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Natuurkundige Voordrachten 2015 - 2016 Nieuwe Reeks No NATUURKUNDIGE VOORDRACHTEN 2015 - 2016 NIEUWE REEKS NO. 94 Jaarboek 2015 - 2016 van de KONINKLIJKE MAATSCHAPPIJ VOOR NATUURKUNDE onder de zinspreuk Diligentia Beschermvrouwe Bestuurders Hare Koninklijke Hoogheid Prof. dr. P.J. Sterk, voorzitter Prinses Beatrix der Nederlanden Mw. dr. M.J. Blankwater, secretaris ledenbestand en convocaties Drs. A.E.R. Kalff, secretaris bestuurszaken Erelid Dr. ir. J.G. Vogtländer, penningmeester Prof. dr. R. van Furth Dr. H. Weijma Prof. ir. P. Hoogeboom Mr. J.W. Andringa Prof. dr. K.H. Kuijken DILIGENTIA • Lange Voorhout 5 • 's-Gravenhage Opgericht 1793 • www.natuurwetenschappen-diligentia.nl Natuurkundige voordrachten I Nieuwe reeks 94 Voorwoord Met gepaste trots presenteert het bestuur voor kwaliteit en soms ook curiositeit van de manuscrip- de tweede keer een jaarboek dat in eigen beheer ten op. Het werd alleszins de moeite waard geacht is opgemaakt en volledig in kleur is gedrukt. De om de oude jaarboeken in gescande vorm digitaal positieve reacties op de vorige uitgave waren een beschikbaar te krijgen. Eén van de bestuursleden, stimulans om op de ingeslagen weg door te gaan. Peter Hoogeboom, is daarmee bezig. Het is een fors Daarbij is het streven opgepakt om het jaarboek karwei, maar inmiddels zijn er al zo'n 60 jaarboeken zo snel mogelijk na afloop van het verenigingsjaar van de nieuwe reeks online beschikbaar, namelijk gereed te hebben, liefst al bij de aanvang van het alle lezingen vanaf 1965. Behalve de mogelijkheid nieuwe lezingenseizoen. Dat is deze keer redelijk om complete jaarboeken te downloaden, zijn de gelukt, maar of we daarin vaker slagen, is ook bijdragen in deze boeken ook via de sprekerslijst afhankelijk van de snelheid waarmee de laatste toegankelijk. We hopen in de toekomst dit bestand lezingen van het seizoen door de sprekers op schrift uit te breiden, in ieder geval met de resterende jaar- zijn gesteld (zij hebben hiervoor maar een korte boeken van de nieuwe reeks, die is gestart in 1922. periode beschikbaar) en de aanlevering van infor- matie die pas in de zomer bekend wordt, bijv. over Onderaan deze pagina ziet u een foto van het de Diligentiaprijs voor scholieren. bestuur. Per 1 mei heeft Hette Weijma zich terug- In dit jaarboek vindt u bijdragen van alle sprekers getrokken. Wij willen hem op deze plaats nog eens van het afgelopen seizoen 2015 - 2016 en ook hartelijk bedanken voor zijn enorme inzet, o.a. voor het artikel van prof. M.D. de Jong van het vorige het jaarboek, sprekersselectie en inrichting vitrines. seizoen. Zijn lezing viel aan het eind van het seizoen Er is nog geen opvolger, maar wel heeft het bestuur waardoor zijn artikel niet tijdig gereed was. een zeer kundig adviseur kunnen aantrekken in de In de manuscripten van de sprekers vindt u behalve persoon van Margriet van der Heijden. Haar kennis een neerslag van het in de lezing gepresenteerde van de wetenschappelijke wereld en de media is werk, vaak ook extra informatie, bijv. referenties en waardevol voor Diligentia. nieuwe resultaten. De bijdrage van prof. P. Groot (zie pag. 13) is in dit licht vermeldenswaard: Het bestuur tijdens zijn lezing over zwaartekrachtgolven en de detectie daarvan, mocht hij nog niet