Double Fold Or Double Take? Book Memory and the Administration of Knowledge

Double Fold or Double Take? Book Memory and the Administration of Knowledge

TARA BRABAZON School of Media, Communication and Culture, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

The year 2001 will be known for many destructive and braries, librarians and the distinctions between information highly visible public tragedies. However within the librarian and knowledge. Yet the article also suggests that Baker did discourse, it will be remembered for the controversies en- not extend his case for preservation far enough: to the realm circling the publication of Nicholson Baker’s Double Fold. of popular memory, popular culture and digital ephemera. This article assesses the rationale, direction and scope of this Without attention to these matters, libraries will remain ne- book and resultant debate, showing what it reveals about li- glected cemeteries: the passionless cranium of the culture.

Prologue cultural studies. To pay for his education, he is working at one of Western Australia’s University My garage spells of naphthalene. Because I hang libraries as the jack-the-lad lifter, stacker, shifter washing out to dry in the conjoined garage, my and gofer. One day, his mother informed me that frocks smell of naphthalene. Because the car lives this library was disposing of the entire collection there, my car smells of naphthalene. The origin of The West Australian, the longest surviving state- of – and rationale for – this piquant odour re- based newspaper. Her son was responsible for quires the telling of a story. putting these elegant volumes into the dumpster. The advantage of teaching hundreds of students However – if I desired – he would preserve a every year is that academics have the chance to range of the 1980s collection for me, after he [did meet thousands of family members and friends. not] put them in the dumpster. Within weeks, car- By the time an academic has lived in a city for ten loads of eighties magic started to stockpile in my years, it is impossible to attend an aerobics class lounge room, making it difficult to move around or go grocery shopping without meeting a former the house. Plus, delicate and remarkable tomes student, or the mother, girlfriend, boyfriend, son from the world wars, twenties and thirties were or daughter of a former student. added to the collection. The rest of The West Aus- My friends and students know that I am ob- tralian’s run – those that were not pilfered from sessed by both books and the 1980s. Books on the the dumpster – were simply destroyed. 1980s are special favourites. The son of one of my Now a new problem befell me, and everyone favourite cultural studies students – who attended who wanted to move through my home. How lectures with his mother during school holidays was I to store this material? I have a large house, and ‘sick days’ from high school – has also become and live alone. This may appear the solution to a friend and followed his mother’s footsteps into my problem. However, because of my prior col-

Dr Tara Brabazon is Senior Lecturer, School of Media, Communication and Culture, Murdoch University, South Street, Mur- doch, Western Australia 6150. Australia. Web site: http://brabazon.net/ E-mail: [email protected]

