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Presence and Distribution of Scirtothrips Dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Colombia

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Presence and Distribution of Scirtothrips Dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Colombia Journal of Insect Science, (2018) 18(5): 7; 1–10 doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iey092 Research Presence and Distribution of Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Colombia Everth Ebratt Ravelo,1,2 Jessica U. Vaca,1 Emilio P. Arévalo,2 Luis Delgado,2 María F. Díaz,2 Laura Piñeros,2 Ángela P. Castro,2 Helena Brochero,1 and Arturo Goldarazena3,4 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotà, Colombia, 2Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA, Bogotà, Colombia, 3Biodiversity, Earth and Life Institute – ELIB, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain La Neuve, Belgium, and 4Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Norman Leppla Received 8 June 2018; Editorial decision 31 August 2018 Abstract The presence and distribution of Scirtothrips dorsalis was reported in Colombia in the Andean, Caribbean, and Orinoquia regions, from 0 to 1,200 meters of altitude (MASL) in the warm climate zone, with less than 2,000 mm rainfall per year and a temperature above 24°C, which corresponds to the tropical dry forest life zone (TDF). Larvae and adults of S. dorsalis were found on 13 plant species belonging to 12 genera in 12 families, of 181 plant species sampled from 129 genera in 47 families sampled. The botanical species with S. dorsalis presence included cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) L., mango (Mangifera indica) L., chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) L., bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) L., orange (Citrus sinensis) L., jasmine orange (Murraya paniculata) L., rose (Rosa sp.), and the weeds Sesbania exaltata (Mill.), Phyllanthus niruri L., Ludwigia hyssopifolia Vahl, Euphorbia hypericifolia L., Echinochloa colona L., and Amaranthus spinosus (L.). S. dorsalis prefers young leaves and floral structures, but in cotton it was also associated with squares. The low number of host plants is evident, far from the extensive lists obtained by other authors in other latitudes. S. dorsalis invaded Colombia only in recent years, and this is the first study of the presence and distribution of this thrips in the area. Key words: distribution, host plant, niche, trips Resumen Se reportó la presencia y distribución de Scirtothrips dorsalis en Colombia, en las regiones Andina, Caribe y Orinoquia, desde los 0 hasta los 1200 metros de altitud (msnm), en el piso térmico cálido, con precipitación inferior a los 2000 mm anuales y temperatura superior a los 24°C, en correspondencia con la zona de vida bosque seco tropical (bs-T). Se encontraron larvas y adultos de S. dorsalis en 13 especies botánicas, 12 géneros y 12 familias, de las 181 especies botánicas, 129 géneros y 47 familias muestreadas. Las especies botánicas con presencia de S. dorsalis incluyeron el algodón (Gossypium hirsutum) L., mango (Mangifera indica) L., ají (Capsicum frutescens) L., pimentón (Capsicum annuum) L., naranja (Citrus sinensis) L., mirto (Murraya paniculata) L., rosa (Rosa sp.) y las arvenses Sesbania exaltata (Mill.), Phyllanthus niruri L., Ludwigia hyssopifolia Vahl, Euphorbia hypericifolia L., Echinochloa colona y (L.) Amaranthus spinosus (L.). En todas las especies muestreadas, a excepción del algodón, las preferencias por las estructuras vegetales se orientaron por las hojas jóvenes y estructuras florales, en algodón también se asoció a capsulas. Se evidencia el bajo número de plantas hospedantes, distante de los extensos listados obtenidos por otros autores en otras latitudes. El estudio presentado aquí es el primero en Colombia que examina la presencia y distribución de S. dorsalis en áreas que ha invadido en los últimos años. Palabras clave: distribución, hospedante, nicho, trips The family Thripidae (Thysanoptera) includes important pests of a abortion of floral structures, flowers, and fruits. In addition, they wide number of cultivated plant species, and much direct damage is can cause indirect damage, such as the transmission of viruses that attributed to them including: distortion of leaves, defoliation, and can affect yield and quality of crops (EFSA 2014). In the global © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons. 1 org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 2 Journal of Insect Science, 2018, Vol. 18, No. 5 context, the most important species of Thysanoptera for agricultural species has been recorded in Huila, Tolima, and Vichada departments production are grouped in the genera Caliothrips Daniel, Retithrips (ICA 2012). S. dorsalis is successful in expanding its geographical Marchal, Sericothrips Haliday, Thrips Linneaeus, Frankliniella distribution range due to passive transport through human activi- Karny, and Scirtothrips Shull (Leigh 1995, Mailhot et al. 2007). The ties, new sites to colonize derived by climate change, and the lack of genus Scirtothrips has 100 described species (ThripsWiki 2017), predators or specific plant defenses in its host that restrict its colon- distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world, with ization (Kumar et al. 2013). This could be considered a biological relevant species considered of economic importance for world agri- invasion, as it is a nonnatural distribution process caused by human culture such as Scirtothrips aurantii, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips commercial activity (Gutiérrez 2006). Rodríguez (2006) and Kenis perseae, Scirtothrips inermis, Scirtothrips longipennis, Scirtothrips et al. (2008), recognize that the invasion of ecosystems by introduced mangiferae, Scirtothrips oligochaetus, and Scirtothrips dorsalis species is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and the structure (Hoddle and Mound 2003, EPPO 2005). of communities, with direct negative impacts of nonnative species on S. dorsalis Hood has been associated with young leaves, flow- the native biota, with effects on predation, hybridization, generation ers, and terminal shoots in more than 200 species of dicotyledonous of changes in ecosystem processes, loss of biodiversity, population plants, in about 40 botanical families (Hoddle and Mound 2003). It imbalances, and competition for habitats. preferentially feeds on the epidermis, and occasionally, on palisade In order to update the status of this economically important spe- tissues in young leaves and tissues of the apex of young fruits, espe- cies in Colombia, the purpose of this study was to determine the cially when they are still hidden under the calyx. In many hosts, it geographical distribution and identification of plants associated can feed on upper surfaces of leaves when the levels of infestation are and nonassociated with S. dorsalis in three ecological regions of high. Larvae and adults are often located toward the main central Colombia where main agricultural crops are established. vein of young leaves or near the damaged area of leaf tissues. Pupae can be found in the leaf litter on the soil, in the axils of the leaves, in Materials and Methods curled leaves or under the calyx (Kumar et al. 2013). The feeding damage of S. dorsalis is characterized by bronzed Geographic Location and Sampling scars on the leaves, petals, and epidermis of fruits. A concentric ring This study was carried out between 2013 and 2016 and is part of is often formed in the scarred tissue around the apex, fruit distor- the doctoral thesis project: Diversity and geographical distribution tion, and premature leaf senescence (Kumar et al. 2013). In add- of Thysanoptera: Tripinae with emphasis on Frankliniella Karny in ition, it has the capacity to transmit phytopathogenic viral particles Colombia. Samples were collected covering ranges of 500 meters of of Tospovirus (= Bunyavirales: Tospoviridae: Orthotospoviruses) altitude from 0 to 3,000 meters above sea level (MASL), in several (Jones 2005, Adams et al. 2017) that cause considerable losses in life zones such as tropical dry forest, lower montane dry forest, lower yields, profitability, and may lead to the implementation of excessive montane moist forest, tropical moist forest, premontane moist for- and restrictive control measures in export markets (Riley et al. 2011, est, premontane very moist forest, premontane pluvial forest, lower Ebratt et al. 2013). montane very moist forest, tropical very dry forest, and premontane S. dorsalis is native to tropical Asia (Dev 1964, Mound and Palmer transitional moist forest in the Andean region; tropical dry forest, 1981) but it currently occurs in Australia, the Solomon Islands, tropical very dry forest, tropical moist forest, premontane dry for- Israel, the Caribbean region (Kumar et al. 2013), North America est, premontane moist forest, tropical thorn forest in the Caribbean (Nietschke et al. 2008) and South America in Surinam, Venezuela region and, the tropical dry forest and the tropical rain forest zone (Cermeli et al. 2009), and Colombia (ICA 2012). In Colombia, this of the Orinoquia region (Holdridge 1967, IAvH 2014) in different Fig. 1. Presence of S. dorsalis in Colombia: A. Total distribution of sampling points (N = 1,227). B. Points with presence of S. dorsalis in Colombia (N = 169). Table 1. Plants host of S. dorsalis in Colombia in the tropical dry forest (TDF) life zone ofInsectScience, Journal Plant Species Family
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