verklappen dat een maand eerder de eerste detectie al had plaats gevonden en dat het LIGO instrument dus werkte! In het manuscript leest u er alles over. Behalve de bijdragen van de sprekers zijn in dit jaar- boek verenigingsinformatie en het jaarverslag te vinden. Daarnaast overzichten van de Diligentiaprijs voor scholieren, bestuursleden, excursies en lezin- gen van de afgelopen 30 jaar. Op de verenigingswebsite zijn sinds kort de titels en auteurs van alle lezingen sinds 1872 terug te vinden, in totaal zijn het er meer dan 1600. In het overzicht v.l.n.r.: Peter Hoogeboom, Hette Weijma, Jan kan met zoektermen snel een spreker of een titel Andringa, Peter Sterk, Anton Kalff, Marie-José gevonden worden. Om dit overzicht te maken, Blankwater, Koen Kuijken, Joost Vogtländer. zijn alle jaarboeken doorgewerkt. Daarbij viel de foto sept 2015 2 Natuurkundige voordrachten I Nieuwe reeks 94 Inhoud 1. Artikelen behorende bij de lezingen vakgebied* datum titel en spreker KENNISMAKINGSLEZING 1.1 G 21/09/15 Prof.dr. S.M. de Jong, Aardobservatie voor het monitoren van ecosystemen 5 JONG DILIGENTIA LEZING 1.2 S 05/10/15 Prof.dr. P. Groot, Zwaartekrachtgolven: bronnen en detectie 13 REGULIERE LEZINGEN 1.3 B 19/10/15 Prof.dr.ir. E.J.G. Peterman, Een frisse blik op biologische processen door 25 fluorescentie aan individuele moleculen 1.4 A 02/11/15 Prof.dr. H.J.J. Jonker, Wolkenfysica en de rol van wolken bij weer en klimaat 35 1.5 M 16/11/15 Prof.dr. C.G. Figdor, Immunotherapie bij kanker 41 1.6 S 30/11/15 Mw. prof.dr. M. Haverkorn, Het ecosysteem van onze Melkweg 47 1.7 B 14/12/15 Dr. C.F.A. Döller, De TomTom in ons brein 57 1.8 G 04/01/16 Prof.dr. L.G. Evers, Meting van aardbevingen met seismiek en infrageluid: 67 over noord Groningen en de Krakatau 1.9 T 18/01/16 Prof.dr. S. Klous, Wij zijn ‘big data’ 75 1.10 B 01/02/16 Prof.dr. S. Otto, Kunnen we leven maken in het lab? 81 1.11 M 15/02/16 Mw. prof.dr. M.G. Rots, Het in- en uitschakelen van genen: ‘de maakbare mens’? 89 1.12 N 29/02/16 Prof.dr. W.J. van der Zande, Interactie tussen licht en materie: 99 nieuwe lichtbronnen en wat we leren van de wereld om ons heen 1.13 S 14/03/16 Dr. J.P. van der Schaar, Het vroege heelal en de status van 109 kosmologische inflatie 1.14 M 04/04/16 Prof.dr. W.M. de Vos, ‘Microbes inside’: darmbacteriën bij gezondheid en ziekte 117 DE NOBELPRIJS 2015 VOOR NATUURKUNDE VERKLAARD 1.15 N 18/04/16 Prof.dr. M. de Jong, Neutrino's vissen in het donker 127 NAGEKOMEN MANUSCRIPT 1.16 M 20/04/15 Prof.dr. M.D. de Jong, Plotselinge wereldwijde epidemieën 135 *) voor aanduiding vakgebieden zie pagina 155 2. Uit de vereniging 2.1 Koninklijke Maatschappij voor Natuurkunde 'Diligentia' 141 2.2 Jaarverslag over het seizoen 2015-2016 143 2.3 Diligentiaprijs voor scholieren 147 2.4 Bestuursledenlijsten van Diligentia 151 2.5 Alfabetisch register van de voordrachten in de seizoenen 1986-1987 t/m 2015-2016 155 2.6 Excursies en bedrijfsbezoeken in de seizoenen 1986-1987 t/m 2015-2016 163 Colofon 164 3 Natuurkundige voordrachten I Nieuwe reeks 94 4 Natuurkundige voordrachten I Nieuwe reeks 94 1.1 Aardobservatie voor het monitoren van ecosystemen Prof.dr. Steven M. de Jong Inleiding Departement Fysische Geografie, Faculteit Met een alsmaar groeiende wereldbevolking en voor Geowetenschappen, Universiteit