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Regional Model for Seawater Intrusion in the Chaouia Coastal Aquifer (Morocco)

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Regional Model for Seawater Intrusion in the Chaouia Coastal Aquifer (Morocco) 18 SWIM. Cartagena 2004, Spain. (Ed. Araguás, Custodio and Manzano). IGME REGIONAL MODEL FOR SEAWATER INTRUSION IN THE CHAOUIA COASTAL AQUIFER (MOROCCO) L. LAKFIFI1, A. LARABI2*, M. BZIOU1, M. BENBIBAI3 and A. LAHMOURI1 1Direction de la Recherche et de la Planification des Eaux, Rabat 2Ecole Mohammadia d’Ingénieurs, Rabat E-mail: [email protected] 3Agence du Bassin Hydraulique de Tenssift, Marrakech Abstract The Chaouia coastal aquifer is located south of the Casablanca city (Morocco), and is considered among the main sub-atlantic coastal aquifers in Morocco with an area of 1200 km2. The only water resource available in the Chaouia plain is obtained from shallow groundwater. This favourable situation has increased irrigation by pumping, and contributed to agriculture development in this plain. But, this development of pumping has induced environmental problems, such as: over-exploitation of the aquifer with a groundwater table decrease of 0.6 m/yr; progressive dry out of some aquifer levels; salt water intrusion; degradation of the groundwater quality; and significant increase of the abandoned pumping wells. For these reasons, a mathematical model in transient conditions, based on the SEAWAT code, has been developed to study groundwater flow and salt water intrusion in this aquifer. Different management scenarios have been simulated to provide managers with a prediction tool that could help in decision making for quantitative and qualitative groundwater management of this groundwater system. The simulation results with respect to the development of water resources in this coastal aquifer showed, on one hand, that surface water is required to protect the irrigated area and to restore the abandoned exploitation, and on the other hand, the need to improve water quality in the area which is already contaminated by seawater intrusion. Keywords. Coastal aquifer, groundwater modeling, seawater intrusion, over-pumping, Morocco. Introduction The coast of Morocco extends over more than 3500 km, on the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. As in the rest of the world, the majority of urban and farming agglomeration activities (e.g. fishing, * Corresponding author 637 Regional model for seawater intrusion in the Chaouia coastal aquifer (Morocco) industry, harbors, agriculture and tourism) are located on the coastal areas and in the inshore plains. These intensive socioeconomic developments have led to extensive use of freshwater resources in the coastal zones, and especially groundwater resources. Groundwater has some advantages if it is compared to the surface water, because of its spatial distribution, regularity, easiness of exploitation and low cost of mobilization. The coastal aquifers of Morocco are considered as a very important source for water supply and very essential for socioeconomic development. High rates of urbanization and increased agricultural and economic activities have required more water to be pumped from the aquifers. This pumping has continually increased the risk of seawater intrusion and the deterioration of freshwater quality of the coastal aquifers. Contamination of groundwater by seawater intrusion threatens agricultural development. In recent years, the effect of seawater intrusion is more remarkable in many coastal areas in Morocco, especially in some aquifers located on the Atlantic coast. Currently, agricultural activity is in a critical situation because of the progressive water resources shortness and the deterioration of groundwater quality, as a result of aquifer overexploitation and of successive drought seasons. Groundwater quality in the Chaouia aquifer is generally poor. Over-exploitation has resulted in saltwater intrusion and upconing. In some parts of the study area a slow, continuing decline in groundwater levels has been observed. Saltwater intrusion presently poses important threat to water supply, and especially with future water demand, since it is expected to increase. Hence, it is necessary to develop efficient and fast tools for predicting the response of coastal aquifers to different pumping schemes, while taking into account, as a constraint, the risk of saltwater intrusion. In practice, the spatial relationship between freshwater and saline groundwater in coastal and inland aquifers is complex, and management of the freshwater resources can be difficult. The aquifer system is rarely near equilibrium, and fresh and saline water bodies are normally separated by a transition zone as a result of chemical diffusion and mechanical mixing. Under these conditions, the response of the saline water body to pumping is difficult to predict and depends on various factors, including aquifer geometry and properties; abstraction rates and depths; recharge rate, and the distance of the pumping wells to the coastline. Efficient tools such as numerical groundwater models are required to quantify the aquifer response to these excitations. This is the case of the Chaouia coastal aquifer, where a mathematical model that considers seawater intrusion has been implemented to help managers in sustainable water resources planning and management. Hence, the objectives of this study are: 1- to analyze the phenomenon of seawater intrusion and the definition of conditions that govern the behavior of freshwater/saltwater transition zone in the coastal aquifer under different physical approaches. 2- to test management scenarios based on various economic projects, and to select the best one for the regional water resources authorities in order to implement the corresponding economic projects which improve water resources development. To this end, a specific hydrogeological study of seawater intrusion was carried out, focusing on the hydrodynamics and hydrochemical behavior of seawater intrusion in the aquifer and to assess its impacts 638 18 SWIM. Cartagena 2004, Spain L. LAKFIFI et al. on freshwater resources. The variable-density SEAWAT code was used. The model output will show the occurrence of seawater intrusion and will predict its future behavior along the Chaouia coastal aquifer. Description of the Chaouia aquifer The Chaouia is a part of the Moroccan coastal plain located to the south-west of Morocco. Its area is about 1200 km2 and its length is approximately 25 km along the Atlantic coast and located between the cities of Casablanca to the North and Azemmour to the South-West (Figure 1). The average mean temperature ranges from 25 °C in summer and 10 °C in winter. The climate is semi-arid, but influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. The summer is hot; especially on July and August, leading to additional pressure for groundwater abstractions to be used for irrigation. The coldest months on the year are December and January. The average annual rainfall varies from 500 mm/yr in the north at Casablanca to 300 mm/yr in the south near Azemmour. Most of the rainfall occurs in the period from October to April, the rest of the year being completely dry. The annual mean potential evapotranspiration in the study area is estimated to amount 840 mm/yr. Figure 1. Location map of the Chaouia aquifer. Paleozoic shales form the Chaouia coastal aquifer bottom. The aquifer system is formed by the following geological units: • altered shale in the area located between Tnine Chtouka and Casablanca; • Cenomanian marine limestone with 60 m of average thickness, mainly in the south-western zone; • sandy dunes of about 10 m thickness at the coastal strip; 639 Regional model for seawater intrusion in the Chaouia coastal aquifer (Morocco) • chalky hills that mainly constitute the Quaternary deposits and cover the wadi area; • conglomerates, alluvia and silts of small thickness, which crop out just on the banks of the wadi Oum Er Rbia. The altered Paleozoic shale constitutes the main aquifer, extending over 90% of the total area. Towards the south-west of the area, the Paleozoic bottom rises up and allows a water divide to occur, separating groundwater circulating in the chalky horizons of the Cenomanian to the West, and groundwater flowing in the Quaternary deposits and altered shales, to the East. The Quaternary deposits generally present a maximum saturated thickness of 10 m except, in the inshore zone where they can reach up to 20 m. A simplified schema of a hydrogeological cross-section of the Chaouia aquifer system is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Schematic hydrogeological cross section of the Chaouia aquifer. The characteristics of the groundwater system The regional groundwater flow is mainly oriented SE-NW, discharging towards the Atlantic Ocean, except in the south-western area, where a part of the outflow discharges towards the Oum Er Rbia river. To the southwest, the hydraulic gradients range between 0.1 and 1‰. Between Tnine Chtouka and Casablanca they vary from 2 to 3‰, with lower values found towards the uphill limit of the zone, in the order of 0.5‰. This difference in the hydraulic gradient is due to variations in permeability. The depth of water table varies between 10 m along the coastline and 40 m along the south-west part in the Cenomanian marine-chalk. The comparison of the piezometric situation in 1971 and 1995 shows that the decrease of the groundwater level reached 10 m in the coastal strip and 15 m in the rest of the aquifer. Groundwater productivity of the aquifer varies from 0.5 to 2 L/s in the coastal zone; 1 to 2 L/s in the zone between Tnine Chtouka and Casablanca and 2 to 4 L/s in the part situated between Tnine Chtouka and Azemmour. 640 18 SWIM. Cartagena 2004, Spain L. LAKFIFI et al. From a hydrological point of view, the Chaouia plain is not crossed by any permanent river. Wadi Oum Er Rbias and Wadi Bousskouras, which are located respectively on the western and eastern limits of the study area, do not contribute to the replenishment of the aquifer. Hence, the major source of renewable groundwater in the aquifer is rainfall. The total rainfall recharge to the aquifer is estimated to be approximately 53 Mm3/yr, while lateral inflows to the aquifer are estimated to amount 6.6 Mm3/yr. Groundwater abstraction from pumping wells was estimated to be 34 Mm3/yr, according to a field investigation carried out in 1995.
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