Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework
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LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1 PROVINCIAL REDD+ STRATEGY BRIEFS 2
ANNEX 2 CONSULTATION PROCESS – A SUMMARY 107
ANNEX 3 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST CURVES 137
ANNEX 4 LAND USE PLANNING GUIDELINES 154
ANNEX 5 REDD+ CURRICULUM 169
ANNEX 6 GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROVINCIAL REDD+ STRATEGIES 183
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Annex 1 Provincial REDD+ Strategy Briefs
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1. PROVINCIAL REDD+ STRATEGY BRIEFS
1.1 Azad Jammu and Kashmir
1.1.1 Minutes from REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, November 13, 2017 Agenda Introduction of Participants Overview of the REDD+ and different studies Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for National REDD+ Strategy Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV and FRELs Presentation and Group work by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS Discussion and inputs from Management Committee towards National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards and SIS etc.
Proceedings The Secretary-Forests chaired the meeting. The Conservator of Forests greeted the participants and after Introduction of Participants, Deputy Team Leader of Indufor-CTC explained the objectives of the meeting with the Management committee and presented the studies undertaken by different firms. An overall presentation regarding REDD+ context was provided by Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF, explaining the REDD+ and its different aspects. He has then presented the work done by them on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs. Focal person from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of National REDD+ Strategy and Implementation Framework for validating the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment, and Strategy options. The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work to the forum on safeguard systems, SIS and also on FGRM. A vision statement was shared at the end of presentation for their review and inputs of the participants. The vision statement was discussed with Conservator of Forests, before sharing with the participants. There was a general consensus over the statement. Group work was undertaken afterwards to discuss, review and prioritize the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, and to identify potential strategic options, positive and negative impacts and possible grievances and issues and their potential way out. The meeting then continued with brief discussion on the Benefit sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+. This was also recorded.
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The Secretary-Forests kindly accepted the request of the firms working under National REDD+ Office to share the documents with the National Consultants for deliberation and to ensure that National Strategy and priorities of AJK are in line with each other and there are no contradictions and differences within the two.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with sections on; - Analysis of the legal framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Strategic Framework for AJK
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List of Participants
S. Organizat Designatio No Name ion n Ph.No E.mail Managing 0302- 1 Nisar Ahmed Malik AKLASC Director 5820206 Dr.Hamayun University Assistant 0344- hamayunmaldial@ 2 Shaheen of AJK Professor 5952552 yahoo.com Agricuture Departme 0333- [email protected] 3 Dr.M.Bashir Butt nt DG 5308935 m Forests 0344- imtiazawan@gmail. 4 Imtiaz Ahmed Deptt DFO 9590040 com Forests 0300- bilalahmed_1978@ 5 Bilal Ahmed Deptt DFO 4441711 gmail.com Syed Mazhar Forest 0344- mazharnaqvi48@g 6 Hussain Deptt DFO 5925512 mail.com Forest 0345- irtaza_83@hotmail. 7 Irtaza Qureshi Deptt DFO 5920663 com HB/CLP 0333- anthropologistrao@ 8 Dr.Rao Nadeem HB/CLP Consultant 5574539 gmail.com 0332- imtiazpare@yahoo. 9 Imtiaz Ahmed CTC Consultant 5399947 com Raja Tariq 0301- [email protected] 10 Mehmood CLP/HBP Consultant 5244036 m M.Ahmed Aslam 0333- ahmed@mumtazan 11 Ch CTC Consultant 5757274 dbrohi.com Deputy Team iqbalwwfp@yahoo. 12 Iqbal Muhammad WWF Leader com Mahjabeenqazi@y 13 Mah Jabeen Qazi CTC Sociologist ahoo.com
1.1.2 Constitutional Background of Forest Laws and Policies in Pakistan and the Challenges Created Thereby The territory within Azad Jammu and Kashmir (“AJK”) is still not considered a part of Pakistan’s Territory as defined in Article 1 of the Constitution, however, Pakistan has nevertheless acted as a sovereign there, exercising an effective and continuous display of state authority generally recognized under international law. Nonetheless, Pakistan recognizes that the future status of the State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir is yet to be determined in accordance with the freely expressed will of the people of
~ 5 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework the State through a plebiscite under the auspices of the United Nations, as envisaged in the United Nations Commission on India and Pakistan (UNCIP) Resolutions. As such, the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Interim Constitution Act, 1974 (“Interim Constitution”) was presented by the Government of Pakistan to the President of AJK for introduction and passage before the Legislative Assembly of AJK. and it was passed in due course. The salient features of the Interim Constitution for the current discussion are that it creates two bodies with legislative powers: the AJK Council (comprising the Prime Minister of Pakistan, the President of AJK, five members nominated by the Prime Minister from amongst the Federal Ministers and members of Parliament, the Prime Minister of AJK and six members to be appointed by the AJK Legislative Assembly) and the Legislative Assembly with a total of forty one members directly elected and eight members elected by the directly elected members against reserved seats. The Council has the exclusive power to make laws in respect of the subjects provided in the Third Schedule to the Interim Constitution (“Council Legislative List”) whereas the Legislative Assembly has the exclusive power to make laws in respect of all subjects not included in Council Legislative List. However, neither the Council nor the Legislative Assembly have the right to make any laws in respect of certain subjects, including the responsibilities of the Government of Pakistan under the UNCIP Resolutions, the defence and security of AJK, the current coin or issue of any bills or the external affairs of AJK. In respect of these reserved subjects, the Government of Pakistan reserves the right under Article 56 of the Interim Constitution to take any such action as it may consider necessary or expedient for the effective discharge of these responsibilities. Nothing in the Interim Constitution may derogate from these responsibilities. The subject of “Forests”, and related subjects, such as environment and ecology, which may be interpreted to include forests within their legislative field, are not to be found on the Council Legislative List. Therefore, the Legislative Assembly now retains the exclusive domain to make laws regarding forests in AJK. Under Article 12 of the Interim Constitution, the executive authority of AJK shall be exercised in the name of the President by the Government consisting of the Prime Minister, whom shall be the Chief Executive of AJK, and the Ministers, which shall act through the Prime Minister. However, under Article 19, the executive authority of the Government shall extend only to such matters with respect to which the Legislative Assembly has the power to make laws, which as elaborated above, includes the subject of Forests. Alternatively, Under Article 21(7) of the Interim Constitution the Council has the executive authority in respect of all matters and has the power to make laws. As apparent from the above discussion, the forests of AJK are within the exclusive legislative and executive domain of the Legislative Assembly. As such, any REDD+ related policy and legislative framework creation and/or amendments would require efforts directed at lobbying the Government of AJK, as opposed to the Government of Pakistan or the AJK Council (in distinction to Gilgit-Baltistan where forests are within the legislative and executive competence of the Gilgit-Baltistan Council headed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan). Since AJK is free to promulgate its own policies on the subject, this raises the same concerns as with the provinces in relation to the coherence of the overall framework because of a lack of coordination between the Federation of Pakistan and AJK.
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The primary legislation with respect to forests in the AJK is the Jammu and Kashmir Forest [Regulation No.2 of 1936] (“AJK Forest Regulation”), which delineates several categories of government-owned and private forests as detailed below.
GOVERNMENT OWNED FORESTS Demarcated Forest Under Section 3 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the Government may make rules declaring a forest land or wasteland as a demarcated forest, only when the land is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary right, or to which the Government is entitled, in which case it will affect the whole or any part of the forest produce. The acts regarding the offences with respect to a reserved forest under the Forest Act are also offences with respect to a demarcated forest under Section 6 of the Forest Regulations1. This is so unless done in exercise of any right, under a grant, concession or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer, or in accordance with rules made by the Government. Under a recent amendment to the AJK Forest Regulations, under Section 9-A, the Government may issue a notification to declare any demarcated forest or any part thereof as a reserved forest or a protected forest. A reserved forest is defined in the AJK forest Regulations for this purpose as “the demarcated forests where all acts are prohibited unless permitted”. A protected forest is defined as “the forests where all acts are permitted unless prohibited.” The AJK Forest Regulation allows the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof, or a state forest2 or a demarcated forest3 as the case may be, is no longer reserved4. This is an unrestricted power and the Government does not need to have prior justification for changing the status of the forest in this manner.
Undemarcated Forest Under Section 10 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the management and control of undemarcated forests is vested in the Forest Department. Undemarcated forests are defined as all forestland and wasteland that is the property of the Government and not appropriated for any specific purpose. This category of forests is similar to the protected forest classification under the Forest Act.
1 These acts include: a) making fresh clearing b) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or setting on fire any plant or tree c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same g) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares. 2 Section 10 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation 3 Section 9 of the AJK Forest Regulation 4 Section 27 of the Forest Act and Section 27 of the Forest Ordinance
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Under Section 11 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the Government may issue a notification with regard to undemarcated forests: a) declaring any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date b) prohibiting from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest-produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest.
Importantly the AJK Forest Regulations does not provide for the closing of any portion of the un-demarcated forest nor the suspension of rights of private persons therein as does the Forest Act 1927. In addition, under Section 12 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the Government may from time to time make rules to regulate the following matters: a) the sale and removal of trees and forest produce from the undemarcated forests b) the protection and management of undemarcated forests c) the exercise of concessions in undemarcated forests.
Under Section 13 of the AJK Forest Regulations, the following acts are punishable offences in respect of an undemarcated forest where they infringe a notification under Section 11 and/or rules promulgated under Section 12: a) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same b) quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce c) breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose d) infringing any rule under Section 12.
In addition, in a departure from the scheme for protected forests, regardless of a notification under Section 11 or rules made under Section 12, the following acts are deemed as offences with respect to undemarcated forests: a) setting fire to such forest, or kindling or leaving any fire such as to endanger the forest b) removing or damaging the articles fixed to trees for the collection of resin c) installing or establishing a saw mill or forest-based industry within a prohibited limit outside an undemarcated forest.
However, under Section 14 of the AJK Forest Regulation, an act that would otherwise have been an offence will not be deemed an offence if done in exercise of any right, under a grant, concession or contract made by the Government or under the law or with the written permission of the forest officer, or in accordance with rules made by the Government.
Village Forests Section 14-A of the AJK Forest Regulation provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of
~ 8 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework the Government to or over any land which has been entered into settlement records as khalsa (“crown”) land. Further, the Government has the power to make rules for the management of a village forest including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce including timber, other forest produce and pasture, as well as their duties to protect and improve the forest. In addition, all the provisions related to demarcated forests would apply to village forests as well, in so far as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government.
PRIVATE FORESTS Azad Jammu and Kashmir Community Forests Under Section 13-A of the AJK Forest Regulations, the management and control of the community forests shall vest with the Forest Department where community forests are defined as the shamilatdeh (common village land) areas, which are managed and developed by the Forest Department on behalf of the Deh Council. The net income from the community forests shall be treated as the revenue of the Deh Council. The following acts are prohibited in the community forests5, except where these are done with the permission in writing of the forest officer, or in accordance with any rule made by the Government, or in the exercise of any right created by grant or contract or concession made by or on behalf of the Government: a) setting fire to the community forest or kindling or leaving any fire burning which endangers the community forest or b) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf c) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber d) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same e) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce f) clearing or breaking up any land or erecting a fence, or enclosure or constructing any structure or building or cultivating or attempting to cultivate any land in another manner in the community forest or for any other purpose g) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares; h) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass in such part of the forest duly declared to be closed i) removing or damaging the utensils, lips, nails or other articles fixed to trees for the collection of resin j) infringing any rules made to regulate community forest
5 Section 13-B of the AJK Forest Regulations
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k) installing a saw mill, or forest-based industry within a prohibited limit outside the community forest.
1.1.3 Background According to Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) reported 417,000 hectares of forest area or about 10% of Pakistan’s current forest area (FCPF, 2014), which are mostly coniferous forests. The AJK’s forests have high ecological significance because of their ecosystem functions, such as maintaining soil stability in watershed areas. The forests in AJK not only provide ecosystem services to local population but also to the downstream areas of Punjab and Sindh provinces. In AJK, forestry and forest products form an important component of local livelihoods and income. The coniferous forests are of higher quality when compared to other provinces, and 50% of the forests have a cover density above 75%, (Ahmad et al, 2012).
1.1.4 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation Based on a GIS analysis, Ahmad et al (2012) found that AJK’s coniferous forest cover has changed over the past 20 years (see table below), however, the results show that AJK’s forest cover remains relatively stable in the long run.
Table 1 Forest Cover Change (Conifer) AJK 1992-2010 Annual Status of vegetation cover (Hectares) Change rate (1992 base yr)
Year 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010
AJK 241,000 289,000 267,000 288,000 272,000 0.71
Source: Ahmad et al (2012)
More recent studies have been conducted using remote sensing techniques and robust land cover classification techniques using different methodologies and assumptions. Qamer et al (2016) produced land cover maps over three temporal points, included 14 land classes and excluded settlements. The results are presented in the table below for AJK.
Table 2 Spatial Temporal Analysis of Land Cover in AJK 1990-2010
Land cover 1990- 2000- Category 1990 2000 2010 (Hectares) 2000 2010 Forest Dense 171,149 169,521 167,689 -1,628 -1,832 land Coniferous Forest
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Land cover 1990- 2000- Category 1990 2000 2010 (Hectares) 2000 2010 Sparse 112,300 112,585 112,971 285 386 Coniferous Forest Dense Mix 90,731 89,811 87,182 -920 -2,629 Forest Sparse Mix 28,165 28,093 29,850 -72 1,757 Forest Dense 31,902 30,926 30,478 -976 -448 Broadleave forest Sparse 25,320 26,061 25,720 741 -341 Broadleave forest Sub-total 459,567 456,997 453,890 -2,570 -3,107 forestland Grassland Grasses/Shrubs 264,641 283,624 265,091 18,983 -18,533 Alpine Grasses 3,738 12,577 12,124 8,839 -453 Cropland Agriculture 244,013 199,687 243,158 -44,326 43,471 Cropped Agriculture 8902 75,066 41,127 66,165 -33,940 Fallow Other Bare soil/Rock 94,742 117,154 116,083 22,412 -1,071 land Snow 86,161 34,621 33,338 -51,540 -1,283 Glacier/ice Wetlands Water bodies 25,727 7,765 22,681 -17,962 14,916 Total 1,187,492 1,187,492 1,187,492 Source: Qamer et al (2016)
The results show that in AJK land cover changes have been dynamic. Importantly, dense forest classes have continued to decline in all forest classes (coniferous, mixed forest and broadleaved forests) over the twenty-year period, which indicates degradation. When the results are aggregated for the forestland category, AJK has lost more than 5,600 ha of forest area during the analysis period 1990-2010. Other land categories such as cropland and grassland have increased. There was a significant reduction in other land classified as snow/glacier/ice of more than 50,000 ha, indicating significant impacts of climate change. The study estimated the changes in forest cover assessing deforestation, degradation and regeneration and the net changes. The results are presented in the table below.
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Table 3 Forest Cover Change in AJK
Forest Cover Change in AJK Province Total Area (Ha) Net Annual Deforestation Degradation Regeneration change Rate 1,187,492 6,965 6,113 1,288 11,789 -0.13
Qamer et al (2016)
AJK suffered from deforestation and forest degradation during the twenty-year analysis period. Regeneration was modest with about 1,288 ha regenerated. Qamer et al (2016) identified hotspots at the sub-district level for deforestation in AJK. These areas include Athmuqam, Kotil, and Muzaffarabad. Qamer et al (2016) discussed the results and noted that according to their study, AJK had the lowest rate of deforestation when compared with Gilgit-Baltistan, Balochistan and KP/FATA provinces. The primary cause of deforestation was driven directly by the demand for fuelwood and indirectly by population growth.
Many studies have examined the incidence of fuelwood consumption on AJK’s forests. Shaheen et al (2016) noted that fuelwood is a major energy source for rural populations in Kashmir Himalayas and has resulted in forest degradation. The study concluded that increased fuelwood harvesting, combined with low tree density, high population growth and severe climatic conditions, are causing deforestation and associated biodiversity loss. Ahmad et al (2012) noted that conifer forests in Pakistan are under intense pressure due to commercial harvesting for fuelwood and timber. The study also noted that the demand was driven by population growth. Shaheen et al (2011b) found that rural households in the Himalayas are highly dependent on fuel wood for their energy needs. Higher fuelwood consumption is mainly due to lack of alternative energy sources and due to the drives deforestation and forest degradation. The study concluded that the present consumption level of the forest resources far exceeded the carrying capacity and natural regeneration rates of the local forest resources. According to the environmental and social profile of Athmuqam District, the primary source of energy for heating and cooking in the macro-environment of DHQ Athmuqam is fuel wood extracted mainly from the nearby forest area. Secondary sources include electricity, LPG and kerosene oil. Electricity has been provided to about 70% households. Fuelwood and unsustainable timber extraction is not the only threat to forests in AJK. Shaheen et al (2011b) found that anthropogenic disturbances showed a significant negative impact on distribution of medicinal and palatable species. Unpalatable species dominated the local flora, indicating heavy grazing pressure in the area. Miller (1999) noted that Himalayan pastures have been grazed intensely for centuries. However, the available grazing area per animal has been observed to decrease, see Malik (1988) and Misri (2003). Rangelands for grazing are stressed and overgrazing has become a norm, (FAO, 1987). More recently, Cochard and Dar (2014) found that population growth had driven growth in livestock, particularly sheep and goats, and there are high livestock densities (>2 animals per hectare) in and around Machiara National Park in Pakistan administered in Kashmir, resulting in degradation of pasture in sensitive areas.
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Siddiqui et al (2010) found that disturbance in the native forests may provide the opportunity for invasion of aggressive exotic species that may prevent or slow down native species from re-establishment. To enhance growth of native species, grazing and fire should be allowed in a controlled manner. This will not only reduce the rate of soil erosion and increase the fertility, but will also provide better chances for seedling survival and growth of conifers in natural forests. Seedling regeneration status of various coniferous forests should be assessed. Amjad et al (2014) studied species diversity and regenerating capacity in the forest of Nikyal valley in relation to environmental variables and underlying anthropogenic influence. They identified human induced factors of animal grazing as a barrier to regeneration. In addition, they noted that because of deforestation, soil had been washed out and rocks were exposed, creating further barriers to successful regeneration. Sudmeier-Rieux et al (2007) reported that forested areas in AJK are less susceptible to be affected by landslides than sparsely vegetated areas. The study clearly revealed that area covered by forests suffered much fewer landslides than deforested areas. Different methodologies and assumptions produce different results on the magnitude of trends affecting the forests in AJK. The most thorough assessment to date has been conducted by Qamer et al (2016), whom found that deforestation and forest degradation, as well as natural regeneration, is a problem in AJK. The direct drivers of deforestation are fuelwood extraction for household and commercial purposes. In addition, animal grazing is a significant driver of deforestation and degradation in the state, which also creates a barrier to regeneration. The indirect drivers of deforestation in the AJK are population growth and the increasing number of livestock needing pastureland for grazing. All studies noted that the current forest and land use in AJK is unsustainable but note the importance of forests contribution to economic, social and environmental values. The results of DD survey and the literature review on drivers of deforestation and degradation are supporting each other. The prioritized key direct drivers of deforestation include:
1. Unsustainable fuel wood extraction 2. Unsustainable timber extraction 3. Forest Fires (Intentional) 4. Forest Fires (natural or due to negligence) 5. Infrastructure Development 6. Free and uncontrolled livestock grazing 7. Urban & rural expansion / habitation 8. Agricultural expansion for subsistence 9. Encroachment of population on demarcated forest land (land record burnt during 1947, refugees in 1965) 10. Floods, Landslides, heavy Snowfall, earthquake, Drought and Diseases, Pests 11. Weak governance 12. Mining
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Whereas the main drivers of forest degradation identified are:
1. Agricultural expansion for subsistence 2. Unsustainable timber extraction 3. Unsustainable fuelwood extraction 4. Urban & rural expansion 5. Livestock grazing 6. Infrastructure Development e.g. roads 7. Mining
All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include: Wood energy needs Food security Livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence Lack of alternate livelihoods in rural areas Poor extension services Poor land use planning/no land use planning No demarcation of boundaries Unsustainable forest management (i.e. forest management plans not enforced) Poor implementation of laws (poor governance) Political pressure on forest officers for relaxing the laws which discourages full enforcement of the law Uncontrolled nomadic activities and overgrazing
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1.1.5 Strategic Framework Vision Forests in Azad Jammu and Kashmir provide ecosystem services and livelihood support on sustainable basis. Mission Develop and manage forest and other bio-resources on scientific basis for healthy environment and wealthy populations on sustainable basis. Strategic Objectives 1. Establishment of REDD+ Cell and its complete architecture to support REDD+ functions. 2. To align AJK legal and policy framework to the REDD+ and strengthen it to support forestry sector. 3. Scientific management of existing public forest resources to increase production of wood and minor forest produce. 4. Management of watersheds to conserve soil and water and to improve the productivity of land. 5. Management of range lands to boost production of forest and livestock. 6. Promotion of social/farm forestry in private lands. 7. Establishment of amenity forests and recreational parks. 8. Raising of tree plantation for strategic purposes. 9. Forest production, sale and export of forest products for enhanced financial viability. 10. Improving the institutional and management capacities of Forest department and its allied organizations for sustainability 11. Improved research capacities to enhance forest production, sustainable and innovative management practices. 12. Acquisition and transfer of forest lands. Notification/De-Notification in respect of reserve, protected and unclassed forests. 13. Implementation of various provisions of AJK Forest Regulations and rules framed thereunder. Legal and Policy Foundations 1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2. Vision 2025 3. Interim Constitution Act, 1974 4. Climate Change Policy 2017 5. National policies on forest, climate change, water, rangelands 6. Protection of Forests and Distribution of Timber Ordinance, 1980 7. Forest (Sale of Timber) Act, 1930
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8. Forest Regulation, 1930 9. Rules for Sale and Development of Private Forests, 1984 10. Logging and Sawmill Corporation Ordinance, 1968 Programmes of Action 1. Setting up provincial REDD+ Directorate. 2. Development of provincial / AJK level land use plans and guidelines. 3. Strengthening policy framework and provision of subsidies for alternative clean and efficient energy sources and systems. 4. Diversified sustainable livelihood options: Integrated natural resource management (agriculture, livestock, irrigation, others) by adopting efficient and model technique to facilitate diversified livelihoods with increase incomes reducing forest dependency. 5. Capacity building of forest department in terms of technological resources (NFMS & Reference levels, equipment, additional human resource). 6. Awareness raising campaigns focusing specific target groups e.g. politicians, forest staff, general public, media, bureaucracy and forest dependent communities. 7. To sensitize and regulate market and market actors for ensuring efficient and sustainable use of forest and forest products. 8. Education and training of forest staff. 9. Establishment of forest school / college and addition of REDD+ in forest curricula. 10. Integration of climate change, forestry and related subjects in general education curricula to provide awareness for reducing carbon emissions. 11. Wood and fodder lots as well as fodder banks in selected districts for fuel wood, fodder and also for construction industry. 12. Modern and sustainable livestock management & grazing practices: for example, Rotational Grazing through department coordination on model basis and lateral integration 13. Introduction of Forest extension services on pilot basis for learning and integration. 14. Exploring diversified aspects of eco-tourism through research and knowledge management. 15. Engaging tourism related institutions with tourists to promote eco-tourism. 16. Analysis/studies on legal framework surrounding forest & implementation of policy recommendation.
1.1.6 References Ahmad, S., Abbasi, Q., Jabeen, R. and Shah, M.T. 2012. Decline of conifer forest cover in Pakistan: a GIS approach. Pak. J. Bot, 44(2), pp.511-514.
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Amjad, M.S., Arshad, M. and Chaudhari, S.K. 2014. Structural diversity, its components and regenerating capacity of lesser Himalayan forest vegetation of Nikyal valley District Kotli (AK), Pakistan. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7, pp. S454-S460. Azad Jammu and Kashmir Interim Constitution Act, 1974. Cochard, Roland and Dar, Muhammad 2014. Mountain farmers’ livelihoods and perceptions of forest resource degradation at Machiara National Park, Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Environmental Development 10. Malik, A.Y. 1988. Feed availability, requirements for animals and current pattern of utilization in Pakistan. In: Devendra, C. (ed.). Non-conventional feed resources and fibrous agricultural residues, strategies for expanded utilization. International Development Research Centre, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India. Miller, D. and Schaller, G. 1999. Herders of forty centuries: nomads of Tibetan rangelands in western China. People and Rangelands: Building the Future, pp.19-23. Misri B. 2003. Improvement of Sub-alpine and Alpine Himalayan Pastures. Palalumpur, India: Research Centre, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, HPKV Campus. Qamer, F.M., Shehzad, K., Abbas, S., Murthy, M.S.R., Xi, C., Gilani, H. and Bajracharya, B. 2016. Mapping Deforestation and Forest Degradation Patterns in Western Himalaya, Pakistan. Remote Sensing, 8(5), p.385. ShaheenHamayun, Beenish Azad, AroosaMushtaq and Raja Waqar Ahmad Khan 2016. Fuelwood consumption pattern and its impact on forest structure in Kashmir Himalayas. Bosque 37(2): 419-424. Siddiqui, M.F., Ahmed, M., Khan, N. and Khan, I.A. 2010. A quantitative description of moist temperate conifer forests of Himalayan region of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 7(3), pp.175-185. Sudmeier-Rieux, K., Qureshi, R.A., Peduzzi, P., Jaboyedoff, M.J., Brogue, A., Dubois, J., Jaubert, R. and Cheema, M.A. 2007. An interdisciplinary approach to understanding landslides and risk management: a case study from earthquake-affected Kashmir. Mountain Forum, Mountain GIS e- Conference, January 14–25, 2008.
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1.2 Balochistan
1.2.1 Minutes from REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, November 3, 2017
Agenda of Meeting Tilawat Introduction of Participants Overview of the REDD+ and different studies Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV and FRELs Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for National REDD+ Strategy Presentation and Group work by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS Group work and Discussion for inputs from Management Committee towards National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards and SIS etc.
Proceedings The Secretary-Forest and Wildlife chaired the meeting. The Honourable Secretary-Forest and Wildlife greeted the participants, and after Introduction of Participants, Provincial REDD+ Focal Point, Mr. Niaz Khan Kakar with the Management committee explained the objectives of the meeting. The Deputy Team Leader of the Indufor-CTC elaborated on the background of the studies and also briefly provided an updated on status of the studies undertaken by different firms. An overall presentation regarding REDD+ context was provided by Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF, explaining the REDD+ and different aspects. He also then presented the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs. The REDD Management Committee identified that the number of spots for field data collection need to be increased. They have also identified that some of the spots are less relevant. They recommended that the spots must be selected in close coordination with the Provincial REDD+ Focal point. Focal person from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of National REDD+ Strategy and Implementation Framework for validating the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment, as well as vision and Strategy options. The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work on safeguard systems, SIS and also on FGRM to the forum. The meeting then continued with a brief discussion on the Benefit sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+. This was also recorded. Group work was undertaken at the end of the presentations. During the presentations, drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, vision, strategic
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options, negative and positive consequences of options and also grievances. The groups presented their presentations. The attached report is based on the findings of the group work for only part of the strategy. Other components of that group work were to be used by WWF-Arbonaut and CLP-HB.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks from the Provincial REDD+ Focal Point and also from the representatives of the firms to the participants for their dedicated participation.
Date: January 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached:
Draft Provincial Report, with sections on; - Analysis of the legal framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework, Balochistan
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Provincial REDD+ Consultation Meeting Quetta, Balochistan November 3, 2017 Organization Name / Dept Designation Contact No Email Prof. Dr Rehman Zoology Professor 0333-7803313 … Rana Khalid Nasar Forest L.S. Chairperson 0333-7801958 … Dr. Gulam Hussain Jaffar Livestock D. General 0333-7801958 … PD Green Pakistan pdgppp@gmail. Abdul Jabbar BFD Program 0301-8118777 com Tariq EPA DG- EPA 0333-1390148 … Muhammad Rizwan EPA D.D EPA 0321-8136136 … Naseebullah WESS NGO MPO 0300-8384573 … Naseebullah IUCN Coordinator 0308-8882938 … Iqbal Malik WWFP Team Leader 0348-5439046 … Forest & Hafiz Mehmood Jan wildlife C.F (Coastal) 0336-3138957 … Muhammad Ibrahim Mines & Assistant Bazur Minerals Director 0337-7802748 … Muhammad Ziviqar PCRWR Deputy Director 0321-8149357 … Muhammad Akram SUSG P.O. 0331-8350470 … Muhammed Qaseem Agriculture Deputy Director 0300-3801329 … SPEAK Forest & Sana Khan (NGO) Wildlife 0333-3639661 … Gul Khan Forest PA 0313-3812812 Hoor Fisheries D.G 0334-4009941 … Forest Elam Khan Forest Information 0308-8009822 … Khudadad Kakar P&DD COS (Focal) 0321-8128071 … Gwadar & Development AD Abdul Rahim Authority Environment 0300-3776620 … kalsoom786.k.p ENV- [email protected] Kalsoom Kakar SC.SBV.UN M. Phil. Scholar … om
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1.2.2 Background The primary legal regime determining the legal categories of forest land in Pakistan and their governance is the Forest Act 1927 (“Forest Act”). Balochistan is unique because the Forest Act is applicable there, however, part of the forests is still regulated by the provisions of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, 1890 (“Balochistan Forest Regulation”), which is valid despite the later promulgation of the Forest Act.
GOVERNMENT OWNED FORESTS Reserved Forest and State Forest Under Section 3 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province may constitute as a reserved forest any forest land or waste-land, which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights, or to the whole or a part of the produce of which the Government is entitled. In accordance with Sub-section 1 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Act, rules, grant or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer6, broadly the following acts are prohibited in a reserved forest: a) making fresh clearing b) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or setting on fire any plant or tree c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same g) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares.
While Balochistan retains the category of reserved forest under the Forest Act, it also retains the earlier passed Balochistan Forest Regulation. Under Section 3 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, the Government of Balochistan may declare any wood-land, permanent grazing ground or other land, which is the property of the Government, to be a State forest. Generally, all the acts, which are offences in relation to a reserved forest under the Forest Act, are also punishable offences under Section 7 and 8 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, unless these acts are done with the permission of a forest officer or the Chief Commissioner or otherwise in accordance with any rules made by the Government7.
6Sub-Section 2 of Section 26of the Forest Act 1927 and Sub-Section 5 of Section 26 of the Forest Act 1927 (with Amendments for Punjab) 7 Section 9 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation
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The forests that were declared state forests under the Balochistan Forest Regulation retain that status and are legally a separate category from the reserved forests under the Forest Act. Power to declare forest no longer reserved, a state forest or a demarcated forest Both the Forest Act and the Balochistan Forest Regulation allow the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof is no longer reserved8, or a state forest9 as the case may be. This is an unrestricted power and the Government need not have prior justification for changing the status of a forest in this manner.
Protected Forest Under Section 29 of the Forest Act the Government of a province may constitute as a protected forest any forest land or waste-land, which is not included in a reserved forest, but which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or to the whole or a part of the produce of which the Government is entitled. Section 30 of the Act provides that in respect of a protected forest the Government, through a notification in this respect, may: a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term not exceeding 30 years as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion c) prohibit from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest-produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest.
In addition, Section 32 of the Act empowers the Government to make rules for a protected forest, in respect of, among other things, clearing and breaking up of land for cultivation or for any other purpose, cutting of grass and pasturing of cattle, protection of timber and reserved trees from fire and the protection and management of any portion of a forest closed under Section 30. Essentially, Section 30 and Section 32 of the Forest Act allow the Government to regulate certain acts in respect of protected forests, which are automatically offences in relation to a reserved forest merely by fact of the notification as a reserved forest. The result is that unless a notification with respect to the matters enumerated in Section 30 is issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated by the Government, all acts are permitted in a protected forest. However, once a notification under Section 30 of the Act has been issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are
8 Section 27 of the Forest Act 9 Section 10 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation
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promulgated, under Section 33 of the Forest Act, the following acts shall be punishable offences where they contravene the notification under Section 30 or rules made under Section 32 of the Forest Act: a) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same b) quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce c) breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose d) setting or kindling fire without taking reasonable precautions to prevent its spreading to any reserved tree, whether standing, fallen or felled, or to any closed portion of the forest e) leaving any fire burning in the vicinity of any reserved tree or closed portion of the forest f) felling any tree or dragging any timber and damaging any reserved tree g) permitting any cattle to damage any reserved tree h) infringing any rule made under Section 32 of the Act. Under Section 34 of the Forest Act, an act, that would otherwise be an offence, shall not be deemed to be an offence if done with the permission of the forest officer, in accordance with rules made in respect of protected forests, or except as regards any portion of the protected forest closed by notification or in the exercise of any right, which is recognized by the Government at the time of notification of a protected forest.
In addition to the provisions of the Forest Act as applicable to Balochistan, under Section 11 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, the Government may declare that any trees or any specified class or classes of trees standing on any land at the disposal of the Government shall be reserved trees from a specified date. Once reserved, under Section 12 of the Balochistan Forest Regulation, the felling, girdling, marking, lopping, tapping or injuring by fire or otherwise of any such tree is a punishable offence.
Village Forest The Forest Act10 provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. The Forest Act further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce including timber and pasture as well as their duties to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well in so far as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government. However, none of the provinces including Balochistan have formed a village forest.
10 Section 28 of the Forest Act
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PRIVATE FORESTS Section 36 Forests Under Section 35 of the Forest Act, for several specified purposes11, the Government may regulate or prohibit in any forest or wasteland: a) the breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation b) the pasturing of cattle c) the firing or clearing of vegetation.
In addition, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 35, the Government may, for any such purpose, construct these works on such forest or wasteland as it thinks fit. However, in case of neglect or wilful disobedience of the regulation or prohibition in respect of such wasteland or forest or if required for the purpose of any work under Section 35, the Government may, under Section 36 of the Forest Act, place it under the control of a forest officer and declare that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act in respect of reserved forests shall apply to such forest or wasteland. Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Act, the owner of any land (or if there are more than one owner than the owners with an aggregate of two-thirds of the land) may request the relevant Revenue Department officer either that the land may be managed on their behalf by the Forest Officer as a reserved, or protected forest on such terms as may be mutually agreed or that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act may be applied to such land. In either case the Government may apply such of the provisions of the Forest Act to such land as it thinks appropriate in the circumstances.
Forest cover According to Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), Balochistan reported 591,000 hectares of forest area, or about 13.5% of Pakistan’s 4.392 million hectares current forest area (FCPF, 2014). Balochistan is the largest province in Pakistan in terms of area and hosts multiple forest ecosystems. The most studied are the Juniper forests, Mangroves and Chilghoza forests. According to various literature sources, Balochistan has approximately 140,000 hectares (ha) of Juniperus excelsa forests. Of this, some 86,000 ha are found in the Ziarat and Loralai districts (Achakzai et al, 2013). The dry temperate Juniper forest is the second largest Juniper forest in the world and contains trees as old as 2500-3500 years (Marcoux, 2000). The chilghoza forests are found over a large area in Zhob division. The
11The purposes for which a forest or wasteland may regulated under Section 35 of the Forest Act are as follow: (i) for protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches; (ii) for the preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land- slips, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel; (iii) for the maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers and tanks; (iv) for the protection of roads, bridges and railways and other lines of communication; (v) for the preservation of the public health.”
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Juniper and chilghoza forests provide important ecosystem services, especially for watershed management. In Balochistan province, mangroves are located at three sites, MianiHor, Kalmat Khor and Jiwani. According to a recent image analysis, Balochistan has about 4,660 ha of mangroves along the Makran coast in 3 isolated pockets at MianiHor (4,018 ha), KalmatKhor (407 ha) and Jiwani (235 ha), see Abbas et al (2011) and Abbas et al (2013).
1.2.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation The forests of Balochistan suffer from both natural and anthropogenic disturbances resulting in deforestation and forest degradation, as well as from barriers to regeneration. The focus of this literature review is to review the direct and indirect drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Balochistan’s forests. However, a brief review of the natural disturbances will also be presented, as these create challenges for regenerating the forests in the province in addition to human induced factors. Natural disturbances in Balochistan’s forests include the heart rot fungus, drought, poor soil conditions, climate change and mistletoe. Batool et al (2012) conducted an evaluation of the extent of heart rot fungi infection and its impact on live Juniper trees in Ziarat Juniper forest, and concluded that the mode of infection was through tree wounds and the infection severity was very high. Their research noted that pruning and debranching of trees by the community must be stopped to control heart rot and degradation of wood quality. While little is known about the infestation of dwarf mistletoe on Pakistan’s forests, there are studies which conclude that the incidence is a widespread threat to the Juniper forests of Balochistan. Signs of infestation in host trees include growth loss, deformities and tree mortality, see Sarangzai et al (2010). Climate change is expected to have significant social implications in Balochistan, and its impacts are expected to be multi-sector and multi-dimensional, disrupting livelihoods and economic development, according to IUCN (2012). Droughts in Balochistan can cause forest loss and further degradation through forest and range fires, reduced forest productivity, and increased dependence by communities on forests for grazing, see Shafiq et al (2007). Poor soil conditions have been attributed to slow radial growth and poor regeneration (Sarangzai et al, 2010) and are also exacerbated by droughts (Shafiq et al 2007). In mangrove forests, siltation is both a natural and human-induced phenomenon, which affects the ability of mangroves to regenerate. Siltation is caused by low discharge of the Porali River discharge into the lagoon due to human consumption of water, and low rainfall patterns and is exacerbated by human-induced deforestation and soil erosion (Saifullah et al 2002). Sarangzai et al (2010) noted that Juniper forests in Ziarat have exhibited widespread decline, attributing the decline over the last 60-70 years to a range of ecological, pathological, and socio-economic reasons. Sarangzai et al (2010) noted that over- grazing, illegal logging, collection of fuelwood, periodic drought and the effect of climate change have all contributed to drastic changes in species composition, regeneration patterns and productivity of forests in Ziarat, Balochistan. Achakzai et al (2013) concurred and found that the study of Ziarat Juniper forests indicates a high rate of deforestation when compared with regeneration and that this phenomenon is
~ 25 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework human-induced. Grazing is a key threat to regeneration as local communities are dependent on the forests to feed their livestock. Goats are the most preferred livestock and feed on small shrubs and vegetation. Sarangzai et al (2010) conducted a review of Juniper forests in Balochistan examining the direct and indirect drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. Their research found that the Juniperus excelsa forest in Balochistan had a long history of over-exploitation and degradation. Direct human-induced changes causing forest degradation in Juniper forests were noted as illegal logging for timber, selective felling of poles for graveyards and embankments, debarking Juniper tree trunks for thatching of huts, branch cutting for agricultural fencing and hedges for sheep. Indirect drivers of degradation in Juniper forests were low forest investment, unorganized tourism, lack of awareness, lack of coordination and experimental research, especially on the seed germination, nursery raising and reforestation of degraded sites. There are different types of pastoral systems in Balochistan, but availability of livestock feed round the year is a major issue in all the systems where mobility is a crucial factor. Pastoralists are compelled to use opportunistic grazing early in the season when grass is not at the optimal growth stage, which has a detrimental impact on both productivity and ecology (Ahmad et al. 2012). Islam and Adams (2000) found that increased human and livestock populations in the province have put tremendous pressure upon the rangeland resources for providing fuelwood, water, forage, and recreation. They estimated that rangelands provided forage for 33 million heads of livestock with an estimated monetary value of PKR 477 billion. However, numerous studies also indicate that the plant species in Balochistan tend to be deficient in digestible nutrients and in digestible protein and dry matter with respect to animal requirements (FAO 1983; Islam and Adams 2000; Ahmad et al. 2009). Bazai (2012) found that a large proportion of population in a study i.e., 56% used forest wood for fuel, and it was obtained in different forms, e.g. by cutting the stems or branches. 28% of the community used wood for timber and 11% used the tree bark of the Juniper trees that make the trees vulnerable to diseases. Ahmed (1989) found that further indirect drivers of deforestation and degradation included increased human pressure for fuel wood needed for domestic energy, especially in the winter season, over grazing and extensive forest clearing for cultivation without replanting, housing construction, uncontrolled recreation and camping. Many of the causes of degradation identified in the studies are also barriers to successful regeneration of Juniper forests (Sarangzai et al 2010). Generally, studies noting the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Balochistan are numerous. However, no study was found to conduct a spatial temporal analysis with field verification techniques. This means that while the general drivers of deforestation and degradation are known but not distinguishable, their extent and underlying causes are not always apparent and warrant further study. The drivers of deforestation identified in the literature review and in the survey, are in conformity with each other. Natural Causes i. Floods
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a. Run off b. Erosion ii. Oceanic intrusion and tsunamis iii. Earthquakes iv. Drought
Anthropogenic Causes v. Climate Change (Weather patterns changed due to which rainfall has reduced) vi. Law and order situation not conducive to control forest clearing (Donors cannot visit due to poor security, and NOC requirement as a challenging factor for donors) vii. Increase in Population viii. Lack of research in forest management ix. Lack of awareness regarding importance of forest and its ecosystem x. Refugees from Afghanistan and IDPs who have led to deforestation in Surkhab, Gugleparakzai (and other areas) and have even dugout roots (up rooted trees) to obtain fuelwood xi. Expansion of agriculture and horticulture in juniper ecosystem (wheat, maize, barley, apple, cherry etc.) xii. Old / obsolete laws governing forests in Balochistan xiii. Encroachment by communities and other government agencies xiv. Weak Judicial system with legal cases taking time to resolve and is an incentive to people who deforest. Penalties are also not in accordance with current situation. xv. Untrained-unskilled officials xvi. Lack of Coordination among government agencies xvii. No check by Government on water wells (NOCs) xviii. Bricks industries which sometime use fuelwood xix. Blasting in mountains (Mining, excavation for stones, soil, sand and crush plants) eroding top rich soil xx. Forest fires and lack of technology to control fires xxi. Fresh water polluted / waste water as threat to Marine ecosystem xxii. Decentralization of Forestry in Pakistan (initially it was a royal service and later, its decentralization led to reduced focus on forest and received reduced funding. This years, PSDP F had only 0.8% allocation for forest)
Whereas the main drivers of forest degradation identified are: i. Heavy and uncontrolled grazing: ii. Urban Expansion: iii. Coal and other mining including for ores (illegal as well as the unplanned which is often legal as well): iv. Commercial Agriculture: v. Infrastructure development: vi. Small Scale Agriculture Practices: vii. Unsustainable timber extraction viii. Unsustainable fuelwood extraction
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All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include: Wood energy needs Livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence No demarcation of boundaries Low incomes with less diversity in sources of income Poor implementation of laws Illegal logging Food insecurity Poor extension services Poor land use planning Lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas Unsustainable forest management
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1.2.4 Strategic Framework Vision Forest ecosystems in Balochistan are conserved and promoted for livelihoods support on sustainable basis. Strategic Objectives 1. To conserve, develop and sustainably manage forest, rangeland and watersheds for economic, social and ecosystem services. 2. To enhance the policy and institutional framework supporting REDD+ activities in Balochistan 3. To contribute towards establishing reference levels and have an effective monitoring system and forest monitoring system. 4. To provide alternative and energy efficient fuels to the communities 5. To improve the capacities of forest staff to enable them for sustainable forest management practices and REDD+ 6. Management of watersheds to conserve soil and water and to improve the productivity of land and livelihoods for people. 7. To improve the management of range lands to boost production of forest and livestock. 8. To promote research in various disciplines of forestry for providing strategic information for policy and decision makers 9. To strengthen forest education in the province by establishing forest related college/ institute 10. To develop and implement land use plans particularly focusing urban and agricultural planning Legal and Policy Foundations Vision 2025 SDGs National policies on forest, climate change, water, rangelands Balochistan Forest Regulation 1890 Forest Act 1927 Balochistan Wildlife Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management Act 2014. Programmes of Action 1. Establishing and functionalizing REDD+ architecture 2. Undertaking sustainable forest management practices and enhancement of forest carbon stock 3. Introduction of land use planning for improved utilization of land for appropriate purposes 4. Efficient alternative fuel / energy sources particularly in forest areas (Zhob, Qalat, Ziarat and adjoining districts) 5. Diversified sustainable livelihood options: Integrated natural resource management (agriculture, livestock, irrigation, others) by adopting efficient and model techniques to facilitate diversified livelihoods leading to increased
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incomes reducing forest dependency. 6. Capacity building of forest department in terms of human & technological of resources (NFMS indicators & criteria, equipment, staff training, additional human resource) 7. Awareness raising campaigns focusing specific target groups e.g. politicians, forest staff, general public, media, bureaucracy and forest dependent communities 8. Education and training of forest staff 9. Addition of REDD+ in forest curricula. 10. Establishment of wood and fodder lots of fast growing tree species in selected districts for fuel wood, timber and fodder. 11. Analysis/studies on legal framework surrounding forest & implementation of policy recommendation. 12. To build the capacities of forest communities enabling them to take informed decision on REDD+ initiatives (FPIC). 13. Engagement of security forces in consultations on forest protection. 14. Introduction of improved agri –practices for enhanced crop production and better livelihoods of forest communities. 15. Woodlots of fast growing tree species in selected districts (Jhalmagsi etc) for fuel wood. 16. Modern & sustainable livestock management & grazing practices eg: Rotational Grazing. 17. Development of fodder banks & alternate feeds. 18. Awareness of policy makes on CC issues forestry & its significance.
1.2.5 References Abbas Faisal Mueen Qamer, Ghaffar Ali, Nitin Kumar Tripathi, Khurram Shehzad, Rashid Saleem and Hammad Gilani 2013. An assessment of status and distribution of mangrove forest cover in Pakistan. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), Vol. 3, No. 6, p. 64-78 Achakzai, Abdul Kabir Khan, Huma Batool, Tahir Aqeel and Zahoor Ahmed Bazai 2013.A comparative study of the deforestation and regeneration status of Ziarat juniper forest. Pak. J. Bot., 45(4): 1169-1172. Ahmad, S., Islam, M., Bano, G., Aslam, S., Koukab, S. 2009. Seasonal variation in current season and dead biomass in Chrysopogon aucheri (Boiss) Stapf. and Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult in highland Balochistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41:519-527. BatoolHuma, Zahoor Ahmad Bazai, Rukhsana Jabeen and Tahir Aqil 2012. Evaluation of Extent of Heart Rot Fungi Infection and Impacts on Live
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Juniperus excelsa Trees in Ziarat Juniper Forest Balochistan, Pakistan. International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:12 No:06. Bazai, Zahoor Ahmad 2012. Ethnobotanical and Biodiversity Studies of Common Trees and Shrubs Added by the Nexus Between Climate Change and Gene Diversity of Juniperus excelsa in Zarghoon Ecosystem, Balochistan (Pakistan). A thesis submitted to University of Balochistan, Quetta in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Botany. IUCN 2012. https://www.iucn.org/content/balochistan%E2%80%99s-water-crises- may-last-until-2025-seminar-world-water-day-water-and-food. Islam, M., M. A. Adams 2000.Nutrient characteristics of foliage and the availability of water in rangeland near Quetta, Balochistan. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 3: 2058- 2062. Saifullah, S.M. and F.Rasool 2002.Mangroves of MianiHor Lagoon in the North Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot., 34: 303-310. Sarangzai, A. M., N. Khan, M. Wahab and A. Kakar 2010. New spread of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium oxycedri) in juniper forests, Ziarat, Balochistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42: 3709–3714. Shafiq, Muhammad and Muhammad Azam Kakar 2007. Effects of Drought on Livestock Sector in Balochistan Province of Pakistan. Int. J. Agri. Biol., Vol. 9, No. 4. pp. 657–665.
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1.3 Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)
1.3.1 Minutes from REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, November 8, 2017
Agenda Introduction of Participants Overview of the REDD+ and different studies under National REDD+ Office Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV and FRELs Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for National REDD+ Strategy Presentation and Group work by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS Discussion and inputs from Management Committee towards National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards and SIS etc.
Proceedings The meeting started with a note of thank and greeting of the participants by the Chair, the Secretary Forests. After introduction of participants, requested for the review of the minutes of previous meeting. Deputy Team Leader of Indufor CTC explained the objectives of their participation in the meeting and provided an update on the studies undertaken by different firms. Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF provided an overall presentation regarding REDD+ context, explaining the REDD+, its different aspects and the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs. Deputy Team Leader from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of National REDD+ Strategy and Implementation Framework for validating the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment, vision, objectives as well as Strategy options. The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work on safeguard systems, SIS and also on FGRM to the forum. Brief discussion was held on the Benefit sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+ which were recorded and the results of which are attached in the form of report attached to these minutes. Later, the participants were engaged in a group work focusing drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, strategic options, objectives, consequences of options and grievances of stakeholders. The findings of the group/ group discussion are recorded in attached report, which also contains findings of the literature.
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The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with sections on; - Analysis of the legal framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework, FATA
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List of Participants S. Organizatio No Name n Designation Ph.No E.mail Raja Tariq 0301- 1 Mehmood CLP/HBP Consultant 5244036 [email protected] 0332- imtiazparc@hotmail. 2 Imtiaz Ahmed CTC Consultant 5399947 com journalist 0303- hanif.bajaur@gmail. 3 Hanifulah FATA Reporter 8261400 com Dr. Rao Social 0333- anthropologistrao@ 4 Nadeem HB/ CLP Consultant 5574539 gmail.com Mahjabeen 0300- mahajabeenqazi@y 5 Qazi CTC Socioligst 5371923 ahoo.com FATA Deputy 6 Irfan wazir Seretariate secretary Dr.Malik Ayaz Director L/S 0333- malikayaz196@gma 7 wazir FATA Director 9798328 il.com 0313- ……………………… 8 Abdul Basir Forest Conservator 9104949 …….. 0341- ……………………… 9 Hazrat Ali Forest DFO 8886999 ……. 0345- [email protected] 10 Shahid Noor Forest DFO 5341640 om Naveed Forest REDD+ 0345- ……………………… 11 Ahmed owner FATA 9002166 …….. Project 0334- ……………………… 12 Dr.Kamran Livestock Officer 9128818 …………. AD, Food 0334- ehteshamati@gmail. 13 Ehtesham Agriulture Cell 9063862 com Executive 0333- ……………………… 14 Engr. Adnan PHED Engineer 3381679 ………….. Asst. 0333- pervez_202@yahoo. 15 M. Pervez Irrigation Engineer 9169685 com M. Shafi 0348- shafimarwat648@g 16 Marwat Fisheries Director 8838907 mail.com GR. 0341- ……………………… 17 RainaGul FISMA Specialist 9090968 ……… Section 0301- ……………………… 18 Nasir Ali Khan P & LDD Officer 844115 ………
1.3.2 Constitutional and legal background Under Sub-Article 2 of Article 1 of the Constitution the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (“FATA”), which comprise seven Agencies and five Frontier regions12, are a part of the territories of Pakistan. The FATA are regulated under the Frontier Crimes
12 FCR- A bad law nobody can defend – Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (Peshawar Chapter) – July 2005
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Regulation, 1901 (“FCR”) devised as a special law for these tribal areas by the British Colonial Government and amended from time to time since then. The manner of administration of the FATA is provided in Article 247 of the Constitution, according to which the executive authority of the Federation shall extend to FATA. Under the same Article13 the President may give such directions to the Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa relating to the FATA as he may deem necessary, and the Governor shall comply with such directions. Most importantly, under Sub-Article 3 of Article 247, no act of Majlis-e- Shoora (Parliament) shall apply to any part of FATA unless the President so directs, and in giving such a direction the President may further direct that such a law shall have effect subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the direction. As such, although the FATA is under the administrative control of the Federation, only laws promulgated by the Parliament are effective, as those are extended to the FATA at the direction of the President. The primary legislation in respect of forests, as far as the rest of Pakistan is concerned, i.e. the Forest Act 1927, has not yet been extended to the FATA, nor has any other act in respect of this matter been passed by Parliament for FATA specifically and directed to be extended by the President. Therefore, there is no specific legal framework to regulate forest related matters in FATA at the moment. However, forest related offences, which may otherwise be offences under the Pakistan Penal Code, such as theft for example, may be tried under the FCR, which is not adequate to meet the objectives of REDD+ in Pakistan. Therefore, the effective management and regulation of forest issues in the FATA (where all forest land is privately owned) especially in the context of REDD+ require a suitable act to be passed by the Parliament and extended to the FATA by the President under Article 247 of the Constitution.
1.3.3 Background The latest available FATA Development Statistics (Bureau of Statistics 2015) contains the following forest cover data for FATA’s tribal agencies and frontier regions:
13 Sub-Article 2 of Article 247 of the Constitution
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Table 4 Forest Area in FATA in 2014-2015 in Acres Man- Linear made plantati Natural Total Forest Total forest/ on forest forest area with Agencies/FRs area artificial (avenue (estimate area % of total plantatio kilomet d) covered area n re) FATA 6,636,9 334,538 3,304 966,014 1,303,85 19,65 99 6 Bajaur 339,530 42,998 193 21,359 64,550 19,01 Khyber 644,618 35,118 170 20,000 55,288 8,58 Kurram 834,815 61,113 931 119,271 181,315 21,72 Mohmand 568,100 41,335 280 8,000 49,615 8,73 North 1,162,4 29,629 576 127,400 157,605 13,56 Waziristan 87 Orakzai 384,869 33,015 215 161,645 194,875 50,63 South 1,585,4 48,974 713 410,946 460,633 29,05 Waziristan 49 FR 183,992 10,022 0 13,902 23,924 13,00 Bannu/Lakki FR D.I. Khan 475,213 6,591 87 40,948 47,626 10,02 FR Kohat 112,338 10,073 48 1,997 12,118 10,79 FR Peshawar 65,312 7,295 91 500 7,886 12,07 FR Tank 280,276 8,375 0 40,046 48,421 17,28
As of 2015 almost 20% of FATA’s area or almost 528 000 hectares were forests, one fourth of which were plantations. Nearly two thirds of forest lands in FATA were concentrated in the most forested districts, such as South Waziristan, Orakzai and Kurram, while Khyber, Mohmand and North Waziristan were the least forested ones.
1.3.4 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation FATA Development Statistic sets available for 2009, 2013, and 2015 demonstrate that during the reference period (2007-2015) the forest area in FATA has been growing. A rapid increase in the forest area during 2013-2014 in comparison to the preceding year, which can be noted from the graph below, may be explained by the fact that the area of the natural forest estimated by the officials has more than doubled.
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Figure 1 FATA's Forest Area Development, 2007-2015
2.0 million acres 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010* 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015
Source: FATA Development Statistics 2009, 2013, 2015 Note: *no data for 2009-2010 available, added as an arithmetical trend line
FATA Sustainable Development Plan for 2007-2015 (FATA Civil Secretariat 2006) describes that FATA’s forests are mostly composed by such coniferous tree species as Chilghoza (Pinus gerardiana), Kail (Himalayan pine, Pinus wallichiana), Deodar (Himalayan cedar, Cedrus deodara), Chir (Pinus roxburgii) and other shrubs and such broadleaved species as oak (Quercus ilex, Q. dilatata), but also Ber (Zizyphus jujuba), Gurgura (Monotheca buxifolia), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Amaltas (Indian laburnum, Cassia fistula) and Walnut (Juglans regia). The Plan points out that official forest cover data in FATA, is not reliable. Although several sources criticize the reliability of the forest cover data provided by the official sources, the study conducted by Baig et al. (2011) demonstrated based on the “ground survey of randomly sampled areas based on Area Frame Sampling (AFS) and satellite image classification” that the land use data provided by the FATA secretariat and Federal Bureau of Statistics had actually the accuracy rate of 91.82% (or a 1.72% difference for forests). The Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) together with FAO has recently announced completion of a land cover for FATA and the results are said to be published in an atlas after they go through the quality control. Whether the estimates of SUPARCO are close to those regularly published in FATA’s development statistics remains to be seen. According to the Agricultural Policy for FATA (Government of Pakistan, 2014) covering the ten-year period from 2014 till 2024, the total forest area of the FATA is some 529,282 ha, but it could be potentially increased to as much as 1,446,413 ha. Presently, most of that area which could be reforested is rangelands degraded due to overgrazing. It is also recognized that reforestation of rangelands in FATA would, among others, improve the water table in FATA as many rangelands are situated in catchment areas. The policy document underlines that one of the main reasons behind FATA’s degrading forest cover is its arid conditions, with the majority of the territory stretching over dry arid and semi-arid zones with quite common long-lasting droughts. Secondly, overexploitation of land resources due to overgrazing and high dependency of increasing population on agriculture also poses an additional
~ 37 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework pressure on forest resources. Moreover, the situation is worsened by illegal logging, constant conflicts over land tenure, lack of control and undiligent forest management practices. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for Pakistan (International Monetary Fund, 2010) names similar reasons for the decrease in FATA’s forest area, including continuous droughts and grazing, but also points out the negative effect of wood harvesting for own needs of the population (e.g. fuel wood extraction) and export which has jointly led to harvesting in volumes beyond sustainable. Furthermore, FATA Sustainable Development Plan for 2007-2015 (Civil Secretariat FATA 2006) mentions over-exploitation of land by Afghan refugees as one of the factors which have contributed to deforestation in FATA, although this trend has been diminishing. In addition, it points out that present monitoring and regulatory activities in the forest sector are insufficient and, moreover, there is no forest legislation in the province resulting in the lack of demarcation of different forest categories and control over harvesting activities. Protection of land and forest tenure rights is challenging as land settlement has been done only in one agency in FATA – in Kurram– and tenure rights in the province are mostly customary. The authors admit the fact that the recovery of the forest cover and their productivity might take much time as the ability of forests resources to regenerate has significantly decreased. The reasons of deforestation in FATA listed in official policy documents are also mirrored in scientific sources. Thus, the problem of illegal timber harvesting and pressure on forest resources due to extraction of fire wood is mentioned by Ajaib et al. (2014). Ajaib et al. consider fuel wood harvesting the most significant cause of deforestation in Parachinar, Upper Kurram Agency and explain it with no availability of the natural gas which could be used by local people for cooking. Deforestation being the result of refugee resettlement from Afghanistan and customary ownership of forest and land resources have been admitted by Khokhar et al (2014). However, from another side, Thomas (1995) is of another opinion stating that deforestation and overgrazing had been in FATA and NWFP even before the long-scale refuge fleeing started. To sum it up, the official policy documents, scientific sources and consultations are in conformity with each other. The major drivers of deforestation include: Illegal and unsustainable logging, and Unsustainable fuel wood harvesting for cooking Arid and semi-arid climate with long periods of droughts Forest clearing for livestock grazing, overgrazing and/or uncontrolled grazing of livestock. Forest clearing for small scale agriculture Forest Over-exploitation of land and forests by Afghan refugees Clearing for habitation Forest fires (intentional) Forest clearing for security purposes
Whereas the main drivers of forest degradation identified are: Unsustainable timber extraction
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Unsustainable fuelwood extraction Mining for marble extraction, coal and other minerals Infrastructure development e.g. roads Livestock grazing All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include: Absence of forest law, yet to define cutting of trees whether legal or illegal in FATA) Increasing population and dependency on agricultural crops like wheat and maize and food security Customary forest and land tenure Insufficient governmental control, monitoring and enforcement of regulations related to forest resources Lack of sustainable forest management practices and forest legislation. Livelihoods dependent forest related income Lack of alternate livelihoods in rural areas Poor extension services Poor land use planning/no land use planning Influx of Afghan refugees in the past and their heavy dependence on forest
1.3.5 Strategic Framework Vision Forests in FATA provide ecosystem services and livelihood support on sustainable basis with active engagement of communities in conservation activities. Strategic Objectives 1. To enhance the functional capacity of FATA forest department for enhanced role (provincial integrations, provincial status). 2. To innovate forestry initiatives within Forest department in the limited legal capacity of FATA. 3. To encourage Federal Government and the Parliament to formulate appropriate legislative and policy framework for the management of forests in FATA in accordance with REDD+ objectives. OR 4. In case of integration with KP, support to Forest department for integrating KP forest laws and local context of tribal areas 5. To work actively with forest stakeholders including communities and security agencies for conservation and protection of existing forests. 6. To contribute towards sustainable management of livestock and their grazing for livelihood support. 7. To provide alternative energy efficient fuels to the communities for their daily needs. 8. To interact with forest related public and private institutions and businesses for ensuring forest friendly developmental activities. 9. Improving and diversifying agricultural productivity for reducing reliance on forest for livelihood. 10. To promote town planning with political administration to control habitation in forest areas. 11. To sensitize communities regarding forest fires and promote controlled grazing within forest areas.
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12. To promote research in FATA to generate empirical data regarding forests for planning with communities and to provide forest department with innovative ideas on forest management practices in unique scenario of FATA. Legal and Policy Foundation 1. Sustainable Development Goals. 2. Vision 2025. 3. National policy on water, forest, climate change, range management, mining, tourism. 4. Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR). Programme of Action 1. Provision of Alternative sustainable livelihoods. 2. Introduction of tourism / Eco-tourism in FATA region conditional to the national security guidelines. 3. Alternative energy source for communities particularly in winter in Tirah and other cold regions (Energy efficient stoves, subsidized LPG etc). 4. Supervision and control of mining activities to ensure forest friendly mining practices. 5. Advocacy with security agencies for protecting forests along the Pak-Afghan borders and during security operations. 6. Improvement of inter and intra-departmental coordination and improvement of implementation of laws and policies. 7. Promoting research in forests of FATA for identifying aspects of cooperation for forest conservation. 8. Introduction of land use plan for improved utilization of land for appropriate purposes. 9. Capacity building of forest department in terms of human & technological of resources (NFMS indicators & criteria, equipment, staff training, additional human resource) 10. Education, training & exposure of forest staff. 11. Advocacy for policy formulation for expanded role for forest department in forestry sector in FATA (in view of future of FATA). 12. Improved and diversified crop production for better livelihoods of forest communities. 13. Woodlots of fast growing tree species in selected districts for fuel wood. 14. Modern & sustainable livestock management & grazing practices eg: Rotational Grazing. 15. Analysis/studies on legal framework surrounding forest & implementation of policy recommendation. 16. Formulation of appropriate legislative and policy framework for the management of forests in FATA in accordance with REDD+ objectives. 17. Promotion of small hydro units in mountain communities for energy 18. Introduction of high yield livestock breeds to foster improved productivity.
1.3.6 References Ajaib Muhammad, Zubaria Ashraf, Fatima Riaz and Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui 2014. Ethnobotanical studies of some plants of Tehsil Kharian, District Gujarat. FUUAST J. Biol., 4(1): 65-71 Baig, M.B. and Straquadine, G. 2011. “Sustainable agriculture ensures sustainable rural development: a reality or a myth”. In: M. Behnassi et al. (Eds.), Global
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food insecurity: rethinking agricultural and rural development paradigm and policy, pp. 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0890-7_3, Springer Science + Business Media B.V. Burau of Statistics 2015.http://kp.gov.pk/uploads/2016/04/2015.PDF Civil Secretariat FATA 2006.FATA Sustainable Development Plan for 2007-2015. 117 p. International Monetary Fund 2010. Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: Pakistan. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2016/12/31/Pakistan- Poverty-Reduction-Strategy-Paper-24003 Khokhar, Noel I., Manzoor Ahmed Abbasi and Ghani Jafar 2014. Evolving Dynamics of FATA: Reflections on Transformations. Evolving Dynamics of FATA: Reflections on Transformations. National Defence University (NDU) & The Centre for Pakistan and Gulf Studies (CPGS). Thomas, D. S. G. 1995. Desertification: Causes and processes. In Encyclopaedia of Environmental Biology, Vol. 1, ed. W. A. Nierenberg. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995. pp.463-473.
1.4 Gilgit Baltistan
1.4.1 Minutes from REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, November 18, 2017
Agenda Tilawat Introduction of Participants Overview of the REDD+ and different studies under National REDD+ Office Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV and FRELs Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for National REDD+ Strategy Presentation and Group work by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS Group work, Discussion and inputs from Management Committee towards National /provincial Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards and SIS etc.
Proceedings The Secretary-Forest chaired the meeting. Secretary-Forest greeted the participants and after introduction of participants, Deputy Team Leader of Indufor-CTC explained the objectives of the meeting and of the studies undertaken by different firms with the Management committee. Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF provided an overall presentation regarding REDD+ context, explaining the REDD+, its different aspects and later, also the work done by the firm on establishing
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NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs with the participants and members of the committee. Deputy Team Leader from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of National REDD+ Strategy and Implementation Framework for validating the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment as well as Strategy options. Vision statement was shared for inputs by the committee and after discussion and review, it was agreed and finalized. The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work on safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM to the forum. Brief discussion was held on the Benefit sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+, which were recorded. The results are in the form of report attached to these minutes. Later, with the permission of honourable Secretary-Forests, group work was undertaken with the participants. This included discussion in groups regarding drivers, strategic options, consequences of these options and possible grievances. The findings of the group work and from literature review are used in the attached report.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
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Attached: Draft Report, with sections on; - Analysis of the legal framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Strategic Framework, Gilgit Baltistan
1.4.2 Background The territory that now comprises Gilgit-Baltistan was once part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947, after a successful revolution against the decision of the Hindu Maharaja of Kashmir to accede to India after Independence, despite the presence of a Muslim majority local population, the Revolutionary Council requested the Government of Pakistan to take over the administration of the Northern Areas (as Gilgit-Baltistan was then called). Like Azad Jammu and Kashmir, the status of Gilgit- Baltistan was subject to resolutions adopted by the UN Security Council and the UN Commission for India and Pakistan. In 1949, the Government of Pakistan, the Azad Kashmir Government and the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference signed an agreement granting administrative control of the Northern Areas to Pakistan. The territory that is today included in the Northern Areas acceded unconditionally to Pakistan after Independence with one exception: in 1951, the tribal areas that now form part of the Diamer District signed an agreement with the Government of Pakistan, retaining certain rights of self-governance. In 1999, the Supreme Court of Pakistan held in the case titled Al-Jehad Trust and 9 others v. Federation of Pakistan and 3 others (1999 SCMR 1379) (“Al-Jehad Trust”) that the Government of Pakistan exercises de jure as well as de facto administrative control over the Northern Areas and residents of the Northern Areas enjoy full citizenship of Pakistan, and are entitled to the safeguards provided by the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 (“Constitution”). The upshot is that while Gilgit-Baltistan is still not considered a part of Pakistan Territory as defined in Article 1 of the Constitution, Pakistan has nevertheless acted as a sovereign in the Northern Areas, exercising an effective and continuous display of state authority generally recognized under international law. Nevertheless, the Constitution is not applicable to Gilgit-Baltistan in its entirety (except as its effect is extended to Gilgit-Baltistan by the Al-Jehad Trust decision). Previously under the Federal Rules of Business 1973 (Rule 3(3) read with Schedule II, Item 19(3)), the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas (“KANA”) (which has now been re-named the Ministry of Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) was vested with the power to make laws for the Northern Areas, and the power to extend any federal or provincial law to the Northern Areas. Furthermore, under the Northern Areas Council Legal Framework Order, 1994, the Northern Areas Legislative Council had limited powers to legislate in 49 prescribed areas. During this time, through various orders and notifications, the Government of Pakistan has extended the Forest Act 1927 to all of the Northern Areas. In 2009, the Government of Pakistan notified the Gilgit-Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009 (“Order”) with the express purpose of providing greater political empowerment and better governance to the people of Gilgit- Baltistan, and for all intents and purposes to act as the interim constitution of the Gilgit-Baltistan.
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The salient features of the Order for the current discussion are that it creates two bodies with legislative powers: the Gilgit-Baltistan Council (comprising the Prime Minister of Pakistan, the Governor of Gilgit-Baltistan, six members nominated by the Prime Minister from amongst the Federal Ministers and members of Parliament, the Chief Minister of Gilgit-Baltistan and six members to be appointed by the Gilgit- Baltistan Legislative Assembly) and the Legislative Assembly of a total of thirty three elected and reserved seat members. The Council has the exclusive power to make laws in respect of the subjects provided in the Third Schedule to the Order (“Council Legislative List”) whereas the Legislative Assembly has the exclusive power to make laws in respect of subjects included in the Fourth Schedule to the Order (“Assembly Legislative List”). The Government of Pakistan retains the residuary but exclusive power to make laws in respect any matters not enumerated in either of the legislative lists of the Order. The subject of “Forest” is specifically included in the Council Legislative List at entry no. 40 and therefore the Council now retains the exclusive domain to make laws with regard to forests in Gilgit-Baltistan. Furthermore, the Council has the power to adopt any amendment in the existing laws of Pakistan or any new law in force in Pakistan. Furthermore, under Article 84 of the Order, all laws which, immediately before the commencement of the Order, were in force in Gilgit-Baltistan shall continue to be in force until altered, repealed or amended by an Act of the appropriate authority. In the case of forests, this means that the Forest Act 1927 continues to apply to Gilgit- Baltistan and shall so continue until repealed or amended by the Council. Under Article 22 of the Order, the executive authority of Gilgit-Baltistan shall be exercised in the name of the Governor by the Government through the Cabinet consisting of the Chief Minister and the Ministers, which shall act through the Chief Minister who shall be the Chief Executive. However, the executive authority of the Government shall extend only to such matters with respect to which the Assembly has the power to make laws. On the other hand, under Article 33(12) of the Order the Council has the executive authority in respect of all matters it has the power to make laws (which of course includes forests). The forests of Gilgit-Baltistan are within the exclusive legislative and executive domain of the Council with the Prime Minister of Pakistan, as its Chairman who may exercise the executive authority vested in the Council directly or through the Secretariat of the Council of which the Federal Minister for Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit-Baltistan Division is in-charge. As such, the National Forest Policy 2015 or the National Climate Change Policy 2012, both of which lay down an effective policy framework necessary for the implementation of REDD+ across Pakistan can effectively be used as a platform for the implementation of REDD+ in Gilgit-Baltistan, which is not possible in the case of the provinces of Pakistan, as above explained. However, for Gilgit-Baltistan these policies may be made applicable by the issuance of a notification to that effect from the Gilgit-Baltistan Council (the Chairman of which is also the Chief Executive of the Federation). From an institutional capacity point of view this is good for the effective implementation of the REDD+ framework insofar as Gilgit-Baltistan is concerned.
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Land Tenure and User Rights Forest Stakeholders User Rights Legal Forest Type Classific Formal Informal Formal Informal document ation Owners have all Montane sub- Resident Private NIL rights over their tropical Scrub Communities forest resources In case of Private forests, non-owners, are also accessing Owners have Montane Dry Resident forest resources. rights over their Forest Act, 1927 De facto rights Temperate Communities, These could be forest resources. with over grazing, Coniferous/Deodar Lessees, and tenants or only local In case of amendments of fuel wood , Kail, Fur Spruce, Forest communities. In protected forests, 1993. Private collection and Chalghoza Department addition, number of communities have Forest NTFPs, as Protected NGOs are working on rights over Regulation agreed with /Private forest/green sector fallen/dead wood, 1970. Private Forest interventions n grazing, collecting Forest rules Department. Montane Dry fire wood, 1975 Temperate- Broad construction timber Resident leaves (with the Communities Sub Alpine/Birch, Seasonal Migrants permission of and Forest Juniper, Willow Forest Department Department Northern Dry Scrub
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According to Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) the forest area and land classes are presented for Gilgit-Baltistan under the term Northern Areas. The reported 666,000 hectares or about 15% of Pakistan’s reported forest area (FCPF, 2014) are mostly coniferous forests.
GOVERNMENT OWNED FORESTS The primary legal regime determining the legal categories of forest land in Pakistan and their governance is the Forest Act 1927 (“Forest Act”). Reserved Forest This is the strictest category of forests from the perspective of governance and the exclusion of rights of private persons. As can be seen below these forests generally exclude all private rights unless these have been specifically allowed by the Forest Officer in writing or are otherwise sanctioned by the Government through a contract, concession or under rules promulgated by the Government. Under Section 3 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province /territory may constitute as a reserved forest any forestland or waste-land, which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights, or to the whole or a part of the produce of which the Government is entitled. In accordance with Sub-section 1 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Act, rules, grant or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer14, broadly the following acts are prohibited offences in a reserved forest: a) making fresh clearing b) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or setting on fire any plant or tree c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same g) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares.
14Sub-Section 2 of Section 26of the Forest Act 1927 and Sub-Section 5 of Section 26 of the Forest Act 1927 (with Amendments for Punjab)
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The Forest Act allows the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof is no longer reserved15. This is an unrestricted power and the Government need not have prior justification for changing the status of a forest in this manner.
Protected Forest As a class of forests, under all the respective legal regimes of the provinces all activities by private persons are permitted within a protected forest unless these have been specifically proscribed either through a notification by the relevant Government in this respect or through the promulgation of rules in respect of such matters. However, once the notification or rules have been issued any contravention of such notification or rules is a punishable offence. Under Section 29 of the Forest Act the Government of a province may constitute as a protected forest, any forest land or waste-land which is not included in a reserved forest, but which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or to the whole or a part of the produce of which the Government is entitled. Section 30 of the Act provides that in respect of a protected forest the Government, through a notification in this respect, may: a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term not exceeding 30 years as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion c) prohibit from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest- produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest.
In addition, Section 32 of the Act empowers the Government to make rules for a protected forest, in respect of, among other things, clearing and breaking up of land for cultivation or for any other purpose, cutting of grass and pasturing of cattle, protection of timber and reserved trees from fire and the protection and management of any portion of a forest closed under Section 30. The result is that unless a notification regarding the matters enumerated in Section 30 is issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated by the Government, all acts are permitted in a protected forest. However, once a notification under Section 30 of the Act has been issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated, under Section 33 of the Forest Act, the
15 Section 27 of the Forest Act
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework following acts shall be punishable offences where they contravene the notification under Section 30 or rules made under Section 32 of the Forest Act: a) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same b) quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce c) breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose d) setting or kindling fire without taking reasonable precautions to prevent its spreading to any reserved tree, whether standing, fallen or felled, or to any closed portion of the forest e) leaving any fire burning in the vicinity of any reserved tree or closed portion of the forest f) felling any tree or dragging any timber and damaging any reserved tree g) permitting any cattle to damage any reserved tree h) infringing any rule made under Section 32 of the Act.
Under Section 34 of the Forest Act, an act, that would otherwise be an offence, shall not be deemed to be an offence if done with the permission of the forest officer, in accordance with rules made in respect of protected forests, or except as regards any portion of the protected forest closed by notification or in the exercise of any right which is recognized by the Government at the time of notification of a protected forest.
The Forest Act does not empower the Government to declare a forest as no longer protected.
Village Forest The Forest Act16 provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. The Forest Act further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce including timber and pasture as well as their duties to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well in so far as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government.
16 Section 28 of the Forest Act
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However, as with all the provinces, Gilgit-Baltistan has not actually formed a village forest.
PRIVATE FORESTS Section 36 Forests Under Section 36 of the Forest Act, for several specified purposes17, the Government may regulate or prohibit in any forest or wasteland: a) the breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation b) the pasturing of cattle c) the firing or clearing of vegetation.
In addition, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 35, the Government may, for any such purpose, construct such works on such forest or wasteland as it thinks fit. However, in case of neglect or wilful disobedience of the regulation or prohibition in respect of such wasteland or forest or if required for the purpose of any work under Section 35, the Government may, under Section 36 of the Forest Act, place it under the control of a forest officer and declare that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act in respect of reserved forests shall apply to such forest or wasteland. Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Act, the owner of any land (or if there are more than one owner then the owners with an aggregate of two-thirds of the land) may request the relevant Revenue Department officer either that the land may be managed on their behalf by the Forest Officer as a reserved, or protected forest on such terms as may be mutually agreed or that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act may be applied to such land. In either case, the Government may apply such of the provisions of the Forest Act to such land as it thinks appropriate in the circumstances.
Forests of Diamer District of Gilgit-Baltistan Under the Accession Deed of 1952 (“Accession Deed”), the Government of Pakistan has accepted the private ownership of forests located in the District of Diamer in Gilgit-Baltistan as it existed prior to date of accession. Furthermore, under the Accession Deed, the protection, oversight, management, promotion, propagation and felling of these forests is the
17The purposes for which a forest or wasteland may regulated under Section 35 of the Forest Act are as follow: (vi) for protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches; (vii) for the preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land-slips, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel; (viii) for the maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers and tanks; (ix) for the protection of roads, bridges and railways and other lines of communication; (x) for the preservation of the public health.”
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1.4.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation Recent studies have been conducted using different methodologies and assumptions, and remote sensing techniques and robust land cover classification techniques to measure the forest cover and land use change in Gilgit-Baltistan. Qamer et al (2016) produced land cover maps over three temporal points and included 14 land classes excluding settlements. The results are presented in the table below for Gilgit-Baltistan.
18 Bilal, A., Haq, H., & Moore, P. 2003. Customary laws governing natural resources management in Northern Areas. Planning and Development Department Northern Areas. IUCN Law Programme 2003. Available at: www.iucn.org/places/pakistan/elaws/pdf/customary%20law%20folder/customary%20laws%20na.pdf. 19 Trends in forest ownership, forest resources tenure and institutional arrangements – A case study from Pakistan, FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/forestry/11265-0f977bbb5c6a591b2924c6443ef171d08.pdf
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Table 5 Spatial Temporal Analysis of Land Cover in Gilgit- Baltistan 1990-2010 (ha) 1990- 2000- Category Land cover 1990 2000 2010 2000 2010 Forest Dense 45,226 44,248 41,800 -978 -2,448 land Coniferous Forest Sparse 82,367 82,258 79,454 -109 -2,804 Coniferous Forest Dense Mix 27,489 27,860 26,189 371 -1,671 Forest Sparse Mix 10,828 10,295 10,788 -532 493 Forest Dense 2 2 2 0 0 Broadleaved forest Sparse - - - - - Broadleaved forest Sub-total 165,912 164,663 158,233 -1,249 -6,430 forestland Grassland Grasses/Shrubs 837,438 986,354 1,022,002 148,916 35,649 Alpine Grasses 6,126 26,263 24,785 20,137 -1,477 Cropland Agriculture 80,045 50,979 81,193 -29,066 30,215 Cropped Agriculture 38,852 69,787 14,069 30,936 -55,718 Fallow Other Bare soil/Rock 2,427,343 3,115,46 3,024,594 688,203 -90,953 land Snow 2,962,873 1,877,379 1,934,108 - 56,729 Glacier/ice 1,085,493 Wetlands Water bodies 19,631 23,864 29,485 4233 5,621 Peatland 353,995 577,378 603,743 223,383 26,365 Total 7060,125 7,058,788 7,052,443 2,980,767 488,882 Source: Qamer et al (2016) The results show that Gilgit-Baltistan’s land cover changes have been very dynamic. Of relevance, dense forest classes have continued to decline for coniferous and mixed forest over the twenty-year period, indicating degradation and deforestation. When the results are aggregated for the forestland category, the results show that Gilgit-Baltistan lost more than 7,600 ha of forest area during the analysis period 1990-2010. There was a significant reduction in other land classified as snow/glacier/ice of more than 1,000,000 ha, while water bodies increased between 1990 and 2000 indicating significant impacts of climate change. The study assessed the changes in forest cover assessing deforestation, degradation and
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regeneration and the net changes. The results are presented in the table below.
Table 6 Forest Cover Change in GB (hectares) Forest Cover Change in Gilgit-Baltistan Province Total Net Annual Deforestation Degradation Regeneration Area change Rate 6,892,214 7680 2701 2 10,379 -0.31 Qamer et al (2016)
Gilgit-Baltistan suffered from deforestation and forest degradation during the twenty-year analysis period. Regeneration was very modest with only 2 ha regeneration detected. Qamer et al (2016) identified hotspots at the sub- district level for deforestation and degradation in Gilgit-Baltistan. The sub- district of Chilas had the highest rate of deforestation between 2000 and 2010 exceeding 3,500 ha. Darel/Tangir reported the second highest rate of deforestation between 2000 and 2010 exceeding 2,000 ha. Astore was the sub-district with the third highest rate of deforestation, which was much less than Chilas and Darel/Tangir. The results correlate with a study by Ahmad et al (2012), who used GIS and different classification parameters to examine the changes in coniferous forests and disaggregated the results for the Northern Areas. The study found that coniferous forest areas had been lost and had degraded, noting that only 9% of the coniferous forests have tree canopy cover of more than 75%. This observation was further supported by an anonymous FAO study quoted in Ahmad et al (2012) showing that the Northern Areas have an even worse condition than other provinces where 72% of area under coniferous forest has a tree cover density below 25%.
Table 7 Forest Cover Change (Conifer) 1992-2010 in the Northern Areas (GB) Status of Vegetation Cover (Hectares) Annual Change 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 % Northern 660,00 312,00 318,00 301,000 285,000 -0.08 Areas 0 0 0 Source: Ahmad et al (2012) Many studies have examined the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Gilgit-Baltistan and the prevailing theory of Himalayan environmental degradation. Ali and Benjaminsen (2004) collected local data on fuelwood consumption and timber extraction from Basho Valley. The results demonstrated that forest degradation and deforestation over three decades was primarily driven by unsustainable commercial harvesting and mismanagement and referred to the timber mafia and the Government as driving the largest extent of the forest depletion in the 1970s and 1980s. The degradation of the commercial harvesting depleted the forest to such an extent that “local use is also starting to have an impact on the forest”. The
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework local use is driven by fuelwood and local housing construction needs. Ali and Benjaminsen (2004) noted that the forests in Basho valley are at risk of being lost within the next decade at the current speed of extraction, unless alternative sources of energy or wood for fuel are made available. Ali and Benjaminsen (2004) noted that grazing and the conversion of forest land to agriculture have influenced forest cover to a lesser extent. Other indirect drivers of deforestation have been identified as sectarian disputes and increased access to forest resources in Darel/Tangir and Chilas valleys, see Gohar (2002). Ali et al (2014) conducted a baseline study for Dayan Valley in Astore District. They found that vegetation had been disturbed and noted that vegetation had been overexploited as lopping and uprooting of trees is frequently practiced by forest dependent communities to get timber and fuelwood, as well as medicinal herbs. They noted that this practice also creates a barrier to regeneration. Their study noted that the use of wood for housing, furniture, and fuelwood for cooking and heating is inefficient and leads to higher extraction than necessary. Finally, the study noted the role of excessive use of pastures for livestock grazing and its impact on palatable grass species and the increase in soil erosion. Akbar et al (2011) made a quantitative study on forest vegetation in three districts of Gilgit-Baltistan and observed illegal cutting in Rama and Skardu districts, noting that the canopy was mostly open (degradation), but in some areas, it was closed. More recently, Akbar et al (2013) investigated the forest size class structure in Astore, Gilgit and Skardu districts. Their study found that anthropogenic disturbances have affected the quality of the forest stand structure owing it to many human driven activities such as grazing, cutting, sliding and burning. They concluded that prompt action is required to stop current practices from eradicating the remaining stocks. Khan et al (2013) studied the high-altitude rangelands and their interfaces in Gilgit-Balitstan and found that the lower timber line ecotone is undergoing excessive degradation and severe erosion due to intensive farming, deforestation, infrastructure development, and frequent hazards like flash floods, mudslides, and landslips. It is further threatened by the expansion of farming activities, road networks, resorts and other infrastructure. Their study noted that the number of livestock in Gilgit-Baltistan, especially cattle, sheep, and goats, increased from 0.88 million in 1976 to 2.45 million in 2006, an increase of 1.67% per annum. This causes increased pressure on the ecosystems and exacerbated by the lack of a proper rangeland management system. Khan et al (2013) also noted various exploitative uses of range lands such as agriculture, extraction of plant biomass for fuelwood and rapid infrastructure. Hussain et al (2015) studied the pasture condition trends, biomass productivity, carrying capacity, possible influences of grazing on alpine grasslands and key issues of Deosai National Park in Gilgit-Batistan, and they concur with Khan et al (2013). Hussain et al (2015) found that the average biomass production was low following a decreasing trend, and noted that heavy influx of nomads, free grazing by peripheral communities, extraction of
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework fuelwood and medicinal plants, as well as unmanaged tourism were major issues affecting the environmental health of the national park. The park did not have a buffer zone. The construction of the Karakorum Highway (KKH), which links Pakistan with China, also played an important role in accelerating deforestation. The KKH facilitated easy and cheap transport of timber to other areas, and opened previously isolated forested valley areas, see Ali et al (2005). Other studies have noted the incidence of deforestation and forest degradation as the result of constructed roads in Gilgit-Baltistan. Schickhoff (1998) found that healthy forest stands were found in valleys with no roads, while degraded forest areas were found in valleys they have been linked with roads to the KKH. Regeneration of forests have multiple challenges and barriers given the climatic and mountainous growing conditions, slow growing species, occurrences of natural disasters, and human activities that reduce the potential for successful regeneration. Khan et al (2015) studied the present status and future trend of the tree species of forest in the study area of Ganji Valley in Skardu district. The study concluded that most of the stands have few seedlings, less young trees or they do not show signs of seedling establishment or are prone to anthropogenic disturbances. In a separate study, Khan et al (2015b) studied the distribution of Chalghoza forest in Goharabad District Diamer. The study found that most of the forests have few seedlings and young trees or they do not show signs of seedling establishment. The poor regeneration was attributed to both anthropogenic (nuts collection, cutting, grazing, burning, etc.) and natural (land sliding, floods) causes. Historically, the primary cause of deforestation and forest degradation in Gilgit-Baltistan have been unsustainable commercial harvesting and illegal cutting. This has reduced the capacity of current forests to supply a sustainable source of fuelwood and timber for local housing, cooking and heating needs. The forests that remain are highly degraded, and local dependence on these forests is high driving further degradation and loss of forests. Secondary drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Gilgit- Baltistan are the construction of roads, overgrazing of animals and farming practices. Population increases in both humans and livestock are an indirect driver of deforestation and forest degradation, following the theory of Himalayan environmental deterioration. Regeneration of forests encounters multiple challenges from anthropogenic and natural occurrences and will require a high degree of management by both the communities and state to be successful.
The results of survey and literature review regarding deforestation and forest degradation are complimenting each other. The main drivers of deforestation include: Commercial agricultural expansion: potato, pea, supply to hotel industry Agricultural expansion for subsistence (vegetable, horticulture etc.) Unsustainable fuelwood extraction
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Urban expansion (low level) Mining of gems and metal ores, marble and other such precious minerals (low level) Infrastructure development e.g. roads (low level) Forest clearing for habitation (very limited) Forest fires (natural or due to negligence) (very limited, mostly negligence, cigarettes and tea making etc.) Whereas the main drivers of forest degradation identified are: Agricultural expansion for subsistence (potatoes) Unsustainable timber extraction, which was further exacerbated by the ban on commercial logging in the year 1992. Unsustainable timber extraction Unsustainable fuelwood extraction Urban expansion • Free grazing All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include: Wood energy needs Food security Livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence Lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas No demarcation of boundaries (demarcation has not been done which leads to conflicts) Unsustainable forest management (i.e. forest management plans not enforced) Poor implementation of laws Poor governance (overall government is weak; we are still using 1927 laws although the laws have been revised) Other: (ambiguities in terms of GB’s status of province / territory. Federal government does not have time for the GB and cases, issues does not get resolved. This in particular affects progression on laws and cases)
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1.4.4 Strategic Framework Vision Forests in Gilgit Baltistan provide ecosystem services and livelihood support on sustainable basis. Strategic Objectives 11. To enhance the policy, legal and governance framework supporting REDD+ and the commitments to international instruments 12. To promote forest cover through engaging communities in community forestry actions as well as sustainable forest management practices 13. To provide alternative and energy efficient fuels to the communities 14. To establish capacities and systems to contribute towards forest monitoring for carbon stock, biodiversity conservation, and other indicators including livelihoods related health of forest ecosystems 15. To improve the capacities of forest staff to enable them for sustainable forest management practices 16. To sensitize and regulate hotel industry in GB for promoting sustainable, diverse and forest friendly eco-tourism 17. To promote sustainable eco-tourism in Gilgit Baltistan within local and national tourists to sensitize them regarding forest vulnerabilities 18. Management of watersheds to conserve soil and water and to improve the productivity of land. 19. To improve management of national parks and wildlife for improved livelihood support for forest communities 20. To promote and manage NTFPs on sustainable basis for alternative livelihoods for local mountainous communities 21. Regional research in various disciplines of forestry, wildlife, sericulture and fisheries. 22. Implementation of various provisions of Forest Act and rules framed thereunder. 23. To develop and implement land use plans particularly focusing urban and agricultural planning. 24. To harness and utilize the immense hydro energy for livelihood and energy needs of GB. Legal and Policy Foundations 1. SDGs. 2. Vision 2025. 3. National policy on water, forest, climate change, range management. 4. Draft forest and rangelands policies 5. Forest Act 1927 6. GB Environmental Protection Act. 7. Gilgit Private Forest Regulation, 1970 8. Gilgit Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009 Programme of Action 1. Provision of Alternative sustainable livelihoods. 2. Sustainable Eco-tourism and tourism diversification. 3. Improvement of inter and intra-departmental coordination and improvement of implementation of laws and policies. 4. Alternative energy sources for GB communities particularly in winter. 5. Supervision and control of mining activities to ensure forest friendly
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mining practices. 6. Sensitization of policy makers on forest, REDD+, biodiversity conservation and eco-tourism. 7. Introduction of land use plan for improved utilization of land for appropriate purposes. 8. Capacity building of forest department in terms of human & technological of resources (NFMS indicators & criteria, equipment, staff training, additional human resource). 9. Education, training & exposure of forest staff. 10. Addition of REDD+ in forest curricula. 11. Improved and diversified crop production for better livelihoods of forest communities. 12. Woodlots of fast growing tree species in selected districts for fuel wood. 13. Modern & sustainable livestock management & grazing practices eg: Rotational Grazing. 14. Development of fodder banks & alternate feeds. 15. Setting up provincial REDD+ Directorate. 16. Strengthening policy framework to promote / encourage alternative clean & efficient energies. 17. Analysis/studies on legal framework surrounding forest & implementation of policy recommendation. 18. Promotion of small hydro units in mountain communities for energy. 19. Engaging hotel industry staff in coordinated and eco-friendly tourism. 20. Introduction of high yield livestock breeds to foster improved productivity. 21. Improved policy interest and investment in wildlife management for biodiversity including NTFPs and trophy hunting purposes.
1.4.5 References Ahmad, S., Abbasi, Q., Jabeen, R. and Shah, M.T. 2012. Decline of conifer forest cover in Pakistan: a GIS approach. Pak. J. Bot, 44(2), pp.511- 514. Akbar, M., Ahmed, M., Hussain, A., Zafar, M.U. and Khan, M. 2011.Quantitative forests description from Skardu, Gilgit and Astore Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. FUUAST Journal of Biology, 1(2), p.149. Akbar, Muhammad, Ahmed, Moinuddun, Shaukat, S.S., Hussain, Alamdar, Zafar, M.U., Sarangzai, A.M. and Hussain, Faisal 2013.Size class structure of some forests from Himalayan range of Gilgit- Baltistan.Sci., Tech. and Dev, 32(1), pp.56-73. Ali, R., Ali, B.K., Khan, M.Z., Khan, G., Abbas, S. and Ali, E.H. 2014.Baseline Study of Vegetation in Doyan Valley District Astore, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 1(01).
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Ali, J. and Benjaminsen, T.A. 2004. Fuelwood, timber and deforestation in the Himalayas: the case of Basho Valley, Baltistan region, Pakistan. Mountain Research and Development, 24(4), pp.312-318. FCPF 2014. Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) for Pakistan. Final version with incorporation of PC - 16 decision: July 25, 2014 Gilgit-Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009 Hussain, Z., Mirza, S.N., Ashraf, M.I. and Nizami, S.M. 2015. Grassland Productivity and Carrying Capacity of Deosai National Park, Gilgit- Baltistan, Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural Research, 53(3). Khan, M.Z., Khan, B., Awan, S., Khan, G. and Ali, R. 2013. High-altitude rangelands and their interfaces in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan: Current status and management strategies. High-Altitude Rangelands and their Interfaces in the Hindu Kush Himalayas, p.66. Qamer, F.M., Shehzad, K., Abbas, S., Murthy, M.S.R., Xi, C., Gilani, H. and Bajracharya, B. 2016. Mapping Deforestation and Forest Degradation Patterns in Western Himalaya, Pakistan. Remote Sensing, 8(5), p.385.
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1.5 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1.5.1 Minutes REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, December 28, 2017
Agenda Introduction of Participants Overview of the REDD+ and different studies Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for National REDD+ Strategy Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV and FRELs Presentation and Group work by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS Discussion and inputs from Management Committee towards National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards and SIS etc.
Proceedings The Secretary-Forest, Environment and Wildlife chaired the meeting. Secretary-Forest and Wildlife greeted the participants and after Introduction of Participants, Project Coordinator of National REDD+ Office explained the objectives of the meeting with the Management committee and of the studies undertaken by different firms. Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF provided an overall presentation regarding REDD+ context, explaining the REDD+, its different aspects and later, also the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs.
Focal person from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of National REDD+ Strategy and Implementation Framework for validating the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment as well as Strategy options. However, it was agreed that detailed group works will be undertaken with the Forest Department Team at PFI on December 29, 2018.
The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work on safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM to the forum.
Brief discussion was held on the Benefit sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+, which were recorded and the results of which are attached in the form of report attached to these minutes.
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The Secretary Forest, environment and wildlife kindly accepted the request of the firms working under National REDD+ Office for sharing of the draft provincial strategy with the National Consultants for deliberation and to ensure that National Strategy and provincial Strategy are in line with each other and there are no contradictions and differences within the two.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: January 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with sections on; - Analysis of the legal framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework
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List of Participants
S. Contact # Name Designation Organization No Email General 0334- [email protected]. 1 M.Tayyab Manager CTC 4411109 pk 0333- balochfmc@gma 2 Kifayatullah Baloch SO (T) Forester 7262673 il.com Social Dr. Rao Nadeem Consultant 0333- anthropologistra 3 Alam CLP/HB CLP/HB 5574539 [email protected] Raja Tariq Consultant CP/ 0300- sattifm@hotmail. 4 Mehmood HB CLP/HB 5244036 com National Forest REDD+ office, 0304- mqasim@redd- 5 M. Qasim inventory Expert MoCC 1639395 pakistan.org 0332- df_pfi55@gmail. 6 Hakim Shah D.G PFI PFI 2404645 com Consultant CP/ 0300- mahjabeenqazi 7 Mahjabeen Qazi HB CTC 5871923 @yahoo.com 091- dcfewdwp@gnail 8 Salahuddin DDP FE & WD 9211477 .com Forest 0343- tehnensif63@gm 9 M.Tehmesif PD/ BTAP Department 8923598 ail.com PD/REDD+ Forest 0300- pdredd.kp@gmai 10 M.Arif /DFO-2 Department 5966732 l.com 0333- anwerforester@g 11 Anwar Ali FMO, PFI PFI 5068176 mail.com Dfo-Silva Focal KP Forest 0333- daud3ai63@gma 12 Gohar Ali person Dept. 9227849 il.com Addl; Sect FE Forest 091- [email protected] 13 M.Masood &WD Department 9212220 om Dr.Qazi Zia ul Director 0333- dr_qazizia@yah 14 Rehman livestock KPK Livestock 9121644 oo.com 0300- Niazalikhan27@ 15 Niaz Ali CF FP Forest 5888874 yahoo.com 0348- iqbalwwfpk@yah 16 Iqbal Muhammad DY.Teacher WWF 5439014 oo.com 0345- 17 Dr.Ghulam Akbar NRC MoCC 8228536 . 0332- imtiazpar@yaho 18 Imtiaz Ahmed Consultant CTC 5399947 o.com Wildlife Dept. 0333- [email protected] 19 Safdar Ali Shah CCWL- KP KP 5040664 .pk 29-12-2017 0345- dosehera71@gm 1 Shabir Muhammad Consultant 8181778 ail.com DFO- Silva Focal Point 0333- daudzai63@gma 2 Gohar Ali REDD+ Forest dept. 9227849 il.com
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S. Contact # Name Designation Organization No Email 0333- anwerforester@g 3 Anwar Ali FMO PFI 5068176 mail.com Environment 0301- akg124@yahoo. 4 Alamgir Khan Specialist IUCN 8830744 com 0333- anthropologist.ra 5 Dr.Rao Nadeem Consultant HB/CLP 5574539 [email protected] General 0334- [email protected]. 6 M.Tayyab Manager CTC 4411109 pk 0332- imtiazparc@yah 7 Imtiaz Ahmed Consultant CTC 5399947 oo.com Dr.Waheed 0345- waheedch@qau. 8 Chaudhry Consultant HBP 8543733 edu.pk
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1.5.2 Analysis of Legal Framework The Forest Act was also applicable to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa until the promulgation of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002 (“Forest Ordinance”). The Forest Ordinance, inter alia, consolidated all forest related laws applicable in the province of KP and repealed the Forest Act in its application to KP. However, the Ordinance also co-opts the major legal categories of forests laid out in the Forest Act, as detailed below.
GOVERNMENT OWNED FORESTS Reserved Forest The Forest Ordinance retains many of the same provisions as the Forest Act that it replaced. Therefore, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Government may constitute a reserved forest under Section 4 of the Forest Ordinance in the same manner as provided under Section 3 of the Forest Act and many of the acts that are offences under the Forest Act in relation to reserved forests are also offences under the Forest Ordinance20 unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Ordinance, or with the written permission of the forest officer, or in accordance with the rules made by the Government.21 In addition to these, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has also prohibited the following acts in a reserved forest: a) constructing any building or other infrastructure or altering and enlarging any existing building or infrastructure22 b) polluting soil or water through any pollutants or other means23.
Section 27 of the Forest Ordinance allows the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof is no longer reserved. This is an unrestricted power and the Government need not have prior justification for changing the status of a forest in this manner.
20 These acts include: j) making fresh clearing k) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or setting on fire any plant or tree l) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf m) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass n) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber o) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same p) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce q) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose r) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares. 21Sub-Section 5 of Section 26 of the Forest Ordinance 22 Sub-Section 1(b) of Section 26 of the Forest Ordinance 23 Sub-Section 1(h) of Section 26 of the Forest Ordinance
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Protected Forest The Forest Ordinance essentially follows the same scheme as that provided by the Forest Act, empowering the Government to declare a forest as a protected forest under Section 29 and further empowering it to issue a notification (in the same terms in respect of a protected forest as Section 30 of the Forest Act) under Section 3024. Further, as with the Forest Act, the Forest Ordinance empowers the Government to make rules in respect of certain matters in relation to the protected forest under Section 34 of the Forest Ordinance. Subject to the notification under Section 30 and/or promulgation of rules under Section 34 of the Ordinance, essentially all the acts that are prohibited in relation to a protected forest under the Forest Act are also prohibited under the Forest Ordinance25.
Village Forests and Community Forests Section 28 of the Forest Ordinance provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. In addition, the Forest Ordinance also provides for the formation of community forests, whereby the Divisional Forest Officer may assign to any village forest community, village organization or Joint Forest Management Committee, all or any of its rights of management over any protected forest, Guzara forest and protected wasteland under Section 101 of the Forest Ordinance.
24 Section 30 of the Forest Ordinance provides that in respect of a protected forest the Government, through a notification in this respect, may: a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term not exceeding 30 years as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion c) prohibit from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest- produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest.
25 These acts include: (a) cultivate any land or clear or break up any land for cultivation or occupy or encroach upon any land for any other purpose; (b) construct or cause to be constructed any building, or alter or enlarge any existing building, or make any enclosure or alter or enlarge any existing enclosure; (c) trespass, graze, browse, pasture or drive cattle, or permit cattle to trespass, or cut grass, or enter into a fenced enclosure; (d) cause any damage by negligence in felling any tree or cutting or dragging any timber; (e) cut, fell, uproot, girdle, lop, tap, burn any tree, or brushwood listed in Schedule-I, or extract torch wood, or strip off its bark or leaves from or otherwise damage the same; (f) quarry any stone, burn lime or charcoal, or collect, subject to any manufacturing process, or remove any forest produce; (g) pollute soil or water by sewerage, sewage, domestic or industrial waste or through any other pollutants or means; [or] (h) hunt, shoot, fish, or poison water, or set snares or traps; and (i) abet in the commission or furtherance of any of the above acts.
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The Forest Ordinance further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest or a community forest, including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce including timber and pasture, as well as their duties to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well in so far as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government. Despite these provisions Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has not yet notified a village forest or a community forest.
PRIVATE FORESTS Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Guzara Forests and Protected Wasteland Under the Forest Ordinance, subject to certain specific exceptions, any uncultivated or uncultivable land in areas comprising the districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Kohistan and Batagram is defined as wasteland26. Where these wastelands are included in the boundaries of a village, under Section 35 of the Forest Ordinance these are deemed to be the property of the landowners of the village to be held jointly or severally. Under Section 36 of the Forest Ordinance, the Conservator of Forests may declare any wasteland to be a protected wasteland for several defined purposes27 through an order in this respect. Where a protected wasteland of a village is set aside at the time of the regular settlement for the meeting of the requirements of the landowners and right- holders (as was done at the time of the first regular settlement for land in the Districts of Haripur, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Kohistan and Batagram) such protected wasteland is defined as a Guzara Forest28. Any protected wasteland may otherwise also be declared a Guzara Forest under the Forest Ordinance and the rules made thereunder. Under Section 35 of the Forest Ordinance, the land owners of the village are entitled to use any trees and forest produce found in Guzara forests and wastelands for their own domestic and agricultural requirements in their capacity as owners of these Guzara forests and wasteland. However, under
26 Sub-Section 51 of Section 2 of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002 27 The purposes for which a wasteland may be declared a protected wasteland are as follow: (xi) The protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches, or any other natural calamities (xii) The conservation or preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land-slips or landslides, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion and floods, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel (xiii) The protection of catchments basins, banks and beds of rivers, streams, torrents and ravines (xiv) The protection, conservation and regeneration of particular types of trees, brushwood or grasses (xv) The maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers, tanks and reservoir (xvi) The protection of lines of communication including roads, bridges and railways and other infrastructure. 28 Sub-Section 23 of Section 2 of the Forest Ordinance
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Section 44 of the Forest Ordinance the following acts are prohibited in both Guzara forests and wastelands: a) breaking up or cultivating or occupying or constructing any building or enclosure or making any other kind of encroachment or permitting the same b) contravening any general or special management order passed under the Forest Ordinance or the rules made thereunder c) selling or conveying for sale certain specified trees, timber or brushwood without the permission of the Conservator of forests d) cutting, felling, uprooting, girdling, lopping, tapping, burning or injuring any tree or brushwood contrary to any general or special management order passed under the Forest Ordinance or the rules made thereunder e) setting fire to a wasteland otherwise than as permitted by a Forest Officer not below the rank of a Divisional Forest Officer f) causing any damage by negligence in felling any tree or cutting or dragging any timber; g) quarrying stones, mining of minerals, burning lime or charcoal or colleting, subjecting to any manufacturing process or removing any forest produce h) hunting, shooting, poisoning of water or setting of traps and snares i) polluting soil or water j) abetting the commission or furtherance of any of the above acts.
Furthermore, under Sub-Section 3 of Section 36 the following acts are prohibited in a protected wasteland: a) the encroachment by breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation or construction of buildings and infrastructure or its occupation for this purpose b) pasturing of cattle c) burning or clearing of vegetation d) cutting of particular types of trees or removal of forest produce e) quarrying of stones, mining of minerals burning lime or charcoal f) hunting, shooting, poisoning of water or setting of traps and snares g) polluting of soil or water.
Under Sub-Section 5 of Section 36 of the Forest Ordinance the Conservator of Forests may carry out such cultural and engineering works upon a protected wasteland as he deems fit for the purpose for which the wasteland has been declared protected. The management of wastelands and protected wastelands shall normally remain with the landowners of the village. However, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 37, the Conservator of Forests may assume management of protected wastelands where the landowners negligently or wilfully disobey an order made under Section 36 of the Forest Ordinance, in relation to acts prohibited in a protected wasteland or where this is required for the purposes of any work or construction to be carried out in a protected wasteland as provided in Sub-Section 5 of Section 36 of the Forest Ordinance.
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On the other hand, the management of Guzara forests automatically vests in the Forest Department under Sub-Section 1 of Section 37 of the Forest Ordinance. Under the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules 2004, (“KP Guzara Rules”) all right -holders in a village may utilize dry wood and brush wood without restriction29 however sale of dry wood and brush wood from a Guzara Forest shall be prohibited except in accordance with the provisions of the approved forest management plan30. Furthermore, under the KP Guzara Rules, the Divisional Forest Officer may grant trees or brushwood from the Guzara forests for the purposes of domestic building to resident right-holders subject to several conditions including, among other things, the confinement of the sanctioned timber to the volume of timber actually required for the construction of the house, silvicultural availability of the trees and preference being given to dead, dying, diseased and fallen trees over green standing trees31. In addition, a non- resident landowner in the village land may also apply for the sanction of timber from a Guzara forest subject to the same conditions as those for resident right-holders subject to the availability of trees more than sufficient to meet the requirements of resident right-holders32. The barking of trees and extraction of torchwood from a standing tree as well as the lopping of trees is prohibited within Guzara forests.33 Commercial harvesting of timber and extraction of other forest produce from the Guzara forests may only be done in accordance with the approved forest management plans34. Eighty percent of the net sale proceeds from such commercial harvesting is payable to the owners of the Guzara forest with the rest being credited to the Forest Department’s Forest Development Fund. The upshot of the above with regard to the governance of these three types of private forests is that wastelands afford the village community landowners the most rights in respect of use of the trees therein, and are subject to the least management from the Forest Department. On the other hand, Guzara forests allow for the many of the same rights to the village landowners as wastelands, but only subject to the management of the Forest Department. Protected Wastelands are not automatically managed by the Forest Department, however, the rights of the village landowners in these are restricted, particularly regarding pasturing of cattle, the cutting of particular types of trees, and removal of forest produce, which are rights available in both wastelands and Guzara forests. Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Ordinance, the owners of any wasteland other than Guzara forest, may hand over management of such wasteland subject to similar provisions as those of Section 38 of the Forest Act, by making an application in this respect to the Conservator of Forests.
29Rule 4 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 30Rule 5 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 31Rule 7 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 32Rule 8 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 33Rule 15 and 16 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004 34Rule 17 of the North-West Frontier Province Guzara Forest Rules, 2004
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The application made under Section 38 of the Forest Ordinance is not restricted to handing over management of the wasteland to the Forest Officer as a reserved or protected forest but may also request that it may be managed by a community-based organization, village-based organization as a village forest or by the Joint Forest Management Committee. As opposed to the Forest Act, under Sub-Section 4 of Section of Section 38 of the Forest Ordinance, the Conservator of Forests is specifically empowered to transfer the management of such wasteland back to the landowner for any reason he deems fit. Section 105 of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance 2002 Under Section 105 of the Forest Ordinance the KP Forest Department may, where it considers appropriate lease out the whole or any portion of a reserved forest, protected forest, wasteland, or other forest placed under the management of a Forest Officer, for the following purposes: a) to plant trees and increase production of forest produce b) to implement agro-forestry and social forestry schemes for the benefit of local communities c) to operate farms for breeding of wildlife and conservation of bio- diversity and nature reserves.
However, the Section also provides that any lease granted thereunder may not allow any activities inconsistent with the principles of forest conservancy and sustainable management or prejudicial to the rights and concessions of local communities. As yet leases of forest land owned or managed by the KP Forest Department have not been awarded. However, the experience of Sindh in this regard would recommend the rolling out of a leasing scheme only based on a deliberate and sufficiently regulated process of granting leases so that the desired aims and objectives of this scheme may be realized.
1.5.3 Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation As of 2014, 21% of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s area or 1.3 million hectares were forests (Bureau of Statistics 2015). “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in figures” statistic datasets indicate that during the reference period (2011-2014) the forest area in KP province has been slightly decreasing. However, over a long span of time the decrease is quite considerable. The study conducted by Sajjad et al. (2015) using GIS and remote sensing techniques has demonstrated a 12% decrease of the forest area over a 12-year span (2000-2012) in Barawal Valley in KP is similar to the results of other studies identifying a 13% decrease in the forest area of Swat and 11% in Shangla. Deforestation trends in KP over 40-year period are much more drastic; in Kalam the forest cover contracted by 30%, in Barikot 32%, in Malam Jabba over 50% as the result of expanded agriculture and built-up areas (Banba 2017).
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Figure 2 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s Forest Area Development 2011-2014
million ha 1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014
Source: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in figures 2013, 2014, 2015
Forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are almost evenly distributed between 3 major categories: Guzara, protected and other forests, including village forests. Reserved forests comprise around 6% of forest lands.
Figure 3 Types of Forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 2013
Reserved, 6%
Other, incl.village forest, 34% Protected, 29%
Guzara, 31%
Source: Implementation of Forest Laws in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Afridi, 2013)
Dir Upper & Lower is the most forested district comprising 15% of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s forest lands, while Bannu, Malakand, Lakki Marwat, Peshawar, and Torghar are the least forested ones – altogether constituting
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5% of KP’s forests. Distribution of forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s districts is presented in the table below:
Table 8 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's Forest Area by Districts in 2013-2014 Forest area District Area, ha with % of total area Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4,649,734 100 Abbottabad 199,710 4 Bannu 35,587 1 Battagram 246,839 5 Buner 273,765 6 Charsadda 176,877 4 Chitral 125,677 3 Dera Ismail Khan 74,525 2 Dir Upper & Lower 686,780 15 Hangu 181,645 4 Haripur 184,271 4 Karak 87,604 2 Kohat 70,654 2 Kohistan 481,064 10 Lakki Marwat 44,430 1 Malakand 30,479 1 Mansehra 536,426 11 Mardan 91,729 2 Nowshera 178,142 4 Peshawar 55,043 1 Shangla 180,430 4 Swabi 109,888 2 Swat 409,247 9 Tank 188,919 4 Torghar 35,983 1 Source: Natural Resources in Khyber PakhtunKhwa (Pakistan) (Marwat, 2016)
The forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are governed by the KP Forest Ordinance 2002, and KP Forest Policy of 1999 approved by the cabinet. The forest law and policy explicitly state sustainable management of forests as one of the objectives. It states that it is expedient to consolidate and amend the laws relating to protection, conservation, management and sustainable development of forests and other renewable natural resources, and matters ancillary or incidental thereto in the KP.
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In KP the Forestry sector is governed by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance, 2002 (“Ordinance”) passed by the Governor of the province while the Constitution of Pakistan was in abeyance pursuant to General Pervaiz Musharraf’s Proclamation of Emergency of the 14 October 1999 and the Provisional Constitutional Order No.1 of 1999. While the Ordinance borrows heavily from the Forest Act 1927 in terms of mechanisms available to the Provincial Government and its Forest Officers to essentially exclude private individuals and communities from the use of forest lands, it also goes some way in creating a more participatory environment in comparison to the Forest Act 1927 for the various stakeholders as well. Notably Section 3 of the Ordinance (“Objectives and guiding principles”) expressly includes the objective of “protection, conservation, management and sustainable development of forests” and the “involvement of local communities and interested parties in the formulation and implementation of forest policies and forest management plans” with Section 3 (2) (e) of the Ordinance providing that “the role of the Government regarding sustainable development of forests shall, as far as possible, be confined to preparing management plans, setting out objectives and criteria, monitoring progress, promoting research and education, providing advisory services, while interested parties shall be encouraged to undertake leading role in developmental activities where the forests are owned by the people or where the people are the major right holders”. As with the Forest Act 1927 before it, the Ordinance co-opted the three broad categories of forests i.e. reserved forest, protected forest and village forest and added the category of protected wasteland (“Guzara forests”) with a wide array of powers invested in the Provincial Government and its Forest Officers to essentially exclude private individuals and communities from the use of forest lands for the purposes of generating revenue therefrom. The land tenure and ownership regarding genetic resources, carbon is unclear however the law clearly recognizes the ownership of land, vegetation, minerals and wildlife. The law generally recognizes traditional and indigenous rights in most cases. The law fully harmonizes formal and informal rights to forest resources. The law does not fully harmonize formal and informal rights to forest resources. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Tenancy Act 1950, and other laws do not provide effective means to resolve disputes related to land tenure, ownership, and use rights. In practice, the disputes related to land tenure; ownership/use rights, are common and are affecting the management of forests. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forestry Commission Act 1999 provides for the formation of a Forestry Commission comprising several ex-officio members including among others the Secretary to Government for the Environment Department and the Chief Conservator of Forests as well as four non-official members with impeccable repute associated with forestry and other renewable natural resources. Amongst the functions of the Commission are the giving of vision and framework for the sustainable development of forests in the Province, and reviewing, developing and advocating policies for the
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework sustainable development of forests in the Province and ensuring their implementation, as well as overseeing the process of legislative reforms in the forestry sector. The Commission is assisted by a Forestry Round Table comprising representatives of the major stakeholders in the forestry sector, which works as a think tank and resource for the Commission and works towards resolving the major conflicts amongst various stakeholders in forest lands. As such the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a robust mechanism in place for policy and legislation to be informed by the input of the various stakeholders in the forestry sector represented on the Commission and the Forestry Round Table. The Commission could be an important force in pushing the REDD+ agenda into policy and legislation and should therefore be engaged. In 2014 the KP Government launched the “Green Growth Initiative (GGI)” with the general aim of promoting sustainable development in the province. The Initiative has set an ambitious goal of increasing the forest area in the province by 2% annually and the density of 7% of degraded forests. Implementation of the Green Growth Initiative has been done through several projects, including the “Billion Tree Tsunami”, the KP National Parks project, and the “365 community micro-hydel”. (Khan 2015) The “Billion Tree Tsunami” project aiming at reversing deforestation in the province has been included into the global Bonn Challenge and as of now, according to the officials, 80% of the 380 000 ha forest restoration goal in KP has been already reached and some 750 million new trees planted last year. The billion threshold is expected to be reached by the end of the year (Khan 2017).
The GGI was a direct response to the worsening deforestation in KP which by 2013 had led to depletion of 74% of forests in the province. One of the main reasons behind it is believed to be widespread illegal logging practices in addition to unjustified overharvesting of old and aged trees under the “windfall policy” (Khan 2017). According to the Research and Development (R&D) directorate, deforestation in KP has been the result of unavailability of other energy sources than fuel wood in the mountainous regions. The survey prepared by the directorate demonstrates that additional pressure on forest resources in the province has been caused by overgrazing (Ali et al. 2016).
Spatiotemporal Monitoring for Deforestation and Forest Degradation Activities in Selected Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) conducted by Khalid et al. (2016) has pointed out a different set of reasons behind deforestation in the study area naming heavy snowfall, landslides, flash flooding and earthquake as the most important ones. In addition, they also acknowledge contribution of illegal mining, lack of other energy sources apart from wood, poverty, as well as the lack of employment opportunities in contributing to the loss of forest cover in the study area. The study focusing on forest depletion and socio-economic factors carried on by Nazir et al (2015) has demonstrated that national urban planning, agricultural, construction and demographic policies take the biggest toll on KP’s forest resources, therefore their careful planning is the key in decreasing the amount of pressure on KP forests in future and gradual restoration of healthy forest cover.
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To sum up, the main factors which have led to deforestation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa include:
Agricultural expansion for subsistence (potatoes, maize etc.) Unsustainable timber extraction for construction material and other uses Urban expansion Mining Infrastructure Development e.g. roads Forest clearing for small scale agriculture Forest clearing for habitation Forest fires (natural or due to negligence) Forest fires (Intentional)
Whereas the main drivers of forest degradation identified are: Agricultural expansion for subsistence Unsustainable timber extraction Unsustainable fuelwood extraction Mining Uncontrolled natural and anthropogenic fires Livestock grazing Abnormal wood requirements arising out of damages to construction caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods Indiscriminate and intentional trees cutting on account of disputes arising out of ownership and land tenure issues
All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include: Illegal logging Wood energy needs Food security Livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence Lack of alternate livelihoods in rural areas Poor extension services Poor land use planning/no land use planning No demarcation of boundaries Unsustainable forest management (i.e. forest management plans not enforced) Poor implementation of laws (poor governance) Poverty Population growth Tourism Developmental works Illegal encroachment Afghan refugees camps .
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1.5.4 Strategic Framework Vision Adapted from KP Strategy: Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa is a globally recognized leader in climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in the forestry sector in Pakistan Suggested from Indufor-CTC: Sustainable forest ecosystems in KP are providing ecosystem services and livelihood support to the communities
Mission: The mission is to improve the functional capacity of forestry and its associated institutions to effectively implement policies, laws and management practices to achieve green inclusive development, contributing to climate change mitigation, adaptation and sustainable livelihood of forest communities
Strategic objectives 1. To align legal, policy and institutional framework to comply with REDD+ requirements and support forestry actions 2. To conserve, develop and sustainably manage forests and rangelands for economic, social and ecosystem services. 3. To devise mechanisms for enhancing forest carbon stocks and addressing the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 4. To establish equitable and transparent benefit sharing mechanism under REDD+ 5. To improve knowledge and capacities among the concerned stakeholders on REDD+ 6. To promote alternative livelihood opportunities (eco-tourism, NTFP, trophy hunting, national parks, etc.) 7. To undertake innovative and modern initiatives for engaging community in forest sector and biodiversity conservation 8. To engage private sector in the forestry and biodiversity initiatives 9. To develop modern and effective land use plans and guidelines for KP in view of REDD+ and other developmental parameters Policy, Legal and Strategic foundations 1. Sustainable Development Goals 2. Vision 2025 3. National Policies on climate change, forest, water, rangelands, livestock, minerals and food security, 4. KP Biodiversity strategy and action plan 5. Provincial KP Forest Policy, Range Land policy, agriculture, minerals,
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livestock, energy, tourism, Climate Change 6. KP Forest Ordinance, 2002 7. KP Forestry Commission Act 1999 8. KP Forest Guzara Rules, 2004 9. KP Forest Development Rules, 2006 Programmes of action 1. Establishing and functionalizing REDD+ architecture (REDD+ Management Committee, Management unit etc.) 2. Development of land use planning guidelines 3. Improvement of implementation of laws and policies 4. To promote alternative fuels to reduce pressure on forests 5. Introduction and promotion of alternative and efficient energy sources for KP communities particularly in winter 6. Undertaking sustainable forest management practices to ensure healthy forests and communities. 7. To sensitize and regulate market and market actors for ensuring efficient and sustainable use of forest and forest products. 8. Diversified sustainable livelihood options: Integrated natural resource management (agriculture, livestock, irrigation, others) by adopting efficient and model techniques to facilitate diversified livelihoods for increase incomes reducing unsustainable forest dependency. 9. Exploring diversified aspects of eco-tourism through research and knowledge management for engaging tourism related institutions in eco- tourism 10. Enhancement of human, technological and effective systems for improved enforcement of laws 11. Establishment of special forest courts particularly at region level (particularly in Hazara and Malakand regions) 12. Supervision and control of mining activities to ensure forest friendly mining practices 13. Capacity building of forest department in terms of technological resources (NFMS, criteria and indicators for SFM & Reference levels, equipment, additional human resource) 14. Awareness raising campaigns focusing specific target groups e.g. politicians, forest staff, general public, media, bureaucracy and forest dependent communities on REDD+ 15. Education and training of forest staff on REDD+ 16. Upgradation of PFI as a degree awarding university and its strengthening with advanced technological and human inputs 17. Addition of climate change and REDD+ in forest curricula at PFI, Universities and Forest Schools 18. Improved and diversified crop production for better livelihoods of forest
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communities. 19. Wood and fodder lots and introduction of fodder banks / alternative feeds in selected districts for fuel wood, timber and fodder 20. Environmental and fiscal reforms for generating resources towards spending in forest management 21. Modern & sustainable livestock management & grazing practices e.g. rotational grazing. 22. Analysis/studies on legal framework surrounding forest & implementation of policy recommendation 23. Promotion of small hydro units in mountain communities for energy through PIDO and engaging private sector 24. To promote research in to the valuation of ecosystem services in KP particularly focusing to identify opportunities towards payments for such services 25. Engaging tourism industry staff in coordinated and eco-friendly tourism 26. Improved policy interest and investment in wildlife management for biodiversity and trophy hunting purposes to generate financial resources for communities 27. To build the capacities of forest communities enabling them to take informed decision on REDD+ initiatives (FPIC) 28. To strengthen coordination among sectors and stakeholders having direct and indirect impacts on land use and forestry in the province.
1.5.5 References Ali, Kashif, Muhammad Shuaib, Zahid Hussain, Wasim Sajjad, Fawad Aliand Muhammad Fazil 2016, Ethnobotanical assessment of the medicinal flora of Khyber Agency, Pakistan. Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res., 22(4):607-616. Banba, Michico 2017. Land use management and risk communication. In: Land use management and risk reduction. Springer. Gilgit-Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009 Khalid, S. R., Khan, M. R., Usman, M., Yasin, M. W. and Iqbal, M. S. (2016) Spatiotemporal Monitoring for Deforestation and Forest Degradation Activities in Selected Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK).International Journal of Geosciences, 7, 1191-1207. Khan, Z., Akbar, M., Rizvi, S.M.A., Hussain, A., Ali, I., Ali, M. and Hussain, J. 2015. Assessment of deforestation using Diameter size classes distribution of trees in Ganji Valley Himalayan Range of Pakistan. International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(6), pp.76-86.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in figures 2013, 2014, 2015. http://kp.gov.pk/page/kp_in_figures Sajjad, Anwar, Ahmad Hussain, Umar Wahab, Syed Adnan, Saqib Ali, Zahoor Ahmad and Ashfaq Ali 2015. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Forest Cover Change in Tehsil Barawal, District Dir, Pakistan.American Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol.06, No.09.
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1.6 Punjab
1.6.1 Minutes Provincial REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, November 9, 2017
Agenda Introduction of Participants Overview of the REDD+ and different studies under National REDD+ Office Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV and FRELs Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for National REDD+ Strategy Presentation and Group work by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS Discussion and inputs from Management Committee towards National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards and SIS etc.
Proceedings The meeting was chaired by the Additional Secretary-Forest, Wildlife and Fisheries Department. The Honourable Additional Secretary greeted the participants and after introduction of participants, requested for the review of the minutes of previous meeting. Deputy Team Leader of Indufor CTC explained the objectives of their participation in the meeting and provided an update on the studies undertaken by different firms. Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF provided an overall presentation regarding REDD+ context, explaining the REDD+, its different aspects and later, also the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs. Deputy Team Leader from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of National REDD+ Strategy and Implementation Framework for validating the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment, vision, objectives as well as Strategy options. The vision statement was discussed and it was suggested by the Additional Secretary to change it due to its non- compliant content. After lengthy discussion, the vision statement was changed and finalized. The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work on safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM to the forum. Brief discussion was held on the Benefit sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other
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dimensions of the REDD+ which were recorded and the results of which are in the form of report attached to these minutes. Later, the participants were engaged in a group work focusing drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, strategic options, objectives, consequences of options and grievances of stakeholders. The findings of the group/ group discussion are recorded in attached report, which also contains findings of the literature.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with sections on; - Analysis of the legal framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework, Punjab
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List of Participants
S. No Name Organization Designation Ph.No E.mail Shahid Rashid Additional 1 Awan FW,F Department Secretary 0334- [email protected] 2 M.Tayyab CTC G.Manager 4411109 k Engr. Dr. M. Assistant 0333- yaseen.cima@pu. 3 Yaseen Punjab University Professor 8925891 edu.pk Deputy Team 0348- iqbalinfo@yahoo. 4 Iqbal Muhammad WWF-P leader 5439046 com Dr.MasoodArsha 0300- [email protected] 5 d 6245555 g.pk 0335- [email protected] 6 M. Tariq Naseem 6660024 m Consultant- 0332- imtiazpare@yaho 7 Imtiaz Ahmed Indufor-CTC Forester 5399947 o.com Raja Tariq 0301- [email protected] 8 Mehmood CLP-HB Consultant 5244036 m Hiddayatullah 0300- [email protected] 9 Niazi M&M Director 4467523 m 042- degelddpunjab@ 10 Dr.M.Ajmal 99201117 gmail.com Forest 0300- farooqi.fo@gmail. 11 Ifftikharul Hassan Department DFO 5557680 com 0322- 12 M.AbdulBasit 4473091 ……………….. Forest 0333- hamzafurz@yaho 13 Firozudin Ahmed Department DFO 4228447 o.com Research 0322- amobeen@hotma 14 Aqeela Mobeen Officer 6051174 il.com 0300- mahjabeenqazi@ 15 Mahjabeen Qazsi CTC Consultant 5871923 yahoo.com M.Ahmed Ahmed Aslam 0333- ahmed@mumtaz 16 Chaudhary CTC Consultant 5757274 andbrohi.com Des & Com 0340- 17 Saba Zahid CTC department 8442596 [email protected] Research 0341- 18 Qazi Mahmood DPR Officer 7122404 [email protected] 0345- [email protected] 19 Dr.Waheed Ch HBP Social Expert 8543733 du.pk 20
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1.6.2 Background The primary legal regime determining the legal categories of forest land in Pakistan and their governance is the Forest Act 1927 (“Forest Act”). The provinces have made periodical amendments to the Forest Act, with Punjab having made the most significant overhaul of the provisions of the almost century old law, however the basic legal regime remains intact. The Forest Act delineates several categories of government owned and private forests as detailed below.
GOVERNMENT OWNED FORESTS Reserved Forest This is the strictest category of forests from the perspective of governance and the exclusion of rights of private persons. Under Section 3 of the Forest Act, the Government may constitute as a reserved forest any forest land or waste-land, which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights, or to the whole or a part of the produce of which the Government is entitled. In accordance with Sub-section 1 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Act, rules, grant or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer35, broadly any act that can cause damage or harm to the forest or the forest eco- system36 are offences in a reserved forest.
35 Sub-Section 5 of Section 26 of the Forest Act 1927 (with Amendments for Punjab) 36 These acts include: s) making fresh clearing t) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or setting on fire any plant or tree u) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf v) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass w) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber x) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same y) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce z) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose aa) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares. bb) cutting or damaging any plant cc) constructing any building, structure, hutment or cattle pen dd) encroaching upon the forest land ee) causing damage or tampering with barbed wire, or fence erected in or around the forest ff) removing or causing damage to the soil, water, natural vegetation (shrubs, herbs and plants), fish, wild animals and wild birds gg) damaging any structure such as water channel, check dam, embankment, reservoir or pond hh) changing the land use for the purpose other than development, preservation or conservation of the forest or park ii) installing a saw mill, charcoal kiln or establishing a timber or firewood depot or operating any mechanical aid designed to cut, fashion or convert a tree or timber or fabricating wood into articles of furniture, building materials, joinery or articles of domestic or commercial use in or within a five-mile radius of the forest.
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Power to declare forest no longer reserved: The province of Punjab, has amended Section 27 of the Forest Act to provide that the Government shall not declare or notify a reserved forest or any part thereof as no longer being reserved, and further, that the Government shall not allow change in the land use of a reserved forest except for the purpose of right of way, building of roads and development of a forest park, but the Government shall not allow construction of concrete building or permanent structure therein37. However, through a further amendment to Section 2738 the Government of Punjab may declare a reserved forest, or a part thereof, as no longer reserved if the organization requiring the reserved forest land is able to: a) satisfy the Government that there is no other option but to use the reserved forest land for the purposes of a national project of strategic importance b) provide a substitute plantable land equal to or bigger than the required reserved forest land, in a compact form and situated close to the reserved forest land c) provide funds for immediate forestation and maintenance of the substitute forest land.
Protected Forest Under Section 29 of the Forest Act the Government of a province may constitute as a protected forest, any forest land or waste-land which is not included in a reserved forest, but which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or to the whole or a part of the produce of which the Government is entitled. Section 30 of the Act provides that in respect of a protected forest the Government, through a notification in this respect, may: a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term not exceeding 30 years as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion c) prohibit from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest-produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest.
In addition, Section 30 and Section 32 of the Forest Act allow the Government to regulate certain acts in respect of protected forests, which are automatically
37 Amendments through Punjab Forest (Amendment) Act 2010 38Addition of Sub-Section 3 to Section 27 of the Forest Act through Punjab Forest (Amendment) Act 2016
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework offences in relation to a reserved forest merely by fact of the notification as a reserved forest. The result is that unless a notification in respect of the matters enumerated in Section 30 is issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated by the Government, all acts are permitted in a protected forest. However, once a notification under Section 30 of the Act has been issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated, under Section 33 of the Forest Act, several acts39 shall be punishable offences where they contravene the notification under Section 30 or rules made under Section 32 of the Forest Act.
In protected forests in Punjab40, an act that would otherwise have been an offence under the provisions of the respective laws will not be deemed an offence if done in exercise of any right, under a grant, concession or contract made by the Government or under the law or with the written permission of the forest officer, or in accordance with rules made by the Government.
Village Forest The Forest Act41 provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. The Forest Act further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce including timber and pasture as well as their duties to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well, in so far as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government. However, none of the provinces including Punjab have actually formed a village forest.
39 These include:
a) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same b) quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce c) breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose d) setting or kindling fire without taking reasonable precautions to prevent its spreading to any reserved tree, whether standing, fallen or felled, or to any closed portion of the forest e) leaving any fire burning in the vicinity of any reserved tree or closed portion of the forest f) felling any tree or dragging any timber and damaging any reserved tree g) permitting any cattle to damage any reserved tree h) infringing any rule made under Section 32 of the Act.
40 Through an amendment to Section 33 of the Forest Act in its application to Punjab 41 Section 28 of the Forest Act
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Unclassed Forest In Punjab, Section 28-A was inserted in the Forest Act through the Forest (Amendment) Act 2010 whereby the Government may declare a wasteland, not being a reserved forest or protected forest, as unclassed forest and further direct that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act relating to a reserved forest or protected forest, shall apply to such unclassed forest.
PRIVATE FORESTS Punjab Guzara Forests Within the Murree and Kahuta Tehsil of the Rawalpindi District all forests (other than reserved and protected forests) and wasteland, including privately owned forests, wasteland and Guzara forests are subject to regulation under the “Rules of Guzara land, or forest and wastelands of the Murree and KahutaTahsils, other than Reserved and Protected Forests under Section 76 (c) of Act XVI of 1927” (“Punjab Guzara Rules”). Wasteland is defined in the Forest Act as uncultivated or uncultivable land notified as wasteland by the Government of Punjab42. The Forest Act as applicable to the province of Punjab does not expressly address Guzara forests, however, certain wastelands close to villages in the Murree and Kahuta Tehsil of the District of Rawalpindi were set aside at the time of the first regular settlement for the purpose of meeting the genuine domestic needs of the village landowners.43 These Guzara (literally subsistence) forests are owned by the village landowners but managed by the Forest Department as per the Punjab Guzara Rules. Subject to certain exemptions44, generally, no person may do any of the following acts in the privately-owned wastelands and Guzara forests45: a) fell, girdle, lop, tap or burn any tree b) strip off the bark or leaves from or otherwise damage or destroy any tree c) fell any tree or drag any timber as to damage or destroy any tree d) permit any cattle to damage any tree e) burn lime or charcoal or bricks or break up land for extending cultivation, which is likely to cause injury to trees or timber, or to affect adversely the natural reproduction of trees
42 Sub-Section (u) of Section 2 of the Forest Act 1927 as amended by Punjab 43 Changing perspectives on forest policy (1998)- Jawad Ahmed and Fawad Mahmood 44 Under Sub-Rule 2 of Rule 6 of the Punjab Guzara Rules the following acts are exempted: a) the felling and removal of any dry timber or any dry timber for ordinary domestic and agricultural purposes b) the cutting and removal of grass and fruit of all kinds and species c) the removal of fallen pine needles and empty pine cones d) the lopping of any tree whose shade is detrimental to the growth of field crops up to one half of the height of the tree above the ground e) the lopping of leaves for fodder for cattle from such trees and at such seasons as may be prescribed by the Deputy Commissioner from time to time.
45 Rules 4 and 12 of the Rules of Guzara land, or forest lands of the Murree and KahutaTahsils, other than Reserved and Protected Forests under Section 76 (c) of Act XVI of 1927
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f) cause or permit any other person or otherwise abet any person in the commission of any of the above acts g) set fire to the Guzara forest or wasteland, or any timber, forest produce and grass nor negligently permit any fire to spread.
However, the residents of a village in whose boundaries a Guzara Forest exists have the right to use certain classes of trees for ordinary domestic and agricultural purposes46, including a quota of three biar trees for the construction of a new house47.
Section 36 Forests Under Section 35 of the Forest Act, for several specified purposes48, the Government may regulate or prohibit in any forest or wasteland: a) the breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation b) the pasturing of cattle c) the firing or clearing of vegetation.
In addition, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 35, the Government may, for any such purpose, construct such works on such forest or wasteland as it thinks fit. In case of neglect or wilful disobedience of the regulation or prohibition in respect of such wasteland or forest or if required for the purpose of any work under Section 35, the Government may, under Section 36 of the Forest Act, place it under the control of a forest officer and declare that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act in respect of reserved forests shall apply to such forest or wasteland. Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Act, the owner of any land (or if there are more than one owner then the owners with an aggregate of two-thirds of the land) may request the relevant Revenue Department officer either that the land may be managed on their behalf by the Forest Officer as a reserved, or protected forest on such terms as may be mutually agreed or that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act may be applied to such land. In either case the Government may apply such of the provisions of the Forest Act to such land as it thinks appropriate in the circumstances.
46 Rule 5 of Guzara land, or forest lands of the Murree and KahutaTahsils, other than Reserved and Protected Forests under Section 76 (c) of Act XVI of 1927 47 Rule 11 of Guzara land, or forest lands of the Murree and KahutaTahsils, other than Reserved and Protected Forests under Section 76 (c) of Act XVI of 1927 48The purposes for which a forest or wasteland may regulated under Section 35 of the Forest Act are as follow: (xvii) for protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches; (xviii) for the preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land-slips, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel; (xix) for the maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers and tanks; (xx) for the protection of roads, bridges and railways and other lines of communication; (xxi) for the preservation of the public health.”
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Land subject to the Punjab Land Preservation (Chos) Act 1900 Under the Punjab Land Preservation (Chos) Act 1900 (“Chos Act”) for the conservation of sub-soil water or the prevention of erosion in any area subject or likely to erosion the Government may notify such area under Section 3 of the Chos Act. Under Section 4 of the Chos Act the Government may regulate an area notified under Section 3 by regulating, restricting or prohibiting several activities49 in such an area including the cutting of trees or timber or the collection or removal of forest produce (other than by right-holders in such area for a bonafide domestic or agricultural purpose). Furthermore, under Section 5 of the Chos Act in respect of any village or villages, or part of parts thereof, comprised within the limits of any area notified under Section 3, the Government may further regulate, restrict and prohibit certain acts50 in such village, including the cultivation of land ordinarily under cultivation prior to the notification under Section 3 or the cutting of trees or timber or the collection or removal of forest produce for any purpose.
LEASE OF FOREST LAND Forest Company under Section 78-A of the Forest Act 1927 for Punjab Under Sub-Section 3 of Section 80-A of the Forest Act, the Government of Punjab may itself or through a forest company permit any person to use a blank forest land or wasteland for increase in the productivity of the forest.
Under Section 78-A of the Forest Act, the Government of Punjab may establish a forest company to oversee the implementation of public private partnership on assigned forest land or wasteland. Under Sub-section 2 of Section 78-A the Government may assign a blank forest land or wasteland owned by the Government to a forest company for this purpose.
49Under Section 4 of the Chos Act, the following acts may be regulated, restricted or prohibited in an area notified under Section 3: (a) the clearing or breaking up of land not ordinarily under cultivation prior to the notification under Section 3 (b) the quarrying of stone or burning lime at places where this was not ordinarily done prior to the notification under Section 3 (c) the cutting of trees or timber, or the collection or removal or subjection to any manufacturing process of any forest produce other than grass, save for bonafide domestic or agricultural purposes (of right holders in such area) (d) the setting on fire of trees timber and forest produce (e) the admission, herding, pasturing or retention of sheep (goats or camel) (f) the examination of forest produce passing out of such area (g) the granting of permits to the inhabitants of the area and towns and villages in the vicinity of such an area to take any tree, timber or forest produce for their own use therefrom, or to pasture sheep (goats or camel) or to cultivate or erect buildings therein and return of such permits by such persons. 50 Under Section 5 of the Chos Act, the following acts may be regulated, restricted or prohibited in an area notified under Section 3: (a) the clearing or breaking up of land ordinarily under cultivation prior to the notification under Section 3 (b) the quarrying of stone or burning lime at places where this was ordinarily done prior to the notification under Section 3 (c) the cutting of trees or timber, or the collection or removal or subjection to any manufacturing process of any forest produce (for any purpose) (d) the admission, herding, pasturing or retention of sheep (goats or camel).
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Under Sub-Section 3 of Section 78-A, the agreement between the forest company and the successful applicant shall not exceed a term of fifteen (15) years but it may contain provision for the extension of the agreement for one more term of fifteen (15) years subject to the satisfactory performance of the applicant. Under the mandate of these provisions, the South Punjab Forest Company (“SPFC”) was incorporated as a not for profit company under Section 42 of the Companies Ordinance 1984 with the purpose of raising tree plantations on blank forest land belonging to the Government of Punjab through private investment on profit sharing basis as delineated under Section 78-A of the Forest Act. The draft concession agreement (“Draft Agreement”) between the SPFC and the potential concessionaire51 lays down several conditions in relation to the afforestation and management of the forest land assigned to a concessionaire. Most importantly, the concessionaire is obliged to fully complete the development of land and plantation of the plantable area with the recommended species of trees (or other species approved by the SPFC) by the third year of the concession period. As consideration for the concession granted by the SPFC it shall receive a certain share of any forest timber crop standing on the plantable area that is ready for harvesting. The crop share of the SPFC shall be harvested only at its own discretion while the Concessionaire may harvest the remaining forest timber crop subject to the written permission of the SPFC. In addition, the SPFC is entitled to share in the revenue generated by the concessionaire from the non-timber forest produce on the project site. Finally, the SPFC is also entitled to a certain fee per acre of rangeland included in the project site. The concessionaire may plant the rangeland with forest timber crop and shall be exclusively entitled to the proceeds from the harvesting of timber from the rangelands.
1.6.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation According to Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), Punjab reported 529,000 hectares of forest area, or about 12% of Pakistan’s current forest area (FCPF, 2014), and consists of many different forest types including conifer, scrub, riverine, irrigated plantation, farmland trees, and other plantations. Punjab has large forest and farmland tree plantation resources and its irrigated forest plantations are rich in wildlife diversity. Punjab produces both soft and hard woods and its natural forests are facing severe deforestation resulting from unsustainable cutting to meet domestic wood fibre needs. Punjab is the most populous province in Pakistan. Shahzad et al (2015) studied the sustainability of state owned and private owned forest ecosystems (sub-watershed area of Murree, Galliat region) using remote sensing and participatory approaches to demarcate boundaries. They found that both state-owned and private forests were converted from
51 http://spfc.org.pk/tenders/docs/Concession_Agreement.pdf
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework forest to non-forest between 2005 and 2011, and concluded that conservation is more effective in state-owned forests than private forests. The study revealed that between 2005 and 2011, a total of 5,500 ha had been deforested, of which 2,400 ha was state owned forest and 3,100 ha was private or community forests. Shahzad et al (2015) identified the direct drivers of forest conversion of tourism, illegal cutting, forest fires and urban/commercial expansion in Murree. The indirect drivers of deforestation were attributed to weak law and policy enforcement applied to local encroachment and further clarification needed on rights of ownership and land tenure, see also Wani (2002). In addition, Shahzad et al (2015) found that lack of proper record-keeping and an effective monitoring system were also indirect drivers of forest loss in the area. Ashraf et al (2014) also studied forest encroachments in Murree Forest Division (MFD). They found that Murree Forest Division comprised of 19,135 ha of state forest land, out of which 1,159 ha was identified as land encroached upon by the land grabbers, builders, and the timber mafia. Tanvir et al (2002) noted that over population stress has led to a growing imbalance between demand and supply of timber wood and wood products and that Pakistan is suffering from an acute shortage. Muhammad et al. (2011) found that increased agriculture and rapid urbanization has created pressure to clear forests and utilize the land for more economically viable options in Punjab. Plantations and tree farming are a potential opportunity to improve the forest cover in Punjab and meet the wood fibre deficit. However, this literature review finds that there is multiple and contradictory research on the role of plantations and tree farming and their business case in Punjab. Azhar et al (2011) studied the Daphar Irrigated Plantation of Punjab province during 2006 to investigate the profitability of this plantation. Overall results showed that Daphar Irrigated Plantation was profitable but resulted in low net financial benefits. Reasons for low net financial benefits were attributed to high tree mortality, social/illicit tree felling and high initial costs. Azhar et al (2011) recommended that by adopting proper and improved techniques and managerial approaches, profitability can be increased significantly. Tanvir et al (2002) studied the rotation of farm-grown Eucalyptus canadensis based on maximum volume production and ultimate economic return in Central Punjab. Tanvir et al (2002) concluded that while the plantation was profitable, the rotation should be shortened (from 8 years to 4-5 years) to maximize income. Anjum et al (2013) studied the Kamalia Irrigated Plantation located in Tehsil Kamalia, District Toba Tek Singh over a ten-year period (1999-2009). The study indicated that the plantation suffered from huge economic losses during the period under study. It was recommended that government should start agroforestry practices on 30-40 per cent area of plantation, to make it profitable. Omer et al (2004) studied the ChichawatniI irrigated Forest Plantation between 1989 and 2000, and compared the use of indigenous and exotic tree species with similar irrigation conditions. They found that the water requirement for exotic species (E. camaldulensis) limits their potential for
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework planting on farmlands since they compete aggressively with agricultural crops for water and nutrients. They recommended the planting of slower growing indigenous species Dalbergia sissoo and Melia azedarach for providing good quality timber and fuelwood on farmlands. Maan and Chaudhry (2001) studied irrigated forest plantations in Changa Manga, Daphar, Pakhowal and Kundian. They found that irrigated forest plantations are rich in wildlife diversity, and forestry operations, grass-cutting, kana stubbing and livestock grazing were major threats to wildlife. If forest operations were implemented with an objective to support wildlife management, it could help conserve the diversity of fauna. Abidi and Noor (2012) studied the economic efficiency and financial performance of the forest management plans for Changa Manga and Murree forests. Their results revealed that the forest department was working at breakeven point and that the management is risk prone to exogenous shocks. Their study concluded that the existing management plans are not efficient and that there is a need to improve the system and adopt a sustainable approach. Ahmad (2016) studied the importance of ecological restoration of a 128-year- old plantation of Changa Manga. The research noted that the forest had undergone increased degradation through mismanagement, fires, and illegal removal of trees since 1947. The main drivers of degradation of the forest were noted to be un-prescribed fires, water scarcity, corruption, lack of funds and improper management. The research recommended that future management should focus on implementing the law, increased community awareness and robust ecological monitoring and restoration. The drivers of deforestation and forest degradation identified in literature review and in the survey, are in conformity with each other, Punjab’s forests have suffered from deforestation and degradation in both privately owned and state forest areas. The direct drivers of deforestation include: Commercial agricultural expansion (cotton, sugarcane, wheat, sunflower etc.) Agricultural expansion for subsistence Unsustainable timber extraction Unsustainable fuelwood extraction Urban expansion Mining especially surface mining Infrastructure development e.g. roads Forest clearing for habitation Forest fires (natural or due to negligence) Forest fires (Intentional)
The main drivers of degradation include: Agricultural expansion for subsistence Unsustainable timber extraction Unsustainable fuel wood extraction Urban expansion Mining
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Infrastructure Development e.g. roads Forest clearing for livestock grazing Unscientific operations in forests
The above drivers are produced by a set of complex underlying causes, which include: Population growth Poverty Wood energy needs Food security Livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence Lack of alternate livelihoods in rural areas Illegal logging Poor extension services No Land use planning No demarcation of boundaries (especially in coniferous forest of Punjab) Unsustainable forest management Poor implementation of laws (poor governance) Political interference Unclear land tenure in some cases Weak legislation Lack of awareness Water scarcity (especially in Riverian forest) Lack of coordination of FD with other stakeholders Forest diseases
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1.6.4 Strategic Framework Vision Forest ecosystems in Punjab are improved, conserved and managed on an environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable basis Strategic Objectives 1. To promote and practice sustainable forest Management of forest resources & ecosystems 2. To enhance provincial forest stock at public & private lands 3. Promote and strengthen good governance of forestry institutions 4. To strengthen policy framework and ensure effective forest conservation and management 5. To ensure other sector policies are forest sensitive 6. To sensitize stakeholder on issues pertaining to forest and climate change Legal and Policy Foundations 1. Forest Act 1927 2. Land Preservation (Chos) Act, 1900 3. National forest policy 4. Punjab forest policy 5. Punjab Climate Change Policy 6. Vision 2025 7. Sustainable development goals (SDGs) 8. National Policies on climate change, water, forest, livestock, minerals, etc. 9. National Rangeland policy (Draft) 10. Provincial & National water policies 11. Provincial livestock policy 12. Rules of Guzara land or forest and wastelands of the Murree and Kahuta Tahsils Programme of Action 1. Setting up provincial REDD+ Directorate. 2. Promulgation & implementation of provincial climate change policy. 3. Awareness of policy makers on CC issues regarding forestry & its significance. 4. To develop & practice criteria and indicators for SFM. 5. PFMS (as part of and contributing to NFMS). 6. Promotion & diversifying Eco Tourism.
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7. Strengthening policy framework to promote / encourage alternative clean and efficient energy sources. 8. Promote Green cities and green development concepts. 9. To identify and promote alternative sustainable livelihoods for forest communities. 10. To sensitize and regulate market and market actors for ensuring efficient and sustainable use of forest and forest products. 11. Development of land use planning guidelines and regulate departmental interventions as per plan guidelines. 12. Water harvesting practices and improving efficiency of water use in all sectors including agriculture. 13. Identify and promote water efficient indigenous plant species. 14. Effective and sustainable water shed management in uphill areas. 15. Plantation along water bodies (rivers, canals etc.) 16. Strengthening existing flood structures with plantation and physical infrastructural support. 17. Early warning system to mitigate flood impacts on forests. 18. Capacity building of forest staff in terms of knowledge practices infrastructure, access & equipment. 19. Improve the implementation of forest rules and regulations. 20. Awareness campaigns regarding forest fires. 21. Strengthening of Punjab Forest School, academy and institute for integrated research and education 22. Addition of REDD+ in forest curriculum. 23. Modern and sustainable livestock management and grazing practices e.g. rotational grazing.
1.6.5 References Abidi, SyedaIfrah Ali and Junaid Noor 2012.Economic Analysis of Forest Management in Pakistan - A Case Study of Changa Mange and Muree Forest. Sustainable Development Study Centre, GC University Lahore, Department of Economics, GC University Lahore. Ahmad, Muhammad 2016. Community Based Ecological Restoration of Changa Manga Forest, Punjab, Pakistan.Master’s Thesis. Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Anjum, Khayyam, Ihsan Qadir, M. Farooq Azhar and Shahid Hafeez 2013. Economic evaluation of irrigated plantation in Kamalia, Punjab, Pakistan. J. Agric. Res., 2013, 51(2)
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Ashraf I, Saeed U, Shahzad N, Gill J, Parvez S and Raja A 2014. Delineating Legal Forest Boundaries to Combat Illegal Forest Encroachments: A Case Study in Murree Forest Division, Pakistan. In: Forensic GIS. Springer, pp 263–286. FCPF 2014. Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) for Pakistan. Final version with incorporation of PC-16 decision: July 25, 2014 Gilgit-Baltistan (Empowerment and Self Governance) Order, 2009 Maan, M. Anwar and A. Aleem Chaudhry 2001.Wildlife Diversity in the Punjab (Pakistan). Journal of Biological Sciences, 1: 417-420. Muhammad, Syed, Akmal Rahim and Shahida Hasnain 2011.Agroforestry trends in Punjab, Pakistan. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 4(10), pp. 639-650. Omer, R.M., C.M. Faisal and W. Ahmed, 2004. Choice of exotic and indigenous tree species for planting on farmlands. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 41(1-2):58-61. Shahzad, Naeem, Urooj Saeed, Hammad Gilani, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Irfan Ashraf and Syed Muhammad Irteza 2015. Evaluation of state and community/private forests in Punjab, Pakistan using geospatial data and related techniques. Forest Ecosystems20152:7. Tanvir, Muhammad Ayyoub, Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui and Amer Hussain Shah 2002. Growth and Price Trend of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Central Punjab. Int. J. Agri. Biol., Vol. 4, No. 3. Wani B.A. 2002. National Forest Policy Review.Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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1.7 Sindh
1.7.1 Minutes from Provincial REDD+ Management Committee Meeting, Forest Department, October 30, 2017
Agenda Introduction of Participants Overview of the REDD+ and different studies under National REDD+ Office Presentation by Arbonaut-WWF on NFMS, MRV and FRELs Presentation and group work facilitated by Indufor-CTC for National REDD+ Strategy Presentation and Group work by CLP-HB on Safeguards, FGRM and SIS Discussion and inputs from Management Committee towards National Strategy, NFMS, MRV, Safeguards and SIS etc.
Proceedings The Additional Secretary-Forest, Govt of Sindh chaired the meeting. After introduction of participants, Deputy Team Leader of Indufor CTC explained the objectives of their participation in the meeting and provided an update on the studies undertaken by different firms.
Iqbal Muhammad, Deputy Team Leader of Arbonaut-WWF, explaining the REDD+ provided an overall presentation regarding REDD+ context, its different aspects and later, also the work done by the firm on establishing NFMS, MRV and FRL/ FRELs.
Deputy Team Leader from Indufor-CTC presented the Development of National REDD+ Strategy and Implementation Framework for validating the existing work done by the team regarding drivers of deforestation and forest governance assessment, vision, objectives as well as Strategy options.
The focal person of CLP-HB presented their work on safeguard systems, SIS and FGRM to the forum.
Brief discussion was held on the Benefit sharing mechanisms, Institutional capacity assessment, Barrier analysis, risks and other dimensions of the REDD+ which were recorded and the results of which are attached in the form of report attached to these minutes.
Later, the participants were engaged in a group work focusing drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, strategic options, objectives,
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consequences of options and grievances of stakeholders. The findings of the group/ group discussion are recorded in attached report, which also contains findings of the literature.
The meeting ended with a note of thanks and with the commitment to contribute towards conserving and promoting provincial green assets.
Date: February 15, 2018
Signed:
______Mohammad Tayyab General Manager, CHIP Training & Consulting Pvt. Ltd.
Attached: Draft Provincial Report, with sections on; - Analysis of the legal framework - Report on Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - Provincial Strategic Framework, Sindh
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List of Participants
S.N Organizatio o Name n Designation Ph.No E.mail 0333- 1 Iffat Malik SFD A.S 3208233 [email protected] Riaz Ahmed Sindh Forest Conservator 0300- [email protected] 2 Khan Dept. of Forest 2391661 , Iqbal DY.team 0345- 3 Muhammad WWF leader 5439046 [email protected] Dr. Waheed 0345- [email protected] 4 Chaudhry HBP Social expert 8543733 k Raja Tariq Forest 0301- 5 Mohammad HBP Expert 5244036 [email protected] Agha Tahir 0333- 6 Hussain CF/ PD SFD 25788050 [email protected] M. Zafar Conservator 0333- [email protected] 7 Waseem SF. Dept. of Forest 2910886 om Conservator 0300- [email protected] 8 M. Arif SFD of Forest 3144709 m 0333- 9 Shehzad Sadiq SFD DFO 2882230 [email protected] 0300- [email protected] 10 M. Saleem SFD CF Sukkur 9374391 om 0332- [email protected] 11 Niazi Somro SFD CFO 2663056 om Abdul Jabbar 0300- 12 Kazi SFD CF 3130816 [email protected] Abdul Sattar 0321- abdulsattar_khattri200 13 Khatri SFD CF 3094010 [email protected] 0333- 14 Gul Hussain SFD CF SBA 7355811 [email protected] 0332- [email protected] 15 Imtiaz Ahmed CTC Consultant 5399947 m Programme 0300- [email protected] 16 Ajmal Siddique IUCN Officer 3611343 rg 0300- mahajabeenqazi@yah 17 Mahjabeen Qazi CTC Consutant 5871923 oo.com Team jseverino@menosdosg 18 Jaime Severino Indufor-CTC Leader …. rados.com 0333- kulsoombaloch91@gm 19 Kulsoom Baloch CTC …………… 3567149 ail.com Deputy Mohammad Team 20 Tayyab CTC Leader 03344411109 [email protected]
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1.7.2 Analysis of Legal Framework-Sindh The primary legal regime determining the legal categories of forest land in Pakistan and their governance is the Forest Act 1927 (“Forest Act”) which delineates several categories of government owned and private forests as detailed below.
GOVERNMENT OWNED FORESTS Reserved Forest This is the strictest category of forests from the perspective of governance and the exclusion of rights of private persons. As can be seen below these forests generally exclude all private rights unless these have been specifically allowed by the Forest Officer in writing or are otherwise sanctioned by the Government through a contract, concession or under rules promulgated by the Government. Under Section 3 of the Forest Act, the Government of a province may constitute as a reserved forest any forest land or waste-land, which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights, or to the whole or a part of the produce of which the Government is entitled. In accordance with Sub-section 1 of Section 26 of the Forest Act, unless done in exercise of any right under the Forest Act, rules, grant or contract made by the Government or with the written permission of the forest officer52, broadly the following acts are prohibited offences in a reserved forest: a) making fresh clearing b) setting fire to the reserved forest or kindling or burning fire, which endangers the forest or setting on fire any plant or tree c) kindling, keeping or carrying any fire except during such season as the forest officer may notify in this behalf d) trespassing, or pasturing cattle, or permitting cattle to trespass e) causing damage by negligently felling a tree, cutting or dragging any timber f) felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same g) quarrying stone, mines, minerals, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting and removing any forest produce h) clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation or any other purpose i) contravening any rules relating to hunting, shooting, fishing, or setting up traps or snares.
The Forest Act allows the Government to declare that a forest or a portion thereof is no longer reserved53. This is an unrestricted power and the
52Sub-Section 2 of Section 26 of the Forest Act 1927 53 Section 27 of the Forest Act
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Government need not have prior justification for changing the status of a forest in this manner.
Protected Forest Under Section 29 of the Forest Act the Government of a province may constitute as a protected forest, any forest land or waste-land, which is not included in a reserved forest, but which is the property of the Government, or over which the Government has proprietary rights or to the whole or a part of the produce of which the Government is entitled. Section 30 of the Act provides that in respect of a protected forest the Government, through a notification in this respect, may: a) declare any trees or class of trees to be reserved from a fixed date b) declare that any proportion of such forest specified in the notification shall be closed for such term not exceeding 30 years as the Government thinks fit, and that the rights of private persons, if any, over such portion shall be suspended during such term, provided that the remainder of such forest be sufficient, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the due exercise of the rights suspended in the closed portion c) prohibit from the date fixed in the notification, the quarrying of stone, or the burning of lime or charcoal, or the collection or subjection to any manufacturing process, or removal of, any forest- produce in any such forest, and the breaking up or clearing for cultivation, for building, for herding cattle or for any other purpose, of any land in any such forest.
In addition, Section 32 of the Act empowers the Government to make rules for a protected forest, in respect of, among other things, clearing and breaking up of land for cultivation or for any other purpose, cutting of grass and pasturing of cattle, protection of timber and reserved trees from fire and the protection and management of any portion of a forest closed under Section 30. Essentially, Section 30 and Section 32 of the Forest Act allow the Government to regulate certain acts in respect of protected forests, which are automatically offences in relation to a reserved forest merely by fact of the notification as a reserved forest. The result is that unless a notification in respect of the matters enumerated in Section 30 is issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated by the Government, all acts are permitted in a protected forest. However, once a notification under Section 30 of the Act has been issued or rules under Section 32 of the Act are promulgated, under Section 33 of the Forest Act, the following acts shall be punishable offences where they contravene the notification under Section 30 or rules made under Section 32 of the Forest Act: - felling, girdling, lopping, tapping or burning a reserved tree or stripping off a bark or leaves of a tree or otherwise damaging the same
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- quarrying any stone, burning lime or charcoal, or collecting, subjecting to any manufacturing process and removing any forest produce - breaking up or clearing any land for cultivation or any other purpose - setting or kindling fire without taking reasonable precautions to prevent its spreading to any reserved tree, whether standing, fallen or felled, or to any closed portion of the forest - leaving any fire burning in the vicinity of any reserved tree or closed portion of the forest - felling any tree or dragging any timber and damaging any reserved tree - permitting any cattle to damage any reserved tree - infringing any rule made under Section 32 of the Act.
Under Section 34 of the Forest Act, an act, that would otherwise be an offence, shall not be deemed to be an offence if done with the permission of the forest officer, in accordance with rules made in respect of protected forests, or except as regards any portion of the protected forest closed by notification or in the exercise of any right which is recognized by the Government at the time of notification of a protected forest.
The Forest Act does not empower the Government to declare a forest as no longer protected.
Village Forest The Forest Act54 provides for the formation of village forests whereby the Government may assign to any village community the rights of the Government to or over any land which has been constituted a reserved forest. The Forest Act further provides the Government with the power to make rules for the management of a village forest including the conditions under which the village community may use the forest produce including timber and pasture as well as their duties to protect and improve the forest. Specifically, in respect of village forests, all the provisions related to reserved forests would apply to village forests as well in so far as these are not inconsistent with any rules in relation to village forests made by the Government. However, none of the provinces including Sindh have actually formed a village forest.
PRIVATE FORESTS Section 36 Forests Under Section 35 of the Forest Act, for several specified purposes55, the Government may regulate or prohibit in any forest or wasteland:
54 Section 28 of the Forest Act
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- the breaking up or clearing of land for cultivation - the pasturing of cattle - the firing or clearing of vegetation.
In addition, under Sub-Section 2 of Section 35, the Government may, for any such purpose, construct such works on such forest or wasteland as it thinks fit. In case of neglect or wilful disobedience of the regulation or prohibition in respect of such wasteland or forest or if required for the purpose of any work under Section 35, the Government may, under Section 36 of the Forest Act, place it under the control of a forest officer and declare that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act in respect of reserved forests shall apply to such forest or wasteland.
Section 38 Forests Under Section 38 of the Forest Act, the owner of any land (or if there are more than one owner then the owners with an aggregate of two-thirds of the land) may request the relevant Revenue Department officer either that the land may be managed on their behalf by the Forest Officer as a reserved, or protected forest on such terms as may be mutually agreed or that all or any of the provisions of the Forest Act may be applied to such land. In either case the Government may apply such of the provisions of the Forest Act to such land as it thinks appropriate in the circumstances.
LEASE OF FOREST LAND The province of Sindh allows for the leasing or concession of Government owned forest land to private persons either through provision for this in the legal or policy framework. Earlier, Sindh has implemented the Sindh Agro- Forestry Policy 2004 (“Sindh Policy”) in this regard. Sindh Agro-Forestry Policy 2004 The Sindh Policy allows the Government of Sindh to lease tracts of Government owned forest land out of a total of 133,000 acres to private parties. The initial lease period is 5 years, extendable by another 5 years depending on the performance of the lessee during the previous term. Each lessee is entitled to no more than forty acres of land under the Sindh Policy and each such lease shall be granted through auction.
55The purposes for which a forest or wasteland may regulated under Section 35 of the Forest Act are as follow: (xxii) for protection against storms, winds, rolling stones, floods and avalanches; (xxiii) for the preservation of soil on the ridges and slopes, and in the valleys of hilly tracts, the prevention of land-slips, or the formation of ravines and torrents, or the protection against erosion, or the deposit thereon of sand, stones or gravel; (xxiv) for the maintenance of water supply in springs, rivers and tanks; (xxv) for the protection of roads, bridges and railways and other lines of communication; (xxvi) for the preservation of the public health.”
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The lease holder shall be obliged to bring twenty five percent (25%) of the leased land under hurry block plantation within the first twelve months of the lease period failing which the lease may be liable to cancellation. The remaining leased land may be used to raise agricultural crop by the lessee, however, this may be done only upon successful completion of the hurry block plantation. The income from the hurry block plantation shall accrue exclusively to the Forest Department with the lessee having no share therein. The Sindh Policy was implemented with the apparent intention of regularizing widespread forcible encroachments on Government owned forest land56, however, it does not seem to have had the desired effect. Some of the area intended for leasing under the Sindh Policy remains in possession of encroachers whereas most lessees receive extensions in the lease period regardless of performance in the previous term. The Sindh Policy, therefore, may in fact be contributing to the degradation of the Sindh’s forest lands by perpetuating the possession of forest land by private parties, which are not committed to sustainable management of forests and forest resources, instead of the Forest Department. Analysis of the Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation According to Pakistan’s Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP), Sindh reported 399,000 hectares of forest area, or about 9% of Pakistan’s current forest area (FCPF, 2014). Sindh’s forest resources are comprised mainly of mangrove forests and riverine forests. Sindh also has small areas of irrigated plantations and farm land trees. Historically, Sindh has suffered from deforestation and forest degradation. However, recent planting efforts have reversed the trend. Sindh’s forests have been affected both by natural and anthropogenic factors over the last century. During the last few decades, large-scale transfers of Government forest lands for non-forestry and commercial purpose have taken place. These forest lands have been transferred permanently or on lease to various departments including Defence, Education, Housing, Agriculture, Roads, Building, Ports and Tourism departments. Sindh has seen the largest provincial transfer of Government forest lands transferred for non-forest land uses – a total of 110,000 ha. Forests in Sindh have both productive and protective functions. Riverine forests and irrigated plantations are forests with productive functions, while mangroves and rangelands primarily function as protective forests.
56 Study of Riverine forest upstream Sukkur and downstream Kotri – 2008 (Indus for All Programme, WWF Pakistan)
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Table 9 Forest Resources in Sindh Province 2013 Type of Forest Area (ha) Riverine Forests 241,198 Irrigation Plantations 82,277 Mangroves 344,845 Rangelands 457,546 Total 1,125,866 Source: Tagar and Shah (2015)
1.7.3 Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation Abbasi et al (2011) used remote sensing techniques to study the changes in forest cover in the Sukkur and Shikarpur divisions from 1979 to 2009. Their results showed that in the study area the forest cover changed from 22.67% of the area in 1979, to 5.97% in 2009. The table below summarizes their results.
Table 10 Results from the Spatial Temporal Analysis of Riverine Forest areas in Sindh Province 1979-2009 Year Landsat Landsat Landsat Landsat Landsat Landsat MSS MSS MSS MSS MSS MSS 1979 1992 1998 2000 2006 2009 % % % % % % Forest Cover 22.67 17.38 12.28 6.15 7.51 5.97 Water body 14.60 11.15 12.67 7.97 9.58 8.34 Grassland/Agriculture 18.19 43.97 43.33 24.57 23.56 21.22 land Dry/barren land 44.69 27.48 31.70 61.29 56.33 64.45 Source: Abbasi et al (2011) Siddiqui et al (2004) concur with the results. They used remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor and map changes in riverine forests in Sindh between 1977 and 1998. They found that the construction of dams/barrages on the upper reaches of the river Indus for hydroelectric power and irrigation significantly reduced the discharge water into the lower Indus Basin, and, as a result, 100,000 acres of forest disappeared during the study period. Between 1960 and 1980, Sindh’s riverine forests were reduced due to the Indus River embankment construction to divert river flow to irrigated agriculture. However, the riverine forests of Sindh are dependent on the Indus River water flow during the monsoon season to remain healthy. However, diversion of the river water for agricultural irrigation occurring during the drought has negatively affected the riverine forests reducing both ecological and productive function of forests, see Amanullah and Ahmed (2015). Amanullah and Ahmed (2015) noted that population pressure has driven deforestation and forest degradation in Sindh citing domestic fuel wood
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Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework and the diversion of river flow to irrigated agriculture have led to the reduction and loss of ecosystem and productivity function in riverine forests. To some extent, this has also affected coastal forests too. Other direct drivers of deforestation and forest degradation includes expansion of land for agriculture and fuelwood collection. Indirect drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in riverine forests were noted to be population pressure and poor planning for urbanization and industrialization. In mangrove forests, the trend of forest loss has recently been reversed, and mangrove forest cover is increasing due to the efforts of Sindh Forest department, with the support of NGOs and donors. The key barrier to improving forest cover through conservation and regeneration efforts in Sindh province is the availability and access to fresh water. Multiple studies have noted this will probably remain the challenge of the next century for Sindh.
The survey and literature review were almost having similar results. The key direct driver of deforestation and forest degradation identified include: Shortage of fresh water flow in the Indus basin due to embankments, construction of barrages, which affected both riverine and mangrove forests Commercial agricultural expansion (wheat, cotton, sugar cane, other cash crops) Urban expansion Infrastructure development (roads) Unsustainable/illegal timber extraction Unsustainable fuel wood extraction Forest clearing for small scale agriculture and to some extent habitation Forest fires (intentional) to a very small extent Reduced fresh water The major underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation include Unsustainable/illegal timber extraction Unsustainable fuel wood extraction Urban expansion Infrastructure development Rice cultivation All these drivers are linked with underlying causes that include: Poor implementation of laws Unsustainable forest management Lack of alternative livelihoods in rural areas Livelihoods dependent on agricultural subsistence Poor land use planning Lack of coordination among agencies and institutions
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1.7.4 Strategic Framework Vision Protect, conserve and sustainably manage Sindh’s forest resources, as well as their restoration through afforestation and reforestation to meet environmental, social and economic needs of the province. Strategic Objectives 1. To increase forest cover over un-stocked state lands in the province so as to achieve desired tree cover by the year 2025. 2. To conserve and improve the existing mangrove forests. 3. To promote tree planting among farming communities to bridge the gap between demand and supply. 4. To promote urban forestry. 5. To encourage private investment in forestry for expanding forest resources and generate employment. 6. To green infrastructure by 2025. 7. To halt environmental degradation and improve wildlife habitats and biodiversity. Legal and Policy Foundations 1. Sindh Agro-Forestry Policy 2004. 2. SDGs. 3. Vision 2025. 4. Forest Act 1927 5. Water apportionment 1991. 6. National policy on water, forest, climate change, range management. 7. Provincial livestock policy. Programmes of Action 1. Study on the impact of lease policy and implement recommendations. 2. Monitoring system for forests including leased area. 3. Introduction of high yield seeds & agricultural practices specially in dry lands, wetlands & lands used for agro-forestry. 4. Awareness of policy makes on climate change issues forestry & its significance. 5. Setting up provincial REDD+ Directorate. 6. Strong/ effective lobbing advocacy with IRSA for water share. 7. Water regime analysis for identifying key options in water efficiency. 8. Modern & sustainable livestock management & grazing practices eg: Rotational Grazing. 9. Capacity building of forest management planning, extension services, REDD+. 10. Establishment of forest management planning unit for research & extension services as part of Forest Department. 11. Implementation of integrated (biological, chemical & engineering) control measures of salinity & water logging. 12. To suggest to Government to allocate a proportion of forest revenue for forest maintenance. 13. Addition of REDD+ in forest curricula.
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1.7.5 References Abbasi, Habibullah, Mushtaq Ahmed Baloch and Abdul Ghafoor Memon 2011. Deforestation Analysis of Riverine Forest of Sindh Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol. 30, No. 3. Abbasi, H. U., A. G. Memon, I. R. Karas, S. M. Ghoto, M. A. Baloch and S. Shaikh 2012. Assessment of Natural and Anthropogenic Impact on Riverine Forest Using Analytic Hierarchy Process Model. Sindh Univ. Res. Jour. (Sci. Ser.) Vol.44(1) 01-06. ADB 2006. Sindh Coastal Community Development Project. Asian Development Bank Project Number: 37188. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project- document/66558/37188-pak-rrp.pdf Amanullah, M. and Ahmed, A., 2015. Environmental Change Impacts on Indus Riverine Forest, Sindh, Pakistan: Review. Journal of Environmental Professionals SriLanka. 4(1), pp.17–28. Amjad, A. Shah.,Kasawani, I., and Kamaruzaman, J. 2007. Degradation of Indus Delta Mangroves in Pakistan. International Journal of Geology, Issue 3, Vol. 1. FCPF 2014. Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) for Pakistan. Final version with incorporation of PC - 16 decision: July 25, 2014 Menon, S., J. Hansen, L. Nazarenko, and Y. Luo 2002, Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India, Science, 297, 2250–2253 Siddiqui, M.F., Jamil, Z., Afsar, J. 2004. Monitoring changes in riverine forests of Sindh-Pakistan using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Advances in Space Research, Volume 33, Issue 3, p. 333-337. Hamzo Khan and Andsyed Roshan Ali Shah 2015. Sindh Forestry Resources: Causes of Deforestation and Policy Guideline for Its Conservation (A Case Study of Lower Indus Valley Sindh-Pakistan). International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, Vol 4 Issue 5.
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Annex 2 Consultation Process – A Summary
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2. CONSULTATION PROCESS – A SUMMARY The consultation process for development of REDD+ Strategy and its implementation framework was based on the frameworks and guidance used for the purpose. These included FCPF Methodological Framework, where programmatic element 4 of the safeguards discusses the stakeholder engagement. In addition, criterion 16 envisions the participation of communities in monitoring and reporting.
This also took in to account the PROFOR Forest Governance Assessment tool to assess the current scenario of policy, legal and institutional framework, planning & decision making as well as implementation processes. Within these, accountability, effectiveness, fairness and equity, participation and transparency were understood from point of view of duty bearers as well as right holders.
The REDD+ Strategy underscores importance of the diverse roles of both genders in the forest and its management and also the impact of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation on women and men. The UN-REDD Guidance Note on Gender Sensitive REDD+ provides an overall guidance for undertaking REDD+. The strategy obtained guidance from the note to sensitize its own tools for gender assessment and also to ensure that the views of women are incorporated wherever possible. In particular, its step 4 to ensure gender sensitive REDD+ strategy contributed towards the overall orientation of REDD+ Strategy to be gender sensitive.
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The WWF Guide to Building REDD+ Strategies provided an overall direction to the REDD+ Strategy development in Pakistan, particularly its social and environmental safeguards which enshrine participation and consultation during the REDD+ Strategy development as an integral and important part of the REDD+ strategy.
Based on these and the best practices from other REDD+ partner countries, tools were developed for consultation with the stakeholders. The tools were tested and then finalized. The tools included focus group discussions, semi structured interviews and structured interviews, survey and interactive workshops with the premise of social, legal, economic, institutional, governance and other frames.
The stakeholders consulted included forest owners, right holders, members of unique communities, traders and market players, managers (forest department staff), researchers, activists, academia, members of the technical working group, members of UN Agencies and select number of relevant Government agencies and other technical experts.
The consultation process comprised of around 5 months period spread over around a year during 2017-18. This included 2 comprehensive rounds of comprehensive consultations across all seven provinces and federal territories (in April-May, 2017 and September-October, 2017). These included interactions in Sindh, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhoonkhwa (KP), Punjab, Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA).
These provincial consultations included discussions with stakeholders regarding drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, the roles played by different actors in these drivers and the social and economic dimensions proving as an impetus to the drivers. In addition, these discussions explored possible options that can contribute towards the promotion of forests carbon stock and interests of the stakeholders.
In addition to these comprehensive consultations, meetings with community members, community organizations, forest officers, women, provincial REDD+ Management Committees, technical experts and other relevant stakeholders including influential of the forest areas. The consultations focused not only to interact with those in power but also others, including women, nomadic communities, tenants, herders etc. The mid-term report in particular and other reports reflect the synthesis and findings identified during the consultations.
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REDD+ List of Participants First Round of Consultation KP May 8, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact no Email
M. Afrahsiyab REDD+ Office REDD+ office, GIS expert 0324-5029077 …… Tasaduqq Husain CTC REDD+ Associate 0340-4234902 …… Asad Mehmood Forest Department DFO 0300-5569893 …… Syed Mahar Hussain Forest Department DFO 0344-5925512 …… Bilal Ahmed Forest Department DFO 0301-5419221 …… Ghulam Mujtaba Forest Department DFO 0300-9881415 …… Fayaz M REDD+ coordinator 0343-0255555 …… Discussion with Officers of Forest Department, Punjab, April 15, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact no Email M. Saleem …… DFO publicity & EXT 0300-6641631 …… Dr. M. Mushtaq …… DFO RM Chakwal 0337-1629276 …… Saqib Mehboob …… DFO RWP (N) 0321-8500100 …… Abdul Muqeet Khan …… Conservator Forest 0333-5944666 …… Shahid Awan …… Additional Secretary 0333-8405000 …… Community: Forest Governance & DD Survey, Pakistan/Punjab …… Name Organization Designation Contact no …… Sajid Qudoos Awan …… Divisional Forest Officer 0346-5214896 …… Iftikhar ul Hassan …… Divisional Forest Officer 0300-5557680 …… Saqib Mehmood …… DFO RWP (N) 0321-8500100 …… M. Gohar Mushatq …… DFO TED/RWP 0315-5110788 …… Ashfaq Bashir …… SDFO RWP 0321-5419629 …… Athar Shah …… Forest Conservator 0321-5222256 ……
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(RWP) Consultative Meeting, IUCN Pakistan, Karachi, April 11, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Fayyaz Mohammad CTC REDD+ Coordinator …… …… Ghulam Qadir Shah IUCN Pakistan National Coordinator …… …… Programme Associate Ruxslim Dinshaw IUCN Pakistan IUCN …… …… Danish Rashidi IUCN Pakistan Programme coordinator …… …… Amjad Siddique IUCN Pakistan Programme Officer …… …… Lubna Hashmat CHIP Director …… …… First Consultative Meeting, Provincial REDD+ Management Committee, Sindh, Karachi Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Riaz Ahmed Khan Sindh Forest Dept. Conservator of Forest 0300-2391661 [email protected] Iqbal Muhammad WWF DY team leader 0345-5439046 [email protected] Dr. Waheed Chaudhry HBP Social expert 0345-8543733 [email protected] [email protected], Raja Tariq Mehmood HBP Forest Expert 0301-5244036 [email protected] Agha Tahir Hussain CF/ PD SFD 0333-25788050 [email protected] M. Zafar Waseem SF. Dept. Conservator of Forest 0333-2910886 [email protected] M. Arif SFD Conservator of Forest 0300-3144709 [email protected] Shehzad Sadiq SFD DFO 0333-2882230 [email protected] M. Saleem SFD CF Sukkur 0300-9374391 [email protected] Niazi Somro SFD CFO 0332-2663056 [email protected] Abdul Jabbar Kazi SFD CF 0300-3130816 [email protected] abdulsattar_khattri2000@yah Abdul Sattar Khatri SFD CF 0321-3094010 oo.com
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Gul Hussain SFD CF SBA 0333-7355811 [email protected] Imtiaz Ahmed CTC Consultant 0332-5399947 [email protected] Ajmal Siddique IUCN Programme Officer 0300-3611343 [email protected] Iffat Malik SFD A.S. 0333-3208233 [email protected] [email protected] Jaime Severino Indufor-CTC Team Leader ………………. om Kulsoom Baloch CTC …………… 0333-3567149 [email protected] First Consultative Meeting, Provincial REDD+ Management Committee, Gilgit Baltistan Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Forest Wildlife 0346-5171948, 0581- Walayat Noor Environment Dept. CF Gilgit 1920274 …. Muhammad Alam P&DD AC 0310-1269918 [email protected] Sosan Aziz ETI- GB Gender Specialist 0346-5368403 [email protected] Muhammad Essa Forest Department DFU 0346-5234854 [email protected] Agriculture Mohammad Asghar Department Director 0355-5559909 [email protected] Qari Riyaz Alam …. Social Worker 71203-7285765 …. Shaban Ali Thakhil Committee Social Worker 0355-4114075 ….. Mehmood Ghaznavi GB Forest Dept. CF Diamer 0344-5400322 [email protected] Sher Azam …. … 0355-5253233 …. Amin Beg AKRSP Advisor 0346-9522908 [email protected] Ismail GB Forest Dept. Focal Person 0344-5404842 [email protected] Shahzad Shigri EPA-GB Director …. …. Community REDD+ Strategy M. Saleem Member Committee …. …. Second Round Consultation
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Azad Jammu and Kashmir AJK November 14, 2017-Meeting with AKLASC Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Nisar Ahmed Malik AKLASC Managing Director 0302-5820206 Dr. Hamayun Shaheen University of AJK Assistant Professor 0344-5952552 [email protected] Dr.M.Bashir Butt Agriculture DG 0333-5308935 [email protected] Imtiaz Ahmed Forests DFO 0344-9590040 [email protected] Bilal Ahmed Forests DFO 0300-4441711 [email protected] Syed Mazhar Hussain Forests DFO 0344-5925512 [email protected] DFO, REDD Focal Point 0345-5920663, 0355- Irtaza Qureshi Forests AJK 6126326 [email protected] [email protected] M. Ahmed Aslam Ch CTC Consultant 0333-5757274 m Balochistan Province: Balochistan Community: REDD+ Strategy Consultation Name Organization Designation Contact No Email M. Iqbal Forest Department Conservator Forest 0321-8007206 …… Hafiz M. Jan Forest Department C.F Coastal 0336-3138957 …… Abdul Wadood Forest Department DCF Research 0333-7913780 …… Muhammad Latif Forest Department Conservator Forest 0301-3760667 …… Taj Muhammad Forest Department CCF South 0333-8804493 …… Muhammad Ibrahim Forest Department Conservator Forest 0333-7826698 …… M. Kaleem Forest Department Conservator Forest 0300-3843137 …… Raja Asif Latif Forest Department Deputy Conservator 0332-7839478 ……
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Rana M. Mazhar Forest Department Conservator Forest 0321-8005687 …… Liaqat ……. Watershed Management ………………. …… M. Imran Hayat Forest Department Range Forest Officer 0336-9288138 …… Mumtaz Ali ……. DCF (Admin North) 0332-7814849 ……. Deputy Director Syed Afzal Shah Forest Department Agriculture 0333-9043139 …… Abdul Qadeer Forest Department DFO (Planning) Quetta 0333-9043139 …… Saeed Ahmed Forest Department DFO 0301-3763637 …… Deputy Conservator Umer Farooq Forest Department Forest 0333-7816543 …… Ayesha Nawaz Forest Department DFO 0333-5692946 …… Malik Atta Ullah ……. Landlord 0333-7963316 …… Divisional Forest Officer Jafar Ali ……. SIBI 0333-7848277 …… M. Aslam ……. C.F Admin 0333-7951007 …… M. Amin ……. C.F Nasirabad 0333-9276925 …… M. Yahya Musakhel ……. Coordinator Balochistan 0315-8075700 …… Deputy Conservator Arz Muhammad Forest Department Forest 0333-3909151 …… M. Essa Forest Department DFO Pishin 0345-8322475 …… Uzma Khan Forest Department DFO Research 0336-9353998 …… Provincial REDD+ Consultation Meeting Quetta, Balochistan November 2, 2017 Organization/ Name Deptt Designation Ph.No Email Multi sectoral Project for Masroor Jamal Conservation of PD 0333-7863750 [email protected]
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Juniper Forests in Balochistan Muhammad Iqbal ….. D.C.F Zhob 0333-7865081 [email protected] Conservation of Sagheer Ahmed Forests Planning Deputy 0333-7729277 [email protected] Green Pakistan Program, Abdul Jabbar Balochistan PD 0301-8118777 [email protected] Farid Shah Forest Department DFO Mushki 0300-3862740 [email protected] Mohammad Amin ….. CF Sirasad 0333-9276925 [email protected] Provincial REDD+ Consultation Meeting Quetta, Balochistan November 3, 2017 Name Organization/ Dept Designation Contact No Email Prof. Dr Rehman Zoology Professor 0333-7803313 … Rana Khalid Nasar Forest L.S. Chairperson 0333-7801958 … Dr. Gulam Hussain Jaffar Livestock D. General 0333-7801958 … PD Green Pakistan Abdul Jabbar BFD Program 0301-8118777 [email protected] Tariq EPA DG- EPA 0333-1390148 … Muhammad Rizwan EPA D.D EPA 0321-8136136 … Naseebullah WESS NGO MPO 0300-8384573 … Naseebullah IUCN Coordinator 0308-8882938 … Iqbal Malik WWFP Team Leader 0348-5439046 … Hafiz Mehmood Jan Forest & wildlife C.F (Coastal) 0336-3138957 … Muhammad Ibrahim Bazur Mines & Minerals Assistant Director 0337-7802748 … Muhammad Ziviqar PCRWR Deputy Director 0321-8149357 …
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Muhammad Akram SUSG P.O. 0331-8350470 … Muhammed Qaseem Agriculture Deputy Director 0300-3801329 … Sana Khan SPEAK (NGO) Forest & Wildlife 0333-3639661 … Gul Khan Forest PA 0313-3812812 Hoor Fisheries D.G 0334-4009941 … Elam Khan Forest Forest Information 0308-8009822 … Khudadad Kakar P&DD COS (Focal) 0321-8128071 … Gwadar & Development Abdul Rahim Authority AD Environment 0300-3776620 … kalsoom786.k.panezai@gmai Kalsoom Kakar ENV-SC.SBV.UN M. Phil. Scholar … l.com Meeting of REDD+ Consultant Team with Forest Owners and Other Stakeholders at Quetta Balochistan on November 4, 2017 Name Organization/ Dept Designation Contact No Email Saima Balal DC Forest Internee at D.C Forest 0331-8363845 [email protected] Mansoora Khaliq DC Forest Internee …… [email protected] Tayyiba Naeem E. Sciences M. Phil Scholar SBKWU …… [email protected] Environmental Iqra Muneer Sciences M. Phil Scholar SBKWU 0340-2087328 [email protected] Sonia Internee Forest Department 0305-8212194 ….. Jhangir Shah Sherani District Shingar Chilgoza Owner 0340-2158015 ….. Sultan Mehmood Forest & wildlife DFO Sherani 0332-7953532 ….. Fawad Siddiqui FWD DFO 0336-8084549 …. Sahib Jai Forest DFO 0312-1809682 …. Muhammad Saqib Khan Forest & wildlife DFO 0333-7839139 ….. Syed Nadir Ali Forest & wildlife DFO Mastung 0333-7839139 …..
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University of Balochistan Dr. Rehana (Zology) Chairperson 0333-7803313 ….. Mushtaq Raja Khan FSW Professor R.F.O Quetta 0335-0292633 ….. Mehboob FSW Forester 0302-3856401 ….. Arif Balooch FSW Forester 0333-7418274 …… Sara Balooch NGO Regional 0331-8363848 …… Hayatullah WWF WWF 0323-7270372 …… Mir Wais Khan Forest Owner Ziarat Dist. Chairman 0333-7841606 …… Community Jan Muhammad Member Member 0333-7864787 …… Malik Hazrat Khan Forest Internee 0316-8238645 …… Aman Kokar Forest Internee 0333-3386031 …… Ajab Khan Kakar Owner Member 0331-8016650 …… Muhammad Imran Kakar Owner Member 0333-7868199 …… Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Kakar Livestock Vet Officer 0333-8998997 …… Naurezada Ismail Jogizai Member 0333-7925966 …… Amanullah Kakar Owner Owner 0313-8811158 …… Eng. Sanam Zaib C & W Deptt Forest Owner Khan Balochistan (Stakeholder Ziarat) 0303-2610715 …… Rija Sadiq New Links IT Consultant Forester …… [email protected] Shahbaz Hussain Forest Forester 0300-3835523 ……. Hanzallah Khan Forest Forester 0301-3238260 …… Zia Khan Quetta Online Founder 0321-8010741 [email protected] Imran Khan Quetta Online Volunteer 0315-2664430 [email protected]
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Javaria Malik Forest Dept Internee 0333-2096351 [email protected] Shah Zaman Ziarat Local ….. …… Asad Akbar S&GAD D.C. Ghul Magsi 0321-8039001 …… Hassain Balooch Forest Forest Owner Kahran 0321-2021122 …… Provincial REDD+ Consultation Process FATA- November 8, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Hamifulah journalist FATA Reporter 0303-8261400 [email protected] Mahjabeen Qazi CTC Sociologist 0300-5371923 [email protected] Irfan Wazir FATA Secretariat Deputy secretary …………………….. ………………………… Dr. Malik Ayaz Wazir Director L/S FATA Director 0333-9798328 [email protected] Abdul Basir Forest Conservator 0313-9104949 …………………………….. Hazrat Ali Forest DFO 0341-8886999 ……………………………. Shahid Noor Forest DFO 0345-5341640 [email protected] Naveed Ahmed Forest owner REDD+ FATA 0345-9002166 …………………………….. Dr. Kamran Livestock Project Officer 0334-9128818 …………………………………. Ehtesham Agriculture AD, Food Cell 0334-9063862 [email protected] …………………………………. Engr. Adnan PHED Executive Engineer 0333-3381679 . M. Pervez Irrigation Asst. Engineer 0333-9169685 [email protected] M. Shafi Marwat Fisheries Director 0348-8838907 [email protected] Raina Gul FISMA GR. Specialist 0341-9090968 ……………………………… Nasir Ali Khan P & LDD Section Officer 0301-844115 ……………………………… Focus Group Discussion with PFI and FMC Official, November 7, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Kifayatullah Baloch Forester SO (T) 0333-7262673 [email protected]
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M. Arif Forest Department PD/REDD+ /DFO-2 0300-5966732 [email protected] Anwar Ali PFI FMO, PFI 0333-5068176 [email protected] Gohar Ali KP Forest Dept. DFO-Silva Focal person 0333-9227849 [email protected] Additional Secretary, FE M. Masood Forest Department &WD 091-9212220 [email protected] Dr. Qazi Zia ul Rehman Livestock Director livestock KPK 0333-9121644 [email protected] Niaz Ali Forest CF FP 0300-5888874 [email protected] Iqbal Muhammad WWF Deputy Team Leader 0348-5439014 [email protected] Safdar Ali Shah Wildlife Dept. KP CCWL- KP 0333-5040664 [email protected] Group Discussion, Director BTTP and KP REDD+ Strategy Consultant, November 7, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact no Email …………………… Shabir Muhammad ……… Consultant 0345-8181778 [email protected] Alamgir Khan IUCN Environment Specialist 0301-8830744 [email protected] [email protected] Dr. Rao Nadeem HB/CLP Consultant 0333-5574539 m Meeting with Punjab REDD+ Management Committee, 09 November, 2017, Lahore Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Shahid Rashid Awan FW, F. Department Additional Secretary Eng. Dr. M. Yaseen Punjab University Assistant Professor 0333-8925891 [email protected] Iqbal ………….. ………………… 0348-5439046 [email protected] Dr. Masood Arshad …………………. ………………. 0300-6245555 [email protected] M. Tariq Naseem ……………….. ……………… 0335-6660024 [email protected] Hiddayatullah Niazi M&M Director 0300-4467523 [email protected] Dr. M. Ajmal ………………. …………….. 042-99201117 [email protected]
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Ifftikhar ul Hassan ………… DFO 0300-5557680 [email protected] M. Abdul Basit ………. ……………. 0322-4473091 ……………….. Firozudin Ahmed …………… DFO 0333-4228447 [email protected] Aqeela Mobeen ……………… Research Officer 0322-6051174 [email protected] Mahjabeen Qazsi CTC Consultant 0300-5871923 [email protected] Qazi Mahmood DPR R. Officer 0341-7122404 [email protected] Dr. Waheed Ch HBP Social Expert 0345-8543733 [email protected] REDD+ Community Consultation Meeting, Kalar Kahar, November 10, 2017 Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Iftikhar ul Hassan Farooqi Forest Dept. Punjab DFO WP 0300-5557680 [email protected] National REDD+ M. Qasim Office NFI Expert 0304-2039395 [email protected] M. Sher Pak Rock Mining Supervisor 0333-4278492 ……………………. International coal Azeem Mohammad mine Manager 0346-5780516 ………………………. Khadim Hussain Intl coal mine Supervisor 0346-5263926 …………………………. Saadat Ali sons salt Imran Hussain mining Manager 0342-5237335 …………………………. Nisar Muhammad Forest Department Forest Guard 0333-5910991 …………………………. Sohail Haider Forest Department Forest Guard 0345-5741342 …………………………. Jahnzeb Sarwar Forest Department Forest Guard 0346-5263857 …………………………. M. Adil Forest Department Forest Guard 0332-5058794 …………………………. M. Aman Ullah Forest Department Forest Guard 0331-5764819 …………………………. Ghulam Jattar Forest Department Forest Owner 0333-5933931 ………………………….
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M. Faheem Forest Department Forester 0334-5280414 …………………………. Parvez Akhter Forest Department Forester 0332-5901141 …………………………. Sardar Waqas Hussain Gharibwal cement DM Mining 0334-5139737 …………………………. Anees ur Rehman Gharibwal cement A.M Mining 0343-5440456 …………………………. Malik Hasnat Malik Mining Owner 0335-9184737 …………………………. M. Tufail Forest Department Forester 0334-5323002 …………………………. M. Asghar Sethi Mining Owner 0347-5709361 …………………………. M. Hamid Sethi Mining Owner 0346-5149725 …………………………. Naz Ahmed Forest Department Patwari 0332-5442189 …………………………. Mukhtar Ahmed Forest Department Forester 0346-7464851 …………………………. Zafar Iqbal Gypsum Mines Owner 0336-0152050 …………………………. Mahajabeen Qazi CTC Consultant 0300-5871923 …………………………. National REDD Dr. Ghulam Akbar Office NRC, MPCC 0345-8228526 [email protected] Consultative Meeting, Technical experts, REDD+, KP, Peshawar (December 29, 2017) Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Dr. Rao Nadeem Alam CLP/HB Social Consultant CLP/HB 0333-5574539 [email protected] Hakim Shah PFI D.G PFI 0332-2404645 [email protected] Anwar Ali PFI GIS Expert Gohar Ali Forest Department REDD+ Expert Salahuddin FE & WD DDP 091-9211477 [email protected] M. Tehmasif Forest Department PD/ BTAP 0343-8923598 [email protected] Iqbal Muhammad WWF DY Teacher 0348-5439014 [email protected]
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Second Consultative Meeting, Provincial REDD+ Management Committee, Sindh, Karachi Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Rab Dino Khan SFD SDFO 0333-2523344 [email protected] Malik Fazal Khan …….. Farmer 0303-3706749 [email protected] Waheed Chaudhry CLP/HBP Social Expert 0345-8543733 [email protected] Riaz Ahmed SDF forest conservator 0300-3391663 [email protected] Abdul Talha SDF CF 0300-3130812 [email protected] Imtiaz Hussain SDF DFO 0333-2955563 [email protected] Saeed Ahmed SFD Director SFD 0333-7270880 [email protected] Saeen Sheikh SFD SDFO 0333-1229753 [email protected] Arif Ali SFD DFO 0336-9281423 [email protected] Niaz Ali SFD DFO 0332-2663056 [email protected] Kulsoom CTC …………………… 0333-3567149 [email protected] Consultation Meeting with Guzara Advisory Committee Kahuta/Kotli RWP March 24, 2018 Name Organization Designation Contact Email Muhammad Pervaiz DRO Kotli Sattiyan DRO 0300-5051208 …… Zafar Iqbal Satti G Committee Member 0345-8557623 …. Muhammad Zahoor Ghazar Society Saddar 0345-5897231 …. Shahzad Mehboob Kahutta R.F.O 0344-5002207 …. M. Ishtiaq Satti Gazara President 0316-5020108 …. Inayat Ullah Satti …… Adviser 0331-9545664 …. Raja Karamat Village Sengri UC Hussain Lehtrar Member 0333-5188431 …. M. Farooq Baig Gazara Advisory Member 0300-5057868 …. Raja Mohammad Tariq Consultant CLP
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Raja M. Bashir Gazara Advisory Member 0300-9745186 …. Individual Interviews with Experts Name Oganization Designation Contact Email Pakistan/ Integrated Prof. Dr Syed Mountain Areas 0321-5029381 05811- Moazzam Nizami Research Center Director/ Chairman 960064 [email protected] Tourism, Culture and Youth Affairs Department Cell: 0312-5253659, [email protected] Safi Ullah Government of GB Deputy Director (Dev) Tel: +925811-920691 m Awami Nursery 0334-9242711, 0332- Iltaf Hussain Farm Owner 9036943 ……. UNDP (United Nations Development Provincial Coordinator Zulfiqar Durrani Programmed) UNDP, Sub Office, Quetta [email protected] Gwadar Development Assistant Director 0300-3776620, Tel: [email protected], Abdul Rahim Authority Environment (Bs-18) 0869201010-11 [email protected] South Punjab Forest Company (SPFC), Forestry, Wildlife, Fisheries 0333-7901885, Direct: Tahir Rasheed Department, GoP Chief Executive Officer 92-42-9923-2381 [email protected] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Cell: 0300-3199647, of the United Tel: 92-81-2864068, Abid Saeed Nations Crops Expert 92-81-2854423 [email protected]
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Planning and Development Department Government of 0333-99218278, 021- Nazish M. Khan Sindh Planning Officer 99218278, 992-11190 [email protected] Government of Pakistan, Higher Education Assistant Director 0332-5517305, Ph#: Mushtaq Ali Commission (HEC) (Academics) 92-51-90402128 [email protected] General Order 0300-9135716, 0333- Shaikh Qaisar Supplies Arhati/ Lakar Mandi 6192570 ……. Chide Inspector of Mines Sindh Press Secretary to Governor Sindh 0323- 2441472, Tel: Syed Irshad A. Secretary- The 021-99243824, 021- Jilanee Legends Trust. 99207057 [email protected] Government of Pakistan Global Change Impact Head Climatology & [email protected] Shahbaz Mehmood Studies Centre Environment 0333-5481767 m World Wide Fund North Indian Ocean Umair Shahid for Nature- Pakistan Coordinator-Marine 92-21-3454-4791-2 [email protected] Billion Tree Afforestation [email protected] Shabir Hussain Project Project Director Tel: 091-9221178 om Climate Change Centre, The Deputy Director- 0346-9438306, 9192- Irshad Ali University of Coordination & Outreach 16328 [email protected]
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Agriculture Peshawar- Pakistan [email protected], 0345- 8390676, 92-81- [email protected], Zahid Ahmed Mengal Azat Foundation Executive Director 2471742 [email protected] Director of Advanced Studies & Research, The University of Prof. Dr. Muhammad Agriculture 0333-9116004, Ph [email protected], Jamal Khan Peshawar …… #:91-9218390 [email protected] 0300-8217457, 0345- Mahmood Akhtar 2004242, Tel: 21- Cheema IUCN Pakistan Country representative 35861540-41-42 [email protected] KAZIMS Advocates Advocate Supreme Court Hasnain Ibrahim & Corporate of Pakistan Managing 0300-8452727, Tel: 51- [email protected] , Kazmi Consultants Partner 2854458-59 [email protected] Tel: 358- 40-530-622, [email protected] Tuomo Kauranne Arbonaut President Off: 358-13-259-1911 m Community 0300-8112499, Ph: 51- Malik Nasir H. Tanoli Resilience Initiative Chef Executive Officer 2202144 [email protected] Sustainability sustainabilityworldwide2016@ Mohammad Rafiq Worldwide Managing Director 0300-244-2105 gmail.com Mohammad Yahya Musakhel WWF Pakistan Coordinator Balochistan 0315-8075700 [email protected] Sustainable Development Policy Head Advocacy and 0300-5113-560, 051- Shafqat Aziz Institute-SDPI Campaigns 2278134 [email protected] Dr. Talat Anwar Pakistan Institute of PhD Sussex, UK Ph: 51-9248153 [email protected],
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Development Professor [email protected] Economics, Quai-i- Azam University Campus Alamgir Gandapur ….. 0301-8830744 [email protected] Rizwan Shaukat HEC Deputy Director …. ….. Sayed Khan …. ….. 0300-5660949 ….. Sajjad Haider Forest Ex Secretary Forest GB 0346-1110475 …. Sayed Mujtaba Zaidi ….. ….. 0308-5207987 ….. Frontier Greenwood Industries 0300-8595802, 091- Syed Aftab Hayat Peshawar Managing Director 5812781-3 Anwar Ali …. Director Mines & Minerals 0315-5224072 [email protected] Dr. Kazim Nayaz ….. Chief Secretary GB ….. …. Amjad Wirk IUCN Pakistan ….. ….. ….. Institutional Development Akhtar Ali AKRSP/GB NRM Specialist/ Manager 0345-5958848 ….. Manager Gender & Yasmin Kareem ….. Development AKRSP/GB 0346-5237887 ….. Member Natural Dr. Munir Ahmed PARC Resources 0345-4055200 [email protected] Director Range Dr. Sarfraz ….. Management 0333-7951516 [email protected] Dr. Qurban Hussain ….. Director Water Resources 0337-9222557 [email protected] Arif Goheer GCSIC …… ….. …… Research Centre Dr. Ashiq Ayub Faisalabad …… 0300-7657249 …..
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Mushtaq Farma 0300-0729444, Salman Waris Bhatti Multan General Manager 03087592707 ….. Nawaz Shareef Agriculture Dr. Nabeel Ikram University Multan ….. 0300-7192522 ….. Timber Dealer/ Lakkar Mandi Muhammad Rafique Multan …… 0306-3940603 ….. National REDD Office, Ministry of Climate Change Muhammad Afrasyab ISB. GIS Expert 051-92949186 …… Muhammad Iqbal WWF Arbonaut Deputy Team Leader 0348-5439046 [email protected] [email protected] Jarno Hamalainen WWF Arbonaut Team Leader …. om National REDD Office, Ministry of Climate Change National REDD+ Dr. Ghulam Akbar ISB. Coordinator 051-9216811 [email protected] National REDD Office, Ministry of Inspector General of Climate Change Forests & National Project Syed Mehmood Nasir ISB. Director …. [email protected] GB Forest and Wildlife Conservator of Forests Dr. Zakir Hussain Department Baltistan Circle 3469559088 [email protected] Centre of Integrated Mountain Dr. Khalida Research, Open …. ….
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University of Punjab Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Dr. Faizul Bari Nations 0345-8544116 ….. Hayat Ali Forest Department REDD Focal Point FATA 0303-9292900 [email protected] Iftikhar Farouqi Forest Department DFO Rawalpindi 0300-5557680 [email protected] Ex- REDD Focal Point Kaleem Ullah Forest Department Balochistan 0300-3843137 [email protected] REDD Focal Point Nayaz Khan Kakar Forest Department Balochistan 0333-9401706 Sharaf-Ud-Din Forest Department DFO Zhob 0333-7865081 REDD Office Kamran Hussain (Mocc) Ex- NFI Expert 0324-5489054 Meeting with Women Committee, Rajawan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir Name Organization Designation Contact Email Women Organization of village Rajawan Sakina Bibi (WOVR) Member …. …. Kalsoom Bibi (WOVR) Member …. …. Saleema Bibi (WOVR) Member …. …. Shazia Abid (WOVR) Member …. …. Farzana (WOVR) Member …. …. Zahida Bibi (WOVR) Member …. …. Zeenath Bibi (WOVR) Member …. …. Ambreen Bibi (WOVR) Member …. ….
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Rafia (WOVR) Member …. …. Gulzar (WOVR) Member …. …. Gulzar Bibi (WOVR) Member …. …. Ruqya Bibi (WOVR) Member …. …. Shazia Muneer (WOVR) Member …. …. Shabnam (WOVR) Member …. …. Maria Gilani, SO (WOVR) Member …. …. Faiza (WOVR) Member …. …. Reshma (WOVR) Member …. …. Noreen (WOVR) Member …. …. Bibi (WOVR) Member …. …. Resham Jan (WOVR) Member …. …. Noreen Khawaja (WOVR) Member …. …. Private Sector Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Arshad Iqbal Wood Industry … …. …. Qalandar Khan Wood Industry …. ….. …. Khawaja Ehtisham Wood Industry Secretary Wood Industry …. ….. Public Sector Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Nisar Ahmed Malik Forest Department, Azad Jammu and Kashmir Logging Managing Director, ….. …. and Sawmills corporation Irtaza Qureshi Forest Department Deputy Conservator of ….. ….. Forests
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Forest Owners) Name Organization Designation Contact No Email Gul Naib Pattan, Kohistan CO Member ….. ….. Nor Muhammad Pattan, Kohistan CO Member ….. …. Malik Taj Mohammad Pattan, Kohistan CO Member …. ….. Nowsherawan Pattan, Kohistan CO Member ….. …… Gulamullah Pattan, Kohistan CO Member ….. …… Kefayatullah Pattan, Kohistan President CO ….. …… Pakhtoon Pattan, Kohistan CO Member …… ….. Forest Users Gulesadbar Alpuri, Shangla CO Member ...... Sherzada Alpuri CO Member ...... Mohammad Hanif Alpuri CO Member ...... Sar Zamin Alpuri President CO ...... NaseebZada Alpuri CO Member ...... Mohabbat Khan Alpuri CO Member ...... Seasonal Migrants/Special Groups Mohammad Qayoum Kalam. Swat Livestock Herder/ Gujjar …. ….. Noor Zada Kalam. Swat Livestock Herder/ Gujjar ….. ….. Mohammad Nawaz Kalam. Swat Livestock Herder/ Gujjar …… ….. Mohammad Rehman Kalam. Swat Timber Trader ….. …… Rashid Ali Kalam. Swat Gujjar ….. ….. School Teacher, Forest Mohammad Azeem Kalam. Swat ….. …… Owner Khan Zeb Kalam. Swat Livestock Herder/ Gujjar ….. …..
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Member, Local Forest Aftab Ahmed Khan Kalam. Swat ….. ….. Committee Amjad Ali Kalam. Swat Community member ….. ….. Munawar Islam Kalam. Swat Firewood seller ….. …. Livestock herder Fazal Ameen Kalam. Swat …. …..
Women Group Jehan Bakhta Bibi Miadam, Swat ….. …. Swat Khaist Bibi Miadam, Swat ….. ….. ….. Shaila Bibi Miadam. Swat …… ….. ….. Nusrat Bibi Miadam, Swat ….. …. ….. Meraj Bibi Miadam, Swat …… ….. ….. Bibi Miadam, Swat ….. ….. ….. FATA Women Group Robina W/0 Ahmad Bajaur Agency ….. …… ….. shah Grana Bibi w/o Fazal Bajaur Agency ….. …… ….. Rabi Dilapsan w/o Bajaur Agency ….. ……. …… Rafiullah Malta Bibi w/o Taj Bajaur Agency ...... ……. Muhammad Miraja Bibi w/o Bajaur Agency ….. …… …… Musafar Zulfania w/o Abdur Bajaur Agency ….. …… …… Rauf Nehara w/o Kachkool Bajaur Agency …… …… ……
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Bano w/o Jan Bajaur Agency …… …… ….. Muhammad Niyaza Bibi w/o Bajaur Agency …… …… ….. Ahmad Zakia Bibi w/o Siraj Bajaur Agency …… …… ….. Public Sector Forest Department Hayat Khan DFO ….. …… (Bajaur Agency) List of Stakeholder Punjab Academia Bushra Khan University of Professor, Department of 0345 9778838 [email protected] Peshawar Environmental Sciences Asad Ullah Agriculture Assistant Professor, 0300 5824733 University, REDD+ Expert Peshawar Dr. Khalida University of Punjab Chairperson, Integrated 03334613678 Mountain Areas Research Centre Dr. Neelofer Sardar Bahadur Assistant Professor, 03345598273 Khan University for Women, Balochistan Dr. Muhammad Irfan Arid Agriculture Assistant Professor, 03336741315 [email protected] Ashraf, University (Forestry and Range Management) Anwar Ali Pakistan Forest Lecturer, GIS Expert 0333 5068176 Institute Raja Zareef Pakistan Forest Ex-Principal, PFI 0333-9214060 [email protected]
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Institute Pak Council Kalsoom Panizai Research in Water M. Phil. Student …. ….. Resource Pak Council Zi Wiqar Research in Water Deputy Director ….. ….. Resource Baluchistan Sonia Student of psychology ….. ….. University Baluchistan Student of Media and Saima ….. ….. University Journalism Baluchistan Student of Media and Javeria ….. ….. University Journalism Prof. Dr Rehana Iqbal Do Chairperson Zoology dept …. ….. Dr. Mohammad Punjab University Professor/Department for 3338975891 [email protected] Yaseen Integrated Mountain Management Private Sector Organization/ Name Designation Contact No Email Company Zafar Iqbal Lessee of gypsum … …… ….. Hasnat Lessee of gypsum …. ….. ….. Muneef Urehman Assistant manager mining ….. ….. Gharibwal Cement, Anees Urehman Deputy manager …. …. ….. mining Gharibwal Cement Waqar Hussain …. ….. …. factory
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Pervez Akhter Forest Department Forest Guard …. …. Ghulam Jaffar Forest Department Forest Guard …. ….. Iftikhar Ul Hassan Forest Department DFO …. …. Farouqi (RWP) Mohammad Fahim Kalar Kahar Forest user ….. ….. List of Stakeholders Sindh Organization/ Name Designation Contact No Email Place Forest Owner of 100 Mohammad Saeed Lessee (Thatta) acres of block plantation ….. ….. as Lessee Forest Owner of 100 Malik Fateh Lessee (Badin) acres of block plantation ….. ….. as Lessee CSO Shakeel Ahmed CBO/United Forest Owner and 3153316881 ….. Community Executive Governing Body Development and and founder member Welfare Organization (KT Bandar,) Wilderness Tourism Akhter Hussain Development President 3072392353 ……. Somoo Foundation (KT Bandar) SAFWCO Suleman Abro Director 3003012303 …… (Hyderabad) Shazeeb Usman and Fishermen Rural Volunteer members 3202020670 [email protected]
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Mohammad Yaqoob Development Organization (Redi Goth, Karachi) Fishers Association for community Anawar Khaskheli Empowerment President …… …… FACE (CBO) (Port Qasim) Public Sector Agriculture Extension M. Aslam Sheikh Agriculture officer …… ….. Department (Karachi) Mines and Mineral Syed Irshad A Development Sindh Chief Inspector of Mines 3232441472 [email protected] Jilanee (Karachi) Sain Buskh Tharparkar SDFO …. ….. Arif Khokhar S. Forestry Karachi DFO …. …. Mohammad Arif S. Forestry, Circle Conservator …. ….. Domki Hyderabad Academia Institute/Organizat Name Designation Contact Number Email ions Public Sector Naseerullah Forest Department DFO ….. ….. DFO Latif Changezi Forest Department …… …..
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CSOs Organization/ Name Designation Contact No Email Institute Mohammad Hashim Rahbar Society CEO 3331387723 [email protected] Project Manager (NRM+ Qahir Ali Agha BRSP ….. ….. WASH) youthhopeorganization86@gm Ajab Khan Kakar President Youth Organization 3318016650 ail.com IT Experts working on FMIS Syed Rehman Next link …. …. for forest department Yehya Mosa Khan WWF Provincial Head ….. …. Project Staff/agriculture Hayat Ullah WWF ….. …. extension worker IT Experts working on FMIS Naveed Ali Next link ….. ….. for forest department Anzala Khan Forest Dept. …… ….. Heart and Rural Sana Baloch Regional Coordinator ….. ….. Development Working on Environment Sania SPEAK /Qilla Saif Ullah / ….. ….. Community Officer Gul SPEAK Community officer ….. ….. Mansora Khalid Forest Dept. ….. …… ….. Hanifa Rahim SPEAK Community officer ……. ….. Rizwan Khan WWF …... ….
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Annex 3 Cost Benefit Analysis and Marginal Abatement Cost Curves
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3. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST CURVES Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was conducted for three baseline situations, which represent the most typical business-as-usual land uses in Pakistan, i.e. baseline situations, and for three strategy options for which it was possible to obtain data. The baseline situations that were considered are: Livestock model with goat rearing Agriculture model with wheat cultivation Abandoned land that has been previously under cultivation
Cost and benefit data was obtained for strategy options 1, 5 and 6, reforestation, sustainable silvopastoral practices and agroforestry models, respectively. The analysis was conducted by calculating one-hectare models for the baseline situations and strategy options. The benefit of one-hectare models is that the analysis commeasures the options while it still allows the scaling up of the models as considered necessary. The CBA included the following general assumptions: Calculation period of 15 years. Financial discount rate of 10% based on the technical proposal. Social discount rate (SDR) of 7.47% calculated considering methodology developed by Valentim and PradDo (2008)57. The SDR’s country specific parameters were updated by applying World Bank estimate for Pakistan’s population growth rate between 2018-2050 and household expenditure consumption trend of the previous five years. Social cost of carbon of 40 USD/tCO2e as estimated by United States Environmental Protection Agency for 2018 with a discount rate of 3%. The calculations are in real terms without taxes. In case of monetary assumptions based on historical figures, wholesale price index (WPI) by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics was used to convert those items to current money.
The financial analysis was extended to economic analysis by including social benefits arising from carbon sequestration impacts and by applying the SDR in the net present value (NPV) calculation. Instead of social benefits, social costs were considered to occur in case the option increases carbon emissions. In addition, financial and economic benefit-cost ratios were calculated for each model. The carbon sequestration (or emission) calculations considered the additional biomass of implementing the option. For example, in the case of reforestation, the additional biomass were the trees, branches, foliage and roots, or in the case of goats, the added carbon dioxide emissions from the activity. The detailed annual cash flow models of the quantified strategy options and the considered baseline situations are shown towards the end.
57 Valentim J., Prado J.M. Social discount rates. Tech. rept. SSRN.com. 2008 http://ssrn.com/abstract=1113323
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3.1 Baselines
3.1.1 Baseline 1 – Livestock (goat fattening) The baseline 1 situation includes livestock. Representative livestock model with goat fattening was chosen. Typical livestock management in Pakistan involves free grazing of goats on a large area. The model assumptions were compiled from multiple national sources. The model was constructed based on information for goat grazing, including 132 goats on approximately 200 hectares in the province of Punjab. The above equals 0.7 goats per hectare. Consequently, the costs and revenues were then scaled down to one-hectare basis to be comparable with other one-hectare models in the CBA. The goat model comprises of costs to purchase the goats, vaccinations and other disease control, infrastructure including for example washroom, sheds, water tanks etc., transportation costs of goats, farm accessories, tools and water borehole and pump. Acquiring goats is the most expensive item and one goat is assumed to cost PKR 6 750, i.e. USD 61. The model generates revenue from sales of goats for meat. One goat is assumed to be sold at PKR 15 000, i.e. USD 136. Based on FAO58, a typical slaughter yield from a goat in South Asia (including Pakistan) is 25 kg and average emission intensity in goat meat production is 23.5 kg CO2e/kg of product. The above assumptions were used to derive the annual CO2e arising from goat fattening. Financial profitability of the goat model is good with benefit-cost ratio of 1.90. The net present value of the livestock model is low, only USD 325 per hectare. However, the low NPV is due to scaling down to one hectare, and in practice, the model would extend to a larger area and consequently resulting to higher NPV. The economic profitability of the model is poor due to the social costs caused by the CO2e emissions. The goats are estimated to produce annually 0.4 tCO2e/ha emissions. For example, considering the underlying scenario of 132 goats on 200 hectares, the total annual emissions would be 80 tCO2e/ha. Introducing the social discount rate and social costs, the economic cost-benefit ratio and economic NPV decrease in comparison to financial profitability indicators to 1.43 and USD 239 per hectare, respectively.
3.1.2 Baseline 2 – Agriculture (wheat) The baseline 2 situation considers typical agricultural land use of cultivating wheat in Pakistan. The model yield and price assumptions were obtained from Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, Bureau of Statistics, Islamabad. The underlying assumptions of the model include wheat yield of 2.83 tonnes per hectare. It was assumed that wheat price is PKR 31 151 per tonne, i.e. USD 283 per tonne.
58 Opio C., Gerber P., Mottet A., Falcucci A., Tempio G., MacLeod M., Vellinga T., Henderson B., Steinfeld H. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ruminant Supply Chains—A Global Life Cycle Assessment. FAO, Rome. 2013.
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Costs of production include land preparation, irrigation, harvesting, threshing under average conditions in Punjab. The cost assumptions were obtained from Directorate of Agriculture (Economics and Marketing) in Punjab, Lahore. The costs total in PKR 80 281 per hectare, i.e. USD 730 per hectare. Financial profitability of the wheat model is modest with benefit-cost ratio of only 1.10 and NPV of USD 545 per hectare. The economic profitability of wheat production is higher than the financial profitability with economic benefit-cost ratio of 1.85 and NPV of USD 5 499 per hectare. The wheat growth is estimated to contribute to mitigating climate change by sequestering 59 carbon dioxide at an annual rate of 14 tCO2e/ha .
3.1.3 Baseline 3 – Abandoned Land The baseline 3 situation considers that the land has been previously under cultivation and was abandoned after it became unproductive. Consequently, this model does not include any financial values. The model does include the estimated carbon sequestration of such land and the consequent social value. The assumed carbon sequestration of abandoned land is estimated at 3 tCO2e/ha based on a study that included analysis on abandoned land carbon stock and sequestration in conditions considered comparable to those in Pakistan60. Based on the carbon sequestration and its social cost of carbon, the consequent discounted economic NPV is USD 908 per hectare.
3.2 Strategy Options
3.2.1 Strategy Option 1 – Restoration, Reforestation and Afforestation Cost-benefit analysis was conducted for this strategy option by considering a typical reforestation activity in Pakistan to produce fuelwood for domestic consumption. In such case the reforestation would be carried out by using a relatively fast-growing species suitable for the local conditions such as Dalbergia sissoo.
This strategy option is applicable in areas where the baseline land use is either agriculture, abandoned land, or livestock. In the preliminary scoping findings, the strategy option 1 was considered suitable for implementation in all four provinces of Pakistan. In locations with high altitude and cold climate, coniferous species would be more suitable, however using coniferous species the estimated wood volume yields would be lower and consequently the profitability."
The costs of strategy option 1 include typical reforestation costs61 such as material costs including tree seedlings and labour costs including planting, forest maintenance
59 Swamy S.L., Puri S. Biomass production and C-sequestration of Gmelina arborea in plantation and agroforestry system in India. Agroforestry systems 64 (3), 181-195, 2005. Considering wheat as sole crop. 60 Takimoto A., Nair P.K.R., Nair V.D. Carbon stock and sequestration potential of traditional and improved agroforestry systems in the West African Sahel. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 125, 159-166. 2008. 61 PC-1 Scheme (2016) for Changa Manga Plantation, Kasoor Forest Division, Punjab Forest Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore.
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(for example weeding), protection, supervision and harvesting. The source of revenue is sales of fuelwood at the end of a six-year rotation. The estimated fuelwood yield62 is 97 m3/ha and the price63 of fuelwood PKR 9 450 per m3, i.e. USD 86 per m3.
The model results in positive net present value of USD 2 326 per hectare and financial benefit-cost ratio of 1.49. The payback period of the financial model is the same as the rotation length of the forest, i.e. six years. The financial profitability of the strategy option is better than in the baseline situation 2, but worse than in the baseline situation 1. Baseline 1 with goat fattening shows good profitability but the model requires extensive area.
Furthermore, the reforestation will contribute in mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon into the planted trees. Because of limitations in data availability on the carbon sequestration of short rotation tree species in Pakistan, the carbon sequestration model of Gmelina arborea in India with same rotation length and similar yield as would be expected in Pakistan was used in the carbon sequestration modelling64. Applying the forest growth model, the total carbon dioxide was calculated to increase to 115 tCO2e/ha by the sixth year.
From an economy’s point of view, the benefit-cost ratio of the strategy option 1 is better than in the baseline situations 1, 2 and 3. Despite the relatively high financial returns of the baseline 1 situation, the economic benefit-cost ratio is more than twice as high for the strategy option 1. The net present value of the strategy option 1 is almost sevenfold than its financial NPV underlining the significance of the social benefits from carbon sequestration.
Table 11 Comparison of Strategy option 1 against baseline situations Parameter SO #1 Baseline 1 Baseline 2 Baseline 3 Financial 2 325 545 - NPV, USD/ha 326 Financial B/C 1.49 1.90 1.10 - Economic 15 239 5 499 908 NPV, USD/ha 991 Economic B/C 3.94 1.43 1.85 -
Considering a shift from baseline 1 situation to strategy option 1, i.e. from goat fattening to reforestation, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 38
62 Sheikh M.I. and Amjad M. Prospects of Wood Energy in Pakistan, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 1982. 63 State of Forestry in Pakistan. 2016. The prices were also verified through personal communication. 64 Swamy S.L., Puri S., Singh A.K. Growth, biomass, carbon storage and nutrient distribution in Gmelina arborea Roxb. stands on red lateritic soils in central India. Bioresource technology 90 (2), 109-126, 2003.
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metric tons of CO2e per hectare. Whereas shifting from baseline 2 situation to strategy option 1, i.e. from wheat production to reforestation, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 24 metric tons of CO2e per hectare. Shifting from baseline 3 situation, i.e. from abandoned land to reforestation, to strategy option 1 the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 35 metric tons of CO2e per hectare.
3.2.2 Strategy Option 2 – Sustainable Forest Management Strategy option 2 has an objective to introduce sustainable forest management practices as well as to lead into more extensive forest conservation. The baseline situation is unsustainable timber and fuel wood extraction.
Strategy option for sustainable forest management includes the following components:
Capacity building Management plan Machinery acquisition Implementation of sustainable forest management practices including: o harvesting practices o processing practices o forest regeneration practices.
The capacity building is considered the key component in this model. It aims to improve the technical expertise, particularly, in designing management plans and to introduce better practices to forest management. Costs are expected from capacity building, i.e. from trainings, workshops, and other information dissemination.
Developing a forest management plan will require significant labour and information inputs, as well as systems for maintaining management plans. Management plans should be done on different levels (provincial and local) and in coordination with land- use plans based on the location specific operational requirements. All the above will affect the related costs of this component.
The areas identified suitable for timber extraction through laying out the forest management plans may benefit from introducing new machinery, allowing more efficient and modern harvesting techniques with less collateral damage in the harvesting processes. Acquisition of machinery imposes high costs and the machinery needs must be carefully planned in conjunction with forest management planning. The sustainable forest management practices also encourage forest regeneration which increases the financial costs.
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The financial benefits from sustainable forest management typically come from increased timber yields in the long run even if the short-term wood extraction decreases. The economic benefits arise from increased forest cover and consequent carbon sequestration.
3.2.3 Strategy Option 3 – Payment for Ecosystem Services Strategy option 3 involves a payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme to compensate forest owners or users to protect, maintain or improve the ecosystem services forests provide. This model is designed to be implemented in forested areas, to protect existing forests, to improve the quality of degraded forests and to prevent further forest degradation and deforestation.
Establishment of PES scheme requires a thorough valuation of the relevant natural capital. The costs of establishing PES include inter alia inventories of natural resources, identification of dynamic links between those resources, identification of related benefits and costs of sustaining such ecosystems. The above assessment would define the level of compensation for ecosystem services, which could then be used in designing a subsidy system to be used to pay forest owners or users to conserve their forests. Commonly PES schemes can be valued from an economic perspective, but due to non-existent markets for natural values these schemes are currently not valued financially.
In China and United States PES programs have been implemented to promote conservation of ecosystems by paying incentives to farmers to rent their land which have been considered environmentally sensitive.
3.2.4 Strategy Option 4 – Efficient Alternative Energy Sources Strategy option 4 promotes the introduction of alternative energy sources to replace fuelwood in domestic consumption.
The costs related to the model are the installation costs of such alternative energy sources, improvements in the energy grid in cases of small grid systems, and the maintenance of those energy sources and the grid systems. In addition, costs are imposed through capacity building required to introduce such new technologies.
The model includes financial benefits in terms of revenue from electricity and energy sales. The model includes socio-economic benefit by reducing dependence on fuelwood and consequently reducing deforestation and forest degradation.
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3.2.5 Strategy Option 5 – Silvopastoral Sustainable Practices CBA was conducted for this strategy option including reforestation combined with goat fattening. The model includes assumptions that goats will graze in the forest understorey and fences are used to protect the trees as well as to control the grazing. Additionally, the goats are fed to increase their growth rate and to reduce the dependency on free grazing. The controlling of the grazing with fences is important to allow grasses to regenerate and to switch from traditional methods of land extensive free grazing to the use of permanent grazing locations. The considered baseline situations were livestock, wheat cultivation and abandoned land.
The model includes also capacity building to introduce silvopastoral techniques and to take into account the local conditions in different provinces and areas. The forest density was calculated to be 30% less in the silvopastoral model in comparison to reforestation model based on a study of silvopastoral system in India65. The costs of the model included the forest establishment and maintenance costs similar to those in the reforestation model. The costs were scaled down to match the lower planting density. The model includes costs on the goats like those in baseline situation 1 modified by assuming that the number of goats per hectare can be doubled due to additional feeding and through controlling the grazing with fences. The additional cost of feeding is USD 55 per goat and cost of fencing USD 322 per hectare. It was assumed that the fencing will require annual maintenance with the value of 10% of the initial fencing cost.
