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Two Cladonia Species New to Italy from Dry Habitats in the Po Plain

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Two Cladonia Species New to Italy from Dry Habitats in the Po Plain Herzogia 31 (1) Teil 1, 2018: 293 –303 293 Two Cladonia species new to Italy from dry habitats in the Po Plain Gabriele Gheza*, Juri Nascimbene, Helmut Mayrhofer, Matteo Barcella & Silvia Assini Abstract: Gheza, G., Nascimbene, J., Mayrhofer, H., Barcella, M. & Assini, S. 2018. Two Cladonia species new to Italy from dry habitats in the Po Plain. – Herzogia 31: 293 –303. Cladonia conista and C. pulvinata occur at several sites in dry lowland habitats in the Po Plain (northern Italy). Vegetation relevés are provided in order to characterize the main lichen associations (Cladonietum rei, Cladonietum foliaceae, Pycnothelio-Cladonietum cervicornis) and vascular plant communities in which the two species were found in Thero-Airion dry acidic grasslands and in dry open Calluna heathlands. Zusammenfassung: Gheza, G., Nascimbene, J., Mayrhofer, H., Barcella, M. & Assini, S. 2018. Zwei für Italien neue Arten der Gattung Cladonia von Trockenstandorten der Poebene. – Herzogia 31: 293 –303. Cladonia conista und C. pulvinata werden von mehreren trockenen Tieflandsstandorten der Poebene in Norditalien gemeldet. Vegetationsaufnahmen werden vorgelegt, um ihre Einbindung in die Flechten- und Pflanzengesellschaften zu belegen. Die beiden Arten kommen im Cladonietum rei, Cladonietum foliaceae und Pycnothelio-Cladonietum cer- vicornis vor, die in trockenen sauren Thero-Airion-Wiesen und trockenen offenen Calluna-Heiden auftreten. Key words: Biodiversity, Calluna heathlands, Cladonietum foliaceae, Cladonietum rei, lichen communities, Pycnothelio-Cladonietum cervicornis, Thero-Airion dry grasslands. Introduction Cladonia conista and C. pulvinata are two terricolous lichens. Pino-Bodas et al. (2012) con- firmed C. conista as a distinct species by phylogenetic analyses, and van Herk & Aptroot (2003) raised C. pulvinata to species level based on morphological and chemical characters. Both species can occur in dry and semidry habitats in Central Europe (Wirth et al. 2013). Cladonia conista was included in the C. chlorophaea group in the past (Ahti 1966, Coassini Lokar et al. 1986), but recent genetic analyses showed that it is not strictly related with the species in that group (Pino-Bodas et al. 2012) possessing scyphose podetia with soredia or granules on the surface. C. conista is characterized chemically by the presence of bourgeanic and fumarprotocetraric acids, and is clearly separated from C. humilis, which contains fuma- rprotocetraric acid and atranorin (Pino-Bodas et al. 2012). The species is widespread, occur- ring in all continents except Antarctica (Kowalewska et al. 2008, Pino-Bodas et al. 2012). Cladonia pulvinata belongs to the C. cervicornis group, whose species are characterized by scyphose podetia with central proliferations (Ahti 2007). C. pulvinata is characterized chemi- * Corresponding author 294 Herzogia 31 (1) Teil 1, 2018 cally by the presence of psoromic acid and it is clearly separated from C. cervicornis and C. verticillata which contain only fumarprotocetraric acid (van Herk & Aptroot 2003). The species occurs in western and central Europe (James 2009, Wirth et al. 2013). Currently, the Italian lichen flora includes 80 Cladonia taxa (Nimis 2016). This genus has nev- er been thoroughly investigated in Italy, except by Coassini Lokar et al. (1986), who studied the C. chlorophaea-pyxidata complex. Furthermore, terricolous lichens have been less studied than epiphytic and saxicolous lichens in several parts of Italy, especially in the Po Plain, a re- gion traditionally considered to be poor in lichens due to heavy anthropogenic impact (Gheza 2015, Nimis 2016). During recent surveys aimed at exploring remnants of lichen-rich dry habitats of conservation concern, namely Corynephorus grasslands (Natura 2000 code: 2330), Thero-Airion grasslands (Natura 2000 code: 6210) and Calluna heathlands (Natura 2000 code: 4030), C. conista and C. pulvinata were collected from seven sites in the western Po Plain (Northern Italy). The aim of this paper is to describe these collections and their habitats. Material and methods Overall, 76 dry grasslands (64 on acidic substrates and 12 on calcareous substrates) and 29 Calluna heathlands located in the western Po Plain (Lombardy and Piedmont regions) were in- Fig. 1. Thero-Airion dry grassland (Bosco del Modrone, Vigevano, province of Pavia) hosting Cladonia conista in Cladonietum foliaceae and Cladonietum rei lichen communities. Gheza et al.: Two Cladonia species new to Italy 295 vestigated for terricolous lichens during the winters of 2015 –2016 and 2016 –2017. Cladonia specimens were identified in the laboratory with the keys of Nimis & Martellos (2004), Kowalewska et al. (2008), James (2009) and Wirth et al. (2013). The presence of lichen substances was determined by means of thin-layer chromatography in solvents A, B’ and C according to the protocols of White & James (1985) and Orange et al. (2010). Eighteen relevés (30 × 30 cm plots) were carried out in June 2017 according to the Braun- Blanquet (1964) approach in homogeneous patches of lichen vegetation to characterize the main lichen communities that include Cladonia species. Furthermore, five larger relevés (9 × 9 m) were carried out to characterize the plant communities hosting well-developed lichen patches with relevant cover values of C. conista and C. pulvinata. The following cover-abun- dance scale was used: + = <1 %, 1 = 1–5 %, 2 = 6 –25 %, 3 = 26 –50 %, 4 = 51–75 %, 5 = 76 –100 %. The classification of the relevés follows Paus (1997), nomenclature follows Nimis (2016) for lichens and Tison & De Foucault (2014) for vascular plants, and coordinates are given in the UTM WGS84 system. Results Cladonia conista (Nyl.) Robbins Specimens examined: Tornavento heathland, Lonate Pozzolo (province of Varese, Lombardy), 32T 478210.5049154, 201 m a.s.l., on sandy-pebbly acidic soil, in an open Calluna heathland, 09/06/2017 (hb. Gheza, Fig. 2. Open dry Calluna heathland (La Promessa, Lonate Pozzolo, province of Varese) hosting Cladonia pulvinata in Pycnothelio-Cladonietum cervicornis lichen communities. 296 Table 1. Lichen vegetation relevés characterised by C. conista (1–6) and C. pulvinata (7–18). Localities: B Bernate Ticino; C Baraggia di Candelo; M Bosco del Modrone; P La Promessa; V Vauda Alta. Soil types: SP sandy-pebbly; LG loamy-gravelly; CL clayey. Vegetation types: TA Thero-Airion; CG Calluno-Genistion. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Locality MMPMTBPPCCPPCPPPVV Altitude a.s.l. 78 78 187 78 200 119 188 188 243 235 188 187 235 187 187 187 420 434 Soil type sp sp sp sp lg sp sp sp cl cl sp sp cl sp sp sp cl cl Vegetation type TA TA TA TA CG TA TA TA CG CG TA CG CG CG CG CG CG CG Cover: total (%) 85 80 70 85 93 85 95 95 95 90 70 100 95 80 70 60 95 65 Cover: lichens (%) 70 65 15 60 30 70 90 85 80 80 70 82 70 67 60 50 35 50 Cover: bryophytes (%) 15 10 30 7 63 10 4 10 1 15 2 18 20 13 10 10 20 0 Cover: herbaceous layer (%) 18 17 40 25 5 10 25 40 14 25 35 7 35 30 10 18 80 15 Cover: shrub layer (%) 20 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 15 20 0 2 10 0 0 0 15 45 Stoniness 5 10 0 15 7 15 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 pH 4 4 4 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Lichen richness 253322111113121113 Bryophyte richness 111131221111112110 Vascular plant richness 546423654253333423 Lichens Cladonia conista (Nyl.) Robbins 122234............ Cladonia rei Schaer. 431211.....1...... Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. .2.3.............. Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. .1................ Cladonia polycarpoides Nyl. .+................ Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. ..1............... Cladonia pulvinata (Sandst.) Herk & Aptroot . .....555544444331 Herzogia Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. ...........2.1.... Dibaeis baeomyces (L.f.) Rambold & Hertel .................3 Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour ............... 1 31 Bryophytes 1,2018 Teil (1) Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. ..3222121.1..222.. Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. ....3.11...2..1... Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. 2........2..2...2. Gheza 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Polytrichastrum formosum (Hedw.) G.L.Smith ....1............. et al.: Two Two etal.: Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. .2................ Vascular plants Micropyrum tenellum (L.) Link 11.1.............. Silene cf. italica (L.) Pers. 12.2.............. Cladonia Rumex acetosella L. 21.1.............. Pilosella officinarum Vaill. ..22..22..3....... speciesnewtoItaly Lotus corniculatus L. ..2...1...1....... Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (shrub) 2................. Aira caryophyllea L. ..1...11..1....... Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R.Br. 1..........1.111.. Carex sp. ..1............... Rubus caesius L. juv. .1................ Poterium sanguisorba L. ..1............... Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. .....1............ Potentilla puberula Krasan .....1............ Hypericum perforatum L. ..+.....1......... Stachys recta L. .....+............ Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull (shrub) ....3...22.12...23 Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull juv. ....1...12.1.21221 Molinia arundinacea Schrank ....1............2 Logfia minima (Sm.) Dumort. .....1...+..112.. Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. ......1.....2..... Centaurium erythraea Rafn ......22.......... Festuca filiformis Pourr. ........2........1 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. .........2..3..... Anarrhinum bellidifolium (L.) Willd. ...........1...1.. Crysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. ................4. Solidago gigantea Aiton .......2.......... Galium sp. ..........1....... Hypochoeris radicata L. ........1......... 297 Jasione montana L. .......+.......... 298 Herzogia 31 (1) Teil 1, 2018 Table 2. Vascular vegetation relevés with relevant
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