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Government of the Republic of Bangladesh, Office of the Project Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh Office of the Project Director Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Project Department of Agricultural Extension Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215 Final Report Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Citrus in Bangladesh November-2014 Center for Resource Development Studies Ltd Page | 13C/8C Babar Road (Gr.Fl.), Block-B, Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207, Tel: +02-9136704, Email: [email protected] Final Report For Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Citrus under Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Project (SPCB), DAE The Study Team Dr. Hamiz Uddin Ahmed, Team Leader Dr. Md. Abdul Latif, Senoir Entomologist Dr. Md. Fazlul Huq, Agronomist Dr. Abu Taher Mia, Plant Pathologist Dr. Md. Abdul Latif, Entomologist Dr. Shaker Ahmed, Economist Reviewed by Sedeque lbn Shams, PD, SPCB Project, DAE Md. Ahsan Ullah, Consultant – PRA, SPCB Project, DAE Md. Ayub Hossain, Consultant – Procurement, SPCB Project, DAE Submitted to Project Director Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Project Department of Agricultural Extension Kharmarbhari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215 November 2014 Submitted By Center for Resource Development Studies Ltd 13C/8C Babar Road (Gr.Fl.), Block-B, Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207, Tel: +02-9136704, Email: [email protected] Page | i TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronyms xv Glossary xvi Executive Summary xviii 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Methodologies 3 3.0 Pests and Diseases of Citrus in Bangladesh 8 3.1 Crop-wise Insect Pests of Citrus 8 3.2 Diseases of Citrus 14 4.0 Quarantine Insect Pests and Diseases of Citrus 18 4.1 Quarantine Insect Pests of Citrus for Bangladesh 18 4.2 Quarantine Diseases of Citrus for Bangladesh 19 5.0 Risk Analysis for Citrus in Bangladesh 21 5.1 Background 21 5.2 Scope of the Risk Analysis 21 5.3 Risk Analysis Process and Methodology 21 5.4 Commodity and Pathway Description 21 5.5 Hazard Identification 22 5.6 Risk Assessment of Potential Hazards 22 5.7 Assessment of Uncertainties 22 5.8 Analysis of Measures to Mitigate Biosecurity Risks 24 5.9 Risk Evaluation 24 5.10 Option Evaluation 24 5.11 Review and Consultation 24 6.0 Import Risk Analysis 25 6.1 Commodity Description 25 6.2 Description of Proposed Import Pathway 26 6.3 Geography, Climate Pest Control and Pre-Export Handling in Country of Origin 27 6.3.1 Bhutan 27 6.3.2 Brazil 29 6.3.3 China 30 6.3.4 Egypt 32 6.3.5 India 33 6.3.6 Pakistan 34 6.3.7 South Africa 36 Page | ii Final Report Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Citrus under Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Project (SPCB), DAE. 6.3.8 USA 38 6.3.9 Bangladesh 41 7.0 Hazard Identification 42 7.1 Potential Hazard Groups 42 7.2 Pests and Diseases of Citrus in Bangladesh 43 7.3 Organisms Intercepted at the Border on Citrus Fruit on Existing Pathways 45 7.4 Other Risk Characteristics of the Commodity 45 7.4.1 Unlisted Pests 45 7.4.2 Symptomless Micro-Organisms 45 7.5 Assumptions and Uncertainties 45 7.5.1 Hazard Biology and Identification 45 7.5.2 Assumption Regarding Transit Time of Fruit on the Air Pathway 46 7.5.3 Assumption and Uncertainty around Disposal of Infested Fruit 46 7.5.4 Assumption and Uncertainty around Risk Management Measures 46 8.0 Review of Management Options 48 8.1 Introduction 48 8.1.1 Disinfestation Treatments 48 8.1.2 Systems Approach 48 8.2 Production and Post-Harvest Measures 48 8.2.1 Monitoring Programs in Production Areas 48 8.2.2 In-Field Sanitation 49 8.2.3 Pest Control Measures 49 8.2.4 Washing and Fruit Coatings 49 8.2.5 Visual Inspection and Culling of Imperfect Fruit 50 8.2.6 Conclusion 50 8.3 Visual Inspection at the Border of Bangladesh 50 8.4 High-Temperature Forced-Air (HTFA) Treatment 51 8.4.1 Introduction 51 8.4.2 Mode of Action 51 8.4.3 Description of the HTFA Chamber 51 8.4.4 Treatment Efficacy Experiments 52 8.4.5 Efficacy against Fruit Fly in Citrus 52 8.4.6 Efficacy against Fruit Fly in Papaya 52 8.4.7 Other Pest Species and Commodities 53 8.4.8 Factors Affecting Treatment Efficacy 53 8.4.9 Effects of HTFA Treatment on Citrus Fruit 53 8.4.10 Conclusion 54 Page | iii Final Report Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Citrus under Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Project (SPCB), DAE. 8.5 Hot Water Immersion (HWI) 55 8.5.1 HWI for Microbial Disease Control 55 8.5.2 HWI for Invertebrate Control 55 8.5.3 Conclusion 56 8.6 Cold Disinfestation 56 8.6.1 Conclusion 58 8.7 Fumigation 58 8.7.1 Conclusion 58 8.8 Assessment of Residual Risk 58 8.9 Assumptions and Uncertainties 59 8.9.1 Hazard Biology and Identification 59 8.9.2 Assumption Regarding Transit Time of Fruit on the Air Pathway 59 8.9.3 Assumption and Uncertainty around Disposal of Infested Fruit 59 8.9.4 Assumption and Uncertainty around Risk Management Measures 59 8.9.5 Assumption around Citrus spp. Grown in Bangladesh 60 9.0 Potential Hazard Organisms: Risk Analyses 61 Fruit Fly 61 9.1 Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean Fruit Fly) 61 9.1.1 Hazard Identification 61 9.1.2 Biology 61 9.1.3 Hosts 61 9.1.4 Distribution 61 9.1.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 62 9.1.6 Risk Assessment 62 9.1.6.1 Entry Assessment 62 9.1.6.2 Exposure Assessment 63 9.1.6.3 Establishment Assessment 63 9.1.7 Consequence Assessment 63 9.1.7.1 Economic Impact 63 9.1.7.2 Environmental Impact 63 9.1.7.3 Human Health Impact 64 9.1.8 Risk estimation 64 9.1.9 Risk Management 64 9.1.9.1 Options 64 9.1.9.1.2 Post Harvest Culling, Washing, Waxing and Visual Inspection 64 9.1.9.1.3 High Temperature Forced Air (HTFA) 64 9.1.9.1.4 Cold Disinfestation 64 Page | iv Final Report Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Citrus under Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Project (SPCB), DAE. 9.1.9.2 Recommended Management Options 65 Fruit Fly 65 9.2 Bactrocera invadens (Asian Fruit Fly) 65 9.2.1 Hazard Identification 65 9.2.2 Biology 65 9.2.3 Hosts 65 9.2.4 Distribution 66 9.2.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 66 Fruit Fly 66 9.3 Bactrocera papayae (Papaya Fruit Fly) 66 9.3.1 Hazard Identification 66 9.3.2 Biology 66 9.3.3 Hosts 67 9.3.4 Distribution 67 9.3.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 67 Fruit Fly 67 9.4 Bractrocera tryoni (Queensland Fruit Fly) 67 9.4.1 Hazard Identification 67 9.4.2 Biology 67 9.4.3 Hosts 68 9.4.4 Distribution 68 9.4.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 68 9.4.6 Risk assessment for B. invadens, B. papayae and B. tryoni 68 9.4.6.1 Entry Assessment 68 9.4.6.2 Exposure Assessment 69 9.4.6.3 Establishment Assessment 69 9.4.7 Consequence Assessment 69 9.4.7.1 Economic Impact 69 9.4.7.2 Environmental Impact 69 9.4.7.3 Human Health Impact 70 9.4.8 Risk Estimation 70 9.4.9 Risk Management 70 9.4.9.1 Options 70 9.4.6.1.1 Field Sanitation 70 9.4.6.1.2 Post Harvest Culling, Washing, Waxing and Visual Inspection 70 9.4.6.1.3 High Temperature Forced Air (HTFA) 70 9.4.6.1.4 Cold Disinfestation 71 Page | v Final Report Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Citrus under Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Project (SPCB), DAE. 9.4.6.1.5 Visual inspection at the border 71 9.4.9.2 Recommended Management Options 71 Aphid 71 9.5 Toxoptera citricida ( Brown Citrus Aphid) 71 9.5.1 Hazard Identification 71 9.5.2 Biology 71 9.5.2.1 Toxoptera Citricida as a Vector 72 9.5.3 Hosts 72 9.5.4 Distribution 73 9.5.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 73 Psyllid 73 9.6 Trioza erytreae (African Citrus Psyllid) 73 9.6.1 Hazard Identification 73 9.6.2 Biology 73 9.6.3 Hosts 74 9.6.4 Pest Distribution 74 9.6.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 74 Scale 74 9.7 Unaspis citri (Citrus Snow Scale) 74 9.7.1 Hazard Identification 74 9.7.2 Biology 74 9.7.3 Hosts 75 9.7.4 Pest Distribution 75 9.7.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 75 Scale 75 9.8 Icerya purchasi (Cottony Cushion Scale) 75 9.8.1 Hazard Identification 75 9.8.2 Biology 76 9.8.3 Hosts 76 9.8.4 Pest Distribution 76 9.8.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 76 9.8.6 Risk Assessment 76 9.8.6.1 Entry Assessment 76 9.8.6.2 Exposure Assessment 77 9.8.6.3 Establishment Assessment 77 9.8.7 Consequence Assessment 77 9.8.7.1 Economic Impact 77 Page | vi Final Report Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of Citrus under Strengthening Phytosanitary Capacity in Bangladesh Project (SPCB), DAE. 9.8.7.2 Environmental Impact 77 9.8.7.3 Human Health Impact 77 9.8.8 Risk Estimation 78 9.8.9 Risk Management 78 9.8.9.1 Options 78 9.8.9.1.1 Post Harvest Culling, Washing, Waxing and Visual Inspection 78 9.8.9.1.2 High Temperature Forced Air 78 9.8.9.1.3 Hot Water Immersion 78 9.8.9.1.4 Cold Disinfestation 78 9.8.9.1.5 Visual Inspection at the Border 78 9.8.9.2 Recommended Management Practice 79 Thrips 79 9.9 Scirtothrips citri (California Citrus Thrips) 79 9.9.1 Hazard Identification 79 9.9.2 Biology 79 9.9.3 Hosts 79 9.9.4 Pest Distribution 79 9.9.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 79 Thrips 80 9.10 Scirtothrips aurantii (South African Citrus Thrips) 80 9.10.1 Hazard Identification 80 9.10.2 Biology 80 9.10.3 Hosts 80 9.10.4 Pest Distribution 80 9.10.5 Hazard Identification Conclusion 80 9.10.6 Risk Assessment for S.
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