49050-001: Provincial Strategy for Inclusive and Sustainable Urban Growth
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Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 49050-001 December 2020 Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Provincial Strategy for Inclusive and Sustainable Urban Growth (Cofinanced by the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction) Prepared by Saaf Consult (SC), Netherlands in association with dev-consult (DC), Pakistan For Planning and Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. KP-SISUG Swat Regional Development Plan CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 01 December 2020) Currency unit – Pakistan Rupee (PKR) PKR1.00 = $0.0063 $1.00 = PKRs 159.4166 ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank ADP - annual development program APTMA - All Pakistan Textile Mills Association CDG - City District Government CDIA - Cities Development Initiative for Asia CIU - city implementation unit CLG - City Local Government CNG - compressed natural gas CPEC - China-Pakistan Economic Corridor CRVA - climate resilience and vulnerability assessment DDAC - District Development Advisory Committee DFID - Department for International Development (UK) DM - disaster management DRR - disaster risk reduction EA - executing agency EIA - environmental impact assessment EMP - environmental management plan EPA - Environmental Protection Agency [of Khyber PakHtunkHwa] EPO - Environmental Protection Order EPZ - export processing zone ESMS - environmental and social management system FATA - Federally Administered Tribal Area GDA - Galiyat Development AutHority GIS - geographic information system GIZ - DeutscHe GesellscHaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (gmbH) [German international development agency] GoKP - Government of KHyber PakHtunkHwa GoP - Government of Pakistan ha - Hectare i KP-SISUG Swat Regional Development Plan HR - human resource IA - implementing agency ICT - information and communication tecHnologies IEE - initial environmental examination IT - information tecHnology KP - Khyber PakHtunkHwa KPCIP - Khyber PakHtunkHwa Cities Improvement Project KPEC - Khyber Pass Economic Corridor KPEZDMC - Khyber PakHtunkHwa Economic Zones Development and Management Company KPHA - Khyber Pass HigHways AutHority KPPRA - Khyber PakHtunkHwa Public Procurement Regulatory AutHority KPUMA - Khyber PakHtunkHwa Urban Mobility AutHority LGA - local government act LGE&RDD - Local Government, Elections and Rural Development Department [of Khyber PakHtunkHwa] lpd - liters per day MDTF - Multi Donor Trust Fund MIS - management information system NCs - neighborhood councils NDMA - National Disaster Management AutHority NER - net enrolment rate NIM - National Institute of Management NIUIP - National Institute of Urban Infrastructure Planning NOC - no objection certificate NUA - New Urban Agenda NVQF - national vocational qualification framework O&M - operation and maintenance OHR - overhead reservoir P&DD - Planning and Development Department [of Khyber PakHtunkHwa] PARD - Pakistan Academy for Rural Development PCNA - post crisis needs assessment PDMA - Provincial Disaster Management AutHority [of KP] PEFA - public expenditure and financial accountability PER - public expenditure review PFM - public financial management PHED - Public HealtH Department [of Khyber PakHtunkHwa] PMU - project management unit PPP - public-private partnership PSISUG - provincial strategy for inclusive and sustainable urban growtH RDP - regional development plan SAMA - services and assets management agreement SDC - Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation SDG - sustainable development goals ii KP-SISUG Swat Regional Development Plan SPS - safeguards policy statement [of ADB, 2009] STP - sewage treatment plant TFR - total fertility rate TLG - TeHsil Local Government TMA - TeHsil Municipal Administration TMO - TeHsil Municipal Officer TVET - tecHnical and vocational education and training UN - United Nations UNDP - United Nations Development Program UPU - [KHyber PakHtunkHwa] Urban Policy and Planning Unit USAID - United States Agency for International Development VCs - village councils WB - The World Bank WSSCM-S - Water and Sanitation Services Company Mingora-Swat NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2020 ends on 30 June 2020. (ii) In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. iii KP-SISUG Swat Regional Development Plan Contents A. Background to the Regional Development Plan 2 A.1. KP Strategy for Integrated and Sustainable Urban Growth (KP-SISUG) 2 A.2. Objectives of the RDP 4 A.2.1. Vision 4 A.2.2. Objectives of the RDP 4 A.3. RDP’s Structure and Outline 4 B. Sustainable Planning Approach 6 B.1. Planning Principles – General 7 B.2. Planning Principles – Rural and Regional Development 8 B.2.1. Rural Development Objectives 8 B.2.2. Rural Planning Principles 9 B.2.3. Regional planning 10 B.3. The City-Region 11 B.4. Urban Planning Principles 12 B.5. Guidance to Applying the Principles 16 C. The Region 18 C.1. Geophysical Definition of the Region 18 C.2. Geostrategic Significance of the Region 18 C.2.1. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor 19 C.3. Land Use: Provincial and Regional 23 C.3.1. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Land Uses 23 C.4. Environmental Conditions 26 C.5. Climate Change 28 C.5.1. Key Factors and Drivers and Potential Impacts of Climate Change – Mingora 28 C.5.2. Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 29 C.5.3. Disaster and Climate Risk Management 33 D. Governance and Stakeholders 36 D.1. Legal and Regulatory Framework 36 D.1.1. Statutory Framework 36 D.1.2. Overview of Laws 36 D.1.3. Various Regimes and Inter-institutional jurisdiction 52 D.2. Development Strategies and Plans 57 D.3. Institutional Setup – Structure, Roles and Responsibilities 59 D.3.1. Province Governance and Decentralization 59 D.3.2. Local Governance 61 D.3.3. Sector Governance: Urban Water and Sanitation 66 D.4. Governance and Stakeholders: The Way Forward 72 D.4.1. Legal and Regulatory Framework 72 D.4.2. Institutional Reforms 76 E. Socio-Economic Setting 77 iv KP-SISUG Swat Regional Development Plan E.1. Demographics 77 E.1.1. Population Distribution 77 E.1.2. Urban Population Distribution – Swat Region 81 E.1.3. Population growth patterns, migration, and driving factors 86 E.1.4. Population Growth Trends 89 E.2. Housing, Water and Sanitation 93 E.3. Energy and Household Use 97 E.4. Education 98 E.4.1. Policy Framework 98 E.4.2. Context 98 E.4.3. Issues 100 E.4.4. Implications for Regional Planning 106 E.5. Health 107 E.5.1. Health and Nutrition Outcomes 107 E.5.2. Services 110 E.5.3. Policy Framework and Key Health Reforms 112 E.5.4. Health Infrastructure and Human Resources 114 E.5.5. Health Protection 116 E.5.6. Implications for Regional Planning 117 E.6. Employment 118 E.7. Poverty and Land Issues 121 E.8. Social Protection 124 E.9. Gender and Inclusiveness 125 E.9.1. Cultural Values 125 E.9.2. Reforms 126 E.9.3. Women’s Empowerment 126 E.10. Socio-Economic Setting: the Way Forward 128 E.10.1. Policy Recommendations 128 F. Urban Expansion and Development 131 F.1. Urban Growth Processes 131 F.2. Existing Land Uses – District and Urban 133 F.2.1. Swat Region Land Uses – Existing 133 F.2.2. Mingora City Urban Land Use – Existing 137 F.2.3. Urban-Rural Land Use Conflicts 137 F.3. Current Urban Forms and Settlement Patterns 138 F.3.1. Swat Region Settlement Patterns 138 F.3.2. Existing Urban Area Forms and Settlement Patterns 138 F.3.3. Urban Densities 146 F.3.4. District Hierarchy 147 F.3.5. Settlement Hierarchy 148 F.3.6. Development Corridors 150 F.3.7. New Towns and Satellite Towns 151 F.3.8. Industrial Estates, Dry Ports and Export Processing 152 F.3.9. Growth Zones and Centers 152 v KP-SISUG Swat Regional Development Plan F.3.10. Green Belts 152 F.3.11. Existing Planning and Challenges 152 F.4. Key Drivers for Regional Urban Development: Challenges and Opportunities 159 F.4.1. Regional Economic Development: Industrial Estates and SEZs 160 F.5. Sustainable Urban Growth: the Way Forward 161 F.5.1. Regional Growth Strategies 161 F.5.2. Rural-Urban Linkages 163 F.5.3. Regional Land Use Zoning – Recommendations 164 F.5.4. Undevelopable Lands – District/Regional Level 165 F.5.5. Proposed Hierarchy of Settlements 168 F.5.6. Urban Clustering 169 F.5.7. Urban Growth Strategies – Recommendations 169 F.5.8. Urban Land Use Planning – Sustainability Recommendations 171 F.5.9. Integrated Urban Development – Recommendations 174 F.5.10. Urban Densification – Recommendations 176 F.5.11. Competitiveness 181 G. Regional Physical Connectivity 182 G.1. Regional Connectivity 182 G.1.1. Road Network Resources 183 G.1.2. Connectivity through Railways and Air Travel 188 G.1.3. Interregional Connectivity 189 G.1.4. Registered Motor vehicles in the Region 191 G.1.5. Region’s Mobility Challenges and Drivers of Change 192 G.2. Urban Mobility 199 G.2.1. Mingora City Mobility 199 G.3. Regional Connectivity: the Way Forward 203 G.3.1. Regional Mobility Sub-Sector Priority Projects 203 G.3.2. Urban Mobility Priority Sub-Sector Projects. 204 H. Urban Economy 206 H.1. Comparative Advantage of the Region 206 H.2. Productive Sectors 208 H.2.1. Agriculture 208 H.2.2. Mineral Extraction 212 H.2.3. Oil, gas and energy 213 H.2.4. Industry 214 H.3. Inter-regional Linkages 216 H.4. Regional Economic Development 217 H.5. Trade and Enterprises 218 H.6. Industrial Estates/Special Economic Zones 219 H.7. Services Sector 222 H.8. Communication 223 H.8.1. FM Channels 224 H.8.2. Newspapers 225 H.8.3. Press Clubs 225 vi KP-SISUG Swat Regional Development Plan H.8.4. Digital Communication 225 H.8.5. Public Relations 227 H.9. Economic Impetus for Urban Growth: the Way Forward 227 H.9.1.