Table of Contents

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................15 PREFACE .......................................................................................17 What is Our Story? ...................................................................................17 Note to Reader - Humanized Stone ................................................19 CHAPTER I ....................................................................................21 The Wall and I! ...................................................................... 21 We, Stones of the Kotel, Celebrate Life. .................................................22 CHAPTER II ..................................................................................26 Building and Destruction ........................................................................29 Romans, Christians, and Muslims ..........................................................30 CHAPTER III ................................................................................32 Jerusalem and The Wall ............................................................................32 Place of Jewish Worship ...........................................................................32 The Wall is like a Magnet! .......................................................................34 Stones with Feelings .................................................................................36 CHAPTER IV ..................................................................................40 The Noise that Time Makes .....................................................................40 CHAPTER V ...................................................................................43 Bad News / Good News ...........................................................................43 A Bit of History ........................................................................................45 Early Period: Prior to 1025 BCE ..............................................................45 1150–1025 BCE .........................................................................................45 1025 BCE ..................................................................................................45 1010–970 BCE ...........................................................................................46 970–931 BCE ............................................................................................46 950 BCE ....................................................................................................46 930 BCE ....................................................................................................46 929–721 BCE ............................................................................................47 721–715 BCE ...........................................................................................47 715 BCE ....................................................................................................47 701 BCE ....................................................................................................48 598–587 BCE ............................................................................................48 TabLE OF CONTENTS 7 586 BCE .....................................................................................................49 562 BCE ....................................................................................................49 539 BCE ....................................................................................................50 538-516 BCE ............................................................................................50 Jerusalem Was In Ruins ............................................................................51 Ezra: A Priest and A Scribe .......................................................................52 Nehemiah Arrives .....................................................................................53 Kol HaKavod (Bravo)! ................................................................................53 521–520 BCE ...........................................................................................54 515 BCE ....................................................................................................55 397 BCE ....................................................................................................56 332–63 BCE .............................................................................................56 323 BCE ....................................................................................................57 320–198 BCE ...........................................................................................58 198–167 BCE .............................................................................................58 190 BCE .....................................................................................................59 169–167 BCE .............................................................................................59 167-63 BCE ................................................................................................60 63 BCE ......................................................................................................60 37 BCE ......................................................................................................61 19 BCE — The Year I was Born .................................................................62 CHAPTER VI .................................................................................63 How I Came to be a Part of The Western Wall ........................................63 “Ouch! That hurt!” ...................................................................................64 Standing in Awe and Respect ..................................................................65 Transporting the Stones ..........................................................................67 Rollers and Levers ....................................................................................67 Erecting the Wall ......................................................................................69 Statistics ...................................................................................................70 Mind-boggling, Isn’t It? Well, here’s More: ............................................71 CHAPTER VII .................................................................................73 4 BCE — King Herod Dies ........................................................................... 73 Savage Ferocity ..........................................................................................73 26–36 CE ...................................................................................................73 39 CE ..........................................................................................................74 41–44 CE — The Third Wall .....................................................................75 8 A STONE SPEAKS 66 CE — Revolt against the Romans .......................................................76 67 CE — The Siege of Yodfat ....................................................................78 67 CE — The Battle at Gamla ..................................................................78 70 CE — A Malicious Strategy .................................................................79 Smuggled Out of Jerusalem ....................................................................80 The Summer of 70 CE ...............................................................................81 72–74 CE — Masada .................................................................................83 100 CE — Trajan, a Friend of the Jews ...................................................84 115–116 CE — Forced Hellenization .......................................................84 118 CE ........................................................................................................85 130 CE ......................................................................................................85 132–135 CE — Bar Kochba Revolt ..........................................................86 135 CE — Hadrian’s Visit to Jerusalem ................................................86 212 CE .......................................................................................................87 312 CE — Progressive Deterioration of Jewish Rights ..........................87 361–363 CE — Julian’s Tolerance of Judaism .......................................88 Permission to Resettle Jerusalem ...........................................................90 425–438 CE .............................................................................................90 443 CE ........................................................................................................91 584 CE ......................................................................................................91 614 CE —The Final Collision ...................................................................91 Repressive Roman Rule Coming to an End .............................................92 Black Day in the History of Jerusalem ....................................................93 617 CE ......................................................................................................93 629 CE — Massacre and Forced Baptism ................................................94
Recommended publications
  • Where Did Solomon Build the Temple? by Dr
    Post Office Box 345, San Antonio, Texas 78292-0345 Kislev –Tevet– Shevat–Adar 5777 / December– January– February 2016–2017 A Publication of CJF Ministries and Messianic Perspectives Radio Network MessianicPerspectives ® God has not forgotten the Jewish people, and neither have we. e are living in tumultuous times. Many things that Historical Background Wwe’ve always taken for granted are being called into question. The people of Israel had three central places of worship in ancient times: the Tabernacle, the First Temple, and the One hotly-disputed question these days is, “Were the an- Second Temple. Around 538 BC, the Jewish captives were cient Temples really on the Temple Mount?” You’d think released by King Cyrus of Persia to return from exile to the fact that Mount Moriah (and the manmade plat- their Land. Zerubbabel and Joshua the priest led the ef- form around it) has been known for many centuries as fort to rebuild the Second Temple, and work commenced “the Temple Mount”1 would provide an important clue, around 536 BC on the site of the First Temple, which the wouldn’t you? Babylonians had destroyed. The new Temple was simpler and more modest than its impressive predecessor had It’s a bit like the facetious query about who’s buried in been.2 Centuries later, when Yeshua sat contemplatively Grant’s tomb. Who else would be in that tomb but Mr. on the Mount of Olives with His disciples (Matt. 24), they Grant and what else would have been on the Temple looked down on the Temple Mount as King Herod’s work- Mount but the Temple? ers were busily at work remodeling and expanding the But not everyone agrees.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monzon Family History in Jerusalem
    History in Jerusalem The Events and Personal Stories of the Monzon Family By Arye Monzon Translated by Benjamin Tisser 2 The Monzon Family History in Jerusalem With owner to my dear and loved wife, Ahuva My children Homi and her husband Yossi, Mosh and his wife Goldie, Oded and his wife Einat and all my wonderful grandchildren. Tamuz 5766, July 2007 Jerusalem Israel All rights reserved to the writer Arye Avraham Monzon – 2007 © 10 Aluf Yohai Ben-Nun St. Ramat Beit-Hakerem Jerusalem Tel: +972-77-8850895 Cell: +972-52-8802988 The Monzon Family History in Jerusalem 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents...............................................................................2 Introduction .......................................................................................4 My Family Roots - The Monzon Family.........................................6 History of My Family - The Monzon Family..................................8 Rabbi Yitzchak Monzon...............................................................8 Rabbi Avraham Leib.....................................................................8 The Grave Structure of Our Matriarch Rachel............................8 The Hurvah Synagogue...........................................................10 Choosing a Bride for Rabbi Avraham Leib Monzon ..................19 Rabbi Yoel Yosef Shimon Shemesh ...........................................20 Avraham Yehuda Leib Monzon.................................................26 Monzon Lithography – The First Stone Press In Jerusalem .........30
    [Show full text]
  • Jerusalem Chronology 2015 January Jan. 1: the Israeli Supreme Court
    Jerusalem Chronology 2015 January Jan. 1: The Israeli Supreme Court rejects an appeal to prevent the demolition of the homes of four Palestinians from ​ East Jerusalem who attacked Israelis in West Jerusalem in recent months. - Marabouts at Al-Aqsa Mosque confront a group of settlers touring Al-Aqsa compound. ​ Jan. 3: Palestinian MK Ahmad Tibi joins hundreds of Palestinians marching toward the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City ​ of Jerusalem to mark the Prophet Muhammad's birthday. Jan. 5: Settlers tour Al-Aqsa Mosque compound while Israeli forces confiscate the IDs of Muslims trying to enter. ​ - Around 50 Israeli forces along with 18 settlers tour Al-Aqsa compound. Jan. 8: A Jewish Israeli man is stabbed and injured by an unknown assailant while walking near the Old City’s ​ Damascus Gate. Jan. 9: Israeli police detain at least seven Palestinians in a series of raids in the Old City over the stabbing a day earlier. ​ - Yedioth Ahronoth reports that the Israeli Intelligence (Shabak) frustrated an operation that was intended to blow the ​ ​ Dome of the Rock by an American immigrant. Jan. 11: Israeli police forces detain seven Palestinians from Silwan after a settler vehicle was torched in the area. ​ Jan. 12: A Jerusalem magistrate court has ruled that Israeli settlers who occupied Palestinian homes in East Jerusalem ​ may not make substantial changes to the properties. - Settlers tour Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. ​ Jan. 13: Israeli forces detained three 14-year old youth during a raid on Issawiyya and two women while leaving ​ Al-Aqsa Mosque. Jan. 14: Jewish extremists morning punctured the tires of 11 vehicles in Beit Safafa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Palestinian Economy in East Jerusalem, Some Pertinent Aspects of Social Conditions Are Reviewed Below
    UNITED N A TIONS CONFERENC E ON T RADE A ND D EVELOPMENT Enduring annexation, isolation and disintegration UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Enduring annexation, isolation and disintegration New York and Geneva, 2013 Notes The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ______________________________________________________________________________ Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. ______________________________________________________________________________ Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint to be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. ______________________________________________________________________________ The preparation of this report by the UNCTAD secretariat was led by Mr. Raja Khalidi (Division on Globalization and Development Strategies), with research contributions by the Assistance to the Palestinian People Unit and consultant Mr. Ibrahim Shikaki (Al-Quds University, Jerusalem), and statistical advice by Mr. Mustafa Khawaja (Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Ramallah). ______________________________________________________________________________ Cover photo: Copyright 2007, Gugganij. Creative Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org (accessed 11 March 2013). (Photo taken from the roof terrace of the Austrian Hospice of the Holy Family on Al-Wad Street in the Old City of Jerusalem, looking towards the south. In the foreground is the silver dome of the Armenian Catholic church “Our Lady of the Spasm”.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology in the Holy Land IRON AGE I
    AR 342/742: Archaeology in the Holy Land IRON AGE I: Manifest Identities READING: Elizabeth Bloch-Smith and Beth Alpert Nahkhai, "A Landscape Comes to Life: The Iron Age I, " Near Eastern Archaeology 62.2 (1999), pp. 62-92, 101-27; Elizabeth Bloch-Smith, "Israelite Ethnicity in Iron I: Archaeology Preserves What is Remembered and What is Forgotten in Israel's History," Journal of Biblical Literature 122/3 (2003), pp. 401-25. Wed. Sept. 7th Background: The Territory and the Neighborhood Fri. Sept. 9th The Egyptian New Kingdom Mon. Sept. 12th The Canaanites: Dan, Megiddo, & Lachish Wed. Sept. 14th The Philistines, part 1: Tel Miqne/Ekron & Ashkelon Fri. Sept. 16th The Philistines, part 2: Tel Qasile and Dor Mon. Sept. 19th The Israelites, part 1: 'Izbet Sartah Wed. Sept. 21st The Israelites, part 2: Mt. Ebal and the Bull Site Fri. Sept. 23rd Discussion day & short paper #1 due IRON AGE II: Nations and Narratives READING: Larry Herr, "The Iron Age II Period: Emerging Nations," Biblical Archaeologist 60.3 (1997), pp. 114-83; Seymour Gitin, "The Philistines: Neighbors of the Canaanites, Phoenicians, and Israelites," 100 Years of American Archaeology in the Middle East, D. R. Clark and V. H. Matthews, eds. (American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston: 2004), pp. 57-85; Judges 13:24-16:31; Steven Weitzman, "The Samson Story as Border Fiction," Biblical Interpretation 10,2 (2002), pp. 158-74; Azzan Yadin, "Goliath's Armor and Israelite Collective Memory," Vetus Testamentum 54.3 (2004), pp. 373-95. Mon. Sept. 26th The 10th century, part 1: Hazor and Gezer Wed.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics in the Planning of the Western Wall Plaza
    Chapter 3 Politics in the Planning of the Western Wall Plaza The question of how to design and construct the Western Wall plaza arose immediately with the end of the Six-Day War. The total destruction of the Mughrabi Quarter, the empty space created as a result, and the transfer of the Western Wall to the authority of the State of Israel and the Ministry of Religions afforded an unparalleled opportunity to plan and construct the plaza as a site bearing both national and religious meaning. There was general agree- ment that the nondescript, newly created plaza required a process of archi- tectural development. But how was the state to design such an important and significant site to meet the needs of the many worshippers and visitors, one befitting its status as a Jewish holy place and an Israeli symbol? How should the site be rebuilt in order to serve as a place of worship and religious com- munion and simultaneously as a historical and national emblem? The answers to these questions, as we will see below, turned out to be exceedingly complex and sensitive. The indecision regarding the architectural design of the Western Wall became the subject of an incisive and prolonged public and political de- bate in Israel; in it, Israeli and Jewish values, religion and nationality, and past and present all came into conflict. The present chapter focuses on the struggle surrounding the issue of the design and renovation of the Western Wall plaza in the first decades follow- ing the Six-Day War, and analyzes the political forces that put this process in motion.
    [Show full text]
  • Pottery and Purpose: Using GIS to Evaluate the 'Scroll' Jars at Qumran Patricia A
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, Art, Art History and Design, School of School of Art, Art History and Design 8-2018 Pottery and Purpose: Using GIS to Evaluate the 'Scroll' Jars at Qumran Patricia A. Patton University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Patton, Patricia A., "Pottery and Purpose: Using GIS to Evaluate the 'Scroll' Jars at Qumran" (2018). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design. 136. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents/136 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art, Art History and Design, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. POTTERY AND PURPOSE: USING GIS TO EVALUATE THE ‘SCROLL’ JARS AT QUMRAN by Patricia A. Patton A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Art History Under the Supervision of Professor Philip Sapirstein Lincoln, Nebraska August, 2018 POTTERY AND PURPOSE: USING GIS TO EVALUATE THE ‘SCROLL’ JARS AT QUMRAN Patricia A. Patton, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2018 Advisor: Philip Sapirstein This thesis uses geographical information systems (GIS) to map the findspots of the so-called ‘scroll’ jars and associated artifacts at Qumran.
    [Show full text]
  • Underground Jerusalem: the Excavation Of
    Underground Jerusalem The excavation of tunnels, channels, and underground spaces in the Historic Basin 2015 >> Introduction >> Underground excavation in Jerusalem: From the middle of the 19th century to the Six Day War >> Tunnel excavations following the Six Day War >> Tunnel excavations under archaeological auspices >> Ancient underground complexes >> Underground tunnels >> Tunnel excavations as narrative >> Summary and conclusions >> Maps >> Endnotes Emek Shaveh (cc) | Email: [email protected] | website www.alt-arch.org Emek Shaveh is an organization of archaeologists and heritage professionals focusing on the role of tangible cultural heritage in Israeli society and in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We view archaeology as a resource for strengthening understanding between different peoples and cultures. September 2015 Introduction Underground excavation in Jerusalem: From the middle of the The majority of the area of the Old City is densely built. As a result, there are very few nineteenth century until the Six Day War open spaces in which archaeological excavations can be undertaken. From a professional The intensive interest in channels, underground passages, and tunnels, ancient and modern, standpoint, this situation obligates the responsible authorities to restrict the number of goes back one 150 years. At that time the first European archaeologists in Jerusalem, aided excavations and to focus their attention on preserving and reinforcing existing structures. by local workers, dug deep into the heart of the Holy City in order to understand its ancient However, the political interests that aspire to establish an Israeli presence throughout the topography and the nature of the structures closest to the Temple Mount. Old City, including underneath the Muslim Quarter and in the nearby Palestinian village The British scholar Charles Warren was the first and most important of those who excavated of Silwan, have fostered the decision that intensive underground excavations must be underground Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • The Temple Mount/Haram Al-Sharif – Archaeology in a Political Context
    The Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif – Archaeology in a Political Context 2017 March 2017 Table of contents >> Introduction 3 Written by: Yonathan Mizrachi >> Part I | The history of the Site: How the Temple Mount became the 0 Researchers: Emek Shaveh Haram al-Sharif 4 Edited by: Talya Ezrahi >> Part II | Changes in the Status of the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif 0 Proof-editing: Noa Granot from the 19th century to the Present Day 7 Graphic Design: Lior Cohen Photographs: Emek Shaveh, Yael Ilan >> Part III | Changes around the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif and the 0 Mapping: Lior Cohen, Shai Efrati, Slava Pirsky impact on the Status Quo 11 >> Conclusion and Lessons 19 >> Maps 20 Emek Shaveh (cc) | Email: [email protected] | website www.alt-arch.org Emek Shaveh is an Israeli NGO working to prevent the politicization of archaeology in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and to protect ancient sites as public assets that belong to members of all communities, faiths and peoples. We view archaeology as a resource for building bridges and strengthening bonds between peoples and cultures. This publication was produced by Emek Shaveh (A public benefit corporation) with the support of the IHL Secretariat, the Federal Department for Foreign Affairs Switzerland (FDFA) the New Israeli Fund and CCFD. Responsibility for the information contained in this report belongs exclu- sively to Emek Shaveh. This information does not represent the opinions of the above mentioned donors. 2 Introduction Immediately after the 1967 War, Israel’s then Defense Minister Moshe Dayan declared that the Islamic Waqf would retain their authority over the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif compound.
    [Show full text]
  • Dig Near Jerusalem's Western Wall Yields 'Puzzling' Chambers 19 May 2020
    Dig near Jerusalem's Western Wall yields 'puzzling' chambers 19 May 2020 Islam. It was the site of two Jewish temples in antiquity and today is home to the Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock. Archaeologists began excavating a large, late Byzantine building located around 35 meters (120 feet) from the base of the wall last year. Beneath the plain white mosaic tiled floor of the monumental structure, they discovered a series of small chambers hewn out of the bedrock. Fragments of clay oil lamps and limestone cups helped date the subterranean rooms to around 2,000 years ago. Lead archaeologist Barak Monnickendam-Givon said the "very huge investment in rock cut An Israel Antiquities Authority archaeologist holds a installation work" below ground had never been chalk measuring cup from early Roman period at an found before in the ancient city and was "very excavation site beneath the Western Wall, in puzzling." It remains unclear what the tiny Jerusalem's Old City, Tuesday, May 19, 2020. Israeli chambers were used for. archaeologists excavating in Jerusalem exhibited a recently uncovered, unusual series of 2,000-year-old chambers carved out of the bedrock beneath the Western Wall plaza on Tuesday. The excavations are uncovering new sections of a sprawling network of ancient subterranean passageways running alongside a contested Jerusalem holy site known to Jews as the Temple Mount and to Muslims as the Noble Sanctuary. (AP Photo/Ariel Schalit) Israeli archaeologists on Tuesday exhibited a recently uncovered, unusual series of 2,000-year- old chambers carved out of the bedrock beneath the Western Wall plaza in Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting the Status of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem for All
    The old status quo on the Temple Mount no longer exists and has lost its relevance. It has changed substantially according to a host of key parameters in a manner that has greatly enhanced the status of Muslims on the Mount and greatly undermined the status of Israeli Jews at the site. The situation on the Temple Mount continues to change periodically. The most blatant examples are the strengthening of Jordan’s position, the takeover of the Mount by the Northern Branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel and then its removal, and the severe curtailment of visits by Jews on the Mount. Protecting the Status of the At the same time, one of the core elements of the old status quo – the prohibition against Temple Mount in Jerusalem Jews praying on the Temple Mount – is strictly maintained. It appears that this is the most for All stable element in the original status quo. Unfortunately, the principle of freedom of Nadav Shragai religion for all faiths to visit and pray on the Temple Mount does not exist there today. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs Protecting the Status of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem for All Nadav Shragai Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 2016 Read this book online: http://jcpa.org/status-quo-temple-mount/ Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs Beit Milken, 13 Tel Hai St., Jerusalem, 92107, Israel Email: [email protected] Tel: 972-2-561-9281 Fax: 972-2-561-9112 © 2016 by Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs Cover image by Andrew Shiva ISBN: 978-965-218-131-2 Contents Introduction: The Temple Mount as a Catalyst for Palestinian Violence 5 Major Findings 11 The Role of the Temple Mount in the Summer 2014 Terror Wave 13 Changes on the Temple Mount following the October 2015 Terror Wave 19 The Status Quo in 1967: The Arrangement and Its Components 21 Prominent Changes in the Status Quo 27 1.
    [Show full text]
  • اإلدارة المتناقضة للمواقع األثرية في منطقة Contested Management الخليل of Archaeological Sites in the Hebron District
    Present Pasts, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2010, 75-88, doi:10.5334/pp.24 اﻹدارة المتناقضة للمواقع اﻷثرية في منطقة Contested Management الخليل of Archaeological Sites in the Hebron District أحمد الرجوب AHMED A. RJOOB مدير دائرة تطوير املواقع يف وزارة السياحة واآلثار الفلسطينية، و طالب دكتوراة يف ,Director, Department of Site Development جامعة فريارا-ايطاليا Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities متت ادارة الرتاث الثقايف الفلسطيني من قبل ادارات متعددة منذ أكرث من قرن، وكان -Over more than a century, Palestinian cul لكل واحدة منها طرقها الخاصة يف التدبري والحامية واألهداف البحثية والسياسية، ما tural heritage has been managed by several جعل املواقع األثرية الفلسطينية واحدة من أكرث املواقع األثرية ترضرا يف العامل، وأكرثها different administrations. Each of these has ًتعرضا للحفريات األثرية العلمية وغري العلمية. فوفقا التفاقيات السالم الفلسطينية- -had its own methods of management, pro االرسائيلية )1995-1993( تتوىل السلطة الفلسطينية مسؤولياتها عن اآلثار يف -tection, research, and distinct political pur مناطق “ألف” و”باء”، التي متثل حوايل ٪40 من األرايض الفلسطينية املحتلة. pose, making Palestinian cultural heritage وبالرغم من هذا العائق، اال انها كانت املرة األوىل التي يتوىل فيها الشعب الفلسطيني -one of the most intensively abused, exca إدارة تراثه بنفسه. -vated and subsequently disturbed world wide. In accordance with the Oslo Accords تحاول هذه الورقة مناقشة هذه القضايا وتأثريها السلبي عىل حفظ املواقع األثرية the Palestinian Authority took ,(1993-1995) يف منطقة الخليل وحاميتها، وسيتم إيالء اهتامم خاص لحالة ووضع تراثها األثري بعد over responsibility for archaeology in Areas اتفاقيات اوسلو، وذلك بعدما أصبح الرتاث الثقايف يف االرايض الفلسطينية يدار من قبل A” and “B”, representing about 40% of the“ إدارتني متناقضتني، هام: دائرة اآلثار الفلسطينية يف املناطق “ألف وباء” ، وضابط Occupied Palestinian Territories.
    [Show full text]