Unauthenticated | 134.115.4.99 Download Date | 1/25/13 5:37 AM Double Fold or Double Take? lecting habits, the house is full of groaning book- learning broadly defined, and operates through shelves featuring past hits of postcolonial theory, two intertwined arguments. Firstly, Baker’s con- critical pedagogy, Marxist historiography, cultural troversy is monitored, revealing the profoundly studies, gender studies and Internet theory. The contradictory imperatives confronting librarians, appropriated West Australians had no place in my as either information professionals or knowledge house. The garage was a concern – would it pre- managers. The second part excavates notions of serve the materials? information access, sketching the potentials and The advantage of being in the first generation problems of digitisation for assembling popular of family members to attend university means memory. that I have parents who can accomplish useful, Nicholson Baker’s work has always offered quantifiable tasks, like building, renovating, challenges, being difficult to situate in fiction or painting and fixing things. So a shelf was con- non-fiction, and subverting overt, classifiable structed, airtight boxes bought and naphthalene genre-based categories. He is a fine writer, swim- peppered throughout the structure. My father’s ming through language and reflexivity with a cataloguing, while owing nothing to Anglo- precision and purpose only seen in paid political American Cataloguing Rules and Library of Con- announcements. His topics are rarely significant gress Subject Headings, is appropriate for the oasis or important: his gaze is drawn to the banal, the of the eighties that now frames the garage. It was negligible and the overlooked. He discovers always going to be difficult for me to get married, beauty, pattern and purpose in the microcosmic as I have completely filled all the wardrobes of minutia of the age. This fickleness is very attrac- the aforementioned house with my clothes, leav- tive in our era of bland textbooks and predictable ing little space for spousal sartorial elegance. prose. His words massage the inelegancies of the Now with the garage full of newspapers, it can age. From Vox’s phone sex marathon to Fermata’s (just) accommodate my car, with no space for a office worker protagonist who can suspend time second. Oh dear, what a pity. No matter: I love and undress women, Baker demonstrates what these newspapers more than I could love a man Laura Miller (2001) has termed “a passionate en- anyway. thusiasm for the neglected flotsam and jetsam of This is not an ideal situation, for my social life every day life.” Double Fold is therefore unusual, as well as the newspapers. But I smile every time creating a controversy far beyond an attention to I walk into the garage and smell the naphthalene. toe nail clippers. I hold something special – a vast collection of Nicholson Baker is an activist by accident. He 1980s West Australian. As a shrine to big hair, was infuriated by the actions of the San Francisco Bond and Black Monday, it conveys a textured Public Library placing hundreds of thousands of reading of the past not possible through micro- books into landfill. The rationale for this destruc- film. The information is on those reels, but there tion varies from the chemical (the acidic infirmity is something magical about feeling the paper, of paper) through to issues of the physical space being branded by newsprint and – yes – inhaling occupied by the collection. Baker argues that that naphthalene. throughout microfilming history newspapers and then books have been destroyed through the Assault and battery guillotining of their spines to quicken the filming process. This ‘destroying to preserve’ ethos has This paper investigates the major library contro- been a trait of successive the Librarians of Con- versy of recent years: the debates encircling the gress, particularly the incumbent, James Bil- publication of Nicholson Baker’s Double Fold: li- lington: braries and the assault on paper. It has been a timely clash. Too often libraries are a forgotten part of the educational experience, being sidelined as an There’s always a trade-off. The happiness and satisfaction inelegant appendage, rather than the throbbing, of seeing the whole thing in the original is a short-lived privilege for today’s audience. It’s likely to be, in the real bubbling cranium of schools, universities and civic world, at the expense of the variety and richness of what life. My work directly confronts and questions future generations will be able to see in the microfilm ver- the role and place of libraries in education and sion (Billington in Baker 2001, 36).

