Nabokovilia: References to Vladimir Nabokov in British and American Literature and Culture, 1960-2009
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UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-2011 Nabokovilia: References to Vladimir Nabokov in British and American Literature and Culture, 1960-2009 Juan Martinez University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the American Literature Commons, American Material Culture Commons, and the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Repository Citation Martinez, Juan, "Nabokovilia: References to Vladimir Nabokov in British and American Literature and Culture, 1960-2009" (2011). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/3476293 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. 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NABOKOVILIA: REFERENCES TO VLADIMIR NABOKOV IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE, 1960-2009 by Juan Martinez Bachelor of Arts in English University of Central Florida, 2000 Master of Arts in Creative Writing University of Central Florida, 2004 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in English Department of English College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2011 Copyright by Juan Martinez 2011 All rights reserved THE GRADUATE COLLEGE We recommend the dissertation prepared under our supervision by Juan Martinez entitled Nabokovilia: References to Vladimir Nabokov in British and American Literature and Culture, 1960-2009 be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Department of English Anne Stevens, Committee Chair Righard Harp, Committee Member Kelly Mays, Committee Member Douglas Unger, Committee Member Michelle Tusan, Graduate Faculty Representative Ronald Smith, Ph. D., Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies and Dean of the Graduate College May 2011 ii ABSTRACT Nabokovilia: Nabokov References in British and American Literature and Culture, 1960-2009 by Juan Martinez Dr. Anne Stevens, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of English University of Nevada, Las Vegas The dissertation examines allusions to the Russian-American novelist Vladimir Nabokov in the work of 147 contemporary cultural producers and – through this filter – the way in which allusion functions as symbolic capital in the field of cultural production. Critics have traditionally considered allusion a strictly localized phenomenon, but this approach – which draws upon the work of sociologists of literature such as Franco Moretti and Pierre Bourdieu, as well as the poetics of Gérard Genette – considers how a Nabokov allusion operates as an intra-authorial calling card, where Nabokov appears as an idealized, intransigent autonomous authorial figure in the work of Zadie Smith, Martin Amis, John Updike, Nicholson Baker, Salman Rushdie, Shelley Jackson, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, writers associated with the McSweeney’s literary journal, and Anthony Burgess, among many others. Writers reassert the autonomy of the individual author when they reference Nabokov in their own novels, and in doing so these authors form a sort of ad-hoc Nabokovian group or school even when the members and their immediate milieu would not seem to have anything in common otherwise. Nabokov functions as a particularly valuable unit of cultural capital given his symbolic freight: Nabokov stands for autonomous, intransigent authorial figures everywhere, bulwarked by equal parts mainstream bestselling success, iii critical respectability, and seeming invisibility. Nabokov’s intertextual narrative approaches serve as a means of positioning the reader and controlling readerly and critical reception, which in turn guide how Nabokov himself is referenced in other people's novels, short stories, poems, songs, and television shows. The aim is to provide quantifiable evidence of Nabokov's influence, and to explore the ways in which influence can (and cannot) be roughly quantified; these references allow for a narrower, better understanding of influence by positioning its function within the scope of contemporary intertextual criticism, specifically by examining the intersection of Bourdieu’s field of cultural production and Genette’s notions of hypertextuality and paratextuality. By delineating the nature and the degree of Nabokov's influence in the field of contemporary literature – an influence made explicit in allusions to Nabokov’s work – the research further refines notions of authorial agency in intertextual studies. Nabokov is one of the twentieth century's most densely allusive authors, one whose novels playfully referenced a dizzying array of literary figures, and one whose own influence on the contemporary literary field is often noted but seldom quantified. Nabokov-related publications aimed at both scholars and general readers will make a note of his influence, often by grouping him with Joyce, Borges, Beckett, and Kafka (with Nabokov as the Fifth Beatle in the panoply of influential literary figures), though the claim is made and then abandoned. The dissertation charts the impact of Nabokov’s presence in contemporary literature. Please note: the dissertation contains an embedded Excel spreadsheet, containing multiple spreadsheets, created using Microsoft Office 2007. iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1 References in Popular Culture and Literature ..................................................72 Table 2 References by Percentage in Popular Culture and Literature ..........................73 Table 3 References by Decade ......................................................................................85 Table 4 Comparison of Novel References and Nabokov Articles ................................94 Table 5 Numbers and Percentage of References by Decade ......................................119 Table 6 Writers and their Relationship to McSweeney's .............................................171 Table 7 Neal Pollack's Timeline of Literary History ..................................................189 v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................v PREFACE ............................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................4 Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................................6 Methods, Limitations, and Terminology .....................................................................21 A Brief Literature Review of Intertextual Theory .......................................................27 A Case Study in Nested Authorial Allusions ...............................................................35 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................61 CHAPTER 2 AN OVERVIEW OF NABOKOV REFERENCES ...............................64 A General Description and Preliminary Findings ........................................................69 Authorially-Minded Transtextual Connections ...........................................................78 Pale Fire and its Readers ..............................................................................................97 Hypotextual Distortions .............................................................................................100 Race, Gender, Age, and Other Demographics in the Data-Set ..................................105 Nabokov in Popular Fiction .......................................................................................108 CHAPTER 3 NABOKOV IN TELEVISION AND MOVIES ...................................112 Overviews ..................................................................................................................116 Nabokov References in Movies .................................................................................121 Nabokov References in Television Shows ................................................................131 Conclusion .................................................................................................................137 CHAPTER 4 NABOKOV IN UPDIKE AND BAKER .............................................139 Nabokov in Updike ....................................................................................................141 Nabokov and Updike in Baker ...................................................................................154 CHAPTER 5 NABOKOV IN AMIS, SMITH, AND OTHERS .................................165 Nabokov in Amis, Barnes, and Rushdie ....................................................................174