Bajo El Trance De La Música Negra Una Comparación De La Creación

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Bajo El Trance De La Música Negra Una Comparación De La Creación Bajo el Trance de la Música Negra Una comparación de la creación musical bajo la influencia de la música afrobrasileña en los compositores Camargo Guarnieri y Francisco Mignone Alumno: José Roberto de Paulo Tutor: Prof. Dr. Germán Gan Quesada Trabajo de Fin de Máster Tribunal: ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Bellaterra, Barcelona, 12 de Julio de 2012 José Roberto de Paulo Página 1 Agradecimientos Ford Foundation - International Fellowships Program Fundação Carlos Chagas – São Paulo – Brasil Nuffic – Barcelona – España Prof. Dr. Germán Gan Quesada Prof. Dr. Lutero Rodrigues Prof. Dr. Francesc Cortès i Mir Prof. Dr. Jaume Ayats Abeyà Prof.ª Dra. Maricarmen Gómez Muntané Prof. Dr. Mário Ficarelli A Deus A minha família De Paulo A minha namorada Daniela Soares de Oliveira A meus amigos Este trabajo fue realizado durante el periodo en que el autor fue becario del programa internacional de becas de posgrado de la Ford Foundation (2010 – 2012). José Roberto de Paulo Página 2 Dedicatoria A mis padres Rubens de Paulo Santos (in memorian) Maria de Lourdes Souza de Paulo (in memorian) A mis hermanos y hermanas Maria José de Paulo Luiz Alberto de Paulo Aloísio de Paulo (in memorian) Rubens de Paulo Rômulo de Paulo Gilmar de Paulo Gilson de Paulo Maria Auxiliadora de Paulo Reinaldo de Paulo José Roberto de Paulo Página 3 Índice General Introducción ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.6 1. Escritos entre 1930 – 1950 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.8 2. Escritos posteriores a 1960 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- p.11 Capítulo I: Nacionalismo en Latinoamérica e identidad musical brasileña ------------ p.14 I. 1. Primitivismo y nacionalismo musical Latinoamericano ----------------------------------- p.14 I. 2. Estudios sobre el negro y los movimientos artísticos en Brasil a inicios del siglo XX ----- p.20 I. 3. Nacionalismo musical brasileño -------------------------------------------------------------- p.24 I. 4. El indígena y el negro exaltados en la música de concierto ------------------------------- p.26 Capítulo II: La música afrobrasileña y sus elementos característicos ------------------- p.32 II. 1. Introducción ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ p.32 II. 2. Géneros ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ p.33 II. 3. Escalas ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.36 II. 4. Estructuras Melódicas ------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.46 II. 5. Ritmo -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.56 II. 6. Instrumentación -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.68 II. 6. 1. Los instrumentos membráfonos ----------------------------------------------------------- p.69 II. 6. 2. Los instrumentos idiófonos ---------------------------------------------------------------- p.72 II. 7. Otros elementos característicos de la música afrobrasileña ------------------------------ p.75 II. 7. 1. Los textos en los cantos afrobrasileños -------------------------------------------------- p.75 II. 7. 2. Las características de la voz cantada ----------------------------------------------------- p.78 II. 7. 3. La coreografía afrobrasileña --------------------------------------------------------------- p.80 Capítulo III: Obras de Mignone y de Guarnieri bajo la influencia de la música afrobrasileña ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.84 III. 1. Las obras más representativas bajo la influencia afrobrasileña ------------------------- p.84 III. 2. Obras de Francisco Mignone ---------------------------------------------------------------- p.87 III. 3. Obras de Camargo Guarnieri -------------------------------------------------------------- p.101 III. 4. La instrumentación bajo la influencia afrobrasileña ------------------------------------ p.117 III. 4. 1. Orquestación en obras de Francisco Mignone ---------------------------------------- p.118 III. 4. 2. Orquestación en obras de Camargo Guarnieri ---------------------------------------- p.120 José Roberto de Paulo Página 4 Capítulo IV: Comparando lenguajes bajo propuestas estéticas ------------------------- p.124 IV. 1. Introducción ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.124 IV. 2. Forma musical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.125 IV. 3. Estructura melódica y rítmica ------------------------------------------------------------- p.128 IV. 4. Estructura polifónica y armónica ---------------------------------------------------------- p.138 IV. 5. Orquestación --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.144 Conclusiones ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.149 Bibliografía ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.158 Anexos ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.163 I. Cantos I. 1. Cantos de Candomblé recogidos por Camargo Guarnieri analizados en este trabajo I. 2. Cantos de Candomblé-de-caboclo recogidos por Camargo Guarnieri analizados en este trabajo I. 3. Canto popular analizado en este trabajo II. Partituras II. 1. Partituras analizadas de Francisco Mignone II. 2. Partituras analizadas de Camargo Guarnieri III. Fotografias de instrumentos afrobrasileños José Roberto de Paulo Página 5 Introducción Siempre me han encantado las músicas afrobrasileñas y la cultura circundante. En la música de concierto en Brasil, dos nombres en especial de compositores del siglo XX me llamaron la atención: Francisco Paulo Mignone (1897-1986) y Mozart Camargo Guarnieri (1907-1993). Como director de coro, quería trabajar algunas de las obras de estos compositores bajo la influencia afrobrasileña e hice una búsqueda de libros sobre este tema en las obras de estos autores. No he encontrado muchas cosas sobre él: solamente una tesis de maestría sobre el compositor Mignone1, y sobre Guarnieri no encontré ninguna disertación o tesis que hablara específicamente de la influencia de la música afrobrasileña en su obra. El asunto de la influencia de la música folclórica sobre los compositores brasileños del período conocido como "nacionalismo musical brasileño" ha sido discutido, pero pocos son quienes han tratado autónomamente la música negra como influencia sobre estos dos compositores. Los dos compositores estuvieron bajo la tutela estética de Mário de Andrade, quien propuso algunas premisas para escribir una música con sabor de brasilidade, y cada uno de estos compositores buscó interpretar sus propuestas estéticas y desarrollar un lenguaje musical propio. Estos hechos me han incentivado a realizar la investigación sobre este tema, muy discutido pero escasamente estudiado en profundidad. El tema del nacionalismo musical brasileño es un capítulo importante en la música de Brasil y la discusión escrita se inicia con trabajos escritos en la década de 1920, como el libro Ensaio sobre a música brasileira, de Mário de Andrade de 1928 (que puede considerarse el más importante para el movimiento musical nacionalista brasileño, una vez que el autor presenta en este libro las bases de estudio, directrices composicionales y estéticas a seguir por los compositores); también artículos de revistas especializadas, como los publicados por la musicóloga Oneyda Alvarenga, Curt Lange y Villa-Lobos en el Boletín Latinoamericano de Música ya en la década de 40, que podemos decir que son los primeros escritos sobre el tema del nacionalismo musical brasileño. Sin embargo, la cuestión de la influencia de la música afrobrasileña en los compositores siempre es tratada superficialmente en la mayoría de las contribuciones bibliográficas. Se escribe sobre las características de la música afrobrasileña, se analiza una u otra música folclórica o un canto de Candomblé, pero no se asocian directamente como un elemento fundamental en el imaginario del artista. Estos compositores todavía estaban a inicios de su carrera (Camargo Guarnieri) o consolidándose como personalidades en el medio musical, 1 (Paes,1989). José Roberto de Paulo Página 6 caso de Francisco Mignone, cuando estos libros y artículos fueron publicados, cuyo tema era la música folclórica como inspiración para los compositores eruditos brasileños. Creo que la falta de interés en profundizar sobre el tema tiene asimismo que ver con cuestiones y épocas polémicas2. A pesar de que los artistas reconociesen el papel importante de la cultura afro- brasileña y la utilizaran como fuente de inspiración para sus trabajos artísticos, los principales investigadores no se preocuparon en estudiar minuciosamente tal tema, limitándose a agrupar las diferentes culturas musicales en Brasil bajo la designación de manifestaciones culturales propias del folclore musical brasileño general y dando, así, la falsa impresión de agotamiento del tema. Desafortunadamente, ello no es cierto y todavía, en mi opinión, hay mucho que estudiar y publicar sobre la cuestión desde el punto de vista musicológico. Un ejemplo de ello es cómo en mi primera búsqueda
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