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Khalil Tumar.Pdf Faculty of Graduate Studies Institute of Environmental and Water Studies M.Sc. Program in Water and Environmental Engineering M.SC. THESIS A STUDY ON THE AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR MITIGATING WATER SCARCITY IN THE HEBRON DISTRICT, PALESTINE SUBMITTED BY: KHALIL TUMAR STUDENT NUMBER 1105479 SUPERVISOR DR. MAHER ABU-MADI This thesis was submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Masters in Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Graduate Studies at Birzeit University, Palestine. APRIL, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENT Summary………………………………………………………………………………. 5 6 .……………………………………………………………………………….. الخﻻصة Dedication ...………………………………………………………………………….. 7 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………... 8 List of Abbreviations ...……………………………………………………………….. 9 List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………... 10 List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………. 11 Chapter One: Introduction……………………………………………………………. 12 1.1 Overview ………………………………………………….. 12 1.2 Statement of the Problem …………………………………. 13 1.3 Research Questions………………………………………... 14 1.4 Aim and Objectives……………………………………….. 14 1.5 Significance of the Study………………………………….. 14 1.6 Approach and Methodology………………………………. 15 1.7 Hypothesis..……………………………………………….. 15 1.8 Thesis Outline ..…………………………………………... 16 Chapter Two: The Study Area: The Hebron District……..…………………...……… 17 2.1 Location …………………… …………………………….. 17 2.2 Climate ……………………………………………………. 19 2.3 Temperature ……………………………...……………….. 19 2.4 Land Use ………………………....……………………….. 19 2.5 Demography ………………………………………………. 19 2.6 Water situation in Hebron District ………………………... 20 2.6.1 Water resources …………………………………… 20 2.6.2 Water Supply ……………………………………… 26 2.6.3 Existing Water Supply Infrastructure in Hebron district …………………………………………………… 27 2.6.4 Water network coverage …………………………... 28 2.6.5 Water Demand …………………………………….. 28 2.6.6 Water leak …………………………………………. 30 2.6.7 Water thefts ………………………………………... 30 2.7 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Hebron district .......... 30 2.8 Rainwater Harvesting for Residential Use in Hebron district ………………………………………………………… 31 2.9 Assumptions Used in Determining Future Water Demand.. 32 2.9.1 Future Domestic Water Demand ………………….. 32 2.9.2 Future Industrial Water Demand ………………….. 33 2.9.3 Future Agricultural Water Demand ……………….. 33 2.9.4 Future Water right ……………………………….... 33 2.9.5 Future Rainwater Harvesting ……………………… 33 2.9.6 Future wastewater reuse …………………………... 33 2.9.7 Future water demand management ………………... 33 2.9.8 Projected Water Loss ……………………………… 33 Chapter Three: Literature Review ……………………………………………………. 34 3 3.1 Water scarcity …………………………………………….. 34 3.2 The water stress indicators …………..…………………… 34 3.2.1 The Falkenmark water stress indicator ……………. 34 3.2.2 The Water Resources Vulnerability Index ………... 34 3.2.3 Physical and economic scarcity indicators ……….. 35 3.2.4 Water Poverty Index ……………………………… 35 3.3 Water right …...…………………………………………… 35 3.4 Rainwater harvesting …..………………………………… 36 3.5 Treated wastewater reuse ...……………………………….. 40 3.6 Water demand management ………………………………. 42 3.7 Reduction of water leaks and thefts……………………….. 44 Chapter Four: Approach and Methodology …………………………………………. 46 4.1 Research Approach ……………………………………….. 46 4.2 Data Collection …………………………………………… 49 4.3 Analytical Procedures……………………………………... 49 Chapter Five: Results and Discussion ………………………………………………... 51 Chapter Six: Conclusions and Recommendations …………………………………… 64 6.1 Conclusions ……………………………………………….. 64 6.2 Recommendations ………………………………………… 64 6.3 Further Research ………………………………………….. 65 References …………………………………………………………………………..... 66 Appendix 1……………………………………………………………………………. 69 Appendix 2 …………………………………………………………………………… 72 Appendix 3 …………………………………………………………………………… 73 4 SUMMARY Water is the soul of life, and many communities will face the problem of water scarcity in the coming years. Water scarcity is the lack of available water resources, which lead to a gap in the coverage of demands in an area. Many countries are working continuously to reduce water scarcity. Palestine is one of the areas that suffer from water scarcity significantly in the Middle East. The Israeli occupation, is a major cause of the growing problem of water scarcity in Palestine. Hebron district suffers significantly from water scarcity compared to other districts in Palestine. This danger threatens Hebron entity from all aspects of life (domestic, agricultural and industrial). The main aim of this research is to study the available options of water resources covering both local resources and nonconventional sources in the Hebron District that can mitigate water scarcity in the district to create a state of balance between demand and supply based on scientific facts. The method that has been followed is by calculating the value of the Falkenmark index, based on the amount of water available, and the amount needed for domestic, agricultural and industrial water use, at the current situation and the future situation at 2035. It was found that the current total water required to satisfy a person’s needs for domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors is (42.42 Mcm/yr), and the current renewable water resources in Hebron District per person for domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors is (10.97 Mcm/yr). Generally, it was found that Hebron district experience absolute scarcity. And it was found that the available options to mitigate water scarcity in the Hebron District were: water right, water demand management, rainwater harvesting, reduction of water leaks and thefts and treated wastewater reuse. And it was found that when integrated these available options all together will create a state of balance between demand and supply. The result showed that the total water required to satisfy a person’s needs for domestic, agricultural and industrial sectors at 2035 will be (48.22 Mcm/yr), and the Future renewable water resources in Hebron District due to integrated available options all together will be (86.10 Mcm/yr). The results show a lack of management for water sector in Hebron District. This research has shown that the political situation resulting from the Israeli occupation, is the main problem that impede applying of these options. 5 الخﻻصة الماء هو روح الحياة. وندرة المياه هي من بين المشاكل الرئيسية التي يواجهها العديد من المجتمعات والعالم في السنوات المقبلة. ندرة المياه هي عدم وجود موارد المائية المