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Queensland Graziers' Perceptions of Sustainable Development

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Queensland Graziers' Perceptions of Sustainable Development It’s for love not money: Queensland graziers’ perceptions of sustainable development Jennifer Moffatt A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in June 2008 School of Natural and Rural Systems Management Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. There are no jointly authored works included in my thesis. There have been no contributions by others to my thesis beyond that given by my advisory panel in that role. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include any work that has been submitted to qualify for any other award in any university or other tertiary institution. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged wit the University Library and, subject to the General Award rules of The University of Queensland, immediately made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 . I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Statement of Contribution to Jointly Authored Works Contained in the Thesis No jointly authored works Statement of Contributions by Others to the Thesis as a Whole No contributions by others Statement of Parts of the Thesis Submitted to Qualify for the Award of Another Degree None Published Works by the Author Incorporated into the Thesis Moffatt, J. 2005 ‘Engaging rural and remote communities: A practice framework’, in the proceedings of the International Conference on Engaging Communities, 14-17 August (www.engagingcommunities2005.org ). Partially incorporated into Chapters 2 and 5. 2 Additional Works by the Author Relevant to the Thesis but not Forming Part of It Ross, H, Moffatt, J, Witt, G, Dale, A ‘Of people, their properties, policies and plans: integrating government, regional and landholder effort in Australian natural resource management’ (under review, accepted subject to revision). 3 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the many people who have contributed to this thesis. First and foremost I thank the Central West and Gulf graziers for sharing their views with me, taking an interest in the study and for their generous hospitality. A special thanks to the small group of people who took a key role through repeated discussions during and after the fieldwork period. I thank them for the time, their insights and their generosity. In addition I thank the many other individuals and representatives of organisations in these areas for enhancing my understanding of the people and the places. I wish to thank my primary hosts – Barb and Noel Anderson of Longreach, and Doug and Tania Quirk of Normanton. They gave me a home-away-from-home and friendship; they shared their understandings and posed many challenging questions about the topic. I thank my other hosts too, but because they were study participants, they must remain anonymous. Thank you to Tony Rayner, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, for the providing office accommodation in Longreach and Normanton. This was the most valuable resource during fieldwork. Thank you to my advisory panel. Professors Helen Ross, Geoff Lawrence and John Taylor provided enthusiasm, support and advice. The combined disciplinary perspectives created a valuable richness. Others who made an important contribution are Dr Rosemary Whip, Dr Mal Wegener, Dr Penny Wurm, Professor Barbara Pini, Professor Christa Critchley and Mark Ruddell. I thank them for their support and assistance. Thank you also to fellow students, friends and family. The candidature was supported financially by an Australian Postgraduate Award, scholarship top-up and operational funds from the Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Savannas Management and post-graduate support funds from the School of Natural and Rural Systems Management. 4 Abstract Despite a National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development and the embodiment of this in numerous national and state statues, environmental degradation continues to occur on rural land. This raises the question of how the primary land managers in Queensland perceive sustainable development. Australia’s early reliance on agricultural production and international markets contributed substantially to the extensive environmental degradation that has occurred. Consequently economic and environmental issues have dominated the research on sustainable development, with the social dimension relatively neglected. In addition, despite the large quantity of work that has been conducted with farmers and graziers, little is known about how either of these types of land managers interpret sustainable development. The aim of this thesis was to develop an in-depth understanding of graziers’ perceptions of sustainable development to make a contribution to this area. An exploratory interpretative approach was taken to conduct this investigation because previous research had been limited. In-depth unstructured interviews were conducted with 57 Queensland graziers in the tropical savannas in a case study with two locations – the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Central West. This approach was supported by participant observation and a brief questionnaire to provide background information. The fieldwork was conducted over a period of five months which allowed analysis to be conducted as the study progressed. Most of the graziers were interviewed on their properties with the goal of adding richness to the data and assisting with interpretation. Several bodies of literature have been used to interpret the results of this study. Areas of the sustainable development literature relevant to this thesis are reviewed to provide a context for the thesis. The literature on structural change in Australian agriculture provides a background to the broad influences on the agricultural sector and farmers. Also reviewed are the approaches taken to change the land management practices of farmers. The enduring value of farming and the changing values of rural land use are explored through a review of agrarianism, the goals and values of farmers and the post-productivist transition. The results for both study locations showed that these graziers preference the economic dimension of sustainable development over the environmental and social dimensions. The rationale for this preference is that maintaining economic viability will allow them to achieve 5 their social goal – to continue their preferred way of life. A strong focus therefore, is on economic viability as a means to a social end. The objective is to overcome the constraints of being market and season dependent and the costs of operating in rural and remote locations through a whole-of-enterprise business management approach. The need for graziers to continue increasing their productivity to remain economically viable and to continue being competitive in international markets, challenges their ability to balance the economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. For some the environmental dimension of sustainable development may be compromised to accommodate their economic priorities and social goals. A perceived future threat, more so for Gulf graziers, arises from the belief that they and their interests are marginalised through consultation processes. This contributes to their belief that the government prioritises Aboriginal land rights and environmental protection interests over their production interests. They believe that if this continues their future is at risk through further decreases to the security of their tenure. The results of this study suggest that a more innovative and integrated approach will be required to meet the challenges of sustainable development in these areas, in early twenty-first century Australia. The holistic approach from a social science perspective has provided an understanding of what graziers value and why. These insights contribute to knowledge of how to progress sustainable development. They could be tested with other types of land managers and as a foundation on which to build a more comprehensive understanding of sustainable development. 6 Keywords Sustainable development; graziers; farmers; agriculture; land management; business management. Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC) 1. Studies in Human Society Group 1699; Other Studies in Human Society 70%. 2. Environment Group 9699l; Other Environment 20%. 3. Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences Group 0701; Agriculture Land and Farm Management 10%. 7 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 12 Background .......................................................................................................................... 12 The Problem ......................................................................................................................... 14 This study............................................................................................................................. 16 Study aim .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Thesis structure ...................................................................................................................
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