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اإلدارة المتناقضة للمواقع األثرية في منطقة Contested Management الخليل of Archaeological Sites in the Hebron District

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اإلدارة المتناقضة للمواقع األثرية في منطقة Contested Management الخليل of Archaeological Sites in the Hebron District Present Pasts, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2010, 75-88, doi:10.5334/pp.24 اﻹدارة المتناقضة للمواقع اﻷثرية في منطقة Contested Management الخليل of Archaeological Sites in the Hebron District أحمد الرجوب AHMED A. RJOOB مدير دائرة تطوير املواقع يف وزارة السياحة واآلثار الفلسطينية، و طالب دكتوراة يف ,Director, Department of Site Development جامعة فريارا-ايطاليا Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities متت ادارة الرتاث الثقايف الفلسطيني من قبل ادارات متعددة منذ أكرث من قرن، وكان -Over more than a century, Palestinian cul لكل واحدة منها طرقها الخاصة يف التدبري والحامية واألهداف البحثية والسياسية، ما tural heritage has been managed by several جعل املواقع األثرية الفلسطينية واحدة من أكرث املواقع األثرية ترضرا يف العامل، وأكرثها different administrations. Each of these has ًتعرضا للحفريات األثرية العلمية وغري العلمية. فوفقا التفاقيات السالم الفلسطينية- -had its own methods of management, pro االرسائيلية )1995-1993( تتوىل السلطة الفلسطينية مسؤولياتها عن اآلثار يف -tection, research, and distinct political pur مناطق “ألف” و”باء”، التي متثل حوايل ٪40 من األرايض الفلسطينية املحتلة. pose, making Palestinian cultural heritage وبالرغم من هذا العائق، اال انها كانت املرة األوىل التي يتوىل فيها الشعب الفلسطيني -one of the most intensively abused, exca إدارة تراثه بنفسه. -vated and subsequently disturbed world wide. In accordance with the Oslo Accords تحاول هذه الورقة مناقشة هذه القضايا وتأثريها السلبي عىل حفظ املواقع األثرية the Palestinian Authority took ,(1993-1995) يف منطقة الخليل وحاميتها، وسيتم إيالء اهتامم خاص لحالة ووضع تراثها األثري بعد over responsibility for archaeology in Areas اتفاقيات اوسلو، وذلك بعدما أصبح الرتاث الثقايف يف االرايض الفلسطينية يدار من قبل A” and “B”, representing about 40% of the“ إدارتني متناقضتني، هام: دائرة اآلثار الفلسطينية يف املناطق “ألف وباء” ، وضابط Occupied Palestinian Territories. In spite of اآلثار اإلرسائييل يف منطقة “جيم”. اضافة لذلك تتناول الورقة الحفريات غري الرشعية this inequity, it was the first time that the واالتجار غري املرشوع يف اآلثار الفلسطينية، وكذلك كيفية الحفاظ عىل الرتاث الثقايف -Palestinian people were given an opportu الفلسطيني، وذلك من خالل تسليط الضوء عىل سياسات الحامية والحفاظ وديناميات .nity to manage their own heritage تطوير املواقع األثرية يف منطقة الخليل، ومحاولة تتبع تأثريات اإلدارة املزدوجة عىل تراثها الثقايف. عالوة عىل ذلك، تم ابراز تأثري الحفريات اإلرسائيلية غري املرشوعة- This paper attempts to discuss these issues املعروفة بـ “الحفريات اإلنقاذية”- عىل وضعية اآلثار ومن ثم التطرق للتأثريات -and their negative impact on archaeologi املدمرة للجدار الفاصل عىل املواقع األثرية واملشهد الثقايف يف منطقة الخليل. -cal sites in the Hebron district. Special at tention will be given to the state of cultural heritage since the Oslo Accords, when Pal- estinian cultural heritage started being op- erated by two contested administrations: the Palestinian Department of Antiquities in areas “A and B”, and the Israeli Staff Offi- cer for Archaeology in area “C”. Clandestine excavations, illicit trafficking and the state of conservation of Palestinian cultural heri- tage are also explored to demonstrate the protection, conservation and development dynamics of archaeological sites in this area and how this dually contested management tremendously affects safeguarding of the heritage in the Hebron area. Illegal Israeli excavations, so-called “salvage excava- tions”, and the devastating impact of the separation wall on archaeological sites and the cultural landscape are also briefly dis- cussed. RJOOB: CONTESTED MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE 76 HEBRON DISTRICT Background The Hebron district (al-Khalil) is located 30 km south of Jerusalem (figure 1). It is the largest governorate in the Palestinian territories, not only in terms of size and population (PCBS, 2009: 55-60), but also in its richness of cultural and natural heritage. Its geographic location on natural crossroads has made it a meeting place and a historical passage between Pales- tine and southern neighboring countries (MoTA, 2005: 16). Fertile soils, mild temperatures and sufficient rainfall also make it one of the most flourishing areas for vineyards and olive cultivation in the Middle East, which increasingly contributes to shaping its tangible and intangible heritage in association with diverse oral histories, folktales, customs, habits, and agricultural traditions, often dating from prehistoric times (LRC, 2006: 2-10). Hebron District Bethlehem l p Tell Qila Al ‘Arrub Camp Halhul l l Tarqumiya p Kh. Abu ad Duwair p Kh. Bait ‘Ainun p Kh. al-Kom p Kh. al-Muraq l Hebron l Bani Na’im l Dura p Kh. al-Qasr p Kh. Tawwas Zif l Legend Tell Bait Mirsim p Archaeological Sites p K. Bait Mirsim l Yatta Az Zuweidin l Localities l p Road Network Kh. p Kh. al Karmil Rabud p Kh. Ma’in Local Road p Main Road p Kh. Anab al-Kabira l Kh. Susya Regional Road Es-Samu Water Bodies Separation Wall Kilometers 5 0 Fig. 1: Map of the Hebron area The city of Hebron is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, sacred to the three monotheistic religions. After the Bronze Ages Hebron was a key Canaanite city- state, economically and culturally dominating southern Palestine. Its ancient ruins have been identified in Jebel er-Rumeideh, and archaeological research has brought to light its precious history starting in the Chalcolithic period (4000 BC) through to the Umayyad era (661-750). After the Arab-Muslim conquest, Hebron became the fourth sacred city of Islam, since when Muslim pilgrims have visited and venerated the city, especially following the Hajj in Mecca. RJOOB: CONTESTED MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE 77 HEBRON DISTRICT The Hebron Mountains, high and lowlands, are also rich in cultural and natural heritage assets. Archaeological surveys list about 3,000 archaeological sites in this area, comprising approximately one third of archaeological heritage in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPTs). They demonstrate the wealth and diversity of Palestinian cultural heritage from prehistory to today. The Hebron Mountains also offer many magnificent panoramic views - for example their western slopes overlook the beautiful scenery of the coastal plain and the Mediterranean. Likewise, the eastern slopes overlook the wilderness towards the Dead Sea, with wonderful natural scenes featuring the campsites of tribes and Bedouins (who have wandered the Palestinian wilderness for thousands of years). Status of cultural heritage in the Hebron district under occupation Following the Israeli Occupation of the OPTs in 1967, the responsibility for archaeology transferred to two Israeli Staff Officers for Archaeology (SOAs): one for the Gaza Strip and another for the West Bank excluding East Jerusalem, which was illegally annexed to Israel, with its archaeological affairs being operated by the Israel Antiquities Authority (Greenberg & Keinan, 2007: 16; Oyediran, 1997: 41). The occupation has kept the Jordanian 1966 Antiquities Law enforced in the West Bank alongside a set of military orders which have illegally modified some provisions and stipu- lations of that law. These orders mainly target the issues of licensing, excavations and trade in antiquities, explicitly violating the 4th Geneva Accords and the Hague Convention, and giving the SOA a free hand to conduct excavations, confiscate land and transfer objects throughout the West Bank without oversight by anyone in the occupation authority (Oyedi- ran, 1997: 11-14; Greenberg & Keinan, 2007: 17-18). The SOA has conducted or authorized hundreds of excavations in the OPTs. For example, the Israeli Civil Administration’s Annual Reports for 1984 and 1985 reveal that 48 excava- tion licenses were granted from 1984-86 (as cited in Oyediran, 1997: 40). Since 1986 however, Civil Administration annual reports have no longer been available to the public (Oyediran, 1997: 40). This may be because the military amendments to the law in 1986 gave the SOA more power to undertake all kinds of archaeological activities, such as issuing himself li- censes for exporting, loaning, excavating and disseminating, without accountability to the Israeli Civil Administration, the Advisory Council of Antiquities, or to the demands of the law (Greenberg & Keinan, 2007: 17-19). In this sense, the SOA is the sole issuer of excavation permits, which are mostly used within the organization, and without legal obligation in regard to the antiquities ordinance. The activities of the SOA in the OPTs are ambiguous. No one knows where excavations are taking place or the whereabouts of finds. There is no obligation to report archaeological activities, or if there is, it is a selective choice based on the excavator’s whim or the aims and priorities of the SOA. As a result, most archaeological excavations in the West Bank do not have publications. Half of 368 excavations mentioned in the SOA’s report in 1997 had no publication data at all (Greenberg & Keinan, 2007: 19-20), while some major excava- tions, such as Hebron, Nebi Samwil, and Mount Gerizim, have only limited primary reports (Ibid.: 20). Of course, scientifically speaking, unpublished work lacks ethics and credibility. Perhaps Greenberg’s point of view is correct when he portrays the SOA’s activities as “bur- ied treasure that’s kept in the dark” (Rapport, 2006). Similarly, Professor Lamaire, the Direc- tor-General’s special representative for Jerusalem, describes Israeli excavations as:“research decided on for no purpose other than studying the archives of the soil” (Oyediran, 1997: 41). RJOOB: CONTESTED MANAGEMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE 78 HEBRON DISTRICT
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