjab. They concluded that while the plantation was profitable, the rotation should be shortened (from 8 years to 4-5 years) to maximize income. Anjum et al. (2013) studied the Kamalia Irrigated Plantation, located in Tehsil Kamalia, District Toba Tek Singh, over a ten-year period (1999-2009). The study indicated that the plantation suffered from huge economic losses during the period under study. It was recommended that the Government should start agroforestry practices on a 30-40 percent area of the plantation to make it profitable. Omer et al. (2004) studied the ChichawatniI Irrigated Forest Plantation between 1989 and 2000 and compared the use of indigenous and exotic tree species growing under similar irrigation conditions. They found that the water requirement for exotic species (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) limits their potential for planting on farmlands since they compete aggressively with agricultural crops for water and nutrients. They recommended the planting of slower growing indigenous species Dalbergia sissoo and Melia azedarach for providing good quality timber and fuelwood on farmlands. Maan and Chaudhry (2001) studied irrigated forest plantations in Changa Manga, Daphar, Pakhowal and Kundian. They found that irrigated forest plantations are rich in wildlife diversity, and forestry operations, grass-cutting, kana stubbing and livestock grazing are major threats to wildlife. They concluded that if forest operations were implemented with an objective to support wildlife management, it could help conserve the diversity of fauna. Abidi and Noor (2012) studied the economic efficiency and financial performance of the forest management plans for Changa Manga and Murree
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework forests. Their results revealed that the forest department was working at a break-even point and that the management is risk-prone to exogenous shocks. Their study concluded that the existing management plans are not efficient and that there is a need to improve the system and adopt a sustainable approach. Ahmad (2016) studied the importance of ecological restoration of a 128-year- old plantation of Changa Manga. The research noted that the forest had undergone increased degradation through mismanagement, fires and illegal removal of trees since 1947. The main drivers of degradation of the forest were noted to be un-prescribed fires, water scarcity, corruption, lack of funds and improper management. The research recommended that future management should focus on implementing the law, increased community awareness, and robust ecological monitoring and restoration. The drivers of deforestation and forest degradation identified in the literature review and in the survey are in conformity with each other. Punjab’s forests have suffered from deforestation and degradation in both privately owned and State forest areas. The direct drivers of deforestation include the following: • commercial agricultural expansion (cotton, sugarcane, wheat, sunflower, etc.); • agricultural expansion for subsistence; • unsustainable timber extraction; • unsustainable fuelwood extraction; • urban expansion; • mining (especially surface mining); • infrastructure development, e.g., roads; • forest clearing for habitation; • forest fires (natural or due to negligence); and • forest fires (intentional).
The main drivers of degradation include • agricultural expansion for subsistence; • unsustainable timber extraction; • unsustainable fuelwood extraction; • urban expansion; • mining; • infrastructure development, e.g., roads; • forest clearing for livestock grazing; and • unscientific operations in forests.
The above drivers are produced by a set of complex underlying causes, which include the following: • population growth, • poverty, • wood energy needs, • food security, • livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence, • lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas, • illegal logging,
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• poor extension services, • no land-use planning, • no demarcation of boundaries (especially in coniferous forest of Punjab), • unsustainable forest management, • poor implementation of laws (poor governance), • political interference, • unclear land tenure in some cases, • weak legislation, • lack of awareness, • water scarcity (especially in Riverine forest), • lack of coordination of FD with other stakeholders, and • forest diseases.
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1.6.4 Strategic Framework Vision Forest ecosystems in Punjab are improved, conserved and managed on an environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable basis. Strategic Objectives The six Strategic Objectives are 1. to promote and practice Sustainable Forest Management of forest resources and ecosystems, 2. to enhance provincial forest stock on public and private lands, 3. to promote and strengthen good governance of forestry institutions, 4. to strengthen the policy framework and ensure effective forest conservation and management, 5. to ensure that other sector policies are sensitive to forests, and 6. to sensitize stakeholders to issues pertaining to forest and climate change. Legal and Policy Foundations These include 1. Forest Act, 1927; 2. Land Preservation (Chos) Act, 1900; 3. National Forest Policy; 4. Punjab Forest Policy; 5. Punjab Climate Change Policy; 6. Vision 2025; 7. Sustainable development goals (SDGs); 8. National Policies on climate change, water, forest, livestock, minerals, etc.; 9. National Rangeland Policy (Draft); 10. Provincial & National Water policies; 11. Provincial Livestock Policy; and 12. Rules of Guzara land or forest and wastelands of the Murree and Kahuta Tahsils. Programmes of Action The twenty-three Programmes of Action for Punjab Province include 1. setting up a provincial REDD+ Directorate; 2. promulgating and implementing provincial climate change policy; 3. raising awareness of policy makers concerning climate change issues regarding forestry and its significance;
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4. to develop and implement criteria and indicators for Sustainable Forest Management; 5. Punjab Forest Monitoring System (complementing and contributing to the National Forest Monitoring System); 6. promoting and diversifying eco-tourism; 7. strengthening the policy framework to promote/encourage alternative clean and efficient energy sources; 8. promoting green cities and green development concepts; 9. identifying and promoting alternative sustainable livelihoods for forest communities; 10. regulating the market in view of and sensitizing market actors to efficient and sustainable use of forest and forest products; 11. developing land-use planning guidelines and regulating departmental interventions as per plan guidelines; 12. practicing water harvesting and improving the efficiency of water use in all sectors, including agriculture; 13. identifying and promoting water-efficient indigenous plant species; 14. practicing effective and sustainable watershed management in uphill areas; 15. establishing plantations along water bodies (rivers, canals, etc.); 16. strengthening existing flood structures with plantation and physical infrastructural support; 17. utilizing an early warning system to mitigate flood impacts on forests; 18. building capacity of forest staff in terms of knowledge, practices, infrastructure, access, and equipment; 19. improving the implementation of forest rules and regulations; 20. raising forest fire awareness through campaigns; 21. strengthening the Punjab Forest School, Punjab Forest Academy and Punjab Forest Institute for integrated research and education; 22. adding REDD+ to forest(ry) curricula; and 23. promoting modern and sustainable livestock management and grazing practices (e.g., through rotational grazing).
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1.6.5 References Abidi, SyedaIfrah Ali and Junaid Noor 2012.Economic Analysis of Forest Management in Pakistan - A Case Study of Changa Mange and Muree Forest. Sustainable Development Study Centre, GC University Lahore, Department of Economics, GC University Lahore. Ahmad, Muhammad 2016. Community-Based Ecological Restoration of Changa Manga Forest, Punjab, Pakistan.Master’s Thesis. Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Anjum, Khayyam, Ihsan Qadir, M. Farooq Azhar and Shahid Hafeez 2013. Economic evaluation of irrigated plantation in Kamalia, Punjab, Pakistan. J. Agric. Res., 2013, 51(2) Ashraf I, Saeed U, Shahzad N, Gill J, Parvez S and Raja A 2014. Delineating Legal Forest Boundaries to Combat Illegal Forest Encroachments: A Case Study in Murree Forest Division, Pakistan. In: Forensic GIS. Springer, pp 263–286. FCPF 2014. Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) for Pakistan. Final version with incorporation of PC-16 decision: July 25, 2014 Gilgit-Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009 Maan, M. Anwar and A. Aleem Chaudhry 2001.Wildlife Diversity in the Punjab (Pakistan). Journal of Biological Sciences, 1: 417-420. Muhammad, Syed, Akmal Rahim and Shahida Hasnain 2011.Agroforestry trends in Punjab, Pakistan. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 4(10), pp. 639-650. Omer, R.M., C.M. Faisal and W. Ahmed, 2004. Choice of exotic and indigenous tree species for planting on farmlands. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 41(1- 2):58-61. Shahzad, Naeem, Urooj Saeed, Hammad Gilani, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Irfan Ashraf and Syed Muhammad Irteza 2015. Evaluation of state and community/private forests in Punjab, Pakistan using geospatial data and related techniques. Forest Ecosystems20152:7. Tanvir, Muhammad Ayyoub, Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui and Amer Hussain Shah 2002. Growth and Price Trend of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Central Punjab. Int. J. Agri. Biol., Vol. 4, No. 3. Wani B.A. 2002. National Forest Policy Review.Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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1.7 Sindh
1.7.1 Minutes from the Provincial REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, Forest Department, October 30, 2017 Agenda • Participant introductions • Overview of REDD+ and different studies under the National REDD+ Office • Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV, and FRELs • Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for the National REDD+ Strategy • Presentation and group work facilitated by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS • Discussion and input from Management Committee concerning the National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards, SIS, etc.
Proceedings • The Additional Secretary-Forest, Government of Sindh, chaired the meeting. Following the introduction of the participants, the Deputy Team Leader of Indufor-CTC explained the objectives of their participation in the meeting and provided an update on the studies undertaken by different firms.
• Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF, provided an overall presentation regarding the REDD+ context and its various aspects. He also explained the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs.
• The Deputy Team Leader from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of the National REDD+ Strategy and Its Implementation Framework to validate the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment, vision, objectives as well as Strategy options.
• The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work on safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM to the forum.
• A brief discussion was held on the Benefit-sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+ which were recorded and the results of which are attached in the form of report attached to these minutes.
• Later, the participants were engaged in a group work focusing drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, strategic options, objectives,
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consequences of options and grievances of stakeholders. The findings of the group/ group discussion are recorded in the attached report, which also contains findings of the literature.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with sections on; - Analysis of the legal framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework, Sindh
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List of Participants
S.# Name Organization Designation Phone # E.mail 1 Iffat Malik Sindh Forest Department Assistant Secretary 0333-3208233 [email protected] 2 Riaz Ahmed Khan Sindh Forest Department Conservator of Forest 0300-2391661 [email protected] 3 Iqbal Muhammad WWF Deputy Team leader 0345-5439046 [email protected] 4 Dr. Waheed Chaudhry HBP Social expert 0345-8543733 [email protected] 5 Raja Tariq Mohammad HBP Forest Expert 0301-5244036 [email protected] Conservator Forest/ 0333- 6 Agha Tahir Hussain Sindh Forest Department Project Director 25788050 [email protected] 7 M. Zafar Waseem Sindh Forest Department Conservator of Forest 0333-2910886 [email protected] 8 M. Arif Sindh Forest Department Conservator of Forest 0300-3144709 [email protected] 9 Shehzad Sadiq Sindh Forest Department DFO 0333-2882230 [email protected] 10 M. Saleem Sindh Forest Department CF Sukkur 0300-9374391 [email protected] 11 Niaz Somro Sindh Forest Department CF 0332-2663056 [email protected] 12 Abdul Jabbar Kazi Sindh Forest Department CF 0300-3130816 [email protected] [email protected] 13 Abdul Sattar Khatri Sindh Forest Department CF 0321-3094010 om 14 Gul Hussain Sindh Forest Department CF 0333-7355811 [email protected] 15 Imtiaz Ahmed CTC Consultant 0332-5399947 [email protected] 16 Ajmal Siddique IUCN Programme Officer 0300-3611343 [email protected] 17 Mahjabeen Qazi CTC Consultant 0300-5871923 [email protected] 18 Jaime Severino Indufor-CTC Team Leader …. [email protected] 19 Mohammad Tayyab CTC Deputy Team Leader 03344411109 [email protected]
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1.7.2 Analysis of the Legal Framework The primary legal regime determining the legal categories of forestland in Pakistan and the governance thereof is the Forest Act, 1927 (“Forest Act”), which delineates several categories of government-owned and private forests, as detailed below.
GOVERNMENT-OWNED FORESTS Reserved Forest This is the strictest category of forests from the perspective of governance and of the exclusion of rights of private persons. These forests generally exclude all private rights unless these have been specifically allowed by the Forest Officer in writing or are otherwise sanctioned by the Government through a contract, concession or under rules promulgated by the Government. Under Section 3 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province may constitute as a reserved forest any forestland or wasteland, which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or entitlement to the whole or a part of the produce. In accordance with Sub-Section 1 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Act, rules, grant or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer52, broadly, the following acts are prohibited offenses in a reserved forest: a) making fresh clearing; b) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or set on fire any plant or tree; c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf; d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass; e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber; f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; g) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce; h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose, and i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares.
The Forest Act allows the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof is no longer reserved53. This is an unrestricted power, and the
52Sub-Section 2 of Section 26 of the Forest Act 1927 53 Section 27 of the Forest Act
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Government need not have a prior justification for changing the status of a forest in this manner. Protected Forest Under Section 29 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province may constitute as a protected forest, any forestland or wasteland, which is not included in a reserved forest, but which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or entitlement to the whole or a part of the produce. Section 30 of the Act provides that in respect of a protected forest, the Government, through a notification in this respect, may take the following three steps: a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date; b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term (but not exceeding 30 years) as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion of forest shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion; and c) prohibit from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process or removal of any forest produce in any such forest; and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest. In addition, Section 32 of the Act empowers the Government to make rules for a protected forest, in respect of, inter alia, clearing and breaking up of land for cultivation or for any other purpose, cutting of grass and pasturing of cattle, protection of timber and reserved trees from fire, and the protection and management of any portion of a forest closed under Section 30. Essentially, Section 30 and Section 32 of the Forest Act allow the Government, in respect of protected forests, to regulate certain acts which are automatically offenses in relation to a reserved forest merely by dint of the notification as a reserved forest. The result is that unless notification in respect of the matters enumerated in Section 30 is issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated by the Government, all acts are permitted in a protected forest. However, once a notification under Section 30 of the Act has been issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated, under Section 33 of the Forest Act, the following acts shall be punishable offenses where they contravene the aforementioned notification or rules: • felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same; • quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce; • breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose; • setting or kindling fire without taking reasonable precautions to prevent its spreading to any reserved tree, whether standing, fallen or felled, or to any closed portion of the forest;
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• leaving any fire burning in the vicinity of any reserved tree or closed portion of the forest; • felling any tree or dragging any timber and damaging any reserved tree; • permitting any cattle to damage any reserved tree; and • infringing any rule made under Section 32 of the Act.
Under Section 34 of the Forest Act, an act that would otherwise be an offence shall not be deemed to be an offence if done with the permission of the forest officer, in accordance with rules made in respect of protected forests, or except as regards any portion of the protected forest closed by notification or in the exercise of any right which is recognized by the Government at the time of notification of a protected forest. The Forest Act does not empower the Government to declare a forest as no longer protected. Village Forest The Forest Act54 provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. The Forest Act further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest, including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce (including timber and pasture) and the duties of the community to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well, insofar as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government. However, none of the provinces, including Sindh, have actually formed a village forest.
PRIVATE FORESTS Section 36 Forests Under Section 35 of the Forest Act, for several specified purposes55, the Government may regulate or prohibit in any forest or wasteland the following: a) the breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation,
54 Section 28 of the Forest Act 55 The purposes for which a forest or wasteland may regulated under Section 35 of the Forest Act are as follows: (xxii) for protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches; (xxiii) for the preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land-slips, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel; (xxiv) for the maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers and tanks; (xxv) for the protection of roads, bridges and railways and other lines of communication; and (xxvi) for the preservation of the public health.”
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b) the pasturing of cattle, and c) the firing or clearing of vegetation.
In addition, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 35, the Government may, for any such purpose, construct these works on such forest or wasteland as it thinks fit. In case of neglect or willful disobedience of the regulation, or prohibition in respect of such wasteland or forest, or if required for the purpose of any work under Section 35, the Government may, under Section 36 of the Forest Act, place it under the control of a forest officer and declare that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act in respect of reserved forests shall apply to such forest or wasteland. Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Act, the owner of any land (or if there is more than one owner, then the owners with an aggregate of two-thirds of the land) may request from the relevant Revenue Department officer either that the land may be managed on their behalf by the Forest Officer as a reserved or protected forest, on such terms as may be mutually agreed, or that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act may be applied to such land. In either case, the Government may apply any of the provisions of the Forest Act to such land, as it deems appropriate in the circumstances.
LEASE OF FORESTLAND The province of Sindh allows for the leasing or concession of Government- owned forestland to private persons by means of either the legal or policy framework. Earlier, Sindh has implemented the Sindh Agro-Forestry Policy 2004 (“Sindh Policy”) in this regard. Sindh Agro-Forestry Policy 2004 The Sindh Policy allows the Government of Sindh to lease tracts of Government-owned forestland out of a total of 133,000 acres to private parties. The initial lease period is 5 years, extendable by another 5 years, depending upon the performance of the lessee during the previous term. Each lessee is entitled to no more than forty acres of land under the Sindh Policy, and each such lease shall be granted through auction. The leaseholder shall be obliged to bring twenty-five percent (25%) of the leased land under Hurry block plantation within the first twelve months of the lease period, failing which the lease may be liable to cancellation. The remaining leased land may be used to raise an agricultural crop by the lessee; however, this may be done only upon successful completion of the Hurry block plantation. The income from the Hurry block plantation shall accrue exclusively to the Forest Department, with the lessee having no share therein.
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The Sindh Policy was implemented with the apparent intention of diminishing widespread forcible encroachments upon Government-owned forestland56; however, it does not seem to have had the desired effect. Some of the area intended for leasing under the Sindh Policy remains in possession of encroachers, whereas most lessees receive extensions in the lease period regardless of performance in the previous term. The Sindh Policy, therefore, may, in fact, be contributing to the degradation of the Sindh’s forestlands by perpetuating the possession of forestland by private parties who are not as committed to sustainable management of forests and forest resources as would be the Forest Department. Analysis of the Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation In Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), Sindh reports having 399,000 hectares of forest area, or about 9% of Pakistan’s current forest area (FCPF, 2014). Sindh’s forest resources are comprised mainly of mangrove forests and riverine forests. Sindh also has small areas of irrigated plantations and farmland trees. Historically, Sindh has suffered from deforestation and forest degradation. However, recent planting efforts have reversed the trend. Sindh’s forests have been affected both by natural and anthropogenic factors over the last century. During the last few decades, large-scale transfers of Government forestlands for the non-forestry and commercial purpose have taken place. These forestlands have been transferred permanently or on lease to various departments including Defence, Education, Housing, Agriculture, Roads, Building, Ports and Tourism departments. Sindh has seen the largest provincial transfer of Government forestlands transferred for non-forestland uses – a total of 110,000 ha. Forests in Sindh have both productive and protective functions. Riverine forests and irrigated plantations are forests with productive functions, while mangroves and rangelands primarily function as protective forests.
Table 9 Forest Resources in Sindh Province 2013 Type of Forest Area (ha) Riverine Forests 241,198 Irrigation Plantations 82,277 Mangroves 344,845 Rangelands 457,546 Total 1,125,866 Source: Tagar and Shah (2015)
56 Study of Riverine forest upstream Sukkur and downstream Kotri – 2008 (Indus for All Programme, WWF Pakistan)
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1.7.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation What follows is a literature review and analysis of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation for Sindh Province. The literature review examines both studies which have incorporated remote sensing techniques and other land cover classification techniques; and studies which have followed other methods of quantitative and/or qualitative analyses. In the analysis portion, the drivers of deforestation and those of forest degradation are considered in the context of the studies and then separately, and underlying causes for each are identified. Abbasi et al. (2011) used remote sensing techniques to study the changes in forest cover in the Sukkur and Shikarpur divisions from 1979 to 2009. Their results showed that in the study area, the forest cover changed from 22.67% of the area in 1979 to 5.97% in 2009. Table 10 below summarizes their results.
Table 10 Results from the Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Riverine Forest Areas in Sindh Province, 1979-2009 Year Landsat Landsat Landsat Landsat Landsat Landsat MSS MSS MSS MSS MSS MSS 1979 1992 1998 2000 2006 2009 % % % % % % Forest cover 22.67 17.38 12.28 6.15 7.51 5.97 Water body 14.60 11.15 12.67 7.97 9.58 8.34 Grassland/agriculture 18.19 43.97 43.33 24.57 23.56 21.22 land Dry/barren land 44.69 27.48 31.70 61.29 56.33 64.45 Source: Abbasi et al. (2011) Siddiqui et al. (2004) concur with the results. They used remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor and map changes in riverine forests in Sindh between 1977 and 1998. They found that the construction of dams/barrages on the upper reaches of the river Indus for hydroelectric power and irrigation significantly reduced the discharge water into the lower Indus Basin; as a result, 100,000 acres of forest disappeared during the study period. Between 1960 and 1980, Sindh’s riverine forests reduced in size due to the Indus River embankment construction to divert river flow to irrigated agriculture. The riverine forests of Sindh are dependent on the Indus River water flow during the monsoon season to remain healthy, so diversion of the river water for agricultural irrigation occurring during the drought has negatively affected the riverine forests, reducing both ecological and productive function of forests (see Amanullah and Ahmed (2015)). Amanullah and Ahmed (2015) reported that population pressure had driven deforestation and forest degradation in Sindh, citing domestic fuelwood needs, livelihood dependencies, indiscriminate cutting, and conversion to agriculture. They noted that climate change has also had an impact on riverine forests in the province.
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Tagar and Shah (2015) studied the causes of deforestation and environmental degradation in Sindh. Their study concluded that the mismanagement of wetlands, scarcity of water resources, rapid population growth, poor planning of urbanization and industrialization were the main causes of deforestation in Sindh. Abbasi et al. (2012) used an analytic hierarchy process model to study and determine the dominant cause of deforestation of riverine forests in Thatta, Shikarpur, Sukkur, Dadu, Larkana, Nawabshah and Hyderabad. They studied both natural and anthropogenic causes, including droughts, unauthorized cutting, poverty, unemployment, the low literacy ratio, government, utilization, land encroachment, the bad law and order situation, and land use for cultivation. They found that droughts, unauthorized cutting, and poverty were the three main factors causing deforestation. Menon et al. (2002) reviewed the literature on the impact and history of the water issue in Pakistan. The study noted that deforestation and desertification along the River Indus occurred due to reduced flow of the Indus, as the water was the only source of regeneration and growth for these riverine forests. Tree-drying and mortality were noted, and the reason posited was agriculture. Amjad et al. (2007) studied the degradation of the Indus River and its impact on mangroves. The study showed that between 1950 and 2000, there was a major loss of mangrove forest cover in Pakistan. They found that seven main factors were responsible for the degradation of Indus Delta mangroves: 1) the reduced flow of sweet water and silt from the River Indus; 2) the inflow of pollutants from industries, navigational activities and the intermix of industrial effluents; 3) browsing/grazing by livestock; 4) wood and fodder harvesting; 5) meandering and erosion of creek banks; 6) overfishing; and 7) the gradual rise in sea level. Five other more minor threats include 1) a lack of knowledge, 2) mismanagement, 3) overexploitation, 4) browsing, and 5) less frequent and low tides over the deltaic region. Sindh Forests and Wildlife Department, Government of Sindh, realizing they had an alarming situation of depletion of mangrove vegetation on their hands, initiated a mangrove rehabilitation/development project to mitigate the degradation process and loss of mangrove habitat. This was done with the assistance and partnership of the Asian Development Bank (ADB 2006), Government of Pakistan and Government of Sindh. As per data compiled by the Office of Chief Conservator of Forests, Sindh, some 70,300 hectares have been rehabilitated/planted with local mangrove species during the 20-year period from 1993 to 2012. The fascinating aspect of these projects, besides rehabilitating enormous degraded areas, is the setting of two new “Guinness World Records” during the years 2009 and 2013. Recent site visits by the National REDD+ Strategy team found that restoration efforts over the past decade were beginning to reverse the trend of mangrove loss. The drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Sindh province are controversial. In riverine forests, the construction of dams/embankments, and the diversion of river flow to irrigated agriculture have led to the reduction and loss of ecosystem and productivity function in riverine forests. To some
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework extent, this has affected coastal forests, too. Other direct drivers of deforestation and forest degradation include the expansion of land for agriculture and fuelwood collection. Indirect drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in riverine forests were noted to be population pressure and poor planning for urbanization and industrialization. In mangrove forests, the trend of forest loss has recently been reversed, and mangrove forest cover is increasing due to the efforts of Sindh Forest Department, with the support of NGOs and donors. The key barrier to improving forest cover through conservation and regeneration efforts in Sindh Province is the lack of availability of and access to fresh water. Multiple studies have noted that this will probably remain the challenge of the next century for Sindh.
The survey and literature review virtually produced similar results. The key direct drivers of deforestation and forest degradation identified include • the shortage of fresh water flow in the Indus Basin due to embankments and construction of barrages, which affect both riverine and mangrove forests; • commercial agricultural expansion (wheat, cotton, sugar cane, and other cash crops); • urban expansion; • infrastructure development (roads); • unsustainable/illegal timber extraction; • unsustainable fuelwood extraction; • forest clearing for small-scale agriculture, and to some extent, habitation; • forest fires (intentional) to a very small extent; and • reduced fresh water supply. The major underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation include • unsustainable/illegal timber extraction, • unsustainable fuelwood extraction, • urban expansion, • infrastructure development, and • rice cultivation. All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include • poor implementation of laws, • unsustainable forest management, • lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas, • livelihoods dependent upon agricultural subsistence, • poor land-use planning, and • lack of coordination among agencies and institutions.
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1.7.4 Strategic Framework Vision Protect, conserve and sustainably manage Sindh’s forest resources, and restore them through afforestation and reforestation to meet the environmental, social and economic needs of the province. Strategic Objectives The seven Strategic Objectives are 1. to increase forest cover over unstocked State lands in the province so as to achieve desired tree cover by the year 2025; 2. to conserve and improve the existing mangrove forests; 3. to promote tree planting among farming communities to bridge the gap between demand and supply; 4. to promote urban forestry; 5. to encourage private investment in forestry to expand forest resources and to generate employment; 6. to have green infrastructure by 2025; and 7. to halt environmental degradation and improve wildlife habitats and biodiversity. Legal and Policy Foundations These include 1. Sindh Agro-Forestry Policy 2004; 2. SDGs; 3. Vision 2025; 4. Forest Act, 1927; 5. Water apportionment 1991; 6. National policy on water, forest, climate change, range management; and 7. Provincial Livestock Policy. Programmes of Action The thirteen Programmes of Action for Sindh include 1. conducting a study on the impact of lease policy and implementing the recommendations; 2. creating a monitoring system for forests, including leased areas; 3. introducing high-yield seeds and agricultural practices, especially in drylands, wetlands, and lands used for agro-forestry; 4. raising awareness of policy makers concerning climate change issues regarding forestry and its significance; 5. setting up a provincial REDD+ Directorate; 6. establishing strong, effective lobbying advocacy with the Indus River System Authority for water share issues; 7. conducting a water regime analysis to identify key options in water efficiency; 8. promoting modern and sustainable livestock management and grazing practices (e.g., through rotational grazing); 9. building capacity for forest management planning, extension services, and REDD+ activities. 10. establishing a forest management planning unit for research and extension services under the auspices of the Forest Department; 11. implementing integrated (biological, chemical & engineering) control
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measures of salinity and waterlogging; 12. recommending that the Government should allocate a proportion of forest revenue for forest maintenance; and 13. adding the concept of REDD+ to forest(ry) curricula.
1.7.5 References Abbasi, Habibullah, Mushtaq Ahmed Baloch and Abdul Ghafoor Memon 2011. Deforestation Analysis of Riverine Forest of Sindh Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol. 30, No. 3. Abbasi, H. U., A. G. Memon, I. R. Karas, S. M. Ghoto, M. A. Baloch and S. Shaikh 2012. Assessment of Natural and Anthropogenic Impact on Riverine Forest Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Model. Sindh Univ. Res. Jour. (Sci. Ser.) Vol.44(1) 01-06. ADB 2006. Sindh Coastal Community Development Project. Asian Development Bank Project Number: 37188. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/66558/37188-pak- rrp.pdf Amanullah, M. and Ahmed, A., 2015. Environmental Change Impacts on Indus Riverine Forest, Sindh, Pakistan: Review. Journal of Environmental Professionals SriLanka. 4(1), pp.17–28. Amjad, A. Shah.,Kasawani, I., and Kamaruzaman, J. 2007. Degradation of Indus Delta Mangroves in Pakistan. International Journal of Geology, Issue 3, Vol. 1. FCPF 2014. Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) for Pakistan. Final version with incorporation of PC - 16 decision: July 25, 2014 Menon, S., J. Hansen, L. Nazarenko, and Y. Luo 2002, Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India, Science, 297, 2250–2253 Siddiqui, M.F., Jamil, Z., Afsar, J. 2004. Monitoring changes in riverine forests of Sindh-Pakistan using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Advances in Space Research, Volume 33, Issue 3, p. 333-337. Hamzo Khan and Andsyed Roshan Ali Shah 2015. Sindh Forestry Resources: Causes of Deforestation and Policy Guideline for Its Conservation (A Case Study of Lower Indus Valley Sindh-Pakistan). International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, Vol 4 Issue 5.
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1.8 Guzara Advisory Committee (Rawalpindi)
1.8.1 Minutes from the Consultation Meeting with the Guzara Advisory Committee Regarding REDD+, April 23, 2018 Agenda 1. Participant introductions 2. Overview consisting of an introduction of REDD+ and documentary on the topic 3. Overview of the different studies under the National REDD+ Office 4. Presentation by Indufor-CTC for the National REDD+ Strategy 5. Exploration of possible benefits of REDD+ for Guzara forests and for communities living in proximity 6. Issues and concerns on the part of communities for implementing REDD+ in Guzara forests 7. Any miscellaneous agenda item Proceedings • The meeting began with a recitation from the Holy Quran. • With the permission of the Chairperson, the Divisional Forest Officer- Guzara opened the meeting by providing background information about the meeting. • The Chairperson welcomed the participants to the meeting and asserted the importance of the forestry sector for the development of the country.
• Divisional Forest Officer Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries Department, Mr. Iftikhar ul Hasan Farooqi introduced the conceptual underpinnings of REDD through a brief discussion on the topic, and later through a documentary showing REDD+ and its concepts. • Mr. Mohammad Tayyab, Deputy Team Leader, Indufor-CTC, provided a presentation regarding the REDD+ concept, its background, and history in Pakistan. He also discussed various studies undertaken for the qualification of various conditionalities under UNFCCC and FCPF. • A general discussion was initiated to promote understanding of the impact that implementing REDD+ will have on Guzara Forest communities, including the Benefit-sharing mechanism in particular. Key points of discussion are as follows:
• General Observation: The Committee members took a keen interest in the REDD+ mechanism and appreciated the efforts of the Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC) and the Punjab Forest Department for involving them in the strategy formulation process. • They reported that this is a new concept for them and that the majority of the rural communities have no knowledge of it. They suggested that awareness campaigns may be organized for the benefit of the communities. • Carbon Stock and Financial Benefit: The members stated that there is
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a dire need for identifying and introducing fast-growing species to meet the immediate timber and fuelwood needs of the people. This will greatly help in saving the valued pine trees. They also identified that the mechanism of carbon credits will help incentivize the forests for the community and that all members would like to raise forests on their lands regardless of the ownership model, as the benefit would reach them in different ways. • Drivers: While discussing the drivers of deforestation, it was revealed that there used to be fewer fire incidences during the period when the resin was collected from pines. The communities have now lost interest in firefighting. They proposed that some productive use for pine needles may be introduced, as they help prevent the quick spreading of fire. • Benefit Sharing Mechanism: The community members indicated that they have rights to Guzara forests, each legal right holder receiving his share according to a well laid-out process. It was proposed that a well- thought-out Benefit Sharing Mechanism may be developed so that a just and legal share is received by each person or a community. It will help make the proposed programme sustainable. They agreed with the idea of including segments of society other than the forest owners in the REDD+ benefits, but this must be decided only after consultation with all the community members. Currently, non-owners can use forests only for grass cutting, fuelwood collection, and water fetching. • Livelihood Support: It was proposed that new income-generating interventions, such as off-season vegetable growing, may be introduced to reduce pressure on the forests. • Implementing REDD+: The committee members showed a willingness to implement the REDD+ mechanism. However, they expect strong support of the government in order to cope with the implications of the mechanism and the risks associated with it.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks by the Deputy Commissioner, Rawalpindi, and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: April 28, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
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List of Participants
Consultation Meeting with Guzara Advisory Committee, 28th April,18 Sr. Name Designation Organization Contact No Email CNIC #
1 Asad Ali DFO Guzara Forest 0321-5534558 [email protected] …. Division Rawalpindi
2 Inyat Ullah Adviser Guzara Advisory 0331-9545664 [email protected] …. Forest Owner Committee 3 Raja M Farooq Adviser Guzara Advisory 0300-5087868 …. …. Committee 4 Masud Ahmed DDEO Department of 0322-5522335 masud.ahmed58@yahoo ….
Eduation .com 5 Mohammad Qasim NFI Expert National REDD+ 0304-1639395 mohammadqasimkhan@ …. Office MoCC yahoo.com mqasim@redd-
pakistan.org 6 Ahmed Askam Ch Legal Consultant CTC 0333-5757274 …. …. 7 Imtiaz Ahmed Consultant CTC 0332-5399947 …. …. 8 Muhammad Fiaz Highway M&R No.(SPO) XEN Highway M&R 0342-0427190 …. …. 9 Raja Hafeez Member Guzara Advisory 0300-8528855 [email protected] ….
Committee om
10 Raja Tariq Mehmood Consultant HB-CLP 0301-5244036 [email protected] …. 11 Raja Haroon Rashid RO Guzara Advisory 0300-5118890 …. …. Committee 12 Raja Muhammad RFO Forest Department 0300-5081208 …. …. Parvaiz 13 Shehzad Mehboob Member Guzara Advisory 0344-500220 …. …. Forest Owner Committee
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Consultation Meeting with Guzara Advisory Committee, 28th April,18 Sr. Name Designation Organization Contact No Email CNIC # 14 Syed Mubashir Hassan SDFO Kallar Syedan Forest Department 0332-5142208 …. 12101-0260972-3 15 Imtiaz Siddiqui SDFO Lower Topa Murree Forest Department 0333-5101332 …. 61101-8874722-1 16 Habib ur Rehman Journalist Asian Media TV 0300-5574181 …. 61101-343224-5
17 Iftikhar Ul Hanan DFO Working Plan-II Forest Department 0300-5557680 [email protected] 37405-9083268-7 Farooqi Rawalpindi 18 Malik M Asghar Circle Registrar Corp 0300-5127790 …. 38201-0995279-3 19 Naveed Nazir Member Guzara Advisory 0300-5598911 …. Committee
21 Irfa Tahira District Information officer Department of Public 0345-5337294 [email protected] 82401-7088449-2 Relations, Rawalpindi
22 Saaima Yunus Assistant Deputy District Management, 0313-5558483 [email protected] 38403-2047206-0 Commissioner, Rawalpindi Rawalpindi
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1.9 Consultation with Legislators
1.9.1 Minutes from the Consultative Meeting with Legislators and Individual Discussions with Legislators Agenda 1. Participant introductions 2. An introductory overview of Sustainable Development Goals and the link to climate change 3. Presentation on the National REDD+ Strategy 4. Conversation with Legislators regarding their understanding of REDD+ and climate change Proceedings • The meeting started with an introduction to the objective of the event and with a welcome note to the participants. • The facilitator opened the meeting with a discussion on sustainable development, climate change challenges and issues in the legislation, as well as in the policy decision-making, particularly when it comes to intrinsic challenges to the society where the political divides in the legislature often ignore the critical but strategic issues faced by the society, apart from others, climate change. • With the arrival of the Advisor to the PM on Climate Change, the presentation on the National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework commenced. • The presentation focused on three aspects: o The first part of the presentation focused on providing basic information to the legislators regarding the conceptual details of REDD+, its background, its basic understanding, and why it is important for Pakistan. It also reflected on the issue of climate change and relevance with deforestation and forest degradation. o The second part of the presentation focused on the development of the National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework. The participants were provided with an overview of the process of the development of the National REDD+ Strategy, the key outcomes and also its key characteristics or dimensions. o The last part of the presentation focused on identifying key challenges faced by the National REDD+ Strategy as well as the REDD+ agenda in Pakistan and the roles expected from the legislators in this regard. Key questions were put forward in the presentation to the legislators for their role. These questions included the following considerations:
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▪ Forestry is a provincial subject, while REDD+ is an international obligation that needs to be on a national agenda. This needs an engagement of the legislators to devise REDD+ as a regular subject and as a national agenda under MoCC. ▪ Development of a mechanism of Inter-provincial coordination in the domain of forestry and its regularization is warranted. ▪ The forest laws in their current state do not expressly provide for the safeguard of the rights of multiple and diverse stakeholders in forests as required by REDD+. There is a need for legislators to develop legal framework rights matters, particularly related to Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and the Benefit-sharing mechanism, among others. ▪ A Forest Grievance Redress Mechanism (FGRM) has been developed by the National REDD+ Office; however, it does not have a legal cover. ▪ In certain respects, the Forest laws are behind-times and do not reflect ground realities that need to be addressed for REDD+ implementation in accordance with the UNFCCC requirements, e.g., the role of women in forests, reduction of deforestation, rights of forest owners, etc. ▪ Deforestation is not treated as an organized crime but as an individual offense, which is not in line with ground realities. o It was also emphasized that the legislators are expected to: ▪ familiarize themselves with the existing legal framework and its strengths and shortcomings in view of REDD+, ▪ promote the agenda of climate change and REDD+ at the Parliament level to bridge gaps within relevant laws in relation to climate-related national challenges, ▪ canvas constituencies to understand the extant forest ecosystems and their dependent communities, as well as the drivers of deforestation, ▪ actively engage with provincial and National REDD+ offices to understand the advantages of the REDD+ mechanism and the requirements for its implementation, ▪ act as champions of REDD+ within their constituencies including supporting the dissemination of information and education of constituents for REDD+ implementation, and
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▪ promote meaningful debate in respective provincial assemblies to effect required changes to the provincial forest laws.
Once these questions and expectations were put forward in front of the legislators, the forum was opened to the legislators to reflect on these.
The following are key discussions from the legislators and overall key findings:
1. Climate change is an important issue when it comes to the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Other pollutants like lead and other heavy material are producing more carbon dioxide and playing an important role in climate change; therefore, legislation is needed for it, along with mandatory actions. 2. It was emphasized that new plants should be introduced according to flora and fauna of the area. 3. Discussions have criticized the opening of new Coal Plants in Pakistan, which increases coal emissions and contributes to temperature increases. Legislators pointed that both EU and China are removing all the coal plants, whereas in Pakistan they are being promoted. 4. It was also emphasized to consider solar energy in consideration towards Pakistan’s energy-related issues. 5. One parliamentarian mentioned that different types of cancers are emerging; crops are becoming more damaged, water is contaminated, air is more polluted, and breathing in bad air are increasing the sufferance from TB, leaving hospitals over- occupied with patients everywhere. In order to battle these impacts, it is important to promote forests and reduce emissions. 6. One parliamentarian quoted that currently there are many policies and 18th amendments are prevailing in favor of forests and climate change, and there is a need to take provinces onboard and identify collective actions. 7. One parliamentarian defined that climate includes the air around us that we breathe. She also focused on solid waste and the nuisance that it creates and recommended different actions. 8. One legislator emphasized new plantation development in urban areas. She opposed the deforestation and unnecessary cutting of trees and asked for the consideration of a ban. 9. Various legislators linked deteriorating eco-conditions to health conditions and reflected upon taking actions for the improvement of the urban and rural human environment. 10. Some legislators were specific on identifying protection of existing plants, forests and development of strategies to ensure that new plantations survive.
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11. One legislator discussed the importance of REDD+, which brought up the notion to give value to the forests to counter climate change. 12. It was highlighted that Pakistan has 4-5% of the land, which is allocated to the forestland, however, not all of it has cultivated / active forests yet. 13. Legislators discussed the importance of establishing a sense of becoming guardians/protectors of the forest for local communities, which can help us succeed in improving the conditions of the forests. 14. Legislators also discussed the importance of the forests at the governmental level and emphasized the idea of the GREEN PAKISTAN, which helped in improving the status of forests. 15. The importance of third-party validation of these activities was also discussed, and it was said that there should be some policies and strategies of validation and monitoring of the projects to assess its performance, benefits, and implication. Key takeaways from Consultations are as follows: • It was noted that legislators (except a few) have limited knowledge regarding climate change and its implications. Those who are aware can be engaged for snowballing the climate change agenda in the parliament • There are existing gaps in the laws; however, there needs to be a political discussion within different political parties, and provinces have to discuss and agree before proceeding to make changes in the laws. • A climate change working group and a parliamentary committee have to be actively engaged with experts to improve their capacity and also to help advocate the legal reforms. • There is a need to engage parliamentarians in making climate change an important national agenda.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting our forests and green assets. Date: October 17, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
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List of Participants Consultative Meeting with Parliamentarian on National REDD+ Strategy and Its Implementation Framework 17 October 2018 (6:00 PM- 7:30 PM), Serena Hotel, Islamabad Sr.# Name Designation Political Party Email 1 M. Hammad Azhar Minister of State for Revenue S (R) PTI
2 Mehnaz Akbeer Aziz MNA PML-N [email protected] Parliamentary Secretary for
3 Shandana Gulzar Khan Commerce PTI [email protected] MNA-President PML-N Minority
4 Kheeal Day Wing Sindh PML-N [email protected]
5 Mr. Riaz Fatyana MNA PTI [email protected]
6 Ms. Shahida Rehmani MNA PPPP [email protected] Director-Pakistan Chamber of
8 Faisal Bari Commerce [email protected]
9 Mausoor Azam Qazi … …. [email protected]
10 Faheem Sardar … …. [email protected]
11 Fawad Mubeen Director Legal Affair …. [email protected]
12 Mr. Ali Pervez MNA PML-N [email protected] Ms. Nafeesa Inayat Ullah
13 Khan Khattak MNA PTI [email protected] 14 Rana Abdul Hafeez Lawyers PTI ….
15 CoI Rana Sarfraz Member CEC PTI [email protected] 16 Dr. Raja Omer DIG Forest MoCC …. 17 Ali Faisal Section Officer (Forest) MoCC …. National REDD+
18 Muhammad Afrasiyab GIS Expert Office MoCC [email protected] 19 Sayed Abar Ali Shah MNA PPPP 0345-5922222, 0300-3255789 20 Syed Tariq MNA PPPP 0300-3055166
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Principal Staff Officer Minister for 21 Hassan Sardar kundi CC MoCC 0333-996-1986
22 James Iqbal MNA PPPP [email protected] 23 Abdul Shakoor MNA JUI-F 0347-9101867 Muhammad Ahmed Aslam
24 Chaudhry Legal Consultant [email protected]
25 Imtiaz Ahmad Forest Consultant CTC [email protected]
26 Ms. Shaista Pervez MNA PML-N [email protected] Chairperson Standing Committee
27 Ms. Ayesha Raza Farooq Senator PML-N [email protected] Parliamentary Secretary for
28 Ms. Rukhsana Naveed Climate Change PTI [email protected] MNA Parliamentary Secretary for
29 Kanwal Shahzab Planning Development & Reform PTI [email protected]
30 Dr. Nisar Cheema MNA PML-N [email protected]
31 Uzma Riaz MNA PTI [email protected]
32 Dr Seemi Bokhari MNA PTI [email protected]
33 Malik Amin Aslam Khan Advisor to PM on Climate Change PTI [email protected]
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1.10 Consultation with Members of Judiciary (Individual Consultations)
1.10.1 Key Takeaways from Consultations with Members of the Judiciary Key Points of Discussion and Findings (N.B. Recommendations are italicized) Discussion Point 1: Why existing forest laws may be ineffective in the face of reality and require updating: One of the key observations from the judiciary regarding forest laws is that they are geared towards preventing forest offenses as discrete and isolated events involving individuals, whereas the true nature of the problem is that most forest offenses are now part of organized crime being carried out in a systematic manner with huge financial incentives involved. As such, the financial penalties prescribed for these offenses are inadequate, as these are accepted as a cost of business by the timber mafia who can easily pass it along to their customers. Another outcome of this dynamic is that those being arrested for forest offenses are by and large low-level operatives in these crime syndicates. The forest laws and enforcement mechanisms should, therefore, be updated to address this ground reality leading to the breaking up of entire timber theft rings rather than the apprehension of low-level operatives whose incarceration does not affect the operations of the larger organization of which they are apart. 2. Problems concerning the implementation of the forest laws and actions that could be taken to decrease forest offenses and to address the issue of the monitoring personnel shortage: The general impression amongst the judiciary was that the forest laws provided adequate legal cover for the discovery, prevention, and prosecution of forest offenses; however, the implementation of the system in the hands of the Forest Department could be significantly improved. One of the reasons ascribed to the less-than-desired discovery of forest offenses was that the Forest Guards appointed by the Forest Department are members of the same community that engages in forest offenses leading to the perverse outcome, that if the Forest Guards carry out their duty effectively, this may lead to social ostracism. Another major hurdle in the prevention of forest offenses is the relative mismatch between the forest area to be covered and the number of forest department personnel available to monitor these areas. One suggestion to offset this situation was to prevent appointments of locals as Forest Guards and to rely on greater community participation in monitoring of forest areas. 3. Suggestions for addressing the issues engendered by the inadequate prosecution of forest offenses:
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Where offenders are apprehended, the unanimous opinion of the members of the judiciary canvassed for this purpose was that the prosecution of forest offenses was inadequate in several respects. In the first instance, the required assistance from the prosecutors, necessary for the timely and effective disposal of forest cases, was not forthcoming. One of the reasons put forth for this trend was that the Forest Department does not hold the prosecuting attorneys accountable for less than desired conviction rates. It was suggested that the Forest Department might prescribe threshold conviction rates for forest offenses for the prosecuting attorneys against which their performance may be measured periodically.
4. Weaknesses in the efficacy of discovery, prevention, and prosecution of forest offenses and the negative effects of the enormous backlog of cases awaiting trial. The members of the judiciary were unanimous in averring that they consider forest offenses to be heinous crimes that needed to be prosecuted severely and expeditiously. The general sentiment amongst the judiciary is that their ranks are already sensitized to the need for the prevention of forest offenses and its larger fallout. Therefore, efforts need to be focused not on their training and sensitization but instead on the effective discovery, prevention and prosecution of forest offenses so that the judiciary may carry out its function in an efficacious manner, where forest crimes are brought before a court for trial. However, at least one of the judges interviewed for this purpose disclosed that there is huge pendency of forest offense trials before the courts. Judges, therefore, encourage the offenders brought before them to plead guilty at the arraignment stage for a lighter sentence, such as payment of fine but no jail time. While this counts as disposal of the case, on the one hand, the convicted offender would thereafter be liable to enhanced punishment if arrested for a repeat offense. However, if this practice is common knowledge, as is likely the case, and the persons being arrested are usually low-level operatives in a larger crime syndicate, this significantly reduces the deterrence that the provisions for fine and incarceration are aimed at. In this respect, therefore, the number of judges dealing with forest offenses should be increased so as to drive down the pendency of forest cases.
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Name Designation District Mr. Abdul Majid Senior Civil Judge (Admin Abbottabad Mr. Muhammad Senior Civil Judge (Judicial) Abbottabad Nasir Khan Abbottabad (Currently also holds the charge of Forest Magistrate Mr. Shahrukh Current Designation: Presiding Swabi Arjumand Officer ATC Court II, ICT (Formerly Forest Magistrate Swabi) Mr. Tahir District and Session Judge Islamabad Mahmood Khan Current Designation: Chairman Environmental Protection Tribunal, ICT
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Annex 2 The Consultation Process – A Summary
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2. THE CONSULTATION PROCESS – A SUMMARY The consultation process for the development of the REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework was based on the frameworks and guidance intended to facilitate the process. This section first outlines the main documents used for this purpose and then summarizes the overall process. For issues of stakeholder engagement and community participation, the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) Methodological Framework was valuable. Programmatic Element 4 of the Safeguards discusses stakeholder engagement. In addition, Criterion 16 envisions the participation of communities in monitoring and reporting. The FAO-PROFOR Forest Governance Framework assessment tool was used to evaluate the current scenario of policy, legal and institutional frameworks; and planning, decision-making and implementation processes. With this document, accountability, effectiveness, fairness, and equity, participation and transparency were made understandable from the point of view of duty bearers as well as right holders (see the FAO-PROFOR Framework below).
The REDD+ Strategy underscores the importance of the diverse roles of both genders concerning the forest and its management, and it highlights the impact of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation on women and men. The UN-REDD Guidance Note on Gender Sensitive REDD+ provides overall guidance for undertaking REDD+. The Strategy obtained guidance from this Note to sensitize its own tools to gender assessment and to ensure that the views of women are incorporated wherever possible. In particular, the
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Note’s Step 4 to ensure a gender-sensitive REDD+ strategy contributed to the overall orientation of the REDD+ Strategy as being gender sensitive.
The WWF Guide to Building REDD+ Strategies provided an overall direction to the REDD+ Strategy development in Pakistan, particularly its social and environmental safeguards which enshrine participation and consultation during the REDD+ Strategy development as an integral and important part of the REDD+ strategy.
Based on these and the best practices from other REDD+ partner countries, tools were developed for consultation with the stakeholders. These tools were tested and then finalized. The tools included focus group discussions, semi- structured interviews, and structured interviews, a survey and interactive workshops with the premise of social, legal, economic, institutional, governance and other frames.
The stakeholders consulted included forest owners, right holders, members of unique communities, traders and market players, managers (forest department staff), researchers, activists, academia, members of the technical working group, members of UN Agencies, and a select number of members of relevant Government agencies and other technical experts.
The consultation process took place over approximately five months’ time spread out over about a year during 2017-18. This included two extensive rounds of comprehensive consultations across all seven provinces and federal territories (in April-May, 2017 and in September-November, 2017). These included interactions in Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhunkhwa (KP), Punjab, Gilgit-Baltistan (G-B), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA).
The provincial consultations included discussions with stakeholders regarding drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, the roles played by different actors concerning these drivers, and the social and economic dimensions proving as an impetus to the drivers. In addition, these discussions explored possible options that could contribute to the promotion of forest carbon stock and interests of the stakeholders.
In addition to these comprehensive consultations, meetings were also held with community members, community organizations, forest officers, female forest owners, and users, provincial REDD+ Management Committees, technical experts, academia, civil society organizations, journalists and other relevant stakeholders (including influential stakeholders of the forest areas). The consultations focused not only on interacting with those in power but also on interacting with other particularly vulnerable groups, including women, nomadic communities, tenants, herders, etc. The mid-term report in particular and other reports, in general, reflect the synthesis and findings identified during the consultations.
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REDD+ List of Participants First Round of Consultation KP May 8, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact no Email mafrasiyab@redd- M. Afrasiyab REDD+ Office REDD+ office, GIS expert 0324-5029077 pakistan.org Tasaduqq Husain CTC REDD+ Associate 0340-4234902 [email protected] Asad Mehmood Forest Department DFO 0300-5569893 …… Syed Mahar Hussain Forest Department DFO 0344-5925512 …… Bilal Ahmed Forest Department DFO 0301-5419221 …… Ghulam Mujtaba Forest Department DFO 0300-9881415 …… Fayaz Mohammad REDD+ coordinator 0343-0255555 …… Discussion with Officers of Forest Department, Punjab, April 15, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact no Email M. Saleem Forest Department DFO Publicity & Extension 0300-6641631 …… Dr. M. Mushtaq Forest Department DFO RM Chakwal 0337-1629276 …… Saqib Mehboob Forest Department DFO Rawalpindi (N) 0321-8500100 [email protected] Abdul Muqeet Khan Forest Department Conservator Forest 0333-5944666 …… Shahid Awan Forest Department Additional Secretary 0333-8405000 …… Community: Forest Governance & DD Survey, Pakistan/Punjab Name Organization Designation Contact no …… Sajid Qudoos Awan Forest Department Divisional Forest Officer 0346-5214896 [email protected] Iftikhar ul Hassan Forest Department Divisional Forest Officer 0300-5557680 [email protected] Saqib Mehmood Forest Department DFO Rawalpindi (N) 0321-8500100 [email protected] M. Gohar Mushatq Forest Department DFO Rawalpindi 0315-5110788 …… Ashfaq Bashir Forest Department SDFO Rawalpindi 0321-5419629 [email protected]
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Forest Conservator Athar Shah Forest Department (Rawalpindi) 0321-5222256 [email protected] Consultative Meeting, IUCN Pakistan, Karachi, April 11, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Fayyaz Mohammad CTC REDD+ Coordinator …… …… Ghulam Qadir Shah IUCN Pakistan National Coordinator …… …… Programme Associate Ruxslim Dinshaw IUCN Pakistan IUCN …… …… Danish Rashidi IUCN Pakistan Programme coordinator …… …… Amjad Siddique IUCN Pakistan Programme Officer …… …… Lubna Hashmat CHIP Director …… …… First Consultative Meeting, Provincial REDD+ Management Committee, Sindh, Karachi Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Sindh Forest Riaz Ahmed Khan Department Conservator of Forest 0300-2391661 [email protected] Iqbal Muhammad WWF DY team leader 0345-5439046 [email protected] Dr. Waheed Chaudhry HB-P Social expert 0345-8543733 [email protected] [email protected], Raja Tariq Mehmood HB-P Forest Expert 0301-5244036 [email protected] Agha Tahir Hussain CF/ PD Sindh Forest Department 0333-25788050 [email protected] Sindh Forest M. Zafar Waseem Department Conservator of Forest 0333-2910886 [email protected] Sindh Forest M. Arif Department Conservator of Forest 0300-3144709 [email protected] Sindh Forest Shehzad Sadiq Department DFO 0333-2882230 [email protected] M. Saleem Sindh Forest CF Sukkur 0300-9374391 [email protected]
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Department Sindh Forest Niazi Somro Department CFO 0332-2663056 [email protected] Sindh Forest Abdul Jabbar Kazi Department CF 0300-3130816 [email protected] Sindh Forest abdulsattar_khattri2000@yah Abdul Sattar Khatri Department CF 0321-3094010 oo.com Sindh Forest Gul Hussain Department CF SBA 0333-7355811 [email protected] Imtiaz Ahmed CTC Consultant 0332-5399947 [email protected] Ajmal Siddique IUCN Programme Officer 0300-3611343 [email protected] Sindh Forest Iffat Malik Department Assistant Secretary 0333-3208233 [email protected] [email protected] Jaime Severino Indufor-CTC Team Leader ………………. om First Consultative Meeting, Provincial REDD+ Management Committee, Gilgit Baltistan Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Forest Wildlife 0346-5171948, 0581- Walayat Noor Environment Dept. CF Gilgit 1920274 …. Muhammad Alam P&DD AC 0310-1269918 [email protected] Sosan Aziz ETI- GB Gender Specialist 0346-5368403 [email protected] Muhammad Essa Forest Department DFO 0346-5234854 [email protected] Agriculture Mohammad Asghar Department Director 0355-5559909 [email protected] Qari Riyaz Alam Social Activist Social Worker 71203-7285765 …. Social Worker and Forest Shaban Ali Thakhil Committee Owner 0355-4114075 ….. Mehmood Ghaznavi GB Forest Dept. CF Diamer 0344-5400322 [email protected]
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Sher Azam Chilas Forest Owner 0355-5253233 …. Amin Beg AKRSP Advisor 0346-9522908 [email protected] Mohammad Ismail GB Forest Dept. Focal Person 0344-5404842 [email protected] Shahzad Shigri EPA-GB Director …. Second Round Consultation Azad Jammu and Kashmir AJK November 14, 2017-Meeting with AKLASC Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Nisar Ahmed Malik AKLASC Managing Director 0302-5820206 Dr. Hamayun Shaheen University of AJK Assistant Professor 0344-5952552 [email protected] Dr.M.Bashir Butt Agriculture DG 0333-5308935 [email protected] Imtiaz Ahmed Forest Department DFO 0344-9590040 [email protected] Bilal Ahmed Forest Department DFO 0300-4441711 [email protected] Syed Mazhar Hussain Forest Department DFO 0344-5925512 [email protected] DFO, REDD Focal Point 0345-5920663, 0355- Irtaza Qureshi Forest Department AJK 6126326 [email protected] M. Ahmed Aslam [email protected] Chaudhary CTC Consultant 0333-5757274 m Balochistan Province: Balochistan Community: REDD+ Strategy Consultation Name Organization Designation Contact No Email M. Iqbal Forest Department Conservator Forest 0321-8007206 …… Hafiz M. Jan Forest Department C.F Coastal 0336-3138957 …… Abdul Wadood Forest Department DCF Research 0333-7913780 ……
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Muhammad Latif Forest Department Conservator Forest 0301-3760667 …… Taj Muhammad Forest Department CCF South 0333-8804493 …… Muhammad Ibrahim Forest Department Conservator Forest 0333-7826698 …… M. Kaleem Forest Department Conservator Forest 0300-3843137 …… Raja Asif Latif Forest Department Deputy Conservator 0332-7839478 …… Rana M. Mazhar Forest Department Conservator Forest 0321-8005687 …… Watershed Liaqat Management Deputy Director 0333-6896698 …… M. Imran Hayat Forest Department Range Forest Officer 0336-9288138 …… Mumtaz Ali Forest Department DCF (Admin North) 0332-7814849 ……. Deputy Director Syed Afzal Shah Forest Department Agriculture 0333-9043139 …… Abdul Qadeer Forest Department DFO (Planning) Quetta 0333-9043139 …… Saeed Ahmed Forest Department DFO 0301-3763637 …… Deputy Conservator Umer Farooq Forest Department Forest 0333-7816543 …… Ayesha Nawaz Forest Department DFO 0333-5692946 …… Landlord and Forest Malik Atta Ullah Pishin Owner 0333-7963316 …… Divisional Forest Officer Jafar Ali Forest Department SIBI 0333-7848277 …… M. Aslam Forest Department Conservator Forest Admin 0333-7951007 …… M. Amin Forest Department C.F Nasirabad 0333-9276925 …… M. Yahya Musakhel WWF-Pakistan Coordinator Balochistan 0315-8075700 …… Deputy Conservator Arz Muhammad Forest Department Forest 0333-3909151 …… M. Essa Forest Department DFO Pishin 0345-8322475 ……
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Uzma Khan Forest Department DFO Research 0336-9353998 …… Provincial REDD+ Consultation Meeting Quetta, Balochistan November 2, 2017 Organization/ Name Deptt Designation Ph.No Email Multi-sectoral Project for Conservation of Juniper Forests in Masroor Jamal Balochistan Project Director 0333-7863750 [email protected] Muhammad Iqbal Forest Department D.C.F Zhob 0333-7865081 [email protected] Conservation of Sagheer Ahmed Forests Planning Deputy Team Leader 0333-7729277 [email protected] Green Pakistan Program, Abdul Jabbar Balochistan Project Director 0301-8118777 [email protected] Farid Shah Forest Department DFO Mushki 0300-3862740 [email protected] Mohammad Amin Forest Department CF Sirasad 0333-9276925 [email protected] Provincial REDD+ Consultation Meeting Quetta, Balochistan November 3, 2017 Name Organization/ Dept Designation Contact No Email Department of Prof. Dr. Rehman Zoology Professor 0333-7803313 Rana Khalid Nasar Forest L.S. Chairperson 0333-7801958 Dr. Gulam Hussain Jaffar Livestock D. General 0333-7801958 PD Green Pakistan Abdul Jabbar Forest Department Program 0301-8118777 [email protected] Tariq EPA DG- EPA 0333-1390148 Muhammad Rizwan EPA D.D EPA 0321-8136136 …
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Naseebullah WESS NGO MPO 0300-8384573 … Naseebullah IUCN Coordinator 0308-8882938 … Iqbal Malik WWFP Team Leader 0348-5439046 … Forest & Wildlife Hafiz Mehmood Jan Department C.F (Coastal) 0336-3138957 … Muhammad Ibrahim Mines & Minerals Bazur Department Assistant Director 0337-7802748 … Muhammad Ziviqar PCRWR Deputy Director 0321-8149357 … Muhammad Akram SUSG Planning Officer 0331-8350470 … Agriculture Muhammed Qaseem Department Deputy Director 0300-3801329 … Forest & Wildlife Sana Khan SPEAK (NGO) Specialist 0333-3639661 … Gul Khan Forest Department 0313-3812812 Fisheries Noor Ahmad Department D.G 0334-4009941 … Elam Khan Forest Department Forest Information 0308-8009822 … Khudadad Kakar P&DD COS (Focal) 0321-8128071 … Gwadar & Development Abdul Rahim Authority AD Environment 0300-3776620 … kalsoom786.k.panezai@gmai Kalsoom Kakar ENV-SC.SBV.UN M. Phil. Scholar … l.com Meeting of REDD+ Consultant Team with Forest Owners and Other Stakeholders at Quetta Balochistan on November 4, 2017 Name Organization/ Dept Designation Contact No Email Saima Balal DC Forest Internee at D.C Forest 0331-8363845 [email protected] Mansoora Khaliq DC Forest Internee [email protected]
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Department of Environmental Tayyiba Naeem Sciences M. Phil Scholar SBKWU [email protected] Environmental Iqra Muneer Sciences M. Phil Scholar SBKWU 0340-2087328 [email protected] Sonia Internee Forest Department 0305-8212194 ….. Shinghar Chilgoza Forest Jhangir Shah Sherani District Owner 0340-2158015 ….. Sultan Mehmood Forest & wildlife DFO Sherani 0332-7953532 ….. Fawad Siddiqui FWD DFO 0336-8084549 …. Sahib Jai Forest DFO 0312-1809682 …. Muhammad Saqib Khan Forest & wildlife DFO 0333-7839139 ….. Syed Nadir Ali Forest & wildlife DFO Mastung 0333-7839139 ….. University of Balochistan Dr. Rehana (Zoology) Chairperson 0333-7803313 ….. Mushtaq Raja Khan FSW R.F.O Quetta 0335-0292633 ….. Mehboob FSW Forester 0302-3856401 ….. Arif Balooch FSW Forester 0333-7418274 …… Sara Balooch NGO Regional Coordinator 0331-8363848 …… Hayatullah WWF 0323-7270372 …… Ziarat District Mir Wais Khan Chairman Forest Owner 0333-7841606 …… Community Jan Muhammad Member Forest Owner 0333-7864787 …… Malik Hazrat Khan Forest Department Internee 0316-8238645 …… Aman Kokar Forest Department Internee 0333-3386031 ……
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Member, Forest Ajab Khan Kakar Committee Forest Owner 0331-8016650 …… Muhammad Imran Member, Forest Kakar Committee Forest Owner 0333-7868199 …… Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Livestock Kakar Department Veterinary Officer 0333-8998997 …… Nawabzada Ismail Landowner and Jogizai Forest Owner Forest Owner 0333-7925966 …… Amanullah Kakar Forest Owner Zhob 0313-8811158 …… Eng. Sanam Zaib C & W Department Forest Owner Khan Balochistan (Stakeholder Ziarat) 0303-2610715 …… Rija Sadiq New Links IT Consultant Forester …… [email protected] Shahbaz Hussain Forest Department Forester 0300-3835523 ……. Hanzallah Khan Forest Department Forester 0301-3238260 …… Zia Khan Quetta Online Journalist 0321-8010741 [email protected] Imran Khan Quetta Online Journalist 0315-2664430 [email protected] Javaria Malik Forest Dept Internee 0333-2096351 [email protected] Shah Zaman Ziarat Forest Owner 0333-20174831 …… Asad Akbar S&GAD D.C. Jhal Magsi 0321-8039001 …… Hassain Balooch Landlord Forest Owner Kahran 0321-2021122 …… Provincial REDD+ Consultation Process FATA- November 8, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Hanifullah Journalist FATA Reporter 0303-8261400 [email protected] Mahjabeen Qazi CTC Sociologist 0300-5371923 [email protected] Irfan Wazir FATA Secretariat Deputy Secretary …………………….. ………………………… Director Livestock Dr. Malik Ayaz Wazir FATA Director 0333-9798328 [email protected]
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Abdul Basir Forest Department Conservator 0313-9104949 …………………………….. Hazrat Ali Forest Department DFO 0341-8886999 ……………………………. Shahid Noor Forest Department DFO 0345-5341640 [email protected] Naveed Ahmed Bajaur Agency Forest owner 0345-9002166 …………………………….. Livestock Dr. Kamran Department Project Officer 0334-9128818 …………………………………. Agriculture Assistant Director, Food Ehtesham Department Cell 0334-9063862 [email protected] …………………………………. Engr. Adnan PHED Department Executive Engineer 0333-3381679 . Irrigation M. Pervez Department Assistant Engineer 0333-9169685 [email protected] Fisheries M. Shafi Marwat Department Director 0348-8838907 [email protected] FATA Social Raina Gul Activist Gender Specialist 0341-9090968 ……………………………… Nasir Ali Khan P & DD Section Officer 0301-844115 ……………………………… Focus Group Discussion with PFI and FMC Official, November 7, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Kifayatullah Baloch Forester SO (T) 0333-7262673 [email protected] M. Arif Forest Department PD/REDD+ /DFO-2 0300-5966732 [email protected] Anwar Ali PFI FMO, PFI 0333-5068176 [email protected] Gohar Ali KP Forest Dept. DFO-Silva Focal person 0333-9227849 [email protected] Additional Secretary, FE M. Masood Forest Department &WD 091-9212220 [email protected] Dr. Qazi Zia ul Rehman Livestock Director livestock KP 0333-9121644 [email protected]
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Niaz Ali Forest Department CF 0300-5888874 [email protected] Iqbal Muhammad WWF Deputy Team Leader 0348-5439014 [email protected] Safdar Ali Shah Wildlife Dept. KP CCWL- KP 0333-5040664 [email protected] Group Discussion, Director BTTP and KP REDD+ Strategy Consultant, November 7, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact no Email Shabir Muhammad Consultant 0345-8181778 [email protected] Alamgir Khan IUCN Environment Specialist 0301-8830744 [email protected] [email protected] Dr. Rao Nadeem HB/CLP Consultant 0333-5574539 m Meeting with Punjab REDD+ Management Committee, 09 November 2017, Lahore Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Shahid Rashid Awan FW, F. Department Additional Secretary Eng. Dr. M. Yaseen Punjab University Assistant Professor 0333-8925891 [email protected] Deputy Team Iqbal Leader Arbonaut-WWF 0348-5439046 [email protected] Dr. Masood Arshad WWF 0300-6245555 [email protected] Livestock M. Tariq Naseem Department Deputy Director 0335-6660024 [email protected] Hiddayatullah Niazi M&M Director 0300-4467523 [email protected] Dr. M. Ajmal ………………. …………….. 042-99201117 [email protected] Ifftikhar ul Hassan Forest Department DFO 0300-5557680 [email protected] M. Abdul Basit ………. ……………. 0322-4473091 ……………….. Firozudin Ahmed Forest Department DFO 0333-4228447 [email protected] Aqeela Mobeen Forest Department Research Officer 0322-6051174 [email protected] Mahjabeen Qazsi CTC Consultant 0300-5871923 [email protected] Qazi Mahmood DPR Research Officer 0341-7122404 [email protected]
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Dr. Waheed Ch HBP Social Expert 0345-8543733 [email protected] REDD+ Community Consultation Meeting, Kallar Kahar, November 10, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Iftikhar ul Hassan Farooqi Forest Dept. Punjab DFO WP 0300-5557680 [email protected] National REDD+ M. Qasim Office NFI Expert 0304-2039395 [email protected] M. Sher Pak Rock Mining Supervisor 0333-4278492 ……………………. International coal Azeem Mohammad mine Manager 0346-5780516 ………………………. Khadim Hussain Intl coal mine Supervisor 0346-5263926 …………………………. Saadat Ali Sons Imran Hussain Salt Mining Manager 0342-5237335 …………………………. Nisar Muhammad Forest Department Forest Guard 0333-5910991 …………………………. Sohail Haider Forest Department Forest Guard 0345-5741342 …………………………. Jahnzeb Sarwar Forest Department Forest Guard 0346-5263857 …………………………. M. Adil Forest Department Forest Guard 0332-5058794 …………………………. M. Aman Ullah Forest Department Forest Guard 0331-5764819 …………………………. Ghulam Jattar Forest Department Forest Guard 0333-5933931 …………………………. M. Faheem Forest Department Forester 0334-5280414 …………………………. Parvez Akhter Forest Department Forester 0332-5901141 …………………………. Sardar Waqas Hussain Gharibwal cement DM Mining 0334-5139737 …………………………. Anees ur Rehman Gharibwal cement A.M Mining 0343-5440456 …………………………. Malik Hasnat Malik Mining Owner 0335-9184737 ………………………….
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M. Tufail Forest Department Forester 0334-5323002 …………………………. M. Asghar Sethi Mining Owner 0347-5709361 …………………………. M. Hamid Sethi Mining Owner 0346-5149725 …………………………. Naz Ahmed Forest Department Patwari 0332-5442189 …………………………. Mukhtar Ahmed Forest Department Forester 0346-7464851 …………………………. Zafar Iqbal Gypsum Mines Owner 0336-0152050 …………………………. Mahajabeen Qazi CTC Consultant 0300-5871923 …………………………. National REDD Dr. Ghulam Akbar Office NRC, MoCC 0345-8228526 [email protected] Consultative Meeting, Technical experts, REDD+, KP, Peshawar (December 29, 2017) Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Dr. Rao Nadeem Alam CLP/HB Social Consultant CLP/HB 0333-5574539 [email protected] Hakim Shah PFI D.G PFI 0332-2404645 [email protected] Anwar Ali PFI GIS Expert Gohar Ali Forest Department REDD+ Expert Salahuddin FE & WD DDP 091-9211477 [email protected] M. Tehmasip Forest Department PD/ BTAP 0343-8923598 [email protected] Iqbal Muhammad WWF Deputy Team Leader 0348-5439014 [email protected] Second Consultative Meeting, Provincial REDD+ Management Committee, Sindh, Karachi Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Sindh Forest Rab Dino Khan Department SDFO 0333-2523344 [email protected] Malik Fazal Khan Farmer and Forest Owner 0303-3706749 [email protected] Waheed Chaudhry CLP/HBP Social Expert 0345-8543733 [email protected] Riaz Ahmed Sindh Forest Conservator Forest 0300-3391663 [email protected]
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Department Sindh Forest Abdul Talha Department CF 0300-3130812 [email protected] Sindh Forest Imtiaz Hussain Department DFO 0333-2955563 [email protected] Sindh Forest Saeed Ahmed Department Director SFD 0333-7270880 [email protected] Sindh Forest Saeen Sheikh Department SDFO 0333-1229753 [email protected] Sindh Forest Arif Ali Department DFO 0336-9281423 [email protected] Sindh Forest Niaz Ali Department DFO 0332-2663056 [email protected] Consultation Meeting with Guzara Advisory Committee Kahuta/Kotli RWP March 24, 2018 Name Organization Designation Contact Email Muhammad Pervaiz DRO Kotli Sattiyan DRO 0300-5051208 …… Guzara Advisory Member and Forest Zafar Iqbal Satti Committee Owner 0345-8557623 …. Guzara Advisory Member and Forest Muhammad Zahoor Committee Owner 0345-5897231 …. Shahzad Mehboob Kahuta R.F.O 0344-5002207 …. Guzara Advisory President and Forest M. Ishtiaq Satti Committee Owner 0316-5020108 …. Guzara Advisory Inayat Ullah Satti Committee Member- and forest owner 0331-9545664 …. Raja Karamat Village Sengri UC Member and Forest Hussain Lehtrar Owner 0333-5188431 …. Guzara Advisory M. Farooq Baig Committee Member and forest owner 0300-5057868 ….
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Raja Mohammad Tariq Consultant CLP Raja M. Bashir Guzara Advisory Member 0300-9745186 …. Individual Interviews with Experts Name Organization Designation Contact Email Pakistan/ Integrated Prof. Dr. Syed Mountain Areas 0321-5029381 05811- Moazzam Nizami Research Center Director/ Chairman 960064 [email protected] Tourism, Culture and Youth Affairs Department Cell: 0312-5253659, [email protected] Safi Ullah Government of GB Deputy Director (Dev) Tel: +925811-920691 m Awami Nursery 0334-9242711, 0332- Iltaf Hussain Farm Owner 9036943 ……. UNDP (United Nations Development Provincial Coordinator Zulfiqar Durrani Programme) UNDP, Sub Office, Quetta [email protected] Gwadar Development Assistant Director 0300-3776620, Tel: [email protected], Abdul Rahim Authority Environment (Bs-18) 0869201010-11 [email protected] South Punjab Forest Company (SPFC), Forestry, Wildlife, Fisheries 0333-7901885, Direct: Tahir Rasheed Department, GoP Chief Executive Officer 92-42-9923-2381 [email protected] Food and Cell: 0300-3199647, Agriculture Tel: 92-81-2864068, Abid Saeed Organization (FAO) Crops Expert 92-81-2854423 [email protected]
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of the United Nations Planning and Development Department Government of 0333-99218278, 021- Nazish M. Khan Sindh Planning Officer 99218278, 992-11190 [email protected] The government of Pakistan, Higher Education Assistant Director 0332-5517305, Ph#: Mushtaq Ali Commission (HEC) (Academics) 92-51-90402128 [email protected] General Order 0300-9135716, 0333- Shaikh Qaisar Supplies Arhati/ Lakar Mandi 6192570 ……. Sindh Personal Secretary to 0323- 2441472, Tel: Syed Irshad A. Governor Sindh Ex-Chief Inspector of 021-99243824, 021- Jilanee Secretary. Mines 99207057 [email protected] The government of Pakistan Global Change Impact Head Climatology & [email protected] Shahbaz Mehmood Studies Centre Environment 0333-5481767 m World Wide Fund North Indian Ocean Umair Shahid for Nature- Pakistan Coordinator-Marine 92-21-3454-4791-2 [email protected] Billion Tree Afforestation [email protected] Shabir Hussain Project Project Director Tel: 091-9221178 om Climate Change Centre, The Deputy Director- 0346-9438306, 9192- Irshad Ali University of Coordination & Outreach 16328 [email protected]
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Agriculture Peshawar- Pakistan [email protected], 0345- 8390676, 92-81- [email protected], Zahid Ahmed Mengal Azat Foundation Executive Director 2471742 [email protected] Director of Prof. Dr. Muhammad Advanced Studies The University of 0333-9116004, Ph [email protected], Jamal Khan & Research, Agriculture Peshawar #:91-9218390 [email protected] 0300-8217457, 0345- Mahmood Akhtar 2004242, Tel: 21- Cheema IUCN Pakistan Country representative 35861540-41-42 [email protected] KAZIMS Advocates Advocate Supreme Court Hasnain Ibrahim & Corporate of Pakistan Managing 0300-8452727, Tel: 51- [email protected] , Kazmi Consultants Partner 2854458-59 [email protected] Tel: 358- 40-530-622, [email protected] Tuomo Kauranne Arbonaut President Off: 358-13-259-1911 m Community 0300-8112499, Ph: 51- Malik Nasir H. Tanoli Resilience Initiative Chef Executive Officer 2202144 [email protected] Sustainability sustainabilityworldwide2016@ Mohammad Rafiq Worldwide Managing Director 0300-244-2105 gmail.com Mohammad Yahya Musakhel WWF Pakistan Coordinator Balochistan 0315-8075700 [email protected] Sustainable Development Policy Head Advocacy and 0300-5113-560, 051- Shafqat Aziz Institute-SDPI Campaigns 2278134 [email protected] Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Quai-i- Ph.D. Sussex, UK [email protected], Dr. Talat Anwar Azam University Professor Ph: 51-9248153 [email protected]
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Campus Alamgir Gandapur IUCN Environmental Specialist 0301-8830744 [email protected] Rizwan Shaukat HEC Deputy Director …. ….. Sayed Khan HEC Deputy Director 0300-5660949 ….. Sajjad Haider Forest Department Ex-Secretary Forest GB 0346-1110475 …. Climate Change Sayed Mujtaba Zaidi Expert 0308-5207987 ….. Frontier Greenwood Industries 0300-8595802, 091- Syed Aftab Hayat Peshawar Managing Director 5812781-3 Directorate of Mines Anwar Ali and Minerals, GB Director Mines & Minerals 0315-5224072 [email protected] District Dr. Kazim Nayaz Management Group Chief Secretary GB Amjad Wirk IUCN Pakistan Programme Coordinator Institutional Development Akhtar Ali AKRSP/GB NRM Specialist/ Manager 0345-5958848 ….. Aga Khan Rural Development Manager Gender & Yasmin Kareem Programe Development AKRSP/GB 0346-5237887 ….. Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Ministry of National Food Security and Member Natural Dr. Munir Ahmed Food Resources 0345-4055200 [email protected] Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Director Range Dr. Sarfraz Ministry of National Management 0333-7951516 [email protected]
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Food Security and Food Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Ministry of National Food Security and Director of Water Dr. Qurban Hussain Food Resources 0337-9222557 [email protected] Head, Agriculture Coordination Global Change Impact Arif Goheer Section Study Centre Research Centre Dr. Ashiq Ayub Faisalabad 0300-7657249 Mushtaq Pharma 0300-0729444, Salman Waris Bhatti Multan General Manager 03087592707 Nawaz Shareef Agriculture Dr. Nabeel Ikram University Multan 0300-7192522 Timber Dealer/ Lakkar Mandi Muhammad Rafique Multan 0306-3940603 National REDD Office, Ministry of Climate Change Muhammad Afrasyab ISB. GIS Expert 051-92949186 …… Muhammad Iqbal WWF Arbonaut Deputy Team Leader 0348-5439046 [email protected] [email protected] Jarno Hamalainen WWF Arbonaut Team Leader …. om National REDD National REDD+ Dr. Ghulam Akbar Office, Ministry of Coordinator 051-9216811 [email protected]
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Climate Change ISB. National REDD Office, Ministry of Inspector General of Climate Change Forests & National Project Syed Mehmood Nasir ISB. Director …. [email protected] GB Forest and Wildlife Conservator of Forests Dr. Zakir Hussain Department Baltistan Circle 0346-9559088 [email protected] Centre of Integrated Mountain Research, Dr. Khalida University of Punjab …. …. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Dr. Faizul Bari Nations 0345-8544116 ….. Hayat Ali Forest Department REDD Focal Point FATA 0303-9292900 [email protected] Iftikhar Farouqi Forest Department DFO Rawalpindi 0300-5557680 [email protected] Ex- REDD Focal Point Kaleem Ullah Forest Department Balochistan 0300-3843137 [email protected] REDD Focal Point Nayaz Khan Kakar Forest Department Balochistan 0333-9401706 Sharaf-Ud-Din Forest Department DFO Zhob 0333-7865081 [email protected] Ministry of Planning and Reform, Climate change and Shahzad Baloch Environment Unit Deputy Chief 0332-6270473 [email protected]
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Ministry of Planning and Reform, Climate change and Usman Butt Environment Unit Assistant Chief 0345-5057656 [email protected] REDD Office Kamran Hussain (Mocc) Ex- NFI Expert 0324-5489054 Meeting with Women Committee, Rajawan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir Name Organization Designation Contact Email Women Organization of Member (and from the village Rajawan household of Forest Sakina Bibi (WOVR) Owner) …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Kalsoom Bibi village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Saleema Bibi village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Shazia Abid village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Farzana village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Organization of Zahida Bibi village Rajawan Member …. …. Women Zeenath Bibi Organization of Member …. ….
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village Rajawan Women Organization of Ambreen Bibi village Rajawan Member …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Rafia village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Gulzar village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Organization of Gulzar Bibi village Rajawan Member …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Ruqya Bibi village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Organization of Shazia Muneer village Rajawan Member …. …. Shabnam (WOVR) Member …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Maria Gilani, village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Organization of Faiza village Rajawan Member …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Reshma village Rajawan Owner) …. ….
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Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Noreen village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Organization of Bibi village Rajawan Member …. …. Women Member (and from the Organization of household of Forest Resham Jan village Rajawan Owner) …. …. Women Organization of Noreen Khawaja village Rajawan Member …. …. Private Sector Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Arshad Iqbal Wood Industry … …. …. Qalandar Khan Wood Industry …. ….. …. Secretary, Pakistan Furniture and Wood Khawaja Ehtisham Wood Industry Association …. ….. Public Sector Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Nisar Ahmed Malik Forest Department, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir Logging Managing Director, ….. …. and Sawmills corporation Irtaza Qureshi Forest Department Deputy Conservator of ….. ….. Forests
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Forest Owners) Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Gul Naib Pattan, Kohistan CO Member ….. ….. Nor Muhammad Pattan, Kohistan CO Member ….. …. Malik Taj Mohammad Pattan, Kohistan CO Member …. ….. Nowsherawan Pattan, Kohistan CO Member ….. …… Gulamullah Pattan, Kohistan CO Member ….. …… Kefayatullah Pattan, Kohistan President CO ….. …… Pakhtoon Pattan, Kohistan CO Member …… ….. Forest Users Gulesadbarg Alpuri, Shangla CO Member ...... Sherzada Alpuri CO Member ...... Mohammad Hanif Alpuri CO Member ...... Sar Zamin Alpuri President CO ...... NaseebZada Alpuri CO Member ...... Mohabbat Khan Alpuri CO Member ...... Seasonal Migrants/Special Groups Mohammad Qayoum Kalam. Swat Livestock Herder/ Gujjar …. ….. Noor Zada Kalam. Swat Livestock Herder/ Gujjar ….. ….. Mohammad Nawaz Kalam. Swat Livestock Herder/ Gujjar …… ….. Mohammad Rehman Kalam. Swat Timber Trader ….. …… Rashid Ali Kalam. Swat Gujjar ….. ….. School Teacher, Forest Mohammad Azeem Kalam. Swat ….. …… Owner Khan Zeb Kalam. Swat Livestock Herder/ Gujjar ….. …..
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Member, Local Forest Aftab Ahmed Khan Kalam. Swat ….. ….. Committee Amjad Ali Kalam. Swat Community member ….. ….. Munawar Islam Kalam. Swat Firewood seller ….. …. Livestock herder Fazal Ameen Kalam. Swat …. …..
Women Group Jehan Bakhta Bibi Miadam, Swat ….. …. Swat Khaist Bibi Miadam, Swat ….. ….. ….. Shaila Bibi Miadam. Swat …… ….. ….. Nusrat Bibi Miadam, Swat ….. …. ….. Meraj Bibi Miadam, Swat …… ….. ….. Bibi Miadam, Swat ….. ….. ….. FATA Women Group Robina W/0 Ahmad Bajaur Agency ….. …… ….. shah Grana Bibi w/o Fazal Bajaur Agency ….. …… ….. Rabi Dilapsan w/o Bajaur Agency ….. ……. …… Rafiullah Malta Bibi w/o Taj Bajaur Agency ...... ……. Muhammad Miraja Bibi w/o Bajaur Agency ….. …… …… Musafar Zulfania w/o Abdur Bajaur Agency ….. …… …… Rauf Nehara w/o Kachkool Bajaur Agency …… …… ……
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Bano w/o Jan Bajaur Agency …… …… ….. Muhammad Niyaza Bibi w/o Bajaur Agency …… …… ….. Ahmad Zakia Bibi w/o Siraj Bajaur Agency …… …… ….. Public Sector Forest Department Hayat Khan DFO ….. …… (Bajaur Agency) List of Stakeholder Punjab Academia Bushra Khan University of Professor, Department of 0345 9778838 [email protected] Peshawar Environmental Sciences Asad Ullah Agriculture Assistant Professor, 0300 5824733 University, REDD+ Expert Peshawar Dr. Khalida University of Punjab Chairperson, Integrated 03334613678 Mountain Areas Research Centre Dr. Neelofer Sardar Bahadur Assistant Professor, 03345598273 Khan University for Women, Balochistan Dr. Muhammad Irfan Arid Agriculture Assistant Professor, 03336741315 [email protected] Ashraf, University (Forestry and Range Management) Anwar Ali Pakistan Forest Lecturer, GIS Expert 0333 5068176 Institute Raja Zareef Pakistan Forest Ex-Principal, PFI 0333-9214060 [email protected]
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Institute Pak Council Kalsoom Panizai Research in Water M. Phil. Student …. ….. Resource Pak Council Zi Wiqar Research in Water Deputy Director ….. ….. Resource Baluchistan Sonia Student of psychology ….. ….. University Baluchistan Student of Media and Saima ….. ….. University Journalism Baluchistan Student of Media and Javeria ….. ….. University Journalism Prof. Dr. Rehana Do Chairperson Zoology dept …. ….. Iqbal Dr. Mohammad Punjab University Professor/Department for 3338975891 [email protected] Yaseen Integrated Mountain Management Private Sector Organization/ Name Designation Contact No Email Company Zafar Iqbal Lessee of gypsum … …… ….. Hasnat Lessee of gypsum …. ….. ….. Muneef Urehman Assistant manager mining ….. ….. Gharibwal Cement, Anees Urehman Deputy manager …. …. ….. mining Waqar Hussain Gharibwal Cement …. ….. ….
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factory Pervez Akhter Forest Department Forest Guard …. …. Ghulam Jaffar Forest Department Forest Guard …. ….. Iftikhar Ul Hassan Forest Department DFO …. …. Farouqi (RWP) Islam ud Din Mohammad Fahim Kalar Kahar Forest user ….. ….. List of Stakeholders Sindh Organization/ Name Designation Contact No Email Place Forest Owner of 100 Mohammad Saeed Lessee (Thatta) acres of block plantation ….. ….. as Lessee Forest Owner of 100 Malik Fateh Lessee (Badin) acres of block plantation ….. ….. as Lessee CSO Shakeel Ahmed CBO/United Forest Owner and 03153316881 ….. Community Executive Governing Body Development and and founder member Welfare Organization (KT Bandar,) Wilderness Tourism Akhter Hussain Development President 3072392353 ……. Somoo Foundation (KT Bandar) Suleman Abro SAFWCO Director 3003012303 ……
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(Hyderabad) Fishermen Rural Shazeeb Usman and Development [email protected] Volunteer members 3202020670 Mohammad Yaqoob Organization (Redi Goth, Karachi) Fishers Association for community Anawar Khaskheli Empowerment President …… …… FACE (CBO) (Port Qasim) Public Sector Agriculture Extension M. Aslam Sheikh Agriculture officer …… ….. Department (Karachi) Mines and Mineral Syed Irshad A Development Sindh Chief Inspector of Mines 3232441472 [email protected] Jilanee (Karachi) Forest Department, Sain Buskh SDFO …. ….. Tharparkar Arif Khokhar Forest Department DFO …. …. Sindh Forest Mohammad Arif Department, Circle Conservator …. ….. Domki Hyderabad Academia Institute/Organizat Name Designation Contact Number Email ions Public Sector
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Naseerullah Forest Department DFO ….. ….. Latif Changezi Forest Department DFO …… ….. CSOs Organization/ Name Designation Contact No Email Institute Mohammad Hashim Rahbar Society CEO 3331387723 [email protected] Project Manager (NRM+ Qahir Ali Agha BRSP ….. ….. WASH) youthhopeorganization86@gm Ajab Khan Kakar President Youth Organization 3318016650 ail.com IT Experts working on FMIS Syed Rehman Next link …. …. for forest department Yehya Mosa Khan WWF Provincial Head ….. …. Project Staff/agriculture Hayat Ullah WWF ….. …. extension worker IT Experts working on FMIS Naveed Ali Next link ….. ….. for forest department Anzala Khan Forest Department …… ….. Heart and Rural Sana Baloch Regional Coordinator ….. ….. Development Working on Environment Sania SPEAK /Qilla Saif Ullah / ….. ….. Community Officer Gul SPEAK Community officer ….. ….. Mansora Khalid Forest Dept. ….. …… ….. Hanifa Rahim SPEAK Community officer ……. …..
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Rizwan Khan WWF …... ….
Consultation with Journalists and Media Representatives Media Group / Name Email Address Contact No Affiliation Qasim Shah General Reporter [email protected] 0312-9560019 Shabir Mir Express Tribune [email protected] 0345-5558454 Nadeem Khan Bol Tv [email protected] 0345-6799377 Khalid Hussain Dunya Tv [email protected] 0311-1565557 Ghulam Ghous Radio Mashal 0915253153 President Haripur Yasir Ameen Abbasi 0346-5618448 Press Club Ali Shan Aaj TV [email protected] 0323-4460079 Afzal Gujjar Kay2 0344-9005523 Jamil Khan Neo Tv [email protected] 0314-9039474 Rafiq ARY News [email protected] 0333-7787273 Watan yar Khilji Daily News, Waqt TV 0300-3885878 Faiz Paracha 92 TV, GEO [email protected] 0300-5555735 Asfar Chaudhary [email protected] 0333-5100968 Zahid Gishkori Geo Tv, The NEWS [email protected] 0333-3341181 Nasir Malik PTV [email protected] 0307-5555855 Mian Shahid 92 News 0333-1920070 Mohammad Riaz Dawn 0333-9128555 Riaz Jazib Daily Jang 0335-6388381 Tanveer Ahmad PTV News [email protected] 0346-8488125
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Meraj Malik The Nation [email protected] 0346-8488125 Associate Press Ahsan khan [email protected] 0300-5261843 Services Consultation with Forest Owners Gilgit Baltistan Rama Village, Astore Abdul Aziz Lone Retired (Eid-Gah resident) Rama Astore Raja Wali Farmer Rama Astore Zameen Khan Govt Employee Rama Astore Muhammad Sharif Farmer Rama Astore Behram Khan Govt Contractor Rama Astore Sadiq umer Shopkeeper Rama Astore Muhammad Ramazan Medicinal Plants business Rama Astore Sardar Ahmed Government employee Rama Astore Samad Khan Government employee Rama Astore Naik Alam Farmer Rama Astore Sabir Hussain Shopkeeper Rama Astore Deedar shah Agriculture Rama Astore Muhammad Tariq Former District Chairman Rama Astore Qari Riyaz Alam Gilgit City Social Worker and Forest Owner
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Shaban Ali Darel Tangir, Diamer Forest Owner Sher Azam Chilas Forest Owner Saleem Ullah Rama, Astore Forest Owner Ishfaque Ahmed Jaglot, Sai
Jaglot Sai, Gilgit Baltistan Rahmat Gull Chairman Forest conservation committee (FCC) Jaglot Sai Mifta ud din General Secretary FCC (Forest Owner) Shamsheer khan Member Zaitoo committee (FCC) (Forest Owner) Farman Member Zaitoo committee (FCC) (Forest Owner) Sir Syed Ahmed Member Zaitoo committee (FCC) (Forest Owner) Muhammad Alam Member Zaitoo committee (FCC) (Forest Owner) Saran zeb Member Zaitoo committee (FCC) (Forest Owner)
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Ghulab Shah Member supreme council (FCC) (Forest Owner) Balochistan Malik Atta Ullah Pishin, Landlord and Forest Owner 0333-7963316 Sherani District, Shingar Chilgoza Jhangir Shah Forest Owner 0340-2158015 Mir Wais Khan Ziarat District Chairman, Forest Owner 0333-7841606 Jan Muhammad Community Member, Forest Owner 0333-7864787 Member, Forest Committee, Forest Ajab Khan Kakar Owner 0331-8016650 Member, Forest Committee, Forest Muhammad Imran Kakar Owner 0333-7868199 Landowner and Forest Owner, Forest Nawabzada Ismail Jogizai Owner 0333-7925966 Amanullah Kakar Forest Owner, Zhob 0313-8811158 C & W Department Balochistan, Forest Eng. Sanam Zaib Khan Owner (Stakeholder Ziarat) 0303-2610715 Shah Zaman Ziarat, Forest Owner 0333-20174831 Hassain Balooch Landlord, Forest Owner Kharan 0321-2021122
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Mulik Atla Ullah bugalzal Farmer and landowner, Noshki
Kili Walakaram Zhob, Balochistan Province Sabir Forester Muhammad Safiq Meson Zaiullaq Agriculturist Taseer Muhammad Former Dawood Shah Vendor Safat Khan Surveyor Dalwar Khan Student Amir Zaman Student
Ziarat Forest Division Ziarat,Balochistan Province Sarwar Khan Chairman Union Council, Ziarat Abdul Ghaffar Councilor, Union Council, Ziarat Mohammad Hashim Social Activist Mohammad Hashim Counselor Mohammad Nasir Dilbar Khan
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Nawaz Khan Moosa Kaleem Mohammad Akbar Abdul Wudood Malik Abdul Manan Essa Khan
Sibi, Balochistan Province Muhammad Akbar Landlord Jame Khan Habib Khan Landlord Muhammad Javed Farmworker (Hari) Abdul Malik Farmworker (Hari) Muhammad Saleem
Quetta Urak Valley, Balochistan Province Muhammad Tariq Farmer Murad Khan Employer Hayatullah Employer
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Sadamullah Farmer Israr Ahmed Karak Trader
Punjab Zafar Iqbal Gypsum Mines, Owner of land 0336-0152050 M. Asghar Sethi Mining, Owner of land 0347-5709361 M. Hamid Sethi Mining, Owner 0346-5149725 Malik Hasnat Malik Mining, Owner 0335-9184737 Guzara Advisory Committee, Member Zafar Iqbal Satti and Forest Owner 0345-8557623 Guzara Advisory Committee, Member Muhammad Zahoor and Forest Owner 0345-5897231 Guzara Advisory Committee, President M. Ishtiaq Satti and Forest Owner 0316-5020108 Guzara Advisory Committee, Member- Inayat Ullah Satti and forest owner 0331-9545664 Village Sengri UC Lehtrar, Member and Raja Karamat Hussain Forest Owner 0333-5188431 M. Farooq Baig Guzara Advisory Committee, Member 0300-5057868
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and forest owner Raja M. Bashir Guzara Advisory, Member 0300-9745186 Minhala Chua Saidan Shah, District Chakwal,Punjab Province Muhammad Villayat Retired from Pak. Army and forest Owner Gulzar Ahmad Retired from Pak. Rangers and forest Owner Muhammad Imran Cattle Rearing and Forest Owner Muhammad Bilal Cattle Rearing and Forest Owner Muhammad Islam Retired from Pak. Army and Forest Owner Muhammad Rasib Retired from Pak. Army and Forest Owner Allah Ditta Retired from Pak. Army and Forest Owner Soobe daar Muhammad Hanif Retired from Pak. Army and Forest Owner Muhammad Khaliq Farmer and Forest Owner Faisal Shehzad Farmer and Forest Owner
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Irfan Haider Cattle Rearing and Forest Owner Muhammad Ajaeb Farmer and Forest Owner Adeela Islam Household, working women and Member of Forest owner Household Hashmat Bibi Housewife and Member of Forest owner Household Umme Habiba Housewife and Member of Forest owner Household Shafea Bibi Housewife and Member of Forest owner Household Nasira Begum Housewife and Member of Forest owner Household Kainat Housewife and Member of Forest owner Household Ameena Housewife and Member of Forest owner Household
Rakh Patti Mir Mirani D. G. Khan, Punjab Province Asraf Cattle rearing and forest Owner
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Amir Laborer Bukhsh Cattle rearing, Farming, Forest Owner Sabir Husain Cattle rearing, Farming, Forest Owner Bashir Ahmad Cattle rearing, Farming, Forest Owner Mujahid Husain Cattle rearing, Farming, Forest Owner Muhammad Asghar Guard, Forest Owner Shazia Household lady, Member of household owning forest Azra Household lady, Member of household owning forest Perveen Household lady, Member of household owning forest Zareena Household lady, Member of household owning forest Perveen Household lady Nazir Bibi Household lady, Member of household owning forest Hanesar, Kasenar, Narar Kahuta, Punjab Province Muhammad Iqbal Employed in KRL and Forest Owner
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Haji Farooq Retired from Army Muhammad Khalil Retired from Army Manzoor Husain Retired from Army Muhammad Raziq Farmer Sameen Khan Farmer Ghulam Mustafa Farmer Naveed Khalid Farmer Waqas ur Rehman Employed in Bank Shazia Household Lady Nisar Bibi Household Lady Nasreen Household Lady Robina Household Lady Tazeem Household Lady Patriata Murree, Punjab Province Gul Hameed Satti Teacher and forest owner Muhammad Shahid Driver and forest owner Muhammad Kabeer Shopkeeper and Forest owner Anjum Waheed Student Muhammad Manzoor Army Retired Hawaldar and forest
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owner Muhammad Imran Driver and forest owner
Sindh 0303-3706749 Malik Fazal Khan Farmer and Forest Owner [email protected] Forest Owner of 100 acres of block Mohammad Saeed Lessee (Thatta) plantation as Lessee Forest Owner of 100 acres of block Malik Fateh Lessee (Badin) plantation as Lessee Kaiti Bandar,Thatta, Sindh Province Faizal Hussain Fisherman Shakeel Memon United Community NGO Bachayo Master Tailor Abdul Waihd Union Council Chairman Abdul Aziz Social worker Shaeen Jatoi Sukkur, Sindh Province Munir Ahmed Forester Muhammad Hanif Farmer
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Mir Ahmed Shaper Raiz ullah Forest guard Muhammad Yaqoob Farmer Naser Ahmed Shaper Zakria Farmer Muhammad Ramzan Farmer Shaban Farmer Shawal Farmer
Azad Jammu and Kashmir Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Sakina Bibi Rajawan (WOVR) Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Kalsoom Bibi Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Saleema Bibi Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Shazia Abid Rajawan Forest Owner) Farzana Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of
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Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Zahida Bibi Rajawan Member Women Organization of village Zeenath Bibi Rajawan Member Women Organization of village Ambreen Bibi Rajawan Member Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Rafia Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Gulzar Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Gulzar Bibi Rajawan Member Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Ruqya Bibi Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Shazia Muneer Rajawan Member Shabnam (WOVR) Member Maria Gilani, Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of
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Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Faiza Rajawan Member Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Reshma Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Noreen Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Bibi Rajawan Member Women Organization of village Member (and from the household of Resham Jan Rajawan Forest Owner) Women Organization of village Noreen Khawaja Rajawan Member Pothi Bala, Mujahidabad Rawalakot,Azad Jammu and Kashmir Khizar Hayat Shopkeeper (General Store) Muhammad Ishtiaq Running a hotel Fiyaz Sabir Hardware business Mufeed Husain Runs a medical store Muhammad Arshad LPG sale point
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Muhammad Irshad Medical store Muhammad Ishfaq Gas cylinder shop Muhammad Ashraf Runs a general store Mahtab Khan Retired Kabir Ahmad Veterinary supervisor Muhammad Azmat Runs cosmetics business Kashif Razzaq Works in the health department as a medical technician Sumaira Imran Household lady Anusha Shezan University student Arooj Household lady Yasmin saeed Household lady Fehmida Wahid Household lady
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Gul Naib Pattan, Kohistan CO Member Nor Muhammad Pattan, Kohistan CO Member Malik Taj Mohammad Pattan, Kohistan CO Member Nowsherawan Pattan, Kohistan CO Member
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Gulamullah Pattan, Kohistan CO Member Kefayatullah Pattan, Kohistan President CO Pakhtoon Pattan, Kohistan CO Member Aftab Ahmed Khan Kalam. Swat Member, Local Forest Committee Amjad Ali Kalam. Swat Community member Gulesadbarg Alpuri, Shangla CO Member Sherzada Alpuri CO Member Mohammad Hanif Alpuri CO Member Sar Zamin Alpuri President CO NaseebZada Alpuri CO Member Mohabbat Khan Alpuri CO Member Mohammad Azeem Kalam. Swat School Teacher, Forest Owner Aftab Ahmed Khan Kalam. Swat Member, Local Forest Committee Jabbori, Battal, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Bilal Khan (VDC President) Farmer Tahir Nadeem Farmer Bilawal Khan Business Junaid Khan Student Allah Nawaz Khan Farmer
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Fayyaz Khan Farmer Nadeem Khan Farmer Rustam Khan Farmer Iltaf Khan Farmer Shinkiyari, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Omar Farooq Agriculture/VDC President Cattle
Ranching and forest owner Rozi Khan Agriculture Mufti Khan Agriculture/Sect. VDC Mashood ur Rehman VDC President/Transporter Muhammad Naseem Forester Muhammad Wakeel Sect. VDC/Agriculture Nazeer Ahmad Community Watcher Rana Hameed Forest Guard Muhammad Waheed Shopkeeper Muhammad Naeem Khan Agriculture Muhammad Sadiq Forest Guard Javed Iqbal Sect. VDC Bajne/Press Reporter Sadaqat Hussain General Councilor
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Tahir Ayub Block Officer/Forest Department Fahad Ali CDO Siran Muhammad Shabir Khan Transporter Miandam Fateh Pur Range, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Muhammadi Mulk Politician Sujat Hussain Govt employ and farming Fazal Rahim Shopkeeper/business Khurshid Iqbal Business and farmer Khaista Muhammad Farmer Javed Iqbal Govt employ and farming Pattan, Kohistan, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Duraj Khan Politician (Ex. Tehsil Nazim)/
Contractor M. Nazir Timber Contractor Usman Farmer Jan Muhammad Timber Contractor Abdul Gani Forest Guard Ali Hadir Government Employee Biradar Khan Forester
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Khurshid Farmer/ Driver
FATA Robina W/0 Ahmad shah Bajaur Agency Grana Bibi w/o Fazal Rabi Bajaur Agency Dilapsan w/o Rafiullah Bajaur Agency Malta Bibi w/o Taj Muhammad Bajaur Agency Miraja Bibi w/o Musafar Bajaur Agency Zulfania w/o Abdur Rauf Bajaur Agency Nehara w/o Kachkool Bajaur Agency Bano w/o Jan Muhammad Bajaur Agency Niyaza Bibi w/o Ahmad Bajaur Agency Zakia Bibi w/o Siraj Bajaur Agency Khyber Agency, FATA
Noor Dad Khan Construction contractor/forest landowner Iqbal Govt Employee/ Forest landowner Abd ur Rehman Govt Employee/ Forest landowner Abd us Samad Govt Employee/ Forest landowner Khan Azam Contractor/ Forest landowner
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Tariq Jouhar Contractor/ Forest landowner Musharaf Khan Contractor/ Forest landowner
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Annex 3 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Marginal Abatement Cost Curves
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3. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST CURVES A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was conducted for three baseline situations representing the most typical business-as-usual land uses in Pakistan, and for three Strategy options for which it was possible to obtain data. The baseline situations that were considered for the CBA are • baseline situation 1: a livestock model with goat rearing, • baseline situation 2: an agriculture model with wheat cultivation, and • baseline situation 3: abandoned land that has been previously under cultivation.
The three Strategy options that were considered for the CBA are
• Strategy option 1: reforestation, • Strategy option 5: sustainable silvopastoral practices, and • Strategy option 6: agroforestry models.
The cost-benefit analysis was conducted by calculating one-hectare models for the baseline situations and Strategy options. The benefit of one-hectare models is that the analysis commeasures the options, while still allowing the scaling up of the models as considered necessary. The CBA included the following general assumptions: • a calculation period of 15 years; • a financial discount rate of 10%, based on the technical proposal; • a social discount rate (SDR) of 7.47%, calculated considering methodology developed by Valentim and Prado (2008)57. The SDR’s country-specific parameters were updated by applying the World Bank estimate for Pakistan’s population growth rate between the years 2018 and 2050 and the household expenditure consumption trend of the previous five years; • the social cost of carbon of 40 USD/tCO2e, as estimated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for 2018, with a discount rate of 3%; • the calculations are in real terms, without taxes; and • in the case of monetary assumptions based on historical figures, the wholesale price index (WPI) provided by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics was used to convert those items into current monetary value.
The financial analysis was expanded to become an economic analysis by including social benefits arising from carbon sequestration impacts and by applying the SDR to the net present value (NPV) calculation. Instead of social benefits, social costs were considered to occur if the baseline situation or Strategy option in question increases carbon emissions. In addition, financial and economic cost-benefit ratios were calculated for each model.
57 Valentim J., Prado J.M. Social discount rates. Tech. rept. SSRN.com. 2008 http://ssrn.com/abstract=1113323
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The carbon sequestration (or emission) calculations considered the additional biomass generated from implementing the given Strategy option or baseline situation. For example, in the case of reforestation (Strategy option 1), the additional biomass produced were the trees, branches, foliage, and roots; or in the case of goats (baseline situation 1), the added carbon dioxide emissions produced from the activity. The detailed annual cash flow models of the quantified Strategy options and the considered baseline situations are shown towards the end of this section.
3.1 Baselines
3.1.1 Baseline 1 – Livestock (goat fattening) The baseline 1 situation includes livestock. A representative livestock model with goat fattening was chosen. Typical livestock management in Pakistan involves free grazing of goats in a large area. The model assumptions were compiled from multiple national sources. The model was constructed based on information for goat grazing in Punjab Province, including 132 goats on approximately 200 hectares, equalling 0.7 goats per hectare. Consequently, the costs and revenues were then scaled down to a one-hectare basis to be comparable with other one-hectare models in the CBA. The goat model is comprised of the following cost structure 1) purchasing costs for the goats, vaccinations and other disease control; 2) infrastructure costs, including, e.g., for a washroom, sheds, water tanks, etc.; 3) transportation costs for the goats; 4) farm accessories costs; 5) tool costs; 6) water borehole costs; and 7) pump costs. Acquiring the goats is the most expensive item, and one goat is assumed to cost PKR 6,750, i.e., USD 61. The model generates revenue from sales of goats for meat. One goat is assumed to be sold for meat for PKR 15,000, i.e., USD 136. Based on an FAO58 Global Life Cycle Assessment, a typical slaughter yield from a goat in South Asia (including Pakistan) is 25 kg, and the average emission intensity in goat meat production is 23.5 kg CO2e/kg of product. These assumptions were used to derive the annual CO2e arising from goat fattening. The financial profitability of the goat model is good, with a cost-benefit ratio of 1.90. The net present value of the livestock model is low; only USD 325 per hectare. However, the low NPV is due to the scaling down to one hectare, and in practice, the model would extend to a larger area, consequently resulting in a higher NPV. The economic profitability of the model is poor due to the social costs caused by the CO2e emissions. The goats are estimated to produce annual emissions of 0.4 tCO2e/ha. For example, considering the underlying scenario of 132 goats on 200 hectares, the total annual emissions would be 80 tCO2e/ha. By introducing the social discount rate and social costs, the economic cost-benefit ratio and economic NPV decrease in comparison to financial profitability indicators to 1.43 and USD 239 per hectare, respectively.
58 Opio C., Gerber P., Mottet A., Falcucci A., Tempio G., MacLeod M., Vellinga T., Henderson B., Steinfeld H. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ruminant Supply Chains—A Global Life Cycle Assessment. FAO, Rome. 2013.
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3.1.2 Baseline 2 – Agriculture (wheat) The baseline 2 situation considers the typical agricultural land use of cultivating wheat in Pakistan. The model yield and price assumptions were obtained from Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, Bureau of Statistics, Islamabad. The underlying assumptions of the model include a wheat yield of 2.83 tonnes per hectare. It was assumed that wheat price is PKR 31,151 per tonne, i.e., USD 283 per tonne. Costs of production include land preparation, irrigation, harvesting and threshing under average conditions in Punjab. The cost assumptions were obtained from the Directorate of Agriculture (Economics and Marketing) in Punjab, Lahore. The costs total PKR 80, 281 per hectare, i.e., USD 730 per hectare. Financial profitability of the wheat model is modest, with a cost-benefit ratio of only 1.10 and an NPV of USD 545 per hectare. The economic profitability of wheat production is higher than the financial profitability, with an economic cost-benefit ratio of 1.85 and an NPV of USD 5 499 per hectare. Wheat growth is estimated to contribute to mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide at an annual rate of 14 tCO2e/ha.
3.1.3 Baseline 3 – Abandoned Land The baseline 3 situation considers that land previously under cultivation has been abandoned after it became unproductive. Consequently, this model does not include any financial values. The model does include the estimated carbon sequestration of such land and the consequent social value. The assumed carbon sequestration of abandoned land is estimated at 3 tCO2e/ha., based on a study that included an analysis of abandoned land carbon stock and sequestration in conditions considered comparable to those in Pakistan59. Based on the carbon sequestration and its social cost of carbon, the consequent discounted economic NPV is USD 908 per hectare.
3.2 Strategy Options
3.2.1 Strategy Option 1 – Restoration, Reforestation and Afforestation A cost-benefit analysis was conducted for this Strategy option by considering a typical reforestation activity in Pakistan to produce fuelwood for domestic consumption. In such case, the reforestation would be carried out by using a relatively fast-growing species suitable for the local conditions, such as Dalbergia sissoo.
This Strategy option is applicable to areas where the baseline land use is either agriculture, abandoned land, or livestock. In the preliminary scoping findings, Strategy option 1 was considered suitable for implementation in all four provinces of Pakistan. In locations with a high altitude and cold climate, coniferous species would be more suitable; however, using coniferous species, the estimated wood volume yields would be lower and consequently the profitability.
59 Takimoto A., Nair P.K.R., Nair V.D. Carbon stock and sequestration potential of traditional and improved agroforestry systems in the West African Sahel. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 125, 159-166. 2008.
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The costs of Strategy option 1 include typical reforestation costs60, such as material costs, including tree seedlings; and labor costs, including planting, forest maintenance (for example weeding), protection, supervision, and harvesting. The source of revenue is sales of fuelwood at the end of a six-year rotation. The estimated fuelwood yield61 is 97 m3/ha, and the price62 of fuelwood is PKR 9,450 per m3, i.e., USD 86 per m3. The model results in a positive net present value of USD 2,326 per hectare, and a financial cost-benefit ratio of 1.49. The payback period of the financial model is the same as the rotation length of the forest, i.e., six years. The financial profitability of the Strategy option is better than in baseline situation 2 but worse than in baseline situation 1. Baseline 1 with goat fattening shows good profitability, but the model requires an extensive area. Furthermore, reforestation will contribute to mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon in the planted trees. Because of limitations in data availability concerning the carbon sequestration of short rotation tree species in Pakistan, a carbon sequestration model of Gmelina arborea in India with the same rotation length and similar yield as would be expected in Pakistan was used in the carbon sequestration modeling63. Applying the forest growth model, the total carbon dioxide was calculated to increase to 115 tCO2e/ha. by the sixth year. From an economic point of view, the cost-benefit ratio of Strategy option 1 is better than in baseline situations 1, 2 and 3. Despite the relatively high financial returns of the baseline 1 situation, the economic cost-benefit ratio is more than twice as high for Strategy option 1. The net present value of Strategy option 1 is almost sevenfold that of its financial NPV, underlining the significance of the social benefits from carbon sequestration.
Table 11 Comparison of Strategy Option 1 with Baseline Situations 1- 3 Parameter SO #1 Baseline 1 Baseline 2 Baseline 3 Financial NPV, USD/ha. 2,326 325 545 - Financial C/B 1.49 1.90 1.10 - Economic NPV, USD/ha 15,991 239 5,499 908 Economic C/B 3.94 1.43 1.85 -
Considering a shift from baseline situation 1 to Strategy option 1, i.e., from goat fattening to reforestation, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 38 metric tons of CO2e per hectare. However, shifting from baseline situation 2 to Strategy option 1, i.e., from wheat production to reforestation, the average annual
60 PC-1 Scheme (2016) for Changa Manga Plantation, Kasoor Forest Division, Punjab Forest Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore. 61 Sheikh M.I. and Amjad M. Prospects of Wood Energy in Pakistan, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 1982. 62 State of Forestry in Pakistan. 2016. N.B. The prices were also verified through personal communication. 63 Swamy S.L., Puri S., Singh A.K. Growth, biomass, carbon storage and nutrient distribution in Gmelina arborea Roxb. stands on red lateritic soils in central India. Bioresource technology 90 (2), 109-126, 2003.
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carbon abatement benefit would be 24 metric tons of CO2e per hectare. Shifting from baseline situation 3 to Strategy option 1, i.e., from abandoned land to reforestation, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 35 metric tons of CO2e per hectare.
3.2.2 Strategy Option 2 – Sustainable Forest Management Strategy option 2 has a two-pronged objective: to introduce sustainable forest management practices as well as to lead to more extensive forest conservation. The baseline situation is unsustainable timber and fuelwood extraction. The Strategy option for sustainable forest management includes the following components: • capacity building; • management plan; • machinery acquisition; and • implementation of sustainable forest management practices, including o harvesting practices; o processing practices; and o forest regeneration practices.
Capacity building is considered the key component in this model. It aims to improve technical expertise, particularly in designing management plans and to introduce better practices in forest management. Costs are expected from capacity building, i.e., from training, workshops, and other sources of information dissemination. Developing a forest management plan will require significant labor and information inputs, as well as systems for maintaining management plans. Management plans should be done on different levels (provincial and local), and in coordination with land-use plans, based on the location-specific operational requirements. All of the above will affect the related costs of this component. The areas identified as suitable for timber extraction in the laying out of forest management plans may benefit from the introduction of new machinery, which would allow for more efficient and modern harvesting techniques with less collateral damage in the harvesting processes. Acquisition of machinery imposes high costs, and the machinery requirements must be carefully planned in conjunction with forest management planning. Sustainable forest management practices also encourage forest regeneration, which increases financial costs. The financial benefits from sustainable forest management typically come from increased timber yields in the long run, even if the short-term wood extraction decreases. The economic benefits arise from the increased forest cover and consequent carbon sequestration.
3.2.3 Strategy Option 3 – Payment for Ecosystem Services Strategy option 3 involves a payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme to compensate forest owners or users to protect, maintain or improve the ecosystem services forests provide. This model is designed to be implemented in forested areas
~ 185 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework to protect existing forests, to improve the quality of degraded forests, and to prevent further forest degradation and deforestation. Establishment of a PES scheme requires a thorough valuation of the relevant natural capital. The costs of establishing PES include inter alia inventories of natural resources, identification of dynamic links between those resources, and identification of related benefits and costs of sustaining such ecosystems. The above assessment would define the level of compensation for ecosystem services, which could then be employed in designing a subsidy system to be used to pay forest owners or users to conserve their forests. Commonly, PES schemes can be valued from an economic perspective, but due to non-existent markets for natural values, these schemes are currently not valued financially. In China and the United States, PES programmes have been implemented to promote conservation of ecosystems by paying incentives to farmers to lease their lands considered environmentally sensitive to environmental conservation organizations.
3.2.4 Strategy Option 4 – Efficient Alternative Energy Sources Strategy option 4 promotes the introduction of alternative energy sources to replace fuelwood in domestic consumption. The costs related to the model are the installation costs of such alternative energy sources, improvements in the energy grid in cases of small grid systems, and the maintenance of those energy sources and grid systems. In addition, costs are imposed through the capacity building required to introduce such new technologies. The model includes financial benefits in terms of revenue from electricity and energy sales. The model also features socio-economic benefits, by reducing dependence on fuelwood and consequently reducing deforestation and forest degradation.
3.2.5 Strategy Option 5 – Silvopastoral Sustainable Practices A cost-benefit analysis was conducted for this Strategy option, including reforestation combined with goat fattening. The model includes assumptions that goats will graze in the forest understory and that fences are used to protect the trees as well as to control the grazing. Additionally, the goats are fed to increase their growth rate and to reduce the dependency on free grazing. The controlling of the grazing with fences is important in that it allows grasses to regenerate and it switches from traditional methods of land extensive free grazing to the use of permanent grazing locations. The three baseline situations considered were livestock, wheat cultivation and abandoned land (see Sections 3.1.1, 3.1.2, and 3.1.3). The model also includes capacity building to introduce silvopastoral techniques and to take into account the local conditions in different provinces and areas. The forest density was calculated to be 30% less in the silvopastoral model in comparison to reforestation model, based on a study of a silvopastoral system in India64. The costs of the model included the forest establishment and maintenance costs similar to those in the reforestation model. The costs were scaled down to match the lower
64 Kaur B., Gupta S.R., Singh G. Carbon storage and nitrogen cycling in silvopastoral systems on a sodic soil in northwestern India. Agroforestry Systems, v.54, p.21-29. 2002.
~ 186 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework planting density. The model includes all costs associated with the goats, like those in baseline situation 1, modified by assuming that the number of goats per hectare can be doubled due to additional feeding and through controlling of the grazing with fences. The additional cost of feeding is USD 55 per goat and the cost of fencing USD 322 per hectare. It was assumed that the fencing would require annual maintenance costing 10% of the initial fencing cost. The silvopastoral model results in a financial net present value (NPV) of USD 3,321 per hectare, and a cost-benefit ratio of 2.05, indicating high financial profitability. In this model, the trees will contribute to carbon sequestration, whereas the goats will produce CO2e emissions. The economic profitability of the model is also high, with an economic NPV of USD 11,091 per hectare and cost-benefit ratio of 3.84. Strategy option 5 is more profitable across-the-board than the compared baseline situations. The model has the potential to increase the livelihoods of farmers implementing it and to diversify their production of goods.
Table 12 Comparison of Strategy Option 5 with Baseline Situations 1- 3 Parameter SO #5 Baseline 1 Baseline 2 Baseline 3 Financial NPV, USD/ha. 3,321 325 545 - Financial C/B 2.05 1.90 1.10 - Economic NPV, USD/ha. 11,091 239 5,499 908 Economic C/B 3.84 1.43 1.85 -
Considering a shift from baseline situation 1 to Strategy option 5, i.e., from goat fattening to silvopasturing, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 21 metric tons of CO2e per hectare. However, in shifting from baseline situation 2 to Strategy option 5, i.e., from wheat production to silvopasturing, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 7 metric tons of CO2e per hectare. Shifting from baseline situation 3 to Strategy option 5, i.e., from abandoned land to silvopasturing, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 18 metric tons of CO2e per hectare.
3.2.6 Strategy Option 6 – Agroforestry A cost-benefit analysis was conducted for this Strategy option, considering short rotation tree species combined with wheat cultivation. The model yields fuelwood at the age of six years and wheat annually. In comparison to reforestation in Strategy option 1, the earlier income from the wheat production increases the profitability of the model. Based on the preliminary scoping study, alternative agroforestry systems can be customized to suit different regional conditions in the country. Because of the complexity of agroforestry systems, Strategy option 6 includes a capacity building component to help introduce and adapt the model to local conditions. The baseline situations considered for agroforestry were wheat cultivation and abandoned the land.
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The costs entail reforestation and crop establishment costs scaled down to match the intercropping spacing density requirements of both trees and wheat. In tandem, the yields of fuelwood and wheat production are reduced. The model results in a positive net present value of USD 2,638 per hectare, and a financial cost-benefit ratio of 1.60. The payback period of the financial model is the same as the rotation length of the forest, i.e., six years. The financial profitability of the Strategy option is better than what it would be in baseline situation 2. The agroforestry system will contribute to mitigating climate change by sequestrating carbon in both the trees and the wheat. Because of limitations in data availability concerning the carbon sequestration of agroforestry systems in Pakistan, the agroforestry carbon sequestration model of Gmelina arborea, combined with Triticum aesitivum var. GW-273 (wheat) in India, was applied65. Wheat is assumed to sequestrate annually 13 tCO2e per hectare, whereas the tree biomass grows at an increasing pace, reaching carbon sequestration levels of 45 tCO2e by year 6. The introduction of agroforestry systems may diversify the product portfolio of farmers as well as introduce new income. From an economic point of view, Strategy option 6 is superior to baseline situation 2, exhibiting profitability that is twice as high.
Table 13 Comparison of Strategy Option 6 with baseline situations 1- 3 Parameter SO #6 Baseline 2 Baseline 3 Financial NPV, USD/ha. 2,638 545 - Financial C/B 1.60 1.10 - Economic NPV, USD/ha. 13,096 5,499 908 Economic C/B 3.56 1.85 -
Shifting from baseline 2 situation to strategy option 6, i.e., from wheat production to agroforestry, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 15 metric tons of CO2e per hectare. Shifting from baseline situation 3, i.e., from abandoned land to agroforestry, to strategy option 6, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 26 metric tons of CO2e per hectare.
3.2.7 Strategy Option 7 – Sustainable Tourism and Eco-tourism Based on the preliminary scoping study, there are large areas in Pakistan having the prerequisite conditions for sustainable tourism and eco-tourism. These conditions include attractive landscapes, exotic ecosystems and species, and the merit that large areas have been left to their natural state. Strategy option 7 includes capacity building for service providers, identification of suitable spots for tourism, flora and fauna inventories, marketing, organizing guided
65 Swamy S.L., Puri S. Biomass production and C-sequestration of Gmelina arborea in plantation and agroforestry system in India. Agroforestry systems 64 (3), 181-195, 2005.
~ 188 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework tours, and building infrastructure to facilitate visitors and staff. All the above impose costs upon the model. The potential financial benefits of the model include entrance fees, fees from guided safaris, and possible fees for hunting. The potential economic benefits are income spent by tourists in areas in the vicinity of the tourist locations. The socio-economic benefits arise from carbon sequestration in the conserved areas and from the conserved biodiversity. Conservation of areas for eco-tourism purposes contributes to the natural capital of ecosystems, for example through erosion control, purification of water quality, non-timber forest products, pest and disease control, and medicinal resources. The potential socio-economic losses may arise from carbon emissions due to the increased traffic by tourists and because of littering that damages the environment.
3.2.8 Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) Figure 4 illustrates the marginal abatement cost curves (MACC) of Strategy options 1, 5 and 6. The y-axis represents the net present value (NPV) per metric ton of CO2e per hectare over the calculation period, and the x-axis shows the absolute amount of metric ton of CO2e saved per year per hectare. Evidently, Strategy option 1 sequestrates 40% more carbon dioxide per hectare than does Strategy option 6 and 85% more than does Strategy option 5. However, Strategy option 6 exhibits a 10% higher economic NPV per saved metric ton of CO2e, and Strategy option 5 results in a 28% higher economic NPV than does Strategy option 1. The results suggest that well-known forestry activities, such as reforestation, have larger CO2e benefits per hectare, whereas lesser known models that combine forestry with other livelihoods produce a higher economic value per CO2e. The identification of areas where the Strategy options are suitable can be used for calculating the indicative economic and climate benefits when the options are scaled up.
Figure 4 Marginal Abatement Cost Curve
40
35
30
2e 25 SO#5 - Silvopasture 20 SO#6 - Agroforestry 15 SO#1 - Reforestation
10 BL#2 - Agriculture
Economic NPV/tCO Economic 5
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 tCO2e saved/year/hectare
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3.3 Models
Strategy option 1 - Reforestation (restoration, afforestation) USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Seedlings 94 94 94 Planting 995 995 995 Maintenance 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 Protection 270 270 270 Supervision 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 Harvesting 1 729 TOTAL COSTS 1 632 328 328 55 55 1 784 1 632 328 328 55 55 55 55 1 632 328
Revenue Sales of fuelwood 8 333 8 333 TOTAL REVENUE - - - - - 8 333 ------8 333 - -
CASH FLOW (1 632) (328) (328) (55) (55) 6 549 (1 632) (328) (328) (55) (55) (55) 8 278 (1 632) (328)
NPV (discount rate 10%) 2 326 BCR 1.49
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 1 632 328 328 55 55 1 784 1 632 328 328 55 55 55 55 1 632 328 Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue - - - - - 8 333 ------8 333 - - Social benefit from carbon sequestration 338 565 869 1 399 2 607 4 601 338 565 869 1 399 2 607 4 601 338 565 869 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW (1 294) 237 541 1 344 2 552 11 150 (1 294) 237 541 1 344 2 552 4 546 8 615 (1 067) 541
eNPV (discount rate 7%) 15 991 eBCR 3.94
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha 8 14 22 35 65 115 8 14 22 35 65 115 8 14 22
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Strategy option 5 - Sustainable silvopastoral practices USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Capacity building 12 Seedlings 63 63 63 Planting 383 383 383 Maintenance 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 Goat costs 130 89 89 89 91 91 89 89 89 96 89 89 89 89 89 Goat feeding 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 Fencing 322 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 TOTAL COSTS 986 346 346 346 198 198 643 346 346 353 196 196 643 346 346
Revenue Sales of livestock products 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 Sales of fuelwood 5 809 5 809 TOTAL REVENUE 180 180 180 180 180 5 989 180 180 180 180 180 5 989 180 180 180
CASH FLOW (806) (166) (166) (166) (18) 5 791 (463) (166) (166) (173) (16) 5 793 (463) (166) (166)
NPV (discount rate 10%) 3 321 BCR 2.05
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 986 346 346 346 198 198 643 346 346 353 196 196 643 346 346 Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue 180 180 180 180 180 5 989 180 180 180 180 180 5 989 180 180 180 Social benefit from carbon sequestration 168 281 443 743 1 433 2 590 168 281 443 743 1 433 2 590 168 281 443 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW (638) 115 277 577 1 415 8 382 (295) 115 277 570 1 417 8 384 (295) 115 277 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 11 091 eBCR 4.06
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha 4 7 11 19 36 65 4 7 11 19 36 65 4 7 11
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Strategy option 6 - Agroforestry USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Capacity building 12 Seedlings 91 91 91 Planting 550 550 550 Maintenance 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 Wheat cultivation 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 TOTAL COSTS 1 010 507 507 507 357 357 998 507 507 507 357 357 998 507 507
Revenue Sales of agricultural products 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 Sales of fuelwood 4 595 4 595 TOTAL REVENUE 396 396 396 396 396 4 991 396 396 396 396 396 4 991 396 396 396
CASH FLOW (614) (111) (111) (111) 39 4 634 (602) (111) (111) (111) 39 4 634 (602) (111) (111)
NPV (discount rate 10%) 2 638 BCR 1.60
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 1 010 507 507 507 357 357 998 507 507 507 357 357 998 507 507 Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue 396 396 396 396 396 4 991 396 396 396 396 396 4 991 396 396 396 Social benefit from carbon sequestration 562 622 999 1 162 1 736 2 324 562 622 999 1 162 1 736 2 324 562 622 999 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW (52) 511 888 1 051 1 775 6 958 (40) 511 888 1 051 1 775 6 958 (40) 511 888 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 13 096 eBCR 3.56
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha 14 16 25 29 43 58 14 16 25 29 43 58 14 16 25
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Baseline 1 - Livestock (goats) USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Purchase of goats 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 Vaccination and other disease control 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Infrastructure cost 13 1 2 Transportation cost 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Farm accessories and tools 3 Water borehole and pump 5 1 2 TOTAL COSTS 65 44 44 44 45 45 44 44 44 48 44 44 44 44 44
Revenue Sales of livestock products 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 TOTAL REVENUE 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
CASH FLOW 25 46 46 46 45 45 46 46 46 42 46 46 46 46 46
NPV (discount rate 10%) 325 BCR 1.90
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 65 44 44 44 45 45 44 44 44 48 44 44 44 44 44 Social loss from carbon emissions 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Revenue Operating revenue 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Social benefit from carbon sequestration ------ECONOMIC CASH FLOW 9 30 30 30 29 29 30 30 30 26 30 30 30 30 30 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 239 eBCR 1.43
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
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Baseline 2 - Agriculture (wheat) USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Wheat 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 TOTAL COSTS 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730
Revenue Wheat 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 TOTAL REVENUE 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801
CASH FLOW 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72
NPV (discount rate 10%) 545 BCR 1.10
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 Social benefit from carbon sequestration 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 5 499 eBCR 1.85
Carbon balance
tCO2e/ha 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
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Baseline 3 - Abandoned land USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs
TOTAL COSTS ------
Revenue
TOTAL REVENUE ------
CASH FLOW ------
NPV (discount rate 10%) 0 BCR -
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs ------Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue ------Social benefit from carbon sequestration 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 908 eBCR -
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
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Annex 4 Land-use Planning Guidelines
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4. LAND-USE PLANNING GUIDELINES
4.1 Introduction The land is an immensely important natural endowment. It is the base for terrestrial ecosystems both above and below its surface, including forests, and it supports life in its various forms by providing essential resources. It also provides a platform for economic activities and plays a key role in environmental conservation by acting as a sink for several injurious gases, filtering and storing water, garbage dumping, etc. Land uses are manifold and include inter alia agriculture, forestry, infrastructure, housing, recreation, and mineral extraction. Pressure on lands is enormous, while resources are limited, and the obvious result is deterioration and degradation. The land, therefore, deserves judicious utilization, with prudent planning and management. Alongside the population growth in Pakistan, one of the highest in the world, the demand for arable land, grazing, forestry, wildlife, tourism, employment, and urban development is quickly increasing every year. The available land resource is not responding to this increase in demand due to weak planning and management. Even where land is still plentiful, many people may have inadequate access to it or to the benefits from its use due to various limitations. In the face of scarcity, the degradation of farmland, forest or water resources may be clear, but individual land users lack the incentives or resources to address it. Land-use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, of alternatives for land use, and of economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options. Its purpose is to select and put into practice that land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future. The driving force in planning is the need for change, the need for improved management or the need for a quite different pattern of land use dictated by changing circumstances. In the REDD+ context, land-use planning involves all kinds of rural land as wells as agriculture, livestock, forest, biodiversity conservation, infrastructure, and tourism sectors. It varies according to the scale and might be useful for different purposes. A national or provincial land-use plan may provide government institutions and the private sector with a long-term plan for each area. A local land-use plan could be used to direct the specific activities on the land. It is important to highlight that no matter the level of the plan, it should be based upon agreement of good governance among all the stakeholders interested in using the land. There are several useful sources of information for conducting the planning process. Examples include the Guidelines for land-use planning developed by FAO in 1993, the simplified Guide for the development of municipal land planning drafted in Colombia in 1998, the Protocol for the preparation of a Territorial Management Plan in Mexico prepared in 2015, and Environmental land-use planning guides published in Canada in 2016. Land-use planning takes into account strategies for solving problems and conflicts. Traditional rural societies have their own way of approaching problems and settling conflicts concerning land use. In the process of land-use planning, such mechanisms must be recognized, understood and considered.
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In the case of Pakistan, the population is growing at a fast rate and competing for fixed natural resources, including land. According to the census report of 2017, the total population of Pakistan is 207.7 million (excluding Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit-Baltistan (G-B), whose populations are estimated to total 1.8 million), while population density is about 250 persons/km2. This makes Pakistan the fifth most populous country in the world, accommodating 2.63% of the world population. The annual growth rate is 2.4%, with a 57% increase in population since 1998, which is one of the highest in South Asia. Pakistan hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, as well as a young population. About 60% of its population is between the age group of 15 to 64 years. According to the 2009 Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 60.3% of Pakistanis live on less than $2 a day. Agriculture, together with its allied sectors, is one of the primary sources of livelihood for about 42 percent population in Pakistan, which is mostly rural population. Manufacturing, construction, trade, transport, and social services are among other major sources of livelihoods (GoP, nd). Rural to urban migration is high in Pakistan, as people leave rural areas in search of better social and economic opportunities, including employment, access to electricity, gas, sanitation, education, health, and housing facilities. The current urban population of Pakistan is 38.8 percent, while 50 percent of Pakistanis reside in towns of 5,000 people or more (UNSD, nd). The rural population, comprising about 60 percent of the population, experiences a higher level of poverty than the urban population, both on social and economic fronts. The rural population has high dependence upon green sector sources for their livelihoods, including forests. They reap the multiple benefits offered by forests. Local communities, including men, women, nomads and seasonal migrants, have formal and informal rights as forest owners and forest users under various land tenure arrangements and are heavily dependent upon forest products and services. Given the high prevalence of poverty in the country, especially in rural areas, and given the lack of livelihood opportunities, forests are an important social and economic resource for local rural populations.
4.2 Major causes of land degradation The land and its resources have been used for centuries without proper consideration for its available potential to meet a particular demand. The impact on the resources has affected to the extent that it has even lost its productive capabilities, and rather, has changed into a hazard for people and ecosystems. Both natural and anthropogenic processes are responsible for this state of affairs. Some of the land degradation issues include the following: • Wind and water erosion • Loss of soil fertility • Salinity and sodicity • Waterlogging • Climate hazards and changes • Land fragmentation (reduced land availability for agriculture and housing) • Deforestation • Overgrazing
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• Drought and flooding
4.3 Land-use planning in Pakistan Land-use planning in Pakistan has not been undertaken in a planned and organized manner, as the government agencies have not been mandated to do soon regular basis. Various agencies at the national, provincial and local levels have prepared plans and atlases and carried out studies on the classification of soil types and formation of agro-ecological zones. At the national level an atlas of existing land-uses were prepared, comprising of map on population density, agro-climatic zones, rainfall, crop growth pattern, vegetation classes, water table depth, groundwater quality, waterlogged area, canal command area, soil types, soil salinity, soil reaction, aridity and crop types, etc. Pakistan has been divided into 10, 7 and 5 agro-ecological regions based on physiographic characteristics, biophysical characteristics, and aridity, respectively. Details are as follows: Physiographic Bio-physical Aridity characteristics characteristics 1.Indus Delta 1. Northern Mountains 1. Deserts 2. Southern Irrigated Plain 2. Barani lands 2. Arid 3. Sandy Desert 3. Irrigated plains 3. Semi-arid 4. Northern Irrigated Plain 4. Sandy deserts 4. Dry Sub-humid 5. Barani (rainfall) 5.Sulaiman Rod-kohi 5. Moist Sub-humid 6. Wet Mountains 6. Western dry mountains 7. Northern Dry Mountains 7. Coastal areas 8. Western Dry Mountains 9. Dry Western Plateau 10. Sulaiman Piedmont
There have been prior experiences in land-use planning in the country and provinces. The Soil Survey of Pakistan has prepared detailed reports that are based on a reconnaissance-level survey, wherein the mapping of a group of soil series across the country has been undertaken. The provincial governments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab have implemented projects on land-use planning for specific objectives. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the purpose was to prevent the use of prime agricultural land for housing, etc. For several districts of Punjab Province, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based data related to area features like mauza, tehsil and union council boundaries; water bodies; infrastructure; irrigation; industries; abodes; and public buildings was collected. Land-use manuals and land-use plans for several villages across Pakistan were developed for sustainable land management under the Sustainable Land Management Project implemented by the Ministry of Climate Change. National-,
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4.4 Objectives of land-use planning The primary objective of the guidelines is to facilitate, for decision-makers and implementers, the planning of the various land uses best suited for a particular landscape. The specific objectives of these land-use planning guidelines are as follows: • to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future; • to provide guidance in cases of conflict between rural land use and urban or industrial expansion, by indicating which areas of land are the most valuable under rural use; • to standardize land-use planning processes and procedures of the land development operations; • to prevent and mitigate land degradation; • to promote sustainable land management; and • to promote political transparency and participatory planning among the users.
4.5 Target users of the guidelines This guide is targeted at an interdisciplinary audience formed by any governmental body at national, provincial, district and local levels; representatives of community and civil organizations; relevant departments of colleges and universities; land managers; developers and investors; national and municipal officials; and experts in areas of biophysical, social, economic, and administrative knowledge.
4.6 The planning process Proper land planning allows for addressing various needs, including social, economic, developmental and environmental ones. Proper land-use planning also must be based on technical procedures, scientific knowledge, and strategies; and supported by a participatory process, which empowers people to make decisions about how to allocate and utilize land appropriately. It is important to bear in mind that the land-use planning process is multidimensional. Throughout the land-use-planning activities, the team and participant stakeholders should be mindful of the following considerations: • The land is not the same everywhere: Land cannot be moved, and different areas present different opportunities and different management problems. Good information about land resources and societal characteristics are, thus, essential to land-use planning. • Technology alignment: There exist different technologies related to land-use in the context of inter alia agriculture, forestry, and livestock husbandry. However, the technologies to be recommended must match the user’s capabilities with respect to capital and skills (and anything else needed for proper implementation of the technology). • Planning is for people: Local farmers, other land users and the wider
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community who depend on the land must accept the need for a change in land use, as they will have to live with its results. Local acceptability is most readily achieved by local participation in planning.
Planning may cover land-use policy, national development plans, coordination of sectoral agencies involved in land use, and legislation on such subjects as land tenure, forest clearance, and water rights, etc. Land-use planning also involves harnessing many different people to work together towards common goals. Three groups of people have directly involved: land users, decision makers, and the planning team. The chart below may aid in understanding schematically the land-use planning process.
4.6.1 Stage 0 To commence the planning process, it is essential to establish a coordinating team with a clear mandate to lead the entire development of the Land-Use Plan. It is also necessary to ensure that all stakeholders (e.g., all potential land users, the team leader, and civil society) are aware of the plan, agree with its development and, if possible, take part in the planning process. In this very first step, it is important to think about the length of the time for which the plan will operate to facilitate the planning process. Next, in order to develop a sound and logical land use plan, a consultation process must be adopted. This should be covered in 2 stages, and divided into 6 consecutive steps. The following sections address this.
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4.6.2 Formulation stage Step 1. Characterization and diagnoses Step 1 involves the characterization and diagnoses processes of land-use planning. To accomplish the following elements and to define the potential land uses, it is important to work jointly and to accept technical support with input from other agencies and individuals involved in field activities, laboratory research, and cartography. Define the planning area A comprehensive exercise is required to assess the available resources, productive potential and pressures on land in the area for which a land-use plan is to be prepared. This may include the following issues: • Involvement: Contact the people concerned (stakeholders). • Basic details: Acquire basic information about the area, including climate, hydrology, geology, landforms, soils, vegetation, fauna, pests and diseases. Sources are topographic base maps, air photographs and satellite imagery, existing surveys and departmental records, and present land use. • Context: Identify the context and what type of area is under discussion: determine if it is a protected area; landscape conservation, regulatory or reserved area; predominantly a rural and agricultural area; an area under transformation or under cultural heritage; or tourism or vulnerable area, etc. • General environmental considerations: Take into consideration air quality, noise, water quantity and quality, waste management, etc. • Infrastructure: Consider transport, communication, services for agriculture, livestock management and forestry infrastructure issues. • Population: Gather information about numbers and statistics, demographic trends, the location of settlements, the role of women, ethnic groups, class structure, leadership, and land-use stakeholders. • Government: Delineate the administrative structure and key authorities; the services provided and demands placed upon them. Consult with representatives of the various agencies active in the area to brief the planning team. • Legislation: Research the laws and regulations that affect land use, traditional law(s) and customs, and whether laws are enforced. Existing policies and legislation need to be reviewed to address the uncoordinated regulatory framework. • Commercial organizations: Examine existing and planned/potential commercial organizations, which (will) utilize the land and associated resources. This will also indicate economic trends of the area. • Economic trends: Consider employment trends, trade, livelihood trends/sources and opportunities (traditional and acquired skills and knowledge).
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Establish goals Goals define "best" land uses. These should be specified at the outset of the planning project. Goals may be grouped under the four headings of efficiency, equity, acceptability, and sustainability. Efficiency is achieved by matching different land uses with the areas that will yield the greatest benefits at the least cost. Equity and acceptability refer to socially acceptable land use, and where redistribution of land may be undertaken to reduce inequality. Finally, sustainability is important to meet the current and futures needs of the area. National goals are complex, as policy decisions, legislation, and fiscal measures affect many people and areas. Decision makers may not be specialists in all facets of land use, so the planner’s responsibility is to present the relevant information in such a manner that the decision makers can both understand and act on. Preliminary identification of problems and opportunities The existing land-use situation needs to be analyzed and compared with the established goals, which requires the identification of land units and land-use systems. In order to define a problem, it is necessary to establish the present situation by assessing ways in which it is unsatisfactory and by identifying ways in which it might be improved. This stage of problem diagnosis is of the highest importance; in this stage, surveys, communication with relevant people, and land observation could help to obtain information. Finally, the causes of these problems must be analyzed. Problems may exist, for example, in agriculture, forest, polluting industries in rural and urban areas and may be related to suitability, socioeconomic factors, and other issues. The next step is to consider what can be done to solve or ameliorate the identified problems. This requires interaction among the planning team, land users and decision makers, who will present the alternative opportunities for change, offer their own solutions and choose which alternatives are to be analyzed further. To address the problem of land-use planning, the stakeholders shall1 • undertake planning and land banking for industrial, commercial, agriculture and infrastructure development; • utilize modern methods, which maximize agriculture production; • ensure the advancement of infrastructure within the constitutional definition of “Land” to include utilization of underground space to address the competing land uses; • plan for human settlements to provide for the requisite infrastructure through setting aside the required land; • enforce development control, monitoring and evaluation of development plans through modern technology; • provide for designated, well planned and serviced wholesale and retail sites in major and secondary towns; • ensure conversion and/or change of use is/are guided by development plans; • adopt space-saving architecture in designing industrial, commercial and human settlements premises; • develop a structured framework for public awareness, education, and sensitization in land-use planning; and • carry out integrated inter-sectoral planning to ensure balance in wildlife
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PLANNING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN STEP 1 National/provincial level The preparation of a national land-use plan should be made on the basis of sufficient investigations and assessments of country-specific environmental and other factors and their effects. At the national and provincial levels, planning is concerned with the national/provincial goals and the allocation of resources. In many cases, national/provincial land- use planning does not involve the actual allocation of land for different uses, but rather the establishment of priorities for district-level projects. The national land-use plan is intended to harmonize, within the different sectors of government administration, the main goals and needs relating to land use, and to formulate a common national view of them. A national land-use plan may cover • land-use policy: balancing the competing demands for land among different sectors of the economy, including food production, export crops, tourism, wildlife conservation, housing, and public amenities, roads, industry; • national development plans and budget: project identification and the allocation of resources for development; • coordination of sectoral agencies involved in land use; and • legislation on such subjects as land tenure, forest clearance, and water rights. (Appropriate land units at the national level might be agro-climatic regions.) District level District level refers not only to administrative districts but also to land areas that fall somewhere between national and local levels. At this level, the guidelines for district and local goals may be harmonized with the national/provincial ones. Development projects are often at the district level, and the planning in this context at this stage must first come to grips with the diversity of the land and its suitability for meeting project goals. When planning is initiated nationally, national priorities need to be translated into local plans. Conflicts between national and local interests will have to be resolved. The kinds of issues tackled include • the siting of developments, such as new settlements, forest plantations, and irrigation schemes; • the need for improved infrastructure, such as water supply, roads, and marketing facilities; and
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• the development of management guidelines for improved kinds of land use on each type of land. (Appropriate land units at the district level might be land systems.) Local level The local planning unit may be a village, a group of villages or a small water catchment. At this level, it is easiest to make the plan fit the people, making use of local people's knowledge and contributions. Whereas planning is initiated at the district level, the programme of work to implement changes in land use or management must be carried out locally (therefore, at the local level). Alternatively, this may be the first level of planning, with its priorities drawn up by the local people. Local-level planning is about getting things done on particular areas of land—what shall be done where and when, and who will be responsible. Local-level planning thus may involve the following aspects: • the layout of drainage, irrigation and soil conservation works; • the design of infrastructure - road alignment and the siting of crop marketing, fertilizer distribution, milk collection or veterinary facilities; and • the siting of specific crops on suitable land. (Appropriate land units at the local level might be land facets, soil series or other soil mapping units.)
Step 2. Evaluate land suitability Step 2 involves the evaluation of land suitability in land-use planning. GIS and remote-sensing techniques come into play, and these are described below in this section. In any event, step 2 forms the central part of land evaluation; it is a procedure that answers the question of which areas of land are best suited for any specified kind of land use, and of which use is best suited to any given area of land. Land-use requirements are determined by the land qualities required for sustained production. Land qualities have complex, direct effects on land use. Examples affecting land quality are the availability of water and nutrients, rooting conditions and erosion hazard. After the selection of the relevant land qualities, it is then necessary to decide which land characteristics are to be used for measuring them. Suitability is indicated separately for each land-use type, showing whether the land is suitable or unsuitable. After a compilation of all the basic information as well as of the physical-biotic, demographic-social, economic-productive, urban-regional and legal indicators about the area, a territory base map may be created using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software and remote sensing. These techniques are designed to analyze all types of geographic and spatial data, making it possible to identify specific features located in any arbitrary region of a map. GIS facilitates the development of the national, provincial, and local land-use planning; and it is also a useful instrument for translating the plan into a format that can be easily understood by the stakeholders. Moreover, the resulting information may be printed out or included in, e.g., a PowerPoint presentation to support the public consultation.
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In summary, planning at different levels, whether national, district or local, requires information at different scales and levels of generalization, as well as appropriate and accurate descriptions of land-use types. Much of this information may be found on maps.
PLANNING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN STEP 22 National/Provincial level • Generalized descriptions may be sufficient; e.g., "sorghum production," "conservation forestry.” • Only outline-level descriptions of major kinds of land use may be required. • The most suitable map scale for national planning is one in which the whole country fits onto one map sheet, which may call for a scale ranging from 1:5 million to 1:1 million or larger. District level • It is necessary to specify the land use in more detail. • Land-use type descriptions should specify the management and input. • District planning requires details to be mapped on an approximate scale of 1:50,000, although some information may be summarized on smaller scales, down to 1:250,000. Local level • It is necessary to specify and clarify the land use in greater detail than at the other levels. For example, such questions as Will fertilizer be used? and Will the conservation forests be managed by the government forest service or by local communities? must be answered. • For local planning, map scales between 1:20,000 and 1:5,000 are best.
Step 3. Public consultations concerning the land-use planning Step 3 revolves around the idea that as the planning process requires active participation of the stakeholders, it is essential to hold a public consultation in which the general public will be informed about what is happening in the entire land-use planning process. In order to succeed in this endeavor, the team responsible for the public consultation can prepare consultative meetings with the community, local authorities, and the private sector and other organizations; and can design as many workshops as possible at the different levels (national, provincial, district and local). The public consultations should include the following aspects: • consultation with members of diverse social sectors in such a way that they can express their perceptions by means of appropriate techniques, such as the Delphi technique and others; • consultation with experts to improve the land-use-planning team’s knowledge and to provide a stronger theoretical foundation; and • provision of assistance and training to the stakeholders involved in the process, without neglecting to include the local government authorities.
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Step 4. Proposal In developing and preparing the strategic planning, the team must focus on land-use policy, taking into account land suitability, the current economic situation, production and services in relation to expected future needs, as well as the possibility of meeting demands from elsewhere. This will allow the team to establish scenarios taking into account expectations and the legal, technical, economic and social factors concerning the development of the land in question—and upon which the land-use proposal will be based. Guiding principles that can help in developing a land-use policy proposal include the following: • Humans are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. • Poverty eradication and gender equality must be addressed in policies, plans, and programmes. • Saving scarce land resources is essential. • National and provincial governments must provide the necessary legal and institutional support to facilitate participatory, transparent and comprehensive land-use planning. • The existing rights, laws, rules, standards, and procedures in various ministries, departments, and institutions of the Government of Pakistan, shall continue to be applicable to land use policy.
Social impact analysis studies the effects of proposed changes on different groups of people. In preparing the proposal, particular attention should be given to effects on women, forest owners and users, ethnic minorities and the poorest sections of the community. Often, a change in land use will require investment in physical infrastructure (e.g., roads, storage and processing facilities) and services (e.g.marketing, credit, veterinary). New or enlarged settlements also need infrastructure and social services, such as water supply, health, and education services. In this respect, land-use planning merges with rural development planning, whereby changes in land use may support improved facilities for the community. It is at this stage of the process that all the relevant details, information obtained, and plan components are utilized to formulate a draft proposal. PLANNING AT THE DIFFERENT LEVELS IN STEP 4 National/Provincial level • The committee will need the professional support of a land-use planning unit responsible for the technical aspects of planning, a national land resources database, training and backup for district-level planners. • The most likely action at the point of authorization for the preparation of the chosen use is a land plan, which is to be submitted for approval at the highest level of government, after which it will form the basis for policy decisions. District level • Staff needs will be more modest; perhaps just one district land-use planner will be required to coordinate district sectoral agencies.
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• The decision-maker authorization for the preparation of the chosen plan needs to formulate the implementation as a new project requiring further funding and additional staff. Local level The decision-maker authorization for the preparation of the chosen plan requires an executive decision, with preparation and implementation proceeding directly.
4.6.3 Implementation stage Step 5. Implementing the land-use plan Step 5 involves the eventual implementation of the land-use plan. At this stage, the team should have, at a minimum, the land characterization, diagnosis, scenarios and the proposal from Step 4 contained in the draft of the Plan. Once the final land-use plan is complete, it will be easier to communicate how it relates to other plans, programmes and development projects. This subsequently allows for discussion, approval and regulatory adoption of the plan as part of the regulatory framework. For example, a proper land-use plan must be included in the district or provincial development plans in order to provide an interpretation of the national and local strategies.
PLANNING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN STEP 5 National level Implementation is to be done following policy guidelines, which may also serve as a framework for the selection of possible projects at the district level. In this sense, the planning team remains active throughout part of the implementation process, supplying information to the Government as a basis for decision-making. The Ministry of the Environment must initiate an interactive discussion on the implementation with the major administrative sectors concerned. District level At the district level, the plan will frequently be implemented by means of a development project. There may be a time gap between planning and implementation for financial, bureaucratic or political reasons. The responsibility for putting the plan into effect rests with the decision makers, the implementing agencies and the people of the area. Local level The planning team may move from one locality to another and draw up detailed plans for implementation (within a framework set at the district level) while leaving the local extension staff, village agricultural committees or other local agencies to put the plan into practice.
Step 6. Monitor and revise the plan With the land use plan and its implementation programme established, assessment procedures for its effectiveness must be instituted. Implementation of the plan needs to be verified by evaluation through different types of monitoring and control at all levels. Information, such as land-use activities, effects, costs, goals, etc. is needed concerning how well the plan is being implemented. This is important for the
~ 208 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework implementing parties so that they can improve the way in which the plan is being applied and learn from experiences. Monitoring may involve a checklist and periodic meetings in the planning area. The combination of attribute and spatial data generated by GIS may facilitate the measurement of development outcome and trends. With the use of GIS software, it will also be easier to promote political transparency and participatory planning. The need for revision of the goals should be assessed on the ground for problems possibly encountered during the implementation. The team responsible for the implementation of the plan may list the tasks needed to rectify problems. They should also take action and try to find solutions through discussion with the other key stakeholders.
4.7 References Anon. 1994. National Action Programme to Combat Desertification in Pakistan, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad. Council of State, 2002.Finland´s National Land Use Guidelines. (Helsinki 2002). Department of Land Resources of the Ministry of Rural Development; Government of India. DRAFT National Land Utilisation Policy (Framework for land use planning and management). India, July 2013. http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/PDFs/Draft%20National%20Land%20Utilisation%2 0Policy%20(July%202013).pdf. FAO, 1993.Guidelines for land-use planning. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service. (Rome, 1993). Reprinted 1996. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0715e/t0715e00.htm#Contents. García-Contreras, G., y González-Ceballos, J. (2015). Protocolo para la elaboración de un Plan de Gestión Territorial en México. San José, Costa Rica: UICN-PPY, xii + 58pp. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/2016/ppy_plan_de_gestion_t erritorial_0.pdf. Government of Pakistan, nd. Population, Labour Force and Employment. Ministry of Finance. Retrieved from: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_16/12_Population.pdf Khan, A.G. 2004. Technical Report on The Characterization of the Agro Ecological context in which FANGR (Farm Animal Genetic Resources) are Found, Islamabad, Pakistan Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo (2010). Propuesta de guía metodológica para la formulación de planes de ordenamiento territorial. La Paz, Bolivia. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadt963.pdf. Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning, 2016.National land use policy. Physical Planning Department. Draft (May 2016) Kenya. Ministry of Natural Resources, Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority. Rwanda National Land Use Planning Guidelines. Rwanda, December 2017. http://www.rlma.rw/uploads/media/LUP_Guidelines_Final_Published.pdf Otero, W. (coord), (1998) Guía simplificada para la elaboración del plan de
~ 209 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework ordenamiento territorial municipal. Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute.https://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller- colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/guia_sim.pdf. UNDP, 2009.Human Development Report - Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development. United Nations Development Program. New York, 2009. UNDP, 2016.Human Development Report – Human Development for Everyone. United Nations Development Programme. New York, 2016 UNSD, n. d. Country profile - Pakistan. The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) (Last consulted February 2018 from http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=PAKISTAN
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Annex 5 REDD+ Curriculum
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5. REDD+ CURRICULUM
5.1 Background There is a gradual but increasingly strong realization of climate change becoming the most important risk to humanity. That realization has translated into a global commitment to act, in the form of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). To comply with the provisions and conditionalities of UNFCCC and to be able to access the associated international financial and technical resources, alongside other partner countries under the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), Pakistan is in the process of developing a National Strategy on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Among other deliverables under the study is a proposal for mainstreaming REDD+ in curriculum development at academic institutions in Pakistan.
5.2 Rationale REDD+ is an evolving concept that integrates forestry with other fields and sectors in order to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, using social, economic and legal instruments. This entails that a country aspiring to contribute to global efforts towards reduced carbon emissions through decreasing deforestation and forest degradation must have adequate human resources possessing the required skills. This consequently requires the availability of an effective curriculum and teaching facilities at the academic institutions in Pakistan to produce young scientists and professionals ready to take up the strategic and operational issues posed by climate change. With this as a backdrop, adequately skilled personnel needs to be available for the conceptualizing and implementation of REDD+ processes in Pakistan. It is therefore imperative that educational institutes in Pakistan integrate REDD+ and associated natural resource management topics into forestry education curricula. This document will provide a review of the present situation of various educational institutes in Pakistan regarding REDD+, and an overview of existing curricula in select international institutes, which can provide the basis for draft recommendations for REDD+ coursework for Pakistani universities. A sample course outline is included herein, which may be reviewed by the Technical Committee of the National Curriculum Revision of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) for use by Pakistani universities and institutions. The document also includes a brief overview of the process which must be followed under standard procedures for updating courses or introducing new courses under the HEC of Pakistan. Universities in Pakistan operate under the Higher Education Commission and its strategic guidance concerning curricula development. The curricula are developed by technical committees established for regularly reviewing the curricula and for ensuring that the curricula for each academic subject are updated and on par with international standards. Importantly, the discussion below would need to be shared specifically with the HEC Technical Committee on Forestry, Range, Watershed and Wildlife Management.
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The forestry curriculum is ripe for revision, as the last documented revision was completed in 2010. Globally, rapidly changing forestry sciences and the dire climate change scenario are impetuses for introducing a robust forestry curriculum in Pakistani academic institutions. The following section reviews the current course offerings of different Pakistani universities related to forestry, REDD+ and climate change, and the level of incorporation of such topics into the curricula.
5.3 Current Courses Offered in Pakistan and Internationally Following is a brief overview of the courses offered in Pakistan related to forestry, REDD+ and climate change. Higher Education Commission: The curriculum of forestry, range watershed and wildlife management for BS/B.Sc. (Hons.) offers a specific scheme of studies and details of courses, including compulsory and inter-disciplinary foundation courses, as well as elective complementary courses. Although the courses contain rich discussion on forestry and associated subjects, REDD+ has not been identified as an emerging field. However, REDD+ has been mentioned in the context of Teacher Training in important topics like forest certification, climate change, GIS, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and REDD+. The issue of climate change has been discussed, however, in some courses at both BS- and MS-degree levels, where the topic of climate change and its interdependency with forestry, carbon stocks, biodiversity, and other related areas is discussed. The courses are offered at a number of universities in Pakistan, including the University of Punjab; University of Haripur; Pir Meher Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University; Karakorum International University; Bahauddin Zikiria University; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad; and Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shiringal, Dir. Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI), Peshawar: As a founding forestry institution in Pakistan, PFI has been working as a training and degree-awarding institute since 1947. Its curricula have evolved over a period of seven decades, with several reviews have taken place. The current PFI curriculum encompasses REDD+ in its different degree programmes. The B.Sc / B.S. degree programme provides more introductory-level courses, and while it touches upon new concepts in forestry, REDD+ is only introduced at a basic level. The M.Sc. programme focuses on general management skills as well as such technical courses as Forestry Statistics, Economics, Biometrics, Forest Ecology, Soil Sciences Forest Pathology, Surveying, Forest Engineering, Taxonomy, and GIS, but it also includes a course on Climate Change and REDD+. However, a complete degree programme on REDD+ is not available at the moment. Karakorum International University, Gilgit: The university offers courses in Environmental Sciences in all levels of degree programmes: as part of its BS. Programme (4 Years), M. Sc Programme (2 Years), MS/M. Phil Programme (2 Years) and Ph. D Programme (3-4 years). Major subjects covered include Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change; Mountain Forestry; Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management; Glaciology and Mountain Hydrology, Rangelands
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Conservation and Management; Tourism and Hospitality; Food Security and Climate Change, etc. The programme offers only a brief introduction to REDD+ in the course on Mountain Forestry and Climate Change, but it does not extend to the level of professional understanding. The Department, intending to expand the subject, however, has highlighted the need to build its institutional capacity by initiating a course on REDD+. The University of Punjab, Centre for Integrated Mountain Research, Lahore: The Centre for Integrated Mountain Research offers B.S/ B.Sc, M.S./M.Sc and also M.Phil degree programmes for aspiring students in Mountain Conservation and Watershed Management. It also offers programmes in both Geo-Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development. Its programmes cover subjects like forestry, REDD+, climate change, biodiversity, and other related topics. However, they do not offer a REDD+ specific degree programme or a programme delving more deeply into climate change and REDD+. The University of Peshawar -Department of Environmental Sciences, Peshawar: The Department of Environmental Sciences offers bachelor’s and master’s programmes. It offers a brief introduction to Forestry; however, it does not exist in its master’s programme. The course at the M.Sc. level also does not explicitly touch upon climate change. REDD+ is not reflected in any of its courses. Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU), Islamabad: The AIOU offers courses in Environmental Sciences, encompassing general environmental subjects; however, REDD+ is not a standalone subject. It also runs an M.Sc. programme in Forestry Extension, which includes topics like rangeland management, rural sociology, soil conservation, forestry extension education, social forestry, agroforestry, environment and forestry, and community forestry, etc. However, this institution also does not have a dedicated course or subject focusing on REDD+. The faculty is not specialized in REDD+ and is thus unable to introduce the subject to the students in the Environmental Sciences or Forestry Extension programmes. Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad offers courses in Environmental Sciences at the master’s level. These include subjects such as environmental biology, chemistry, economics, NRM, biodiversity and conservation, toxicology and waste management, limnology and computation. Forestry is only partially discussed in the context of biodiversity and conservation; however, REDD+ is not introduced to masters-level students. For the M.Phil- and PhD-level courses, Quaid e Azam University offers a spectrum of courses, including Climate Change and Global Warming (ENV-5509) apart from other less relevant subjects. The curriculum, however, does not contain content related to forestry and REDD+. University of Sindh, Jamshoro: The Centre of Environmental Sciences of University of Sindh, Jamshoro offers a 4-year BS programme in Environmental Sciences, which focuses on microbiology, freshwater biology, Physics, Biochemistry, Environmental chemistry, ecology, Aquatic culture, Economics, and sustainability theory, Environmental law, EIA and Water resource management. The course of study, however, does not reflect on climate change and related topics. At the master’s level, the Centre offers a course on Wildlife, Forest and Wetlands Management (ENVS 520) and on Natural Resources, their Management and
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Conservation (ENVS 638), which are more detailed and provide an introduction to climate change. This, however, does not introduce REDD+ as an emerging subject in the climate change context. Importantly, the Centre also offers a course on GIS and remote sensing; however, the course does not introduce the concept of use of these for forest management under REDD+, the National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS), Forest Reference Levels (FRLs), and Forest Reference Emissions Levels (FRELs), etc. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad: The Department of Forestry and Range Management is educated its students in the domain of Forestry and allied disciplines. The department offers degrees in B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture-Forestry and M.Sc. (Hons.) Forestry as a major subject, and also offers Ph.D. programmes. Climate change is introduced in the bachelor’s and master’s levels and is also available for research at the Ph.D. level. The university, while offering relevant courses on forestry and topics relating to climate change, only introduces REDD+ as part of the proceedings of the course, but not as a separate course. Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahau ud din Zikria University, Multan offers a 4-year BS programme in Environmental Sciences which focuses mostly on urban environmental issues, including applied ecology, environmental toxicology, biotechnology, environmental monitoring, etc. It does offer a course on climate change, which discusses broader climatic changes, major reasons and impacts thereof and considers possible actions to mitigate the impacts of climate change. The curriculum content, however, does not contain REDD+. The University of Haripur has an interesting mix of courses offered under the Department of Environmental Sciences as well as the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management. Both departments offer bachelor’s- and masters-level programmes as well as M.Phil and Ph.D. programmes. It has particular courses on climate and climate change, with a particular focus on forests. REDD+ is introduced in some of the courses offered by the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management. However, the introduction is not explicitly mentioned in the course outline. Pir Meher Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi has a Department of Forestry, Range Management, and Wildlife. The faculty addresses the complexities of climate change, its mitigation and adaptations, preservation of wildlife abundance, wildlife conservation, clean water, phytoremediation of contaminated soils, human health issues in relation to environmental hazards, eco-tourism, carbon sequestration and carbon stocks in forests, evaluation and proper management of forest and rangeland resources, etc. This makes it one of the most relevant curricula, as it provides comprehensive forest management, carbon sequestration and its relationship to climate change. The faculty is relatively new and has the capacity to grow, but it needs support in expanding, better technical resources, a spectrum of research and also, diversity and depth of climate change-related topics. Bahria University, Islamabad offers a wide range of academic programmes under Earth & Environmental Sciences. This includes a 4-year BS Environmental Sciences programme and an MS Environmental Policy and Management programme. The courses covered are Environmental Law, Environmental Management, Environmental Audit, Energy and Environment, Sustainable Development, Environmental Economics, Climate Change, Wildlife Forest and GIS, etc. Under its
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Ph.D. programme, the university offers a spectrum of courses that generally relates to the urban environment, and topics, including climate change, are related to those concepts. Forestry is not explicitly explored within the course topics. Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences (BUITEMS) offers MS and Ph.D. courses on Environmental Management & Policy. Its MS programme offers a course that includes urban environment management, environmental economics, environmental policy, disaster management, water and sanitation, solid waste management and other similar urban topics. However, they do not include climate change or other related topics. University of Agriculture, Peshawar has established a Climate Change Centre, which provides expert advisory, research, networking, and awareness-related services to its university students and faculty, particularly focusing on the arena of food production, agriculture, the impact of climate change on crops, etc. The Centre itself does not offer particular courses at the moment. However, it does assist university students by providing its research, knowledge management and advisory services. University of Swat: Environmental and Conservation Sciences is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the interaction of processes that shape our natural environment. The Department of Environmental Sciences was established in October 2011 with more than one hundred students earning BS (Hons) and M.Sc, degrees. The Department conducts research and offers instruction in the areas of Geological, Hydrological, Biological, Ecological and Atmospheric Sciences. Shaheed Benezir Bhutto University, Sheringal: The Department of Forestry was originally established in 2005 at Campus II of the University of Malakand. Now it is housed at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal. The Department has prepared a comprehensive scheme of studies for the academic programme at the BS (Hons.) level. Since the establishment of the Department, more than 100 students have successfully graduated with degrees in BS (Hons.) Forestry. The Department has 100 undergraduate students currently enrolled. International Scenario REDD+ as an emerging subject has been explored by different universities. However, insight into the content of the curricula reveals that REDD+ is used merely as a contributory field, supporting forestry courses in nearly all universities. It has not been introduced as a standalone field for degree programmes in the majority of universities. These universities include Yale University, University of Copenhagen, University of Eastern Finland, Michigan State University (and indeed numerous other universities), where the integration of REDD+ into existing forestry and associated fields (anthropology, sociology, law, and other fields) takes place at varying levels. By way of example, the University of Yale offers a Master of Forestry66 degree, where courses include topics of forest management and administration, forest economics, silviculture, and other basic forestry sciences. The course programme also includes the management and policy of forest resources, across the span of urban to rural environments. The programme, however, introduces the elements of
66 http://environment.yale.edu/academics/degrees/mf/#master-of-forestry-curriculum
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REDD+ in order for the students to understand the current global trends in the forestry sector as well as trends focused on reducing carbon emissions. Yale University has been actively engaged in REDD+ and its discourse. It has cooperated with UNEP to develop courses for the REDD+ Academy. Nevertheless, it has not yet started a full-fledged course on REDD+. The courses developed for the REDD+ Academy are discussed below. Yale University Yale University offers certificate courses in REDD+ in addition to its effort to integrate the REDD+ concepts into its current forestry and environmental programmes. One certificate course includes “Introduction to REDD+”, which aims to ensure that all participants understand the key elements of REDD+, including science, business, and policy aspects; and to provide them with knowledge of the key components of a REDD+ project and the steps needed to develop one in accordance with appropriate standards and national regulations. The target course participants are representatives of regional government agencies and NGOs. Government representatives include the district, provincial and national officers of forest departments and other related government agencies, including those responsible for land-use planning, and other related fields. E-Courses
The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), REDD Desk and various institutions in partnership with the REDD+ Academy have begun E-courses, each of which consists of twelve modules. The courses include Forests, Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change; REDD+ and the UNFCCC; Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation; National Strategies and Action Plans; National Forest Monitoring Systems (NFMS); Forest Reference (Emission) Levels (FREL/FRLs); Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation; REDD+ Safeguards under the UNFCCC; REDD+ Finance; Approaches for Allocation of Incentives; Introduction to Stakeholder Engagement; and Good Governance. Some of the institutions give weight to these online courses as certificate courses; however, few, if any, award actual credit hours. Research
Various universities offer programmes and incentives for research on different aspects of REDD+. One such example is Global Forest Observation Initiatives (GFOI), which offers a masters-level short course in partnership with the University of Melbourne. The course follows the structure of GFOI’s web platform REDD+ Compass, which takes students through the key steps in designing and developing a complete Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for REDD+. Other universities, such as the University of Yale, University of York, University of Bergen, University of Leeds and others are also offering research opportunities in the REDD + domain. REDD+ Academy The REDD+ Academy is the UN-REDD Programme's capacity development initiative. As part of the Programme's knowledge management support for partner countries, it seeks to enable systematic, focused capacity development to deliver REDD+ on the
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The REDD Academy covers technical issues such as Forest Governance, Gender Equality, Tenure Security, Multiple Benefits, Green Economy, NFMS, and Safeguards, as well as stakeholder engagement.
In addition to traditional courses, it offers different courses, including e-courses and awareness content on YouTube. The courses and webinars currently offered by REDD+ Academy include the following and are generally developed in partnership with different financial and technical institutions such as the World Bank, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and others:
1. Forest, Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change 2. Understanding REDD+ and the UNFCCC 3. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation 4. National Strategies and Action Plans 5. National Forest Monitoring Systems 6. Forest Reference Emission Levels 7. Policies and Measures (PAMs) for REDD+ Implementation 8. REDD+ Safeguards under the UNFCCC 9. REDD+ Finance 10. Approaches for Allocation of Incentives 11. Introduction to Stakeholder Engagement 12. Good Governance
It also offers rich online resources regarding REDD+ through its e-library as well as video documentaries: • Introductory Curriculum on REDD+: An introductory course • Transparency International Climate Governance Courses • Learn Introductory e-Learning Course on Climate Change • Forest Governance Assessment and Monitoring • REDD+ Compass • National greenhouse gas inventory for agriculture course • Reduced deforestation and degradation • World Bank FCPF training materials for REDD+ monitoring and reporting • Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries, and Forests • WWF REDD+ Learning sessions
5.4 Curricula for REDD+ in Pakistan Based on the interaction with different universities and experts as well as the review of the relevant literature, it is believed that the literature must be linked to the curricular framework for Sustainable Development Goals. More specifically, it must be linked to Goal 7, Affordable and clean energy; Goal 8, Decent work and economic growth; Goal 10, reduced inequalities; and Goal 13, climate actions.
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In addition, this must also adhere to the UNFCCC capacity building agenda. Article 11 of the Paris Agreement highlights the importance of enhancing the capacity and ability to develop country Parties to be able to take effective climate change action, implement adaptation and mitigation actions, facilitate technology development, improve relevant aspects of education, training, and public awareness and the transparent, timely and accurate communication of information. Moreover, Article 11 states that “all Parties should cooperate to enhance the capacity of developing country Parties to implement the Paris Agreement. Developed country Parties should enhance support for capacity building actions in developing country Parties.” In addition, in accordance with decision 16/CP.22, capacity-building is an integral component to implement and enable developing country Parties to implement the Convention. The COP noted that many of the areas contained in the framework for capacity-building in developing country Parties are also relevant to Parties with economies in transition. Based on this discussion and review of the documents underpinning these, and those provided by universities in Pakistan, what follows are the proposed dimensions of curricula for REDD+ in Pakistan.
5.4.1 The aim of the Curricula for REDD+ The curriculum for REDD+ in Pakistan is an adaptable, non-binding tool that charts a competency development model offering a combination of learning actions focusing on knowledge, skills, and values. It aims to enable the delivery of REDD+ integration by adding it to existing courses and by introducing new certificate-level courses, and by ensuring that each learning population has the relevant skills, knowledge, values, and attitudes to be able to contribute towards the success of the REDD+ Strategy in Pakistan in social, economic and environmental development.
The concept is to introduce REDD+ introductory-level certificate courses as well as induction as an integrated subject at an undergraduate level that over time can be gradually introduced as an independent degree.
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• Introducing REDD+ Certificate Courses on basic understanding; components of REDD+; legal, social and environmental aspects of Certificate REDD+. This can be initiated immediately. Courses
• Based on the lessons of certificate courses and national researches, undergraduate courses and integration can be initiated in 3-5 years' Undergraduate time. Courses
• Lessons from certificate and undergraduate programmes as well as capacity building of universities, can lead to graduate programmes for Graduate universities in 5-8 years' time. Courses
5.4.2 Purpose of Curricula for REDD+ The purpose of the REDD+ curricula is to develop effective learners, confident professionals, and responsible citizens, who are spirited and uphold the core values and principles of the REDD+ Strategy in Pakistan. The courses will enhance student awareness and interest, both in research and with a view towards promoting forests in Pakistan and a reduction in emissions occurring due to deforestation and forest degradation.
5.4.3 Description of Proposed Courses REDD+ certified courses could be introduced in relevant departments of universities and academic institutions to promote an understanding of REDD+ and its different dimensions by faculty and students. This would also serve to integrate REDD+ with diverse subjects other than forestry in order to increase participation of students from different fields. Provision of certain credit hours or weight in terms of certification for each of these certificate courses of 1-5 days each could improve their attractiveness and increase enrolment.
In addition, the National REDD+ Office could work with academia to enhance the capacities of the faculty through these courses, and to begin undergraduate and graduate courses (gradually).
The basic topics for forestry-inclusive universities and departments could be the following, or a selection from among the following: 1. “Forests: Their Importance in view of Global Climate Change”: The course should provide a basic understanding of forests, climate change, the link between the two, and an overview of climate change impacts, particularly on Pakistan. This can be a one-day course offered by universities and other educational institutions.
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2. “What is REDD+? REDD+ Components”: This can be a 1-2 day course on understanding REDD+ and its various components. Due to the complex nature of each component, the course could be extended up to 5 days, depending on the nature and details of the course. 3. “REDD+ Negotiations under the UNFCCC: From Cancun to Marrakesh”: The course will offer details of the international scenario, discussions at global forums and technical details of the discussions starting at Cancun and continuing today. The course will be important for those aspiring to engage in actions tied to international decisions, agreements, and instruments. 4. “NFMS and FRELS/FRLs”: The course can be offered to GIS experts as well as others with skills of satellite imagery and remote sensing. The course can be 3 days longs; however, it could be offered over 5 days with an enhanced level of details. 5. “The Role of Sociology / Anthropology / Law (or other fields of study) in REDD+”: Separate courses can be offered for sociologists, anthropologists, and law students or faculty members (or others interested in these fields). These courses will cover the integrated role of REDD+, forestry and these subjects, explaining how REDD+ explores these subjects in its realm. In addition to these generic courses, more specific courses can be included. They can be introduced into the existing courses of academic institutions with forestry programmes and departments, e.g., Pakistan Forest Institute; University of Haripur; or Pir Meher Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, etc. 1. Forests, Carbon Sequestration and the Relationship to Climate Change 2. Introduction to Stakeholder Engagement under REDD+ 3. Legal Requirements and Implications of REDD+ for Pakistan 4. REDD+ and Good Governance in Forest Management 5. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Pakistan 6. Pakistan National REDD+ Strategy as a National Tool for Climate Change 7. National Forest Monitoring Systems and Forest Reference Emission Levels 8. REDD+ Environmental and Social Safeguards in Pakistan 9. Role of the Market in Pakistan’s REDD+ Agenda 10. REDD+ Finance and Pakistan’s Strategy for Financing 11. The Benefit Sharing Mechanism under REDD+ in Pakistan
The suggested course of action will broadly follow the path charted in the graph immediately following:
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Consultative Meeting about REDD+ Curricula
Academic Institutions with Forestry Academic Institutions with Forest-Inclusive Departments Programmes
Introductory and Technical Courses in REDD+ Introductory Courses in REDD+
Draft Syllabus, Content Development and Internal Content Development for Short Introductory Review Courses
External (national) Review by HEC Committee and Internal Courses by NRO and Courses with Defined Adoptation/Adaptation by Universities and Contents by Universities and Institutions Institutions
The Initial Cohort of Trained and Sensitized Human Resource Available within 3-5 Years
5.5 Designing Courses for REDD+ The design of any course in REDD+ can be approached in two ways, depending on the target group of the course. The first refers to the design of courses where REDD+ or any of its components are treated as a standalone topic. The target group for these courses will be professional foresters and others working specifically on issues related to REDD+. The second is where REDD+ is integrated within the domain of another subject, i.e., Law, Sociology, Anthropology, Remote Sensing / GIS, etc. The target group for those courses will be students or professionals in those fields or faculty members (or other interested parties). Below is a skeleton draft that can be used for developing course curricula and content for courses on REDD+. REDD+ as a Standalone Course 1. Key outlines: What are the desired learning outcomes regarding REDD+ 2. Curriculum approach: How will we get there? 3. Contents of the curricula: What topics will be covered from the REDD+ perspective? 4. Approach to effectively delivering curricula: Is the infrastructure and capacity there to train the trainers? 5. Assessment, monitoring, and evaluation: How will we know what students have learned about REDD+? REDD+ as an Embedded Course in Other Degree Programmes 1. Key outlines: What are the desired learning outcomes regarding REDD+?
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2. Curriculum approach: How will we get there? 3. Contents of the curricula: What topics will be covered from the REDD+ perspective? 4. Approach to effectively deliver curricula: Is infrastructure and capacity there to train the trainees? 5. Assessment, monitoring, and evaluation: How will we know what students have learned about REDD+?
5.6 Conclusions and Recommendations Based on the review of the curricula of forestry and related subjects in Pakistani universities and the review of other international universities and institutions, the following conclusions and recommendations are provided for the improvement of the forestry curricula in Pakistan. 1. A comprehensive review of forestry curricula is needed in Pakistan to harmonize the needs of forestry sector employees and the capacities of graduates of the forestry institutions.
2. There is a need to improve the communication and exchanges between universities for the students as well as faculties for improving capacities and knowledge at both levels.
3. Promotion of the culture of research in the forestry institution with technical support of international universities and experts will enhance the quality of research in forestry.
4. Pakistan is one of the top ten countries influenced by the impacts of climate change. However, discussions with members of academia indicated that climate change-related primary research and its coverage in curricula are limited.
5. There are very few experts in REDD+ in the faculty of forestry institutions. There is a need to improve (build) the capacity of faculty in REDD+, particularly in areas related to the National Forestry Monitoring System (NFMS), Strategy development and implementation, social safeguards, land tenure, multiple benefits, rights of unique communities, benefit distribution, legal complications, and other such areas.
6. It has been observed that universities and institutions are mostly related to forestry. However, very little work, if any, has been done by institutions other than with regards to forestry. There is a need to introduce REDD+ as an integrated subject in the curricula of subjects other than forestry, e.g., law, sociology, anthropology, as well as those topics, which are still not a degree programme unto themselves, e.g., Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS).
7. Introductory REDD+ short courses can be introduced in relevant departments of the universities and institutions to promote an understanding of REDD+ and its different dimensions by students. This will
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also serve to integrate with diverse subjects other than forestry in terms of encouraging participation of students from different fields. Provision of certain credit hours to each of these short courses of 3-5 days can make them attractive for the students. The basic topics can be the following or a selection from within following; - Forests: Why are they important? - Climate Change and the relationship with Global Emissions - The Carbon Cycle and the role of forests - What is REDD/REDD+? Its importance in the Carbon cycle - REDD+ Components - REDD+ Negotiations under the UNFCCC: From Marrakesh to Lima - NFMS and FRELS/FRLs - Importance of Sociology / Anthropology / Law (or others) to REDD+?
These can also be included, which are rather more specific and can be a course within their own right. - Forest, Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change - Legal Implications of REDD+ - Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - National Strategies and Action Plans - National Forest Monitoring Systems - Forest Reference Emission Levels - Policies and Measures (PAMs) for REDD+ Implementation - REDD+ Safeguards - REDD+ Finance - Approaches for Allocation of Incentives - Introduction to Stakeholder Engagement - REDD+ and Good Governance in Forest Management
8. An important observation noted during a discussion with members of academia is that diverse departments exist that touch upon different dimensions of REDD+, forestry, environment, ecology, legal framework, social, chemical or management aspects, etc., which provides students with a unilateral or rather less comprehensive part of the whole picture of REDD+ and climate change. It is important that universities and their networks are engaged as strategic platforms and centers of excellence for mainstreaming broader REDD+ education, research and knowledge management in REDD+. This will provide diverse research-based data of similar topics from different perspectives.
9. There is a need to develop a cadre of trainers for the next generation of experts. These trainers will be developed with an objective to train the faculty of universities and also to organize specialist short courses for the students. The trainers can be trained through international exposure, internal courses and provision of opportunities to participate in the development of national context-specific training material under each topic.
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Annex 6 Guidelines for the Development of Provincial REDD+ Strategies
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6. GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROVINCIAL REDD+ STRATEGIES67
When addressing the complexities that enable deforestation and forest degradation, it is important to consider the conditions and circumstances occurring not only at the national level but also at the equally important provincial and local levels. The National REDD+ Strategy provides general parameters and considerations so that each province and territory in the country may design its own mechanisms to fully address the underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation and to develop a Provincial REDD+ Strategy. What follows presents the guidelines for the development of Provincial REDD+ Strategies. A Provincial REDD+ Strategy should ultimately be a roadmap which puts the legal, institutional, social and financial enabling conditions in place for successful REDD+ processes. The development and preparation of a Provincial REDD+ Strategy first require a preparation participatory process. A wide range of consultation processes with stakeholders allows for obtaining information without intermediaries. This will eventually lead to a final product with common agreements and endorsements, and with stronger legitimacy. Several planning methodologies are available for use. All of these are characterized as having linked steps and a logical sequence, as this allows for the identification of activities necessary to reach a certain scenario from the analysis and consideration of the starting points. Figure 5 below presents a series of steps and recommendations for the design and development of a Provincial Strategy for REDD+ (PSREDD+). These have been intentionally formulated to be sufficiently broad so that each province or territory can adapt them to its own needs and circumstances.
67 The Guidelines are based on the work of Robles and Leon (2014).
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Figure 5 Steps for the Design and Development of the Provincial Strategy for REDD+
6.1 Step 1. Form a coordination group to design and develop the Provincial Strategy A coordination group should be formed and tasked to design and (further) develop the Provincial Strategy from within the government institutions. Its leader must be someone who has already been assigned to lead the REDD+ process in each province or territory, for example, to lead the Provincial REDD+ Management Committee in each. Additionally, a specific taskforce under the coordination group might be needed. Once this group is defined, the Provincial Strategy development process should be supported by participatory mechanisms, including the involvement of all relevant and interested stakeholders. The most important assignment of this group is to ensure that the Provincial Strategy not only responds to the provincial/territory conditions and needs but also is implementable. This means carrying out effective planning and implementation process. The coordination group will be responsible for leading this process and for taking the necessary steps to achieve it.
6.2 Step 2. Define the vision and scope of the PS-REDD design The purpose of this step is to define the vision and scope to be achieved with the PS- REDD+ design. The form provided in Table 15 should be examined by the coordination group to determine which tasks should be undertaken in the PS-REDD+ drafting process. This may be done by checking the progress status of each condition and when marked “without progress”, tend to those. Conditions marked as “total progress” or “optimal condition” and that have additional information describing the current status should be seen as a strength and elements to be built upon.
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Table 14 Diagnosis of the initial condition for the PS-REDD+ design in each province or territory
Progress status
Topic Condition
diate
Total
Interme Without Political will The Ministry/Department concerned has committed to writing to implement REDD+. The Ministry/Department concerned has designated a person or office responsible for monitoring the process of Strategy preparation. The Ministry/Department concerned has begun or promoted actions for the Strategy preparation. Legal, An analysis of the provincial legal framework that institutional allows for identifying synergies and oppositions to and REDD+ implementation is in place. programmatic Institutional arrangements to allow the development framework of legal analysis for REDD+ are in place. There is an identification of contradictions among the REDD+ objectives and among other programmes and policies. A provincial institutional arrangement to enable and facilitate the decision-making process about REDD+ is in place. An effective coordinatimechanism is in place among the government agencies at technical and political levels. The social and environmental impact of the different institutions and provincial programs is well known. Provincial climate change law or policy is in place. Provincial rural development law or policy is in place. Provincial forestry development law or policy is in place. A department or government area responsible for climate change issues is in place. A government department responsible for rural development issues is in place. A government department responsible for forestry development issues is in place. A provincial program of action on climate change is in place. Programs for rural development are in place.
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Progress status
Topic Condition
diate
Total
Interme Without District programmes of action on climate change are in place. Key The sectors and actors involved in the drivers of stakeholders deforestation have been identified. The sectors and actors involved in the drivers of forest degradation have been identified. The sectors and actors involved in the conservation and increase of carbon stocks have been identified. The sectors and key stakeholders for the promotion of interventions in a coordinated way have been identified. The provincial REDD+ focal point has clear leadership. Capabilities There are known actors with capacities to analyze and to generate information about mapping forest cover, land use change, forest inventories datasets, carbon content, change in carbon content, deforestation risk areas, among others. There is a group of people who are trained in and informed about REDD+. Stakeholders with capacities and experience in natural resources monitoring are identified. Stakeholders with experience in monitoring and verification of compliance with safeguards are in place. Training necessities associated with sustainable rural development and REDD+ are known among the government sectors. There is a group with communication, transparency and accountability capacities. Capacities and mechanisms for monitoring results and providing evaluation and feedback are present. Basic Basic information about the conditions of the forests information in the province/territory is available. Basic information about the social conditions in and around forests in the province/territory is available. There are existing studies concerning the identification of areas with high deforestation risks. There are existing studies identifying the drivers of
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Progress status
Topic Condition
diate
Total
Interme Without deforestation in the province/territory. There are existing studies identifying the drivers of forest degradation in the province/territory. The principal sources of conflict associated with forest areas are known. There is an existing diagnostic study on governance at the regional level. Systematized information about programmes focused on sustainable rural development, forest management, forest conservation, and best practices is available. Information about the fiscal budget and external finance designated to the regions is available. Institutional An inter-sectoral committee on climate change (or arrangements REDD+) is formally established. A REDD+ Working Group is part of the inter-sectoral committee. Other social participation platforms that can be used for REDD+ are in place. Groups of local communities, women, youth and other vulnerable groups are represented in those platforms. Effective communication mechanisms between the provincial government with society, vulnerable groups, and productive sectors are available. A broad representation of the different sectors— especially vulnerable groups, productive sectors, and civil society—is present in the existing platforms. A formal consultation mechanism for key stakeholders is in place. Financial Financial resources designated for the design of the resources Provincial REDD+ Strategy are in place. Potential sources of funding for REDD + have been identified (public and private). Resources currently/recently implemented to support actions associated with sustainable rural development are identified in the province/territory. Specific resource needed from each actor
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Progress status
Topic Condition
diate
Total
Interme Without associated with sustainable rural development are identified. The opportunities for synergies among resources from different sources implemented in the same territory are known. Provincial financial mechanisms are in place that allows for managing the flow of different sources and directing it towards different rural activities (productive, social or conservation). Financial mechanisms that allow transparent distribution of resources towards different stakeholders are in place. Information The province or territory agency in charge of leading and the Strategy has the capacities and experience in communication information and communication management with different stakeholders The province or territory agency in charge of leading the Strategy has the systems and mechanisms in place to communicate with and inform the different stakeholders from different sectors. The province or territory agency in charge of leading the Strategy is able to systematize information and to generate lessons learned from different experiences.
6.3 Step 3. Identify relevant stakeholders and define their goals, needs, and interests In addition to the government stakeholders who have the responsibility and the leadership to (further) develop the Strategy, there are other individuals and organizations that are fundamental to the planning, design, implementation and/or assessment of the PS-REDD+. The analysis and stakeholder identification processes are important tools for selecting the participants for the next steps. The identification and characterization of stakeholders is an important step since this will help in understanding who they are and how to integrate them into the process. Some relevant stakeholders are readily apparent and easy to recognize, but there are other cases where a stakeholder does not stand out, and deeper analysis is necessary to allow for their identification and qualification for the stakeholder role. In this regard, actors who are influential or influenced politically, economically, ecologically or socially speaking in the province or territory and/or who have any
~ 231 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework relation to land use dynamics and compliance with safeguards are relevant to the process. An analysis of someone who could be considered to be a social actor indicates individuals, groups and organizations influencing or affected by issues at the heart of the PS-REDD+ Strategy (e.g., land use issues), and they may be characterized according to various criteria, such as their interest in the issue, their political or economic influence in decision-making processes, and their direct influence in the province/territory in question, etc. A multitude of documents describes the way to go about stakeholder identification and analysis. The main point in all of them is in the choice of the question or objective for which each potential stakeholder should be identified and analyzed. In this case, this refers to all stakeholders that affect or may be affected by –positively or negatively- the PS-REDD+ or, in other words, that participate in the land use and land-use change dynamics. Table 15 below helps organize the information gathered and serves as an illustration, which shows one of the ways of completing this task
Table 15 Stakeholders matrix example Stakeholder Functions/Roles Relation Influence There are Each actor The relation is Influence is the individual and performs (a) defined as the level of actor collective actors. certain degree of “affinity capacity to limit or The latter is a set function(s)/role(s), relations” (trust) in facilitate actions of people having following the project associated with homogeneous objectives objectives or the proposal or interests and who through his/her proposal (on the idea to be participate or have actions. part of the group developed. interest in a members) that the -High particular issue, group leader is -Medium goal, idea or willing to promote. -Low proposal. - In favor - Indifferent - Against
6.4 Step 4. Establishment of a multidisciplinary working group for participatory planning The initial characterization and analysis of stakeholders will be crucial in deciding about their types and in identifying instances where they should participate. As mentioned, the importance of the participation of each stakeholder also considers the role that they must play and the relevant instances where they should participate, which can vary throughout different phases of the overall Strategy building project. The process of preparation for REDD+ is demanding, and this aspect must be acknowledged and agreed upon from the very beginning, considering that the final step is the PS-REDD+ design. In this regard, it is advisable to form a multi-sectoral group that allows, throughout the process, consideration of the interest and the approach with the different stakeholders.
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The conformation of solid and effective groups is fundamental to the success of the preparation process. Thus, the time invested in its formulation is absolutely required and fruitful. Conditions that improve the multi-disciplinary group performance are as follows: 1. There is clear and respectful leadership in the group. 2. Participants identify with the group proposed and feel as if they are part of the group itself. 3. The priority stakeholders in the group are well represented. 4. The participants are aware of what is expected of them, and they agree with it. 5. A process of continuous training is integrated into group functioning so that the stakeholders have sufficient capacities to ensure effective participation. 6. The participation rules are known and respected. 7. Each time a group meeting is convened, participants have a working plan, and they agree with it. 8. All members have access to the information that is available and pertinent to the topics that will be discussed. 9. All participants recognize the role the other group members play in the process.
6.5 Step 5. Gathering information and research The main objective of this step is the gathering of necessary material to promote a better definition and understanding of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation and to identify priority areas and mechanisms for understanding these. The information will be used to assess the condition—social and environmental— of the institutions, as well as to assess the human and financial resources essential to tackling the problem. This information will help establish objectives and actions which correspond to the provincial situation. The quality, relevance, and effectiveness of the decisions taken will be strongly determined by the quality of the information collected. It is helpful to organize the available information (worksheets, databases, compendiums, etc.) in such a way that it can be shared and accessed by all the stakeholders. Although the gathering of information is presented here as an isolated step, it must be considered a permanent activity associated with all the different stages of the process. Only in rare cases is all the desired information available at the beginning of the decision-making process. Nevertheless, this should not be a hindrance to commencing the design and instrumentation of the Provincial Strategy for REDD+; this can already take place with the information is at hand. Obtaining additional and better information on a continuous basis should be a regular part of the PS-REDD+ process.
6.6 Step 6. Participatory planning to identify objectives and actions At this point, it is expected that there enough information is available to begin the planning process. In this phase, the specific objectives and lines of action for reaching the main objective must be defined, knowing the starting point from the previous step.
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1. The provincial goals must be set by the provinces themselves according to the pertinent economic, social, political and ecological aspects. They must be in line with agreements at the federal level for its national contribution. These goals must be measurable and have deadlines set for achieving them. 2. The goals will depend on the province’s starting point in various Strategy elements, ranging from capacity building to intervention actions in the province/territory. At this point in time, there is an emerging necessity to identify policy actions in different sectors that need to be organized and articulated to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. 3. The emission reduction goals will be established based on the reference level that is coordinated among the province and the National Forest Monitoring System. The establishment of these will be essential to the results-based payments. If PS-REDD+ is thought of as a nested approach, the objectives cannot be determined independently from those found in the National REDD+ Strategy, and the progress made in the various components of the National Strategy must thus be considered. Likewise, the goals that are proposed must be aligned with the province climate change programs and other relevant policies, programmes, and strategies. It is essential to propose, include and highlight objectives and actions related to the development or strengthening of capacities within each of the components of the PS-REDD+. To assess the relevance of the objectives and lines of action contemplated for the PS-REDD+, the following criteria can be considered: a) congruency with the REDD+ approaches taken in the country and with the National REDD+ Strategy process; b) congruency with the actions planned in the National REDD+ Strategy; c) correspondence with the provincial legal framework; d) contribution to achieving the PS-REDD+ main goal; e) congruency with the institutional attributions; f) contributions made by the participants concerning discussions and compromises; g) the existence of synergies with other processes; and h) compliance with safeguards.
6.7 Step 7. Agreements for Strategy implementation As part and parcel of the same planning process, it is important to identify and define the stakeholders who will be responsible for implementing the strategy. The working group and the various stakeholders who participated in the PS-REDD+ definition must agree on the mechanism to manage, promote and achieve what corresponds to them. This step aims to guarantee that the PS-REDD+ incorporates only actions previously agreed with all involved stakeholders. It is a way of verifying that all stakeholders who will eventually carry out the actions outlined in the strategy have been consulted in the planning process.
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If for some reason, an omitted stakeholder is identified, there is still time to carry out the necessary steps to involve them.
Figure 6 Strategic instruments of the REDD+ process
6.8 Step 8. Preparation and final publication The PS-REDD+, as a policy instrument, must be an accessible document that presents in an organized and coherent way the outcomes of the previous steps. The content outline might vary according to the needs and circumstances in each province; however, it does need to identify and address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation while taking into account the governance, legal, policy and institutional frameworks. Once the Strategy text is ready, the coordination group should seek the pertinent endorsement according to the legal framework of the respective province. The PS- REDD+ should be made publicly available for the population to access, by publishing it in written and online formats. Step 9. Strategy implementation At this stage, the benefits of coordination and participatory meetings should be evident, as they can reinforce the governance and decision-making processes concerning REDD+ issues. This strengthened governance should be capitalized on to ensure the correct implementation of the Strategy. The Strategy needs to include clear steps and indications regarding the mechanisms for implementation, including the identification of leaders and responsible institutions and stakeholders for each component.
6.9 Step 10. Monitoring and evaluation Even though monitoring and evaluation are presented here as the final step of the preparation process, these are permanent activities, especially in the context of such complex processes as the implementation of the PS-REDD+ Strategy. The Strategy must include mechanisms that enable the correct monitoring of the different stages
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6.10 Bibliography Robles, M., Hernández, C., León C., (2014). Propuesta de Lineamientos para el Diseño de Estrategias Estatales REDD+. Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), Proyecto de Reducción de Emisiones por la Deforestación y la Degradación de Bosques de México (Alianza México- REDD+) y Consejo Civil Mexicano para Silvicultura Sostenible A.C. México, Distrito Federal.
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7. GLOSSARY Above-ground biomass: All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage. (FAO, 2015). Afforestation: Establishment of the forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that, until then, was not classified as forest. (FAO, 2015). Adaptation: Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. (UNFCCC). Agroforestry: Collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. In agroforestry systems, there are both ecological and economic interactions between the different components. (FAO, 2015). Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained forests. (UNFCCC). Below-ground biomass: All biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2 mm diameter are excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter. (FAO, 2015). Capacity building: In the context of climate change, the process of developing the technical skills and institutional capability in developing countries and economies in transition to enable them to address effectively the causes and results of climate change. (UNFCCC). Carbon market: A popular (but misleading) term for a trading system through which countries may buy or sell units of greenhouse-gas emissions in an effort to meet their national limits on emissions, either under the Kyoto Protocol or under other agreements, such as that among member states of the European Union. The term comes from the fact that carbon dioxide is the predominant greenhouse gas, and other gases are measured in units called "carbon-dioxide equivalents. (UNFCCC). Deforestation: The conversion of forest to other land use or the permanent reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10 percent threshold. (FAO, 2015). Conversion of forest to non-forest (UNFCCC). Ecosystem services: Direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well- being. (BISE. TEEB D0, 2009). Emission factors: The average emission rate of a given GHG for a given source, relative to units of activity. (UNFCCC, 2018). Forest degradation: The reduction of the capacity of a forest to provide goods and services. (FAO, 2015). Forest restoration: The process of returning degraded forests to their original structure, productivity, ecological integrity, and species diversity. (USDA, 2016). Growing stock: Volume over bark of all living trees with a minimum diameter of 10 cm at breast height (or above buttress if these are higher). Includes the stem from ground level up to a top diameter of 0 cm, excluding branches. (FAO, 2015).
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Land-use change and forestry: Total emissions and removals from forest and land use change activities (activities impact on three different carbon sources/sinks: above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, and soil carbon) (UNFCCC, 2018). Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) A greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities. (UNFCCC).
Mitigation: In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently for industrial processes or electricity generation, switching to solar energy or wind power, improving the insulation of buildings, and expanding forests and other "sinks" to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (UNFCCC).
MRV: Measurable, reportable and verifiable. A process/concept that potentially supports greater transparency in the climate change regime. (UNFCCC).
Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs): At COP 16 in Cancun in 2010, Governments decided to set up a registry to record nationally appropriate mitigation actions seeking international support, to facilitate the matching of finance, technology and capacity-building support with these actions, and to recognize other NAMAs. (UNFCCC).
NDC: According to Article 4 paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that it intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions. (UNFCCC).
Non-wood forest product: Goods derived from forests that are tangible and physical objects of biological origin other than wood. (FAO, 2015). Reforestation: Re-establishment of the forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land classified as forest. (FAO, 2015). Replanting of forests on lands that have previously contained forests but that have been converted to some other use. (UNFCCC)
Registries, registry systems: Electronic databases that track and records all transactions under the Kyoto Protocol's greenhouse-gas emissions trading system (the "carbon market") and under mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism. "Registry" may also refer to current discussions on a system for inscribing nationally appropriate mitigation actions. (UNFCCC).
Silvo-pastoral: The combined use of forestland or woodland for both wood production and animal production by grazing of the coexisting indigenous forage, or vegetation that is managed like indigenous forage. (USDA, 2016). Sustainable forest management: Addresses forest degradation and deforestation while increasing direct benefits to people and the environment. At the social level,
~ 238 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework sustainable forest management contributes to livelihoods, income generation, and employment. At the environmental level, it contributes to important services such as carbon sequestration and water, soil and biodiversity conservation. (FAO, 2017).
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