The silvopastoral model results in financial NPV of USD 3 321 per hectare and benefit-cost ratio of 2.05 indicating a high financial profitability.
The trees contribute to carbon sequestration whereas the goats will produce CO2e emissions in the model. The economic profitability of the model is also high with an economic NPV of USD 11 091 per hectare and benefit-cost ratio of 3.84. The strategy option 5 is across the board more profitable than the compared baseline situations. The model has potential to increase the livelihoods of farmers applying it and diversify their production of goods.
65 Kaur B., Gupta S.R., Singh G. Carbon storage and nitrogen cycling in silvopastoral systems on a sodic soil in northwestern India. Agroforestry Systems, v.54, p.21-29. 2002.
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Table 12 Comparison of Strategy option 5 against baseline situations Parameter SO #5 Baseline 1 Baseline 2 Baseline 3 Financial NPV, 3 325 545 - USD/ha 321 Financial B/C 2.05 1.90 1.10 - Economic 11 239 5 499 908 NPV, USD/ha 091 Economic B/C 3.84 1.43 1.85 -
Considering a shift from baseline 1 situation to strategy option 5, i.e. from goat fattening to silvopasturing, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 21 metric tons of CO2e per hectare. Whereas shifting from baseline 2 situation to strategy option 5, i.e. from wheat production to silvopasturing, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 7 metric tons of CO2e per hectare. Shifting from baseline 3 situation, i.e. from abandoned land to silvopasturing, to strategy option 5 the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 18 metric tons of CO2e per hectare.
3.2.6 Strategy Option 6 – Agroforestry CBA was conducted for this strategy option considering short rotation tree species combined with wheat cultivation. The model yields fuelwood at the age of six and wheat annually. In comparison to reforestation in strategy option 1, the earlier income from the wheat production increases the profitability of the model.
Based on the preliminary scoping study, alternative agroforestry systems can be customized to suit different regional conditions in the country. Because of the complexity of agroforestry systems, the strategy option 6 includes capacity building component to help to introduce and adapt the model to local conditions. The considered baseline situations for agroforestry were wheat cultivation and abandoned land.
The costs include reforestation and crop establishment costs scaled down to match intercropping spacing density requirements of both trees and wheat. Simultaneously, the yields of fuelwood and wheat production are reduced.
The model results in positive net present value of USD 2 638 per hectare and financial benefit-cost ratio of 1.60. The payback period of the financial model is the same as the rotation length of the forest, i.e. six years. The financial profitability of the strategy option is better than in the baseline situation 2.
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The agroforestry system will contribute in mitigating climate change by sequestrating carbon to both the trees and to the wheat. Because of limitations in data availability on the carbon sequestration of agroforestry systems in Pakistan, the agroforestry carbon sequestration model of Gmelina arborea combined with Triticum aesitivum var. GW-273 (wheat) in India was applied66. Wheat is assumed to sequestrate annually 13 tCO2e per hectare whereas the tree biomass grows at increasing pace reaching carbon sequestration of 45 tCO2e by year 6.
Introduction of agroforestry systems may diversify the product portfolio of farmers as well as introduce new income. From an economic point of view, the strategy option 6 is superior over baseline situation 2 exhibiting twice as high profitability.
Table 13 Comparison of Strategy option 6 against baseline situations Parameter SO #6 Baseline 2 Baseline 3 Financial NPV, 2 638 545 - USD/ha Financial B/C 1.60 1.10 - Economic NPV, 13 096 5 499 908 USD/ha Economic B/C 3.56 1.85 -
Shifting from baseline 2 situation to strategy option 6, i.e. from wheat production to agroforestry, the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 15 metric tons of CO2e per hectare. Shifting from baseline 3 situation, i.e. from abandoned land to agroforestry, to strategy option 6 the average annual carbon abatement benefit would be 26 metric tons of CO2e per hectare.
3.2.7 Strategy Option 7 – Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism Based on the preliminary scoping there are large areas in Pakistan, which have the prerequisite conditions for sustainable tourism and ecotourism. These conditions include attractive landscapes, exotic ecosystems and species, and the merit that large areas have been left to their natural state.
Strategy option 7 includes capacity building for service providers, identification of suitable spots for tourism, flora and fauna inventories, marketing, organizing of guided tours, as well as building infrastructure to facilitate visitors and staff. All the above impose costs to the model.
66 Swamy S.L., Puri S. Biomass production and C-sequestration of Gmelina arborea in plantation and agroforestry system in India. Agroforestry systems 64 (3), 181-195, 2005.
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The potential financial benefits of the model include entrance fees, fees from guided safaris, and possible fees for hunting. The potential economic benefits are income spent by tourists in areas in the vicinity of the tourism locations. The socio-economic benefits arise from carbon sequestration in the conserved areas and from the conserved biodiversity. Conservation of areas for ecotourism contributes to the natural capital of ecosystems, for example, through erosion control, purification of water quality, non-timber forest products, pest and disease control and medicinal resources. The potential socio-economic losses may come from carbon emissions due to increased traffic by tourists and because of littering the environment.
3.2.8 Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC) Figure 4 illustrates marginal abatement cost curves (MACC) of strategy options 1, 5 and 6. The y-axis represents the NPV per metric ton of CO2e per hectare over the calculation period and the x-axis shows the absolute amount of metric ton of CO2e saved per year per hectare. Evidently strategy option 1 sequestrates 40% more carbon dioxide per hectare than strategy option 6 and 85% more than strategy option 5. However, the strategy option 6 exhibits 10% higher economic NPV per saved metric ton of CO2e and strategy option 5 results in 28% higher economic NPV than strategy option 1.
The results suggest that well-known forestry activities, such as reforestation, have larger CO2e benefits per hectare, whereas less known models that combine forestry with other livelihoods produce higher economic value per CO2e. Mapping of areas where the strategy options are suitable can be used for calculating the indicative economic and climate benefits when the options are scaled up.
Figure 4 Marginal Abatement Cost Curves
40
35
30
2e 25 SO#5 - Silvopasture 20 SO#6 - Agroforestry 15 SO#1 - Reforestation BL#2 - Agriculture
10 Economic NPV/tCO Economic
5
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 tCO saved/year/hectare 2e
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3.3 Models
Strategy option 1 - Reforestation (restoration, afforestation) USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Seedlings 94 94 94 Planting 995 995 995 Maintenance 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 Protection 270 270 270 Supervision 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 Harvesting 1 729 TOTAL COSTS 1 632 328 328 55 55 1 784 1 632 328 328 55 55 55 55 1 632 328
Revenue Sales of fuelwood 8 333 8 333 TOTAL REVENUE - - - - - 8 333 ------8 333 - -
CASH FLOW (1 632) (328) (328) (55) (55) 6 549 (1 632) (328) (328) (55) (55) (55) 8 278 (1 632) (328)
NPV (discount rate 10%) 2 326 BCR 1.49
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 1 632 328 328 55 55 1 784 1 632 328 328 55 55 55 55 1 632 328 Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue - - - - - 8 333 ------8 333 - - Social benefit from carbon sequestration 338 565 869 1 399 2 607 4 601 338 565 869 1 399 2 607 4 601 338 565 869 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW (1 294) 237 541 1 344 2 552 11 150 (1 294) 237 541 1 344 2 552 4 546 8 615 (1 067) 541
eNPV (discount rate 7%) 15 991 eBCR 3.94
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha 8 14 22 35 65 115 8 14 22 35 65 115 8 14 22
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Strategy option 5 - Sustainable silvopastoral practices USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Capacity building 12 Seedlings 63 63 63 Planting 383 383 383 Maintenance 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 Goat costs 130 89 89 89 91 91 89 89 89 96 89 89 89 89 89 Goat feeding 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 Fencing 322 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 TOTAL COSTS 986 346 346 346 198 198 643 346 346 353 196 196 643 346 346
Revenue Sales of livestock products 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 Sales of fuelwood 5 809 5 809 TOTAL REVENUE 180 180 180 180 180 5 989 180 180 180 180 180 5 989 180 180 180
CASH FLOW (806) (166) (166) (166) (18) 5 791 (463) (166) (166) (173) (16) 5 793 (463) (166) (166)
NPV (discount rate 10%) 3 321 BCR 2.05
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 986 346 346 346 198 198 643 346 346 353 196 196 643 346 346 Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue 180 180 180 180 180 5 989 180 180 180 180 180 5 989 180 180 180 Social benefit from carbon sequestration 168 281 443 743 1 433 2 590 168 281 443 743 1 433 2 590 168 281 443 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW (638) 115 277 577 1 415 8 382 (295) 115 277 570 1 417 8 384 (295) 115 277 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 11 091 eBCR 4.06
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha 4 7 11 19 36 65 4 7 11 19 36 65 4 7 11
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Strategy option 6 - Agroforestry USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Capacity building 12 Seedlings 91 91 91 Planting 550 550 550 Maintenance 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 Wheat cultivation 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 TOTAL COSTS 1 010 507 507 507 357 357 998 507 507 507 357 357 998 507 507
Revenue Sales of agricultural products 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 396 Sales of fuelwood 4 595 4 595 TOTAL REVENUE 396 396 396 396 396 4 991 396 396 396 396 396 4 991 396 396 396
CASH FLOW (614) (111) (111) (111) 39 4 634 (602) (111) (111) (111) 39 4 634 (602) (111) (111)
NPV (discount rate 10%) 2 638 BCR 1.60
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 1 010 507 507 507 357 357 998 507 507 507 357 357 998 507 507 Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue 396 396 396 396 396 4 991 396 396 396 396 396 4 991 396 396 396 Social benefit from carbon sequestration 562 622 999 1 162 1 736 2 324 562 622 999 1 162 1 736 2 324 562 622 999 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW (52) 511 888 1 051 1 775 6 958 (40) 511 888 1 051 1 775 6 958 (40) 511 888 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 13 096 eBCR 3.56
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha 14 16 25 29 43 58 14 16 25 29 43 58 14 16 25
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Baseline 1 - Livestock (goats) USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Purchase of goats 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 Vaccination and other disease control 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Infrastructure cost 13 1 2 Transportation cost 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Farm accessories and tools 3 Water borehole and pump 5 1 2 TOTAL COSTS 65 44 44 44 45 45 44 44 44 48 44 44 44 44 44
Revenue Sales of livestock products 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 TOTAL REVENUE 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
CASH FLOW 25 46 46 46 45 45 46 46 46 42 46 46 46 46 46
NPV (discount rate 10%) 325 BCR 1.90
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 65 44 44 44 45 45 44 44 44 48 44 44 44 44 44 Social loss from carbon emissions 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 Revenue Operating revenue 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Social benefit from carbon sequestration ------ECONOMIC CASH FLOW 9 30 30 30 29 29 30 30 30 26 30 30 30 30 30 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 239 eBCR 1.43
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4
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Baseline 2 - Agriculture (wheat) USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs Wheat 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 TOTAL COSTS 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730
Revenue Wheat 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 TOTAL REVENUE 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801
CASH FLOW 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72
NPV (discount rate 10%) 545 BCR 1.10
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 730 Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 801 Social benefit from carbon sequestration 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 622 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 5 499 eBCR 1.85
Carbon balance
tCO2e/ha 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
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Baseline 3 - Abandoned land USD per hectare Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Costs
TOTAL COSTS ------
Revenue
TOTAL REVENUE ------
CASH FLOW ------
NPV (discount rate 10%) 0 BCR -
Economic CBA Costs Operating costs ------Social loss from carbon emissions ------Revenue Operating revenue ------Social benefit from carbon sequestration 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 ECONOMIC CASH FLOW 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 eNPV (discount rate 7%) 908 eBCR -
Carbon balance tCO2e/ha 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
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Annex 4 Land use Planning Guidelines
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4. LAND USE PLANNING GUIDELINES
4.1 Introduction Land is an immensely important natural endowment. It is the base for terrestrial ecosystems both above and below its surface, including forests, and it supports life in its various forms by providing essential resources. It also provides a platform for the economic activities, and plays a key role in environmental conservation by acting as sink for several injurious gases, filtering and storing water, garbage dumping etc. The land uses include agriculture, forestry, infrastructure, housing, recreation, mineral extraction and many others. The pressure is enormous while the resource is limited and the obvious result is deterioration and degradation. The land, therefore, deserves judicious utilization with prudent planning and management.
With the population growth in Pakistan, which is one of the highest in the world, the demand for arable land, grazing, forestry, wildlife, tourism, employment and urban development is quickly increasing every year. The available land resource is not responding to the increase in demands due to weak planning and management. Even where land is still plentiful, many people may have inadequate access to land or to the benefits from its use due to various limitations. In the face of scarcity, the degradation of farmland, forest or water resources may be clear, but individual land users lack the incentives or resources to address it.
Land use planning is the systematic assessment of land and water potential and of alternatives for land use and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt the best land-use options. Its purpose is to select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future. The driving force in planning is the need for change, the need for improved management or the need for a quite different pattern of land use dictated by changing circumstances.
In the REDD+ context, land use planning involves all kinds of rural land; agriculture, livestock, forests, biodiversity conservation, infrastructure and tourism. It is different according to the scale, and might be useful for different purposes. National or provincial land use plan may provide government institutions and private sector a long term plan for each area. A local land use plan could be used to direct the specific activities on the land. It is important to highlight that, whichever is the level of the plan, it should be based on agreement of good governance among all the stakeholders interested in using the land.
There are several useful sources of information to conduct the planning process, for example, the guidelines for land-use planning elaborated by FAO in 1993, the simplified guide for the elaboration of the municipal land planning made in Colombia in 1998, the protocol for the preparation of a Territorial Management Plan in Mexico elaborated in 2015, the environmental land use planning guides published in Canada in 2016, among others.
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Land use planning takes into account some strategies for solving problems and conflicts. Traditional rural societies have their own way of approaching problems and settling conflicts concerning land use. In the process of land use planning, such mechanisms have to be recognized, understood and taken into account.
In the case of Pakistan, the population is growing at a fast rate competing for fixed natural resources, including land. According to the census report of 2017, the total population of Pakistan is 207.7 million (excluding AJK and GB, which is estimated to be 1.8 million), while population density is about 250 persons/km2. This makes Pakistan fifth most populous country in the world, accommodating 2.63% of world population. The annual growth rate is 2.4% with 57% increase in population since 1998, which is one of the highest in South Asia. Pakistan hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, as well as a young population. About 60% of its population is between the age group of 15 to 64 years. According to the 2009 Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 60.3% of Pakistanis live on less than $2 a day.
Agriculture and its allied sectors is one of the primary sources of livelihood for about 42 percent population in Pakistan, which is mostly rural population. Manufacturing, construction, trade, transport, social and person service are among other major sources of livelihoods (GoP, nd). Rural to urban migration is high in Pakistan in search of better social and economic opportunities including employment, access to electricity, gas, sanitation, education, health and housing facilities. The current urban population of Pakistan is 38.8 percent while 50 percent of Pakistanis reside in towns of 5,000 people or more (UNSD, nd). Rural population of about 60 percent is experiencing higher level of poverty than the urban population both on social and economic indicators. Rural population has high dependence on green sector sources for their livelihoods, including forests. They take multiple benefits offered by forests. Local communities including men, women, nomads and seasonal migrants have formal and informal rights as forest owners and forest users under various land tenure arrangements, and are heavily dependent on forest products and services. With high prevalence of poverty in the country, especially in rural areas and lack of livelihood opportunities, forests are important social and economic resource for local rural population.
4.2 Major causes of land degradation The land and its resources have been used for centuries without proper consideration for its available potential to meet a particular demand. The impact on the resources has affected to the extent that it has even lost its productive capabilities, and rather, has changed into a hazard for people and ecosystems. Both natural and anthropogenic processes are responsible for this state of affairs. Some of the land degradation issues include the following: Wind and water erosion Loss of soil fertility Salinity and sodicity
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Water logging Climate hazards and changes Land fragmentation (reduced land availability for agriculture and housing) Deforestation Overgrazing Drought and flooding
4.3 Land use planning in Pakistan Land use planning in Pakistan has not been undertaken in a planned and organised manner, as the government agencies have not been mandated to do soon regular basis. Various agencies at the national, provincial and local levels have prepared plans and atlases, and carried out studies on classification of soil types and formation of agro-ecological zones. At the national level an atlas of existing land-uses were prepared, comprising of map on population density, agro-climatic zones, rainfall, crop growth pattern, vegetation classes, water table depth, ground water quality, waterlogged area, canal command area, soil types, soil salinity, soil reaction, aridity and crop types etc.
Pakistan has been divided into 10, 7 and 5 agro-ecological regions based on physiographic characteristics, bio-physical characteristics and aridity, respectively. Details are as follows:
Physiographic Bio-physical Aridity characteristics characteristics 1.Indus Delta 1. Northern 1. Deserts Mountains 2. Southern Irrigated 2. Barani lands 2. Arid Plain 3. Sandy Desert 3. Irrigated plains 3. Semi-arid 4. Northern Irrigated 4. Sandy deserts 4. Dry Sub- Plain humid 5. Barani (rainfall) 5.Sulaiman Rod- 5. Moist kohi Sub-humid 6. Wet Mountains 6. Western dry mountains 7. Northern Dry 7. Coastal areas Mountains 8. Western Dry Mountains 9. Dry Western Plateau
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Physiographic Bio-physical Aridity characteristics characteristics 10. Sulaiman Piedmont
There have been other experiences in land use planning in the country and provinces, as the Soil Survey of Pakistan has prepared detailed reports that are based on reconnaissance level survey, wherein mapping of group of soil series across the country has been undertaken. The provincial governments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab implemented projects on land use planning for specific objectives. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the purpose was to prevent the use of prime agricultural land for housing etc. In the province of Punjab GIS based data related to area features like mauza, tehsil and union council boundaries, water bodies, infrastructure, irrigation, industries, abadies and public buildings was collected for the several districts of the province.
Land use manuals and land use plans for several villages across Pakistan were developed for sustainable land management under Sustainable Land Management Project implemented by Ministry of Climate Change. National, provincial and village level land use planning guidelines were also developed under this project. The similar land use plan was also developed for Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
4.4 Objectives of land use planning The primary objective of the guidelines is to facilitate the decision makers and implementers for planning of the various land uses best suited for a particular landscape. The specific objectives of these land use planning guidelines are:
To select and put into practice those land uses that will best meet the needs of the people while safeguarding resources for the future. To provide guidance in cases of conflict between rural land use and urban or industrial expansion by indicating which areas of land are most valuable under rural use. To standardise land use planning processes and procedures of the land development operations. To prevent and mitigate land degradation. To promote sustainable land management. To promote political transparency and participatory planning among the users.
4.5 Target users of the guidelines This guide is made for an interdisciplinary audience formed by any governmental body at national, provincial, district and local level, community and civil organizations representatives, the relevant departments of colleges and universities, land
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4.6 The planning process Proper land planning allows addressing various needs, including social, economic, developmental and environmental needs. Proper land use planning also must be based on technical procedures, scientific knowledge, and strategies, supported by participatory process, which empowers people to make decisions on how to appropriately allocate and utilize land.
It is important to consider that the land-use planning process is multidimensional. Throughout the activities, the team and participant stakeholders must have in mind that:
• Land is not the same everywhere: Land cannot be moved, and different areas present different opportunities and different management problems. Good information about land resources and the social characteristics are, thus, essential to land-use planning. • Technology alignment: There are available different technologies related to the land-use in agriculture, forestry, livestock husbandry and other land uses. However, the technologies that are to be recommended must match the user’s potential with respect to capital, skills and other necessary resources appropriate for their proper implementation in the field. • Planning is for people: Local farmers, other land users and the wider community who depend on the land must accept the need for a change in land use, as they will have to live with its results. Local acceptability is most readily achieved by local participation in planning.
Planning may cover land-use policy, national development plans, coordination of sectoral agencies involved in land use, and legislation on such subjects as land tenure, forest clearance and water rights etc. Land-use planning involves also getting many different people to work together towards common goals. Three groups of people are directly involved: land users, decision-makers and the planning team. The image below may help to understand schematically the land use planning process.
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4.6.1 Stage 0 To begin with the planning process, it is essential to establish a coordinating team with a clear mandate to lead the entire development of the Land Use Plan. It would also be necessary to ensure that all the stakeholders (all potential land users, team leader, civil society interested in using land) are aware of the plan, agree with its development and, if possible, be part of the planning process.
In this first step, it is important to think about the length of the time for which the plan will operate to facilitate the planning process. In order to make a logical plan, the consultation process must be adopted, which should be covered in 2 stages divided into 6 consecutive steps.
4.6.2 Formulation stage
Step 1. Characterization and diagnoses To accomplish the following elements and to define the potential land uses, it is important to work jointly and take technical support with inputs from other agencies and individuals involved in field activities, laboratory research and cartography. Define the planning area A comprehensive exercise is needed to assess the available resources, productive potential and pressures on land in the area for which a land use plan must be prepared. This may include:
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Involvement: Contact concerned people. Basic details: Acquire basic information about the area: Climate, hydrology, geology, landforms, soils, vegetation, fauna, pests and diseases. Sources include topographic base maps, air photographs and satellite imagery, existing surveys and departmental records, present land use. Context: Identify the context and what type of areas are under discussion; if it is a protected area, landscape conservation, regulatory or reserved area, or predominantly rural and agricultural area, under transformation, under cultural heritage, tourism, vulnerable area, etc. General environmental considerations: air quality, noise, water quantity and quality, waste management, etc. Infrastructure: transport, communication and services to agriculture, livestock management and forestry. Population: Numbers, demographic trends, location of settlements, the role of women, ethnic groups, class structure, leadership, and land use stakeholders. Government: Administrative structure and key authorities; services provided and demands placed upon them. Consult with representatives of the various agencies active in the area to brief the planning team. Legislation: Laws and regulations that affect land use; traditional law and custom; whether laws are enforced. A number of existing policies and legislations need to be reviewed to address uncoordinated regulatory framework. Commercial organizations: Existing and planned/potential commercial organizations, which (will) utilise the land and associated resources. This will also indicate economic trends of the area. Economic trends: Employment trends, trade, livelihood trends/sources and opportunities (traditional and acquired skills and knowledge).
Establish goals Goals define "best" land uses. These should be specified at the outset of a particular planning project. Goals may be grouped under the four headings of efficiency, equity, acceptability and sustainability. Efficiency is achieved by matching different land uses with the areas that will yield the greatest benefits at the least cost. Equity and acceptability refer to the socially acceptable land use, and where redistribution of land may be undertaken to reduce inequality. Finally, sustainability - to meet the current and futures needs of the area.
National goals are complex as policy decisions, legislation and fiscal measures affect many people and areas. Decision-makers may not be specialists in all facets of land use, so the planner’s responsibility is to present the relevant information in such a manner that the decision-makers can both understand and act on. Make a preliminary identification of problems and opportunities The existing land-use situation needs to be analysed and compared with the established goals, which requires the identification of land units and land-use systems. In order to define a problem it is necessary to establish the present situation
~ 161 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework by assessing ways in which it is unsatisfactory and by identifying ways in which it might be improved. This stage of problem diagnosis is of the highest importance wherein surveys, communication with relevant people and land observation could help to obtain information. Finally, the causes of these problems must be analysed. Problems may exist, for example, in agriculture, forest, polluting industries in rural and urban areas, and may be related to suitability, socio–economic and other issues.
The next step is to consider what can be done to solve or ameliorate the identified problems. This requires interaction between the planning team, land users and decision-makers, who will present the alternative opportunities for change, offer their own solutions and choose which alternatives are to be analysed further.
To address the problem of land use planning, the stakeholders shall1: Undertake planning and land banking for industrial, commercial, agriculture and infrastructure development. Utilize modern methods, which maximize agriculture production. Ensure advancement of infrastructure within the constitutional definition of “Land” to include utilization of underground space to address the competing land uses. Plan for human settlements to provide for the requisite infrastructure through setting aside the required land. Enforce development control, monitoring and evaluation of development plans through modern technology. Provide for designated, well planned and serviced wholesale and retail sites in major and secondary towns. Ensure conversion and change of use is guided by development plans. Adopt space saving architecture in designing industrial, commercial and human settlements premises. Develop structured framework for public awareness, education and sensitization in land use planning. Carry out integrated inter sectoral planning to ensure balance in wildlife conservation, agriculture, livestock and forestry sectors, industrial/commercial development and human settlements. It is essential to develop framework for coordinating various actors in land use planning and build their capacities in both budget and human resource management.
PLANNING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN STEP 1 National/provincial level The preparation of national land use plan should be made on the basis of sufficient investigations and assessments of their environmental and other factors and their effects. At the national and provincial level, planning is concerned with the national/provincial goals and the allocation of resources. In many cases, national/provincial land-use planning does not involve the actual allocation of land for different uses, but the
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establishment of priorities for district-level projects. The national land use plan is intended to harmonise, within the different sectors of government administration, the main goals and needs relating to land use, and formulate a common national view of them. A national land-use plan may cover: Land-use policy: balancing the competing demands for land among different sectors of the economy including food production, export crops, tourism, wildlife conservation, housing and public amenities, roads, industry; National development plans and budget: project identification and the allocation of resources for development; Coordination of sectoral agencies involved in land use; Legislation on such subjects as land tenure, forest clearance and water rights (Appropriate land units at the national level might be agro-climatic regions).
District level District level refers not necessarily to administrative districts but also to land areas that fall between national and local levels. At this level, the guidelines may be harmonised with the national/provincial to district and local goals. Development projects are often at this level, where planning first comes to grips with the diversity of the land and its suitability to meet project goals. When planning is initiated nationally, national priorities have to be translated into local plans. Conflicts between national and local interests will have to be resolved. The kinds of issues tackled include: The siting of developments, such as new settlements, forest plantations and irrigation schemes; The need for improved infrastructure, such as water supply, roads and marketing facilities; The development of management guidelines for improved kinds of land use on each type of land. (Appropriate land units at the district level might be land systems). Local level The local planning unit may be the village, a group of villages or a small water catchment. At this level, it is easiest to fit the plan to the people, making use of local people's knowledge and contributions. Where planning is initiated at the district level, the programme of work to implement changes in land use or management has to be carried out locally. Alternatively, this may be the first level of planning, with its priorities drawn up by the local people. Local-level planning is about getting things done on particular areas of land - what shall be done where and when, and who will be responsible. The layout of drainage, irrigation and soil conservation works; The design of infrastructure - road alignment and the siting of crop
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marketing, fertilizer distribution, milk collection or veterinary facilities; The siting of specific crops on suitable land. (Appropriate land units at the local level might be land facets, soil series or other soil mapping units).
Step 2. Evaluate land suitability This step forms the central part of land evaluation, a procedure that answers which areas of land are best suited for any specified kind of land use, and for which kind of use is it best suited to any given area of land.
Land-use requirements are described by the land qualities needed for sustained production. A land quality is a complex attribute of land that has a direct effect on land use. Examples are the availability of water and nutrients, rooting conditions and erosion hazard. Having selected relevant land qualities, it is necessary to decide which land characteristics are to be used for measuring them. Suitability is indicated separately for each land-use type, showing whether the land is suitable or not suitable.
After having compiled all the basic information and the physical-biotic, demographic- social, economic-productive, urban-regional and legal indicators about the area, it is necessary to create the territory base map with Geographic Information Systems (GIS Software) and remote sensing. It is designed to analyse all types of geographic and spatial data, which make it possible to identify the features located in any arbitrary region of a map. This Geographic Information System will facilitate the development of the national, provincial, and local land use planning. GIS also will be a useful instrument to translate the plan into a format that will be understood by the stakeholders, and the information products can be printed out or be included in a PowerPoint presentation to support the public consultation.
Planning at different levels needs information at different scales and levels of generalization, and the appropriate descriptions of land-use types. Much of this information may be found on maps.
PLANNING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN STEP 22 National/Provincial level Generalized descriptions may be sufficient. e.g. "sorghum production", "conservation forestry”. Only outline descriptions of major kinds of land use may be needed. The most suitable map scale for national planning is one by which the whole country fits on to one map sheet, which may call for a scale from 1:5 million to 1:1 million or larger. District level
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It is necessary to specify the use in more detail. Land-use type descriptions should specify the management and inputs. District planning requires details to be mapped at about 1:50,000, although some information may be summarized at smaller scales, down to 1:250,000. Local level It is necessary to specify the use in more detail. For example, will fertilizer be used? Will the conservation forests be managed by the government forest service or by local communities? For local planning, maps of between 1:20,000 and 1:5,000 are best.
Step 3. Public consultations on land use planning The planning process requires an active participation of the stakeholders, it is therefore essential to have a public consultation, in which the general public will be informed about what is happening in the entire process. In order to succeed, the team responsible for the public consultation can prepare consultative meetings with community, local authorities, the private sector and other organizations, and design as many workshops as possible at different levels (national, provincial, district and local). Those need to be based in: Consultation to the different social sectors so that they express their perception by appropriate techniques, for example: rain ideas, Delphi and decision tree. Consulting with the experts to improve knowledge and provide theoretical foundation. Provide assistance and training to the stakeholders involved in the process without neglecting the local government authorities.
Step 4. Proposal At the time of elaborating the strategic planning it is necessary to focus on land-use policy, taking into account land suitability, current economic situation, production and services in relation to the expected future needs and the possibility of meeting demands from elsewhere. This will allow establishing some concerted scenarios that involve the expectations, the legal, technical, economic and social possibilities for the development of the territory and on which the proposal will be elaborated3.
There are some guiding principles that can help to develop land-use policy, for example: Humans are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. Poverty eradication and gender equality must be addressed in policies, plans and programmes. Saving scarce land resource is essential. National and provincial governments must provide necessary legal and institutional support to facilitate participatory, transparent and
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comprehensive land use planning. The existing rights, laws, rules, standards and procedures in various ministries, departments and institutions of the Government of Pakistan, shall continue to be applicable to land utilisation policy.
Social impact analysis studies the effects of proposed changes on different groups of people. Particular attention should be given to effects on women, forest owners and users, ethnic minorities and the poorest sections of the community. Often, a change in land use will require investment in physical infrastructure (roads, storage and processing facilities) and services (marketing, credit, veterinary). New or enlarged settlements also need infrastructure and social services, such as water supply, health and education services. In this respect, land-use planning merges with rural development planning while changes in land use may support improved facilities for the community.
It is at this stage of the process, when all the details, obtained information, and the plan components are put into final draft.
PLANNING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN STEP 4 National/Provincial level The committee will need the professional support of a land-use planning unit responsible for technical aspects of planning, a national land resources database, training and backup for district-level planners. The most likely action at the point of authorization for the preparation of the chosen use, is a land plan, which to be submitted for approval at the highest level of government, after which it will form the basis for policy decisions. District level Staff needs will be more modest, perhaps just one district land-use planner will be required to coordinate district sectoral agencies. The decision-maker authorization for the preparation of the chosen plan needs to formulate implementation as a new project requiring further funding and additional staff. Local level The decision-maker authorization for the preparation of the chosen plan requires an executive decision, with preparation and implementation proceeding directly.
4.6.3 Implementation stage Step 5. Implementing the Land Use Plan For this stage, it is required at least to have the land characterization, diagnosis, scenarios and the proposal within the draft. Once the final land use plan is done, it will be easier to articulate it with other plans, programs and development projects,
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PLANNING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN STEP 5 National level Implementation is to be through policy guidelines which may also serve as a framework for selection of possible projects at the district level. In this sense, the planning team remains throughout a part of implementation, supplying information to government as a basis for decisions. It is necessary for the Ministry of the Environment to initiate an interactive discussion on the implementation with the major administrative sectors concerned. District level At the district level, the plan will frequently be implemented by means of a development project. There may be a time gap between planning and implementation for financial, bureaucratic or political reasons. The responsibility for putting the plan into effect rests with the decision-makers, the implementing agencies and the people of the area. Local level The planning team may move from one locality to another and draw up detailed plans for implementation (within a framework set at the district level), while leaving the local extension staff, village agricultural committees or other local agencies to put the plan into practice.
Step 6. Monitor and revise the plan With the land use plan and its implementation program established, assessment procedures for its effectiveness must be instituted. Implementation of the plan needs to be verified by evaluation through different types of monitoring and control at all levels. Information like land-use activities, effects, costs, goals, among other, is needed on how well the plan is being implemented, and is important for the implementation agencies so they can improve the way in which the plan is being applied and learn from experiences. Monitoring may involve a checklist and periodic meetings in the planning area. The combination of attribute and spatial data generated by GIS, may facilitate the measurement of development outcome and trends, with the use of GIS software it will also be easier to promote political transparency and participatory planning.
The need for revision of the goals should be assessed on the ground of problems possibly encountered in their implementation. The team responsible for plan implementation may list the tasks needed to rectify problems. They should also take action and try to find solutions through discussion with the other key stakeholders.
4.7 Bibliography Annon. 1994. National Action Programme to Combat Desertification in Pakistan, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad.
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Council of State, 2002.Finland´s National Land Use Guidelines. (Helsinki 2002). Department of Land Resources of the Ministry of Rural Development; Government of India. DRAFT National Land Utilisation Policy (Framework for land use planning and management). India, July 2013. http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/PDFs/Draft%20National%20Land%20Utilisation %20Policy%20(July%202013).pdf. FAO, 1993.Guidelines for land-use planning. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service. (Rome, 1993). Reprinted 1996. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0715e/t0715e00.htm#Contents. García-Contreras, G., y González-Ceballos, J. (2015). Protocolo para la elaboración de un Plan de Gestión Territorial en México. San José, Costa Rica: UICN-PPY, xii + 58pp. https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/2016/ppy_plan_de_gesti on_territorial_0.pdf. Government of Pakistan, nd. Population, Labour Force and Employment. Ministry of Finance. Retrieved from: http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_16/12_Population.pdf Khan, A.G. 2004. Technical Report on THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE AGRO ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT IN WHICH FAnGR (FARM ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCE) ARE FOUND, Islamabad, Pakistan Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo (2010). Propuesta de guía metodológica para la formulación de planes de ordenamiento territorial. La Paz, Bolivia. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadt963.pdf. Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning, 2016.National land use policy. Physical Planning Department. Draft (May 2016) Kenya. Ministry of Natural Resources, Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority. Rwanda National Land Use Planning Guidelines. Rwanda, December 2017. http://www.rlma.rw/uploads/media/LUP_Guidelines_Final_Published.pdf Otero, W. (coord), (1998) Guía simplificada para la elaboración del plan de ordenamiento territorial municipal. Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute.https://www.mpl.ird.fr/crea/taller- colombia/FAO/AGLL/pdfdocs/guia_sim.pdf. UNDP, 2009.Human Development Report - Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development. United Nations Development Program. New York, 2009. UNDP, 2016.Human Development Report – Human Development for Everyone. United Nations Development Programme. New York, 2016 UNSD, n. d. Country profile - Pakistan. The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) (Last consulted February 2018 from http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=PAKISTAN
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Annex 5 REDD+ Curriculum
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5. REDD+ CURRICULUM
5.1 Background There is a gradual but strong realization of climate change as an increasingly most important risk to the humanity. That realization has translated in to a global commitment in the form of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). To comply with the provisions and conditionalities of UNFCCC and to be able to access the international financial and technical resources, among other partner countries under the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), Pakistan is in process of developing National Strategy on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Among other deliverables under the study is a proposal for mainstreaming REDD+ in curriculum development in Pakistan.
5.2 Rationale REDD+ is an evolving subject that integrates forestry with other fields, where carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation are reduced using social, economic and legal instruments. This entail that a country aspiring to contribute towards global efforts towards reducing carbon emissions through reducing deforestation and forest degradation has adequate human resource with needed skills. This consequently requires the availability of an effective curriculum and teaching facilities at the academia in the country to produce young scientists and professionals ready to take up strategic and operational issues posed by climate change. With this backdrop, it is needed that adequately skilled personnel are available for the conceptualizing and implementing of REDD+ processes in Pakistan. It is therefore imperative that educational institutes in Pakistan integrate REDD+ and its associated subjects in the education in forestry and natural resources management related topics. This document will assist in reviewing the existing situation of educational institutes regarding REDD+, an overview of curricula in some important international institutes, which can prove basis for draft recommendations for REDD+ coursework for Pakistani universities. Based on that, a course outline is provided here, which can be reviewed by Technical Committee of the National Curriculum Revision of HEC for use by Pakistani universities and institutions. The document also provides a brief overview of the process that needs to be followed under the standard procedures for updating courses or introducing new courses under Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. Universities in Pakistan work under the Higher Education Commission and its strategic guidance on curricula development. The curricula is developed by the technical committees established for regularly reviewing the curricula and ensuring that the curricula for each subject is updated and made at par with international standards. Importantly, the discussion below would need to be shared with the HEC Technical Committee on Forestry, Range, Watershed and Wildlife Management. The basis for the revision of the forestry curriculum is imbedded in the fact that the last documented revision was done in 2010. The rapidly changing forestry sciences
~ 170 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework globally and the climate change scenario entail that a robust forestry curriculum is introduced in Pakistani institutions. The below discussion reviews the courses offered by different Pakistani universities and level of incorporation of topics like REDD+ and climate change in their curriculum.
5.3 Current Courses Offered in Pakistan and Internationally Following is a brief overview of the courses offered in Pakistan related to forestry, REDD+ and climate change. Higher Education Commission: The curriculum of forestry, range watershed and wildlife management for BS/B.Sc. (Hons.) provides specific scheme of studies and details of courses, which includes compulsory and inter-disciplinary foundation courses, as well as optional supporting courses. Although, the courses have rich discussion on forestry and its supporting subjects, it has not identified REDD+ as an emerging field. However, REDD+ has been mentioned as a recommendation which mentions Teachers’ training on important issues like forest certification, climate change, GIS, CDM and REDD+. The issue of climate change has been discussed however in some courses in BS and MS level where climate change and its interdependency with forestry, carbon stocks, biodiversity and other impacts are discussed. The courses are used in a number of universities in Pakistan including University of Punjab, University of Haripur, Arid Agriculture University, Karakorum International University, Bahauddin Zikiria University, Agriculture University, Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Open University and Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (Shiringal). Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI): As a founding forestry institution in Pakistan, PFI has been working as a training and degree awarding institute since 1947. Its curricula evolved over the period of seven decades, which includes several reviews over the period of time. The current PFI curricula encompasses REDD+ also in its different degree programmes. The B.Sc / B.S. provides more introductory level courses and while it touches upon new concepts in forestry, REDD+ is only introduced at basic level. The M.Sc. Programme focuses on general management skills as well as technical courses like forestry statistics, economics, biometrics, forest ecology, soil sciences forest pathology, surveying, forest engineering, and taxonomy, GIS and also include a course of Climate Change and REDD+. However, a complete degree programme on REDD+ is not available at the moment. Karakorum International University, Gilgit: The university offers courses in Environmental Sciences as part of its BS. Programme (4 Years), M. Sc (2 Years), MS/M. Phil (2 Years) and Ph. D (3-4 years). Major subjects covered include Atmospheric sciences and climate change, Mountain Forestry, Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management, Glaciology and mountain hydrology, Rangelands Conservation and Management, Tourism and hospitality studies, Food Security and Climate Change etc. The programme offers only a brief touch of REDD+ under the course of mountain forestry and climate change, however it does not elaborate to the level of
~ 171 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework professional understanding. The Department intends to expand in to the subject however has highlighted the need for its institutional capacity for initiating a course on REDD+. University of Punjab, Centre for Integrated Mountain Research: The Centre for Integrated Mountain Research offers B.S/ B.Sc, M.S./M.Sc and also M.Phil level degree programmes for aspiring students in Mountain Conservation and Watershed Management. It also offers programmes in Geo-environmental conservation and sustainable development. Its course contains subjects like forestry, REDD+, climate change, biodiversity and other related topics. However, they also do not offer a REDD+ specific degree programme or a programme with deeper understanding of climate change and REDD+. Peshawar University-Department of Environmental Sciences: The Department of Environmental Sciences offers Bachelors and Masters level programs apart from higher programmes. Within that, it offers brief introduction to forestry, however it does not exist in its Masters Program. The course at M.Sc. level also does not explicitly touch upon climate change. REDD+ is not reflected in any of its courses. Allama Iqbal Open: The AIOU university offers courses on Environmental sciences, which encompass general environmental subjects, however, REDD+ is not a standalone subject. AIOU also offers a Masters course in Forestry Extension, which includes subjects like rangeland management, rural sociology, soil conservation, forestry extension and community forestry. However, this also does not have a dedicated subject focusing REDD+. The faculty also does not have specialization in REDD+ to be able to introduce the subject to the students of Environmental sciences or Forestry Extension. Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad offers courses in environmental sciences at Master level, which includes subjects like environmental biology, chemistry, economics, NRM, biodiversity and conservation, toxicology and waste management, limnology and computation. Forestry is only partially discussed under the biodiversity and conservation, however, it does not introduce REDD+ for the master level students. For the M.Phil and PhD level courses, Quaid e Azam university offers a spectrum of courses that include Climate change and Global warming (ENV-5509) apart from other less relevant subjects. The curricula, however, is silent about the contents related to forestry and REDD+. University of Sindh: The Centre of Environmental Sciences of University of Sindh, Jamshoro offers 4-years BS programme in Environmental Sciences, which focuses microbiology, fresh water biology, Physics, Bio-chemistry, Environmental chemistry, ecology, Aquatic culture, Economics and sustainability theory, Environmental law, EIA and Water resource management. The course, however, does not reflect on climate change and related topics. At the Master level, the Centre offers a course on Wildlife, Forest and Wetlands Management (ENVS 520) and Natural Resource, their Management and Conservation (ENVS 638), which are more detailed and provides an introduction to climate change. This however does not introduce REDD+ as an emerging subject in climate change context. An important aspect is that it also offers a course on GIS and
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RS, however the course does not introduce the concept of use of these for forest management under REDD+ (NFMS, FRLs, FRELs etc). University of Agriculture, Faisalabad: The Department of Forestry and Range Management is educating in the domain of Forestry and allied disciplines. The department offers B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture-Forestry and M.Sc. (Hons.) Forestry as a major subject and also offers PhD programmes. Climate change is also introduced in the Bachelor and master level and is also available for the research at the PhD level. The university, while offering relevant courses on forestry and topics relating to climate change, only introduces REDD+ as part of the proceedings of the course but not as a separate course. Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahau ud din Zikria University, Multan offers 4-year BS programme in Environmental sciences which focuses more about the urban environmental issues including applied ecology, environmental toxicology, biotechnology, environmental monitoring etc. It does offer a course on climate change, which discusses broader climatic changes, its major reasons and impacts and regarding the possible actions to mitigate the impacts of the climate change. The contents, however, are silent about REDD+. University of Haripur has an interesting mix of courses offered under its Department of Environmental Sciences as well as Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management. Both Department of Environmental Sciences and Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management offer Bachelor and Master level programmes as well as M.Phil and PhD programmes. It has particular courses on climate and change with particular focus on forests and REDD+ is introduced in some of the courses under the courses offered by Department of Forestry. However, the introduction is not explicitly mentioned in the course outline. Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi has a Department of Forestry, Range Management and Wildlife. The Faculty addresses the complexities of climate change, its mitigation and adaptations, preservation of wildlife abundance, wildlife conservation, clean water, phytoremediation of contaminated soils, human health issues in relation to environmental hazards, ecotourism, carbon sequestration and carbon stocks in forests, evaluation and proper management of forest and rangeland resources, etc. This makes it one of the most relevant curricula as it provides comprehensive forest management, carbon sequestration and its relationship with climate change. The faculty is relatively new and has the capacity to grow, where it needs support in expanding its faculty, technical resources, spectrum of research and also, diversity and depth of climate change related topics. Bahria University offers wide range of academic programs under Earth & Environmental Sciences. This includes 4 year BS Environmental sciences, MS- Environmental Policy and Management and the courses covered are Environmental law, Environmental Management, Environmental Audit, Energy and Environment, Sustainable Development, Environmental economics, Climate Change, Wildlife Forest and GIS etc. Under its PhD programme, the university offers spectrum that generally relates to urban environment and topics related to climate change are related to those concepts. Forestry is not explicitly explored within the course topics. Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS) offers MS and PhD courses on Environmental Management & Policy. Its MS program offers course that includes urban environment
~ 173 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework management, environmental economics, environmental policy, disaster management, water and sanitation, solid waste management and other similar urban topics. However, it does not include climate change or other related topics. Agriculture University Peshawar has established a Climate Change Centre, which provides expert advisory, research, networking and awareness related services to university, students and its faculty, particularly focusing the arena of food production, agriculture, impact of climate change on crops etc. The centre itself does not have particular courses to offer at the moment, however, it does facilitate university students in providing its research, knowledge management and advisory services. University of Swat: Environmental and Conservation Sciences is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the interaction of processes that shape our natural environment. The Department of Environmental Sciences was established in October, 2011 with more than one hundred students leading to BS (Hons) and M.Sc, degrees. The Department conducts research and offers instruction in the areas of Geological, Hydrological, Biological, Ecological and Atmospheric Sciences. Shaheed Benezir Bhutto University, Sheringal: Department of Forestry was established in 2005 at Campus II of the University of Malakand. Now it is the regular Department of Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal. The Department has prepared a comprehensive scheme of studies for academic program at BS (Hons.) level. Since the establishment of the Department more than 100 students have successfully graduated in BS (Hons.) forestry. The Department has currently enrolled 100 undergraduate students.
International Scenario REDD+ as an emerging subject has been explored by different universities, however, insight in the content of the curricula revealed that REDD+ is used as a contributory field supporting forestry nearly in all universities, but has not been introduced as a standalone field for degree programme in majority of universities. These universities include Yale, Copenhagen, University of Eastern Finland, Michigan State University, and numerous other universities, where integration of REDD+ in existing forestry and associated fields (anthropology, sociology, law and other fields) is at different levels. For example, University of Yale offers a Master of Forestry67 degree, where courses include forest management and administration, forest economics, silviculture and other basic forestry sciences. It also includes the management and policy of forest resources, across the span of urban to rural environments. It however introduces the elements of REDD+ for the students to understand the current global trends in the forestry sector as well as those focused at reducing carbon emissions. Yale University has been actively engaged in REDD+ and its discourse. It has cooperated with UNEP to cooperate on development of courses for REDD+ Academy. However, it has not started any full fledge course on REDD+. The course, developed for REDD+ Academy are discussed in proceeding section. Yale University
67 http://environment.yale.edu/academics/degrees/mf/#master-of-forestry-curriculum
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Yale university offers certificate courses in REDD apart from its effort to integrate the REDD+ concepts in its current forestry and environmental programmes. The certificate course includes “Introduction to REDD”, which aims to ensure that all participants understand the key elements of REDD, including science, business, and policy aspects and to provide them with knowledge of the key components of a REDD project and the steps needed to develop one in accordance with appropriate standards and national regulations. The participants in focus are representatives of regional government agencies and NGOs. Government representatives include the district, provincial and national officers of the Forest Department and other related Government agencies including those responsible for land use planning, and other related field.
E-Courses
UNITAR, IUCN, REDD Desk and various institutions in partnership with REDD Academy have started E-courses, which consists of twelve modules: Forests, Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change; REDD+ and the UNFCCC; Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation; National Strategies and Action Plans; National Forest Monitoring Systems (NFMS); Forest Reference (Emission) Levels (FREL/FRLs); Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation; REDD+ Safeguards under the UNFCCC; REDD+ Finance; Approaches for Allocation of Incentives; Introduction to Stakeholder Engagement; and Good Governance. Some of the institutions give weightage to these online courses as certificate course, however few if any award credit hours to these courses.
Research
Different universities are offering programmes and incentives towards research in different aspects of REDD+ including those from Global Forest Observation Initiatives (GFOI) offering Master level short course in partnership with University of Melbourne. The course follows the structure of GFOI’s web platform REDD compass which takes students through the key steps in designing and developing a complete MRV system for REDD+. Other universities like University of Yale, University of York, University of Bergen, University of Leeds and other universities are also offering research opportunities in the domain falling in REDD+.
UN-REDD Academy The REDD+ Academy is the UN-REDD Programme's capacity development initiative. As part of the Programme's knowledge management support to partner countries, it seeks to enable systematic, focused capacity development to deliver REDD+ on the ground. The REDD+ Academy curriculum and Learning Journals are structured along the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ of the UNFCCC.
The UN REDD+ Academy covers technical issues like Forest Governance, Gender Equality, Tenure Security, Multiple Benefits, Green Economy, NFMS, Safeguards and stakeholder engagement.
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Apart from traditional courses, it also offers different courses including e-course and awareness material on Youtube. The courses and webinars currently offered by REDD+ Academy includes the following and are developed generally in partnership with different financial and technical institutions like World Bank, UNDP, WWF and others;
1. Forest, Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change 2. Understanding REDD+ and the UNFCCC 3. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation 4. National Strategies and Action Plans 5. National Forest Monitoring Systems 6. Forest Reference Emission Levels 7. Policies and Measures (PAMs) for REDD+ Implementation 8. REDD+ Safeguards under the UNFCCC 9. REDD+ Finance 10. Approaches for Allocation of Incentives 11. Introduction to Stakeholder Engagement 12. Good Governance
Apart from that, if also offers rich online resources regarding REDD+ through its e- library as well as video documentaries. Introductory Curriculum on REDD+: It is an introductory course Transparency International Climate Governance Courses Learn Introductory e-Learning Course on Climate Change Forest Governance Assessment and Monitoring REDD+ Compass National greenhouse gas inventory for agriculture course Reduced deforestation and degradation World Bank FCPF training materials for REDD+ monitoring and reporting Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests WWF REDD+ Learning sessions
5.4 Curricula for REDD+ in Pakistan Based on the interaction with different universities and experts as well as literature review of the relevant literature, it is believed that the literature must be linked to the curricular framework for sustainable development goals. More specifically, it has to be linked with goal 7 affordable and clean energy, goal 8, Decent work and economic growth, goal 10, reduced inequalities and goal 13, climate actions. In addition, this also has to adhere to the UNFCCC capacity building agenda. Article 11 of the Paris Agreement highlights the importance of enhancing the capacity and ability of developing country Parties to be able to take effective climate change action, implement adaptation and mitigation actions, facilitate technology development, improve relevant aspects of education, training and public awareness and the transparent, timely and accurate communication of information. Moreover,
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Article 11 states that all Parties should cooperate to enhance the capacity of developing country Parties to implement the Paris Agreement. Developed country Parties should enhance support for capacity building actions in developing country Parties. In addition, in accordance with decision 16/CP.22, capacity-building is an integral component to implement and enable developing country Parties to implement the Convention. The COP noted that many of the areas contained in the framework for capacity-building in developing country Parties are also relevant to Parties with economies in transition. Based on this discussion and review of the documents under these and those provided by universities in Pakistan, the following are the proposed dimensions of curricula for REDD+ in Pakistan;
5.4.1 Aim of the Curricula for REDD+ The curriculum for REDD+ in Pakistan is an adaptable, non-binding tool that charts a competency development model offering combination of learning actions focusing knowledge, skills and values. It aims to enable the delivery of REDD+ integration in current courses and introducing certificate level courses by ensuring that each learning population has the relevant skills, knowledge, values and attitudes, who can contribute towards the success of REDD+ strategy in Pakistan in social, economic and environmental development.
The concept is to introduce the introductory level certificate courses as well as induction as an integrated subject at undergraduate level that over period of time can be gradually introduced as an independent degree.
• Introducing REDD+ Certificate Courses on basic understanding, components of REDD+, legal, social and environmental aspects Certificate of REDD+. This can be initiated immediately. Courses
• Based on the lessons of certificate courses and national researches, undergradaute courses and integration can be Undergraduate initiated in 3-5 years time. Courses
• Lessons from certificate and undergraduate programmes as well as capacity building of universities, can lead to graduate Graduate programmes for universities in 5-8 years. Courses
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5.4.2 Purpose of Curricula for REDD+ The purpose of the curricula is to develop effective learners, confident professionals, and responsible citizens, who are spirited and uphold the core values and principles of the REDD+ Strategy in Pakistan. The courses will enhance the awareness and interest in research and towards promoting forests in Pakistan and reduction in emissions occurring due to deforestation and forest degradation.
5.4.3 Description of Proposed Courses REDD+ certified courses could be introduced in relevant departments of the universities and institutions to promote an understanding of REDD+ and its different dimensions by faculty and students. This will also serve to integrate with diverse subjects other than forestry in terms of participation of students from different fields. Provision of certain credit hours or weightage in terms of certification to each of these certificate courses of 1-5 days each, can improve its attraction for the students and improve enrolment.
In addition, the National REDD+ Office can work with the academia to enhance the capacities of the faculty through these courses to start undergraduate and graduate courses, gradually.
The basic topics for forest inclusive universities and departments68 can be the following or a selection from within following: 1. Forests: Its Importance in view of Global Climate Change: The course should provide basic understanding of the forests, climate change, the link between the two and also an overview of the impacts, particularly on Pakistan. This can be a one-day course offered by Universities and training institutions. 2. What is REDD+? REDD+ Components: This can be a 1-2 days course on understanding REDD+ and its different components. Due to the complex nature of each component, course can be extended up to 5 days depending on the nature and details of the course. 3. REDD+ Negotiations under the UNFCCC: From Cancun to Marrakesh: The course will offer details of international scenario, discussions at global forums and technical details of the discussions starting at Cancun till those of the recent times. The course will be important for those aspiring to engage in actions having strings attached to international decision, agreements and instruments. 4. NFMS and FRELS/FRLs: The course can be offered to GIS experts as well as others with skills of satellite imagery and remote sensing. The course can be 3 days however can be offered for 5 days with enhanced level of details. 5. Role of Sociology / Anthropology / Law (or others) to REDD+: Separate courses can be offered for sociologists, anthropologists and law students or faculty members (or others interested in these domains). These courses will
68 Those universities or departments, where forestry is not the basic subject e.g. Agriculture, Law, Sociology, Anthropology etc.
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provide the integrated role of REDD+, forestry and these subjects, explaining how the REDD+ explores these subjects in its ambit.
In addition to the above generic courses, more specific courses can also be included. These can be introduced in to the courses of forest specific institutions and departments e.g. Pakistan Forest Institute, University of Haripur or Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi etc. 1. Forest, Carbon Sequestration and relationship with Climate Change 2. Introduction to Stakeholder Engagement under REDD+ 3. Legal Requirements and Implications of REDD+ for Pakistan 4. REDD+ and Good Governance in Forest Management 5. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Pakistan 6. Pakistan National REDD+ Strategy as a National Tool for climate change 7. National Forest Monitoring Systems and Forest Reference Emission Levels 8. REDD+ Environmental and Social Safeguards in Pakistan 9. Role of Market in the Pakistan’s REDD+ Agenda 10. REDD+ Finance and Pakistan’s Strategy for Financing 11. Benefit Sharing Mechanism under REDD+ in Pakistan
The suggested course of action will follow broadly the below given path:
Consultative Meeting for Curriculum
Forest Specific Institutions and Forest Inclusive Institutions and Departments Departments
Introductory and Technical Courses in Introductory Courses in REDD+ REDD+
Draft Syllabus and Content Development and Content Development for Short Introductory Internal Review Courses
External (national) Review by HEC Committee and Internal Courses by NRO and Courses by Adoptation/Adaptation by Universities and Universities and Institutions with Defined Contents Institutions
Initial Cadre of trained and Sensitized Human Resource Available in 3-5 Years
5.5 Designing Courses for REDD+ The design of any course in REDD+ can be seen in two ways. The first refers to those courses where REDD+ or any of its components are treated as a standalone
~ 179 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework topic. The target group for this will be professional foresters and others working particularly on issues related to REDD+. The second is where REDD+ is integrated within the domain of another subject i.e. Law, Sociology, Anthropology, Remote Sensing / GIS etc. Below is a draft skeleton that can be used for developing course curricula and content for courses on REDD+.
REDD+ as a Standalone course 1. Key Outlines: What are the desired learning outcomes regarding REDD+ 2. Curriculum approach: How will we get there? 3. Contents of the Curricula: What topics will be covered in REDD+ perspective 4. Approach to effectively deliver Curricula: Is infrastructure and capacity there to train the trainees? 5. Assessment, monitoring and Evaluation: How will we know what students have learnt on REDD+. REDD+ Imbedded Course in other Degree Programmes 1. Key Outlines: What are the desired learning outcomes regarding REDD+ 2. Curriculum approach: How will we get there? 3. Contents of the Curricula: What topics will be covered in REDD+ perspective 4. Approach to effectively deliver Curricula: Is infrastructure and capacity there to train the trainees? 5. Assessment, monitoring and Evaluation: How will we know what students have learnt on REDD+.
5.6 Conclusions and Recommendations Based on the review of the curricula of forestry and related subjects in Pakistani universities and the review of other international universities and institutions, the following conclusions and recommendations are provided for the improvement of the forestry curricula in Pakistan. 1. A comprehensive review of forestry curricula is needed in Pakistan to harmonize the needs of forestry sector and the capacities of graduates of the forestry institutions.
2. There is a need to improve the communication and exchanges between universities for the students as well as faculties for improving capacities and knowledge at both levels.
3. Promotion of culture of research in forestry institution with technical support of international universities and experts to enhance the quality of research in forestry.
4. Pakistan is one of the top ten countries influenced by the impacts of climate change. However, discussions with the academia indicated that
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climate change related primary researches and its coverage in curricula are limited.
5. There are very few REDD+ related experts in the faculty of forestry institutions. There is a need to improve the capacity of faculty in REDD+, particularly in areas related to NFMS, strategy development and implementation, social safeguards, land tenure, multiple benefits, rights of unique communities, benefit distribution, legal complications and other such areas.
6. It has been observed that universities and institutions are mostly related to forestry. Very little work, if any, has been done by institutions other than with regards to forestry. There is a need to introduce REDD+ as an integrated subject in curricula of subjects other than forestry e.g. Law, Sociology, anthropology, as well as those topics, which are still not a degree programme themselves e.g. GIS and RS.
7. Introductory REDD+ short courses can be introduced in relevant departments of the universities and institutions to promote an understanding of REDD+ and its different dimensions by students. This will also serve to integrate with diverse subjects other than forestry in terms of participation of students from different fields. Provision of certain credit hours to each of these short courses of 3-5 days can make them attractive for the students. The basic topics can be the following or a selection from within following; - Forests: why are they important? - Climate Change and relationship with Global Emissions - Carbon Cycle and role of forests - What is REDD/REDD+? Its importance in Carbon cycle - REDD+ Components - REDD+ Negotiations under the UNFCCC: From Marrakesh to Lima - NFMS and FRELS/FRLs - Importance of Sociology / Anthropology / Law (or others) to REDD+?
These can also be included which are rather more specific and can be a course within their own right. - Forest, Carbon Sequestration and Climate Change - Legal Implications of REDD+ - Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation - National Strategies and Action Plans - National Forest Monitoring Systems - Forest Reference Emission Levels - Policies and Measures (PAMs) for REDD+ Implementation - REDD+ Safeguards - REDD+ Finance - Approaches for Allocation of Incentives - Introduction to Stakeholder Engagement - REDD+ and Good Governance in Forest Management
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8. An important observation noted during discussion with academia is that diverse departments exist that touch upon different dimensions of REDD+, forestry, environment, ecology, legal framework, social, chemical or management aspects etc., which provides students with a unilateral or rather less comprehensive part of the whole picture of REDD+ and climate change. It is important that universities and their networks are engaged as strategic platforms and centers of excellence for mainstreaming broader REDD+ education, research and knowledge management in REDD+. This will provide diverse research based data of similar topics from different perspectives.
9. There is a need to develop a cadre of trainers for the next generation of experts. These trainers will be developed with an objective to train the faculty of universities and also to organize specialist short courses for the students. The trainers can be trained through international exposure, internal courses and also providing opportunities to participate in development of national context specific training material under each topic.
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Annex 6 Guidelines for the Development of Provincial REDD+ Strategies
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6. GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROVINCIAL REDD+ STRATEGIES
When addressing the complexities that enable deforestation and forest degradation it is important to consider the conditions and circumstances occurring not only at the national level but also on the equally important provincial and local levels. The National REDD+ Strategy provides a general parameter and consideration, so that each province and territory in the country can design their own mechanisms to fully address the underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation and to develop a Provincial REDD+ Strategy. The following document presents the guidelines for the development of Provincial REDD+ Strategies. A Provincial REDD+ Strategy should set the roadmap to establish the legal, institutional, social and financial enabling conditions for successful REDD+ processes. The development and preparation of a Provincial REDD+ Strategy requires its preparation participatory process. A wide range of consultation process with stakeholders have allowed obtaining information without intermediaries. This has led a final product with common agreements and endorsements, and with stronger legitimacy. There are several planning methodologies available that could be used. All of them are characterized by linked steps and a logical sequence that allows the identification of activities necessary to reach a certain scenario from the analysis and consideration of the starting points. Below are a series of steps and recommendations for the design and development of Provincial Strategy for REDD+ (PSREDD+)2, which are intentionally formulated broad enough so that each province or territory can adapt them to their needs and circumstances.
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Figure 5 Steps for the design and develop the Provincial Strategy for REDD+
6.1 Step 1. Integrate a coordination group and a leader of the Provincial Strategy design process A coordination group should be formed and tasked to design and elaborate on the Provincial Strategy from within the government institutions. This must be someone who has already been assigned to lead the REDD+ process in each province or territory, for example the Provincial REDD+ Management Committee. Additionally, a specific taskforce under the coordination group might be needed. Once this group is defined, the construction process should be supported by participatory mechanisms, including all relevant and interested stakeholders. The most important assignment of this group is to ensure that the Provincial Strategy not only responds to the provincial/territory conditions and needs but also is implementable at the same time. This implies carrying out an effective planning and implementation process. Therefore, this group will be responsible for leading the process and for carrying out necessary steps to achieve it.
6.2 Step 2. Identify the problem and the objective The purpose of this step is to define the vision and scope to achieve with the PS- REDD+ design. The general and the long-term objective is defined in the National Strategy for REDD+ is still incomplete; lastly, the condition where there is no progress at all or where the topic hasn’t been considered. Questions answered as the condition “without progress” will become task to do to the PS-REDD+. Therefore, the conditions with a “total progress” or “optimal condition” and that have information to describe the current status must be seen as a strength and elements to take advantage of.
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Table 14 Auto-diagnosis of the initial condition of the territory entity for the PS-REDD+ design Progress status
Topic Condition Interme Total Without diate
Political The concerned Ministry/Department had will compromised in writing to implement REDD+. The concerned Ministry/Department had designated a person or office responsible of monitoring the process of Strategy preparation. The concerned Ministry/Department had begun or promoted actions for the Strategy preparation. Legal, Analysis of the provincial legal framework institutional that allows identifying synergies and and oppositions for REDD+ implementation is programma in place. tic Institutional arrangements to allow the framework development of a legal analysis for REDD+ are in place. There is an identification of oppositions among the REDD+ objectives and other programs and policies. A provincial institutional arrangement to enable and facilitate the decision making process about REDD+ is in place. An effective coordination mechanism is in place among the government agencies at technical and political levels. The social and environmental impact of the different institutions and provincial programs is well known. Provincial climate change law or policy is in place. Provincial rural development law or policy is in place. Provincial forestry development law or policy is in place. A department or government area responsible for climate change issues is in place. A government department responsible for rural development issues is in place.
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Progress status
Topic Condition Interme Total Without diate
A government department responsible for forestry development issues is in place. A provincial program of action on climate change is in place. Programs for rural development are in place. District programs of action on climate change are in place. Key The sectors and actors involved in the stakeholder drivers of deforestation have been s identified The sectors and actors involved in the drivers of forest degradation have been identified The sectors and actors involved in the conservation and increase of carbon stocks have been identified. The sectors and key stakeholders for the promotion of interventions in a coordinated way have been identified. The provincial REDD+ focal point has a clear leadership. Capabilities There are known actors with capacities to analyse and to generate information about mapping forest cover, land use change, forest inventories datasets, carbon content, change in carbon content, deforestation risk areas, among others. There is a group of people who are trained and informed on REDD+. Stakeholders are identified with capacities and experience in natural resources monitoring. Stakeholders with experience in monitoring and verification of the safeguards compliance are in place. Training necessities associated to the sustainable rural development and REDD+ are known among the government sectors. There is a group with communication, transparency and accountability capacities. Capacities and mechanisms for
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Progress status
Topic Condition Interme Total Without diate
monitoring, results evaluation and feedback are present. Basic Basic information about of the forests information conditions in the province/territory is available. Basic information about the social conditions in and around forests in the province/territory is available. There are studies for the identification of areas with high deforestation risks. There are studies identifying the drivers of deforestation in the province/territory. There are studies identifying the drivers of forest degradation in the province/territory. The principal sources of conflict associated with forest areas are known. There is a diagnostic study on governance at the regional level. Systematized information about programs focused on sustainable rural development, forest management, forest conservation and best practices is available. Information about the fiscal budget and external finance designated to the regions is available. Institutional An inter-sectorial committee of climate arrangeme change (or REDD+) is formally nts established. A REDD+ Working Group is part of the inter-sectorial committee. Other social participation platforms that can be used for REDD+ are in place. Groups of local communities, women, youth and other vulnerable groups are represented in those platforms. Effective communication mechanisms between the provincial government with society, vulnerable groups and productive sectors are available. A broad representation of the different sectors -especially vulnerable groups, productive sectors and civil society- is present in the existing platforms.
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Progress status
Topic Condition Interme Total Without diate
A formal consultation mechanism for key stakeholders is in place. Financial Financial resources designated for the resources design of the Provincial REDD+ Strategy are in place. Potential sources of funding for REDD + have been identified (public and private). Resources that are currently been implemented for the actions associated to the sustainable rural development are identified in the province/territory. Specific resource needed from each actor associate with the sustainable rural development are identified. The opportunities for synergies among resources from different sources implemented in the same territory are known. Provincial financial mechanisms are in place that allow managing the flow of different sources and direct it towards different rural activities (productive, social or conservation). Financial mechanisms that allow transparent distribution of resources towards different stakeholders are in place. Information The province or territory agency in charge and of leading the Strategy has the capacities communica and experience in the information and tion communication management with different stakeholders The province or territory agency in charge of leading the Strategy has the systems and mechanisms to communicate with and inform to the different stakeholders from different sectors. The province or territory agency in charge of leading the Strategy is able to systematize information and to generate learning lessons of the different experiences.
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6.3 Step 3. Identify relevant stakeholders and define their goals, needs and interests In addition to the government stakeholders who have the responsibility and the leadership to elaborate the strategy, there are others individuals and organizations that are fundamental for the planning, design, implementation or the assessment of the PS-REDD+. The analysis and stakeholder mapping are important tools to identify participants for the next steps. Stakeholders identification and characterization is very important since this will help understand who they are and how to integrate them in the process. Some of the relevant stakeholders are very apparent and easy to recognize, but there are other cases where deeper analysis is necessary to allow their identification and association with the issue. In this regard, all actors that affect politics, economically, ecologically or socially in the province or territory and that have any relation with land use dynamics and compliance with safeguards are relevant to the process. A social actor’s analysis indicates individuals, groups and organizations that can affect or be affected by, and characterized them according to various criteria, such as: their interest in the issue, their political or economic influence to make decisions, their direct influence in the province/territory, etc. There are multiple documents that describe the way to elaborate stakeholder mapping and analysis. The main point in all of them is in the choice of the question or objective for which they need to be identified and analysed. In this case, this refers to all stakeholders that affect or may be affected –positive or negative- by a PS-REDD+ or, in other words, that participate in the land use and land use change dynamics. Matrix below helps organize the information and serves as an illustration, which shows one of the ways to elaborate stakeholders mapping and lead to an analysis.
Table 15 Stakeholders matrix example Stakeholder Functions/Roles Relation Influence There are Functions that It is defined as the Actor capacity to individual and each actor affinity relations limit or facilitate collective actors. performs and (trust) against the actions associate The later are a set following project objectives with the proposal of people with objective through or proposal that the or idea to be homogeneous his/her actions. group leader is develop. interests that willing to promote. -High participate or have - In favour -Medium interest in some - Indifferent -Low issue, goal, idea or - Against proposal.
6.4 Step 4. Establishment of a multidisciplinary working group for participatory planning The initial stakeholders’ characterization and analysis will be crucial in deciding on their types and in identifying instances where they should participate.
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The importance of participation of each stakeholder also considers the role that they must play and the relevant instance where they need to participate, which can vary throughout different phases. The process of preparation for REDD+ could be demanding and this must be an agreed upon consensus from the beginning, considering that the final step is the PS-REDD+ design. In this regard, it is advisable to form a multi-sectorial group that allows throughout the process consideration of the interest and the approach with the different stakeholders. The conformation of solid and effective groups is fundamental for the success the preparation process. Thus, the time invested in its formulation is much needed and fruitful. Conditions that improve the multi-disciplinary group performance: a) There is a clear and respectful leadership in the group. 1. Participants feel identified with the group proposed and part of the group itself. 2. The priority stakeholders in the group are well represented. 3. The participants are aware of what is expected from them and they agree with it. 4. There must be a process of continuous training integrated into the group functioning so that the stakeholders have sufficient capacities to ensure effective participation. 5. The participation rules are known and respected. 6. Each time a group meeting is convened, participants have a working plan and they agree with it. 7. All members have access to the information that is available and pertinent to the topics that will be discussed. 8. All participants recognize the role the other group members play in the process.
6.5 Step 5. Gathering information and research The main objective of this step is the gathering of necessary supplies for a better definition and understanding of the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, as well as, the identification of priority areas and mechanisms to understand them. The information will be used to assess the condition of the institutions – social and environmental- as well as human and financial resources that are essential to tackle the problem. This information will help establish objectives and action lines that respond to the provincial situation. The quality, relevance and effectiveness of the decisions taken will be strongly determined by the quality of the information collected. It is suggested to organize the information available (worksheet, databases, compendiums, etc.) in a way that it can be shared and accessed by all the stakeholders. Despite that obtaining information is presented here as a step, it must be seen as a permanent activity associated to the different stages of the process. It is rare that all the desired information is available at the beginning of the decision-making process. Nevertheless, this should not be a hindrance to begin the design and instrumentation of the Provincial Strategy for REDD+. This can be initiated according to the available
~ 191 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework information. Obtaining more and better information can be a regular part of the PS- REDD+ process.
6.6 Step 6. Participatory planning to identify objectives and actions At this point, it is expected that there is already enough information to begin the planning process. In this phase the specific objectives and lines of action to reach the main objective must be defined, knowing the starting point from the previous step. 1. The provincial goals must be set by the provinces themselves from the economic, social, political and ecological aspects, and must be in line with agreements at the federal level for its national contribution. These goals must be measurable and have deadlines to achieve them. 2. The goals will depend on the province’s starting point; from capacity building, to intervention actions in the province/territory. At this point, there is an emerging necessity to identify policy actions in different sectors that need to be organized and articulated to address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. 3. The emission reduction goals will be established based on the reference level that is coordinated among the province and the National Forest Monitoring System. The establishment of these will be essential for the results based payments. When thinking about PS-REDD+ in a nested approach, their objectives can‘t be determined independently from those in the National REDD+ Strategy, and the progress made in the various components of it must be considered. Likewise, the goals that are proposed must be aligned with the province climate change programs and other relevant policies, programs and strategies. It is essential to propose, include and highlight objectives and actions related to the development or strengthening of capacities within each of the components of the PS-REDD+. To assess the relevance of the objectives and lines of action that the PS- REDD+ contemplates, the following criteria can be considered: a) Congruence with the REDD+ approach in the country and with the national process. b) Congruence with the actions planned in the National REDD+ Strategy. c) Respond to the province legal framework. d) Contribution to achieve the PS-REDD+ main goal. e) Congruence with the institutional attributions. f) Endowments by the participants about the discussions and compromises. g) Existence of synergies with other processes. h) Compliance with safeguards.
6.7 Step 7. Agreements for Strategy implementation As part of the same planning process, it is important to identify and define the stakeholders who will be responsible for implementing the strategy. The working
~ 192 ~ Annexes - National REDD+ Strategy and its Implementation Framework group and the different stakeholders that participated in the PS-REDD+ definition, must agree on the mechanism to manage, promote and achieve what corresponds to them. This step aims to guarantee that the PS-REDD+ incorporates only actions previously agreed with the involved stakeholders. It is a way of verifying that all stakeholders who will carry out the foreseen actions in the strategy were consulted in the planning process. If, for some reason, an omitted stakeholder is identified, there is still time to carry out the necessary steps to involve them.
Figure 6 Strategic instruments of the REDD+ process
6.8 Step 8. Preparation and final publication The PS-REDD+, as a policy instrument, must be an accessible document that presents in an organized and synthetic way the outcomes of the previous steps. The content outline might vary according to the needs and circumstances in each province, however they need to identify and address the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation while taking into account the governance, legal, policy and institutional frameworks. Once the Strategy text is ready, the coordination group should seek the pertinent endorsement according to each Province legal framework, and make publicly available for the population to access, which might include web publication and printing, among other alternatives.
6.9 Step 9. Strategy implementation At this stage, the benefits of coordination and participatory meetings would be evident, as they should reinforce the governance and decision making process. This strengthened governance should be used to ensure the correct implementation of the Strategy. It is necessary to mention that the Strategy should include clear steps and indication on the mechanisms for implementation, including leaders and responsible institutions and stakeholders for each component.
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6.10 Step 10. Monitoring and evaluation Even though this is the last step in the preparation process, monitoring and evaluation are permanent activities, especially for complex processes as the implementation of the REDD+ Strategy. The Strategy has to include mechanisms that enable the correct monitoring of the different stages and components in order to ensure feedback and correction, if needed.
6.11 Bibliography Robles, M., Hernández, C., León C., (2014). Propuesta de Lineamientos para el Diseño de Estrategias Estatales REDD+. Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), Proyecto de Reducción de Emisiones por la Deforestación y la Degradación de Bosques de México (Alianza México- REDD+) y Consejo Civil Mexicano para Silvicultura Sostenible A.C. México, Distrito Federal.
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