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The language of economic rationalism – of effi- memory for an inherently memory-less society” ciency, productivity and the real world – necessi- (Billington in Conaway 2000, 206). He obviously tates the reduction of primary source materials to saw no contradiction in his policies. questions of content. Microfilm is unable to cap- Microfilming has altered the way in which his- ture colour printing or greyscale photography. tory is researched and written. To read a news- The dismantling of library collections, par- paper is to gain a breadth and texture of daily ticularly original bound newspapers and ‘brittle events. As Malcolm Jones affirms, “when it comes books’ to create microform editions is a destruc- to books and especially newspapers, nothing tion of both print and paper history. It also ig- beats the original. Historians know this. Librari- nores the weaknesses of microfilm, with the poly- ans, who are the curators of physical objects, ester-based films permeable by fungal attack and ought to” (2001, 57). The subtle development of silver-halide flaws. Baker argues, through the in- ideas and attitudes is difficult to track. To read famous double fold test, [1] that the degradation microfilm is to look up only a specific citation or of books has been overstated. A more accurate page as there is little pleasure to be discovered in judgment of value would be a focus on legibility. the blinking parchness of the research process. Significantly though, Double Fold is not a damn- Indeed, in an Ontario Archive, a microfilm reader ing treaty against digitisation. Actually, Baker ar- had an airsickness bag appended to it (Baker gues that such a process has value for access and 2001, 40). preservation. He recognizes that there is yet to be Baker has reminded us that books are both a standard resolution for the scanning of news- “physical artifacts” and “bowls of ideas” (2001, papers, [2] and – at this stage – more research 224). There are so many debates about the book must be conducted on the migration of data. Ar- because there is no agreed notion of how its value chives require the stable storage of information, is determined. Are the words all that matter? which may not be accessed for many years. Re- How significant is the cover, the illustrations or freshment, migration and software revision ren- the grade of the paper? Is the book an object of ders such archival practices unpredictable in their art, or a site of popular memory? To prioritise ac- feasibility. Digitisation and convergent media are cess is to reduce the multiple meanings of the not his target. Baker attacks microfilming, believ- book. There is a chill factor, a sinewy tissue that ing that this process has actually prevented the connects readers to old books. Through holding effective presentation of the archival past through and pondering such texts, readers learn about the Web. Poor quality digital scanning results deep time and lasting ideas. from the migration of reels to bits and bytes. [3] Destruction does not ensure access: it only in- As he states, “you can’t digitise something that hibits flexibility. Similar arguments are made has been sold off piecemeal or thrown away, after about Internet teaching. The content of the course all” (2001, 16). He is not against technology, but is the imperative. The form of lectures is in- remains resolutely passionate about reading. convenient, inflexible or inefficient. The web be- Looking through the viewfinder is no replacement comes a way to present the content of the course for flicking through the pages of the past. Between at the convenience of the student. There is little 1968 and 1984, the Library of Congress destroyed sense of the integral role of format, tone, texture 300,000 books, worth approximately US$10 million and context in the learning experience. To em- (Sciolino 2001). Those who critique this practice phasis content above form is to suggest that for- have been described by Billington as “luddites” mat is not actually part of the meaning structure. (Billington in Sciolino 2001). This is an easy judg- As the most basic of semiotics informs us – the ment. Those who point out the problems with the signifier (form) and the signified (content) are in- directives of the powerful are invariably ridiculed separable. Both make up the sign. Both shape as backward or blocking progress. Those who meaning. Carl Sessions Stepp contends that despise the actions of Billington describe him as part of a “cultural holocaust” (Dirda 2001, 15). newspapers are living originals. They have unique tactile Ironically, this Librarian of Congress not only intimacy, an exotic scent, a singular drawing-power keyed headed the move to digitisation, but also started as much to their shape and feel as to their content. They the American memory project to provide “the are tangible artifacts, with innate historical and literary