Utrecht veel mensen een stijgend welvaartsniveau wordt www.geo.uu.nl/dejong de druk op onze leefomgeving groter en groter. De mens gebruikt steeds meer ruimte om te wonen, te reizen en te recreëren. De mens gebruikt ook steeds – Lezing gehouden voor de Koninklijke meer natuurlijke hulpbronnen (water, olie, gas, hout, Maatschappij voor Natuurkunde ‘Diligentia’ te metalen, mineralen). De Club van Rome beschreef al ’s-Gravenhage op 21 september 2015. in 1972 de relatie tussen economische groei en de – Een video opname van de lezing is te zien op gevolgen voor het milieu op basis van prognoses www.natuurwetenschappen-diligentia.nl. van grondstof- en voedselgebruik (Meadows et al., – Deze eerste lezing van het seizoen, onze 1972) en voorspelde het opraken van essentiële KENNISMAKINGSLEZING, is vrij toegankelijk voor grondstoffen. In de jaren 90 kwam Rees met het idee iedereen. De belangstelling was groot. om de druk die de mens uitoefent op zijn leefom- geving uit te drukken in de ecologische voetafdruk Samenvatting van de lezing: (Rees, 1992). Het uitgangspunt van deze ecologische Veel van wat we weten over het functioneren van voetafdruk is dat menselijke consumptie van water, ‘systeem aarde’, het functioneren van ecosyste- hout, vis, vlees en/of fossiele brandstof kan worden men of klimaatverandering, wordt afgeleid uit uitgedrukt in een benodigd productie-oppervlak in aardobservatiebeelden. Deze aardobservatietech- hectares. Een dergelijke kwantificering maakt goed nieken zijn in de afgelopen decennia razendsnel inzichtelijk dat onze consumptie veel hoger is dan ontwikkeld. Binnen de aardwetenschappen maken de aarde aan kan en brengt tevens de spreiding van we tegenwoordig gebruik van satellietbeelden, consumptie over de aarde in beeld, zoals bijvoor- vliegtuigbeelden en van beelden opgenomen met beeld in tabel 1. drones (Unmanned Airborne Vehicles of UAVs). De gevolgen van de grote wereldbevolking en Sensoren aan boord van deze platformen maken het hoge welvaartsniveau zijn onder andere een opnamen in zichtbaar licht, in het nabij- en snelle ontbossing van sommige delen van de aarde, midden-infrarood-, thermisch infrarood- en het grootschalige exploratie-activiteiten van mineralen microgolfgebied. Elk spectrale gebied heeft zijn en fossiele grondstoffen, en verontreiniging van eigen voordelen en levert ons een specifiek type informatie over het landschap. Nabij- en midden- Land / continent Ecologische infrarood licht verschaft informatie over vegetatie- voetafdruk ha bedekking, stress bij planten en de aanwezigheid Wereld gemiddeld 2.7 van mineralen in de bodem. Het microgolfgebied Noord-Amerika 7.1 levert informatie over bodemvocht en beelden in Europa 4.7 het zichtbaar licht, opgenomen met camera’s in Afrika 1.4 UAVs, leveren bijvoorbeeld informatie over ijsstro- Verenigde Staten 8.0 mingen en het afsmelten van gletsjers in Nepal. Tijdens de lezing werd ingegaan op de werking Nederland 6.2 van een aantal aardobservatietechnieken en zijn India 0.9 voorbeelden van het gebruik gepresenteerd. Tabel 1: Enkele voorbeelden van de gemiddelde ecologische voetafdruk per inwoner. 5 Natuurkundige voordrachten I Nieuwe reeks 94 1.1 Aardobservatie voor het monitoren van ecosystemen bodem en water.
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