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value. Neither microfilm nor digitization, for all their archival benefit, can re-create the bond of touch to text. Dumpster discourse (2001, 61) Libraries are one of the outstanding institutions of the last millennium. They are a site of reassur- The difficulty in [over]stressing access is that li- ing continuity. Libraries once stored papyrus brarians are not fortune-tellers. It is impossible to scrolls: librarians now assist users to scroll across determine what material from the present will be computer screens. Nicholson Baker’s prosecutorial pivotal to the interpretation of an epoch in the thrust has raised serious questions about the future. Use it or lose it should not be the basis for function of the institution. Obviously this pur- a mode of librarianship. That is why maintenance pose is tethered to the history of reading, writing, must be a node of consideration, rather than the communication and education. Libraries also pro- unbridled rhetoric of access overcoming other vide a context, venue and discourse for the de- concerns. The book is an artefact and text, not a velopment of social relationships. container of words. The Library of Alexandria is a testament to the Double Fold propels a powerful, percussive nar- power and tragedies of libraries. Set up by Ptol- rative, provoking discussion and controversy. emy I in 300 BC as a temple to the Muses (Mu- Baker thumps the lectern and dials a diatribe. He seion – which became Museum), the scholars speaks from a position of passion, not as a pro- working in this setting aimed to advance the arts fessional librarian or archivist. What makes Bak- and sciences, while distancing themselves from er’s argument so convincing – even through its the mundane concerns of life. Through this cul- excesses and hyperbole – is that he is not only ec- tural site, a community of writers, translators, centric, but also prepared to put his money where editors, historians, geographers and mathemati- his madness is. He actually bought – with his own cians deliberated the problems of the era. The currency – 4700 volumes of newspapers being first librarian, Zenodotus of Ephesus, formed the sold and/or destroyed by the British library. He authoritative text of both the Iliad and Odys- formed the American Newspaper Repository in sey. Books were carefully catalogued and biblio- 1999. Yet not every textual trace of a culture can graphic details established. A tragedy adds a be preserved, catalogued and made available in- sting to the tale. Although the fire of 48 BC de- definitely. To achieve this state would be the ex- stroyed 400,000 rolls, it did not destroy the li- treme resolution of Baker’s position. His argument brary. Neglect ended its rule of knowledge: with would be even more focused if he acknowledged the great institution simply fading from influence the way that popular cultural, non-print based and impact through a lack of use. Libraries con- ephemera are often lost long before the demise of tain memories – but both can so easily be lost. books and newspapers. The texture, light and The libraries of antiquity were for the benefit bubbling enthusiasm of everyday life is removed and use of kings. In medieval Europe, they were from the official, preservable past of libraries. Only shared by king, pope and monastery. After in- by preserving the comic, the feminine and the dustrialization, a new master was summoned: fan, will we reveal how the serious, masculine and the economic foreman of work. The nineteenth intellectual have dominated our history. Through century, besides being the era of explosive, but ephemera, there is a negotiation with the social uneven development, was also the period of the normalities of a time. To enact this dialogue of municipal library. Emerging in the United States power, fans reinscribe and reframe the material and Britain, by the middle of the century, the trashed as trivial and worthless by the dominant practice then moved to France. Being supported discourse. Without this ephemera being preserved, through taxation, books were loaned without cost the fervent negotiations with power structures re- to the user. The public libraries of Manchester mains hidden. Even with these caveats – where (1852) and Boston (1854) opened as the embodi- Baker’s case was not sufficiently far reaching – ment of the principle. The concern with equity his analysis is controversial but well made. In- was pervasive. Frederick Kilgour confirmed that variably, some librarians were going to answer “the vast majority of the library users who bor- Baker’s charges with aggression and pricked pro- rowed these million volumes yearly were unable fessional consciousness. themselves to purchase the books they used”

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(1998, 130). Clearly though, the standards used to written by Francine Fialkoff from the Library Jour- select the books to be read remained elitist, and nal. narrow. The public library movement, formed through both the establishment of schools of arts Nicholson Baker doesn’t get it. He didn’t get it when he and mechanics’ institutes, was a way for working sensationalized libraries that were ‘dumping’ books along with the garbage. He didn’t get it when he wrote class citizens to ‘improve themselves.’ It was also about the conversion for card catalogs to OPACs. Now, a way to add value to the workplace, creating a he doesn’t get it when he writes about the destruction of skilled worker. Marion Wilson recognized that, newspapers and books in the name of microfilming in his latest book, Double Fold … However admirable his efforts Libraries supplied worthy texts and moral tracts, designed to preserve newspapers and books and to ensure that ori- to make people better fit the world as the Victorian ruling ginal copies of every publication be retained, he doesn’t classes wanted it to be. People were to better themselves, understand – and perhaps never will – that the purpose but only within their class distinction (2000, 81). of libraries is access … Libraries aren’t museums. Baker still doesn’t get it (2001, 102). Similarly, the current focus on internet-based information is a political mechanism to block a Unfortunately, Fialkoff also does not get it. The critical reflection on knowledge, and a discussion ancient history of libraries and museums are both of those socially excluded from the electronic tethered to the Library of Alexandria – the temple revolution. To surf the web appears beneficial to for the muses. Preservation was part of the agen- education, but there are few questions raised as da. Also, for most of library histories, they have to who creates the web sites visited, and why been exclusive institutions, carefully defending a they were built. static knowledge system through the ages. Even Different libraries have precise uses: from the through the 19th century, the aims of the library corporate and academic to the public. There must were not access, but a civilizing imperative for be specificity to the collection and a determination ‘the masses.’ Access cannot be a primary direc- of usefulness. The Library of Congress, founded tive, because there is always the significant fol- in 1800, held a distinct purpose. Formed after a low up question: access to what? revolution and moulded by the Enlightenment Problems of inequality and preservation are values of reason, progress and knowledge, it was not only an issue for the contemporary library, established to assist Congress with research to but for all institutions negotiating the intricacies make laws. Popular culture was excluded from of post-Fordism. Information that is expansive in the collections of most of these early libraries. its social origins and carefully structured is nec- Therefore, as newspapers became cheaper through essary to ensure social justice. While the political the 19th century, their place and function in the function of data, information and knowledge has collection became significant in presenting an al- never been greater, librarians as a profession are ternative history of politics, pleasure and power. facing what Herbert Schiller described as a “thor- Throughout history, librarians have been sit- ough privatization of the information function” uated at the margins of the society and discourse (1996, 36). In this context, technology camouflages they serve. From the medieval monastery (where the socially regressive nature of education and the needs of prayer dominated) through to the democracy. Further, there is a profound necessity University sector with the stress on credentialing, for librarians to focus their energies and training librarians are not central to any institution. Li- on the hardware, software and programming of braries are the ideological bedrock that allows information. The social nature of the profession, other discourses to be formed and naturalized. the crafting and grafting of an integrated palate Because they are implicated and embedded in of specialties, specificities and representations, other institutions of power, it is difficult to spot- has been deflected. The skills and knowledge of light libraries in discourse. That is why such wide- professional librarians are remarkable, and fre- ranging interpretations circle – vulture-like – quently underestimated and undermined. This around the contemporary library. Baker’s Double situation is made worse through emphasizing Fold caused librarians to respond defensively, and technical skills over intellectual abilities. (Un-) present their political rationale with overarching fortunately, the consumer’s requirements of li- simplicity. For example, ponder this editorial, braries are narrow. In a 1998 survey conducted by

Unauthenticated | 134.115.4.99 Download Date | 1/25/13 5:37 AM Double Fold or Double Take? the American Library Association to discover are “acquisitions culture wars” (2000, 877). The what people wanted from a library, 81% of those attendant debates about the function of comput- appraised stated that they simply wanted to bor- ers and books in the informatics age provide a row books. shrill, emotive edge to these discussions. Such Ignoring such surveys, librarians are reinvent- debates revolve around notions of cultural value, ing themselves as information resource centres, and where the decreasing budget should be al- or myriad other such phrases. Michael Dirda be- located: to digital or book-based knowledge sys- lieved that “it was a dark day for book lovers tems. Obviously, this either/or option is highly when libraries started calling themselves media inflammatory, and is avoided through Nicholson learning centers” (2001, 15). Forgotten is that in- Baker’s Double Fold. He holds no difficulty with formation is derived from the Latin informare, or digitisation, but believes that a book or bound the imposition of a form. The role of the powerful original should also be held. in the informatics age becomes clearer when re- The Baker controversy raises questions about membering this origin. Acquisition budgets are the role of libraries – particularly research librar- decreasing, and more money is being swallowed ies – in public discourse. A good library is de- to maintain database subscriptions. [4] Through termined as much by what it excludes as what is all these challenges, there must an affirmation incorporated into its collection. The history of a that the creation of networked services is not a library is always a narrative of the knowledge sufficient goal for the library. Access is not the that transcends it. Libraries must direct beyond answer. In fact, it is not even a question that be- their collection, linking past, present and future. gins to address the literacy required to interrogate, The point of a library is to make available the mobilize or understand database protocols and sights, sounds and textures of an earlier age, for advanced search engines. The expertise of librari- the purposes of the current reader. It is on this ans can support new modes of reading, writing issue that Christine Cody believes “the libraries and communication, integrating and connecting failed us” (2001). Yet they are not archives, which discovery, searches, navigation and use of diverse preserve a corporate or societal memory fre- resources. In this way, libraries remain institu- quently focused on a very precise period, topic or tions of the public sphere, an integral core to any organization. Libraries provide a record of a far conceptualisation of citizenship, civilization, wider information landscape. They hold not only knowledge and social justice. The earlier roles of content, but provide a context for information. the library are appended to new convergences of While libraries are not archives, if the material is publishing, cataloguing and information aggrega- not preserved, then it cannot be read. Further, tion. This is not a hybrid (digital and analogue) how is the citizenry to be encouraged to read the library: it is an integrated approach to print and collection? Libraries must not be neglected ceme- electronic resources that does not instigate an un- teries. gainly graft onto 19th century models of space, As yet, there is little agreement about the nature time and information. Instead, it is a meta-library, of the digital library: it may refer to document an institution that reflexively ponders its aims, delivery, research training, database instruction, goals and purpose. computer support, or network-based reference The expansion of the information economy – of queries. In academic libraries, reference services librarians, archivists and information profession- are handling a mixed clientele, some with highly als – means that the map of the information advanced technological proficiencies and others industries is being constructed and corrected by with more pressing training needs. If a digital li- many hands. There are many ways to theorise the brary is the trope of the age, then it must be filled information society: through occupational, spa- with content far beyond a scientific filter. Social, tial, historical, cultural or technological determi- intellectual and political issues must attend the nants. Just as the 1980s and the 1990s were a time discursive party. Certainly, there are technical of culture wars – politicised discussions about the challenges. To develop an integrated system of nature of culture – Edward Shreeves discerns that documents, media and content, with standardized the conflict on university campuses about the classification or use of meaningful metadata, and place of print and digital resources in the library funding the continual migration of data through

Unauthenticated | 134.115.4.99 Download Date | 1/25/13 5:37 AM Tara Brabazon changing hardware and software permutations, soft upgrade burns a digital Library of Alexandria. is a challenge. Without standard metadata, there We accept the losses, the tragedies, as the nature is no way to ascertain the importance and relation- of working in our long now. At its most signifi- ship between diverse documents. If used well, cant, Brand showed that “science historians can they create concrete instructions about the nature read Galileo’s technical correspondence from the of the information’s content, and how it operates. 1590s but not Marvin Minsky’s from the 1960s” The Internet is a convenient, less time-consum- (1999, 84). The replacement of hardware and the ing way to conduct research, if the user possesses upgrades of software show that the maintenance the necessary equipment and literacies. The copy- of a digital database, let alone an archive, will be ing and distributing of digital information is fast, very expensive. Most web sites have the lifespan and the great of issue of storing library materials of an open bag of M&Ms, and treated with about seems to be solved. However the surprises of as much social significance. Such an analysis is research – the unexpected reference, the book not technological determinism: the Internet did next to the book on the shelf that we were re- not increase the sense of speed, just as the print- trieving – is far less common. The Internet is not ing press did not cause the reformation. Critics a library: this is a dangerous metaphor. The char- want to find rupture, discontinuity and differ- acteristic of a library – the organization of knowl- ence. It is timely to recognize the ideological con- edge into preservable categories – has hardly left fluences between the analogue and digital, and a trace on the Internet. A search engine is not a the specific difficulties evoked through the main- catalogue of accessible holdings. Catalogues are tenance of digital data. Baker has initiated a great not simply a collection of numbers, but a se- service to intellectual culture. Double Fold has en- quence of ideas. While such structures may ap- sured a double take of library practices, and a re- pear a relic of the analogue age, they hold a social evaluation of our expectations from information. function – to enable users to search, gather and assess information. While the web may appear to remove the physicality of information, we are yet Notes to make this leap conceptually. The main ques- 1. The Double Fold test is derived from the MIT Fold tion to be confronted is how the information is to Test, initiated by W.J. Barrow, who demonstrated be deployed with responsibility. that books were vulnerable when a strip of its Baker’s anger was directed at what he saw as pages were turned back and forth through 270 de- the destructive treatment of books and news- grees, at the rate of 175 Double Folds per minute. papers by librarians, those entrusted with their For a discussion of this text, please refer to Baker safekeeping. However, I want to stress that the (2001, 152–155) situation is even more serious than he suggested. 2. There is also an error rate in digital scanning, It is in the realm of digital materials that the averaging to three characters out of one hundred. greatest cultural losses will be sustained. Digital For a discussion of the difficulties of accurate scanning of print-based texts, pleas refer to McDonald documents are much more difficult to preserve (2001, 49). Also there are qualitative issues to be than paper. While the digital realm has created an discussed in relation to scanning. Most documents explosion of information, sites and voices, it also can be scanned at 200dpi, but for many texts – par- possesses its own attendant, destructive silencer ticularly those with sizeable image-based content – and destroyer: self-obsolescence. Every new piece this standard is not sufficient. of software and hardware steps over the broken 3. As Baker argues (2001, 26), “Newspaper pages are bodies of files, images, peripherals and ideas the most difficult of all printed artifacts to photo- that – with ruthless precision – have been lost graph (or digitize) well: they are very large, narrow- and destroyed, rather than migrated or moved. margined, and filled with tiny type and finely de- tailed line drawings and photography.” Programming languages, storage formats and 4. John Hamilton recognized this problem when he operating systems are made redundant – use- stated, “strapped to meet rising prices, research li- less – alongside the documents, images and words braries spend more money to buy less. The ARL written through the platforms. What language do study found that serial expenditures doubled, while we choose for preservation purposes: HTML, overall purchases declined 6 percent; book pur- XML, SGML or CGI scripting? Every new Micro- chases declined 14 percent.” (2000, 239)

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References Kilgour, F. 1998. The evolution of the book. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baker, N. 2001. Double Fold: libraries and the assault McDonald, M. 2001. Don’t rip it up and start again. on paper. New York: Random House. New Scientist 170(2291, May 19): 49. Brand, S. 1999. The clock of the long now: time and Miller, L. 2001. Lifting up the Madonna. The Salon responsibility. New York: Basic Books. Interview. URL: http://www.salon.com/10/ Cody, C. Scandal in the stacks: a true story. Bor- features/baker1.html [Accessed 1 February 2002]. ders.com. URL: http://go.borders.com/features/ Schiller, H. 1996. Information inequality: the deepen- nbaker.xcv. [No longer available – 1 February 2002]. ing social crisis in America. New York: Routledge. Conaway, J. 2000. America’s library: the story of the li- Sciolino, E. 2001. Preserving books? It’s easy on paper. brary of congress 1800–2000. New Haven: Yale Uni- New York Times, April 7. URL: http://www.nytimes. versity Press. com/2001/04/07/arts/07PAPE.html [Accessed Dirda, M. 2001. “Double Fold.” Washington Post, 1 February 2002.]. April 15: 15. Shreeves, E. 2000. The acquisitions culture wars. Li- Fialkoff, F. 2001. Baker’s book is half-baked. Library brary Trends 48(4, Spring): 877–890. Journal, May 15: 102. Stepp, C. 2001. Disintegrating into dust. American Li- Hamilton, J. 2000. Casanova was a book lover. Baton braries, April: 61 Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Wilson, M. 2000. Understanding the needs of tomor- Jones, M. 2001. Paper tier: taking librarians to task. row’s library user: rethinking library services for the Newsweek, April 16: 57. new age. APLIS 13(2): 81–90.

Editorial history: received 16 October 2001; accepted 8 January 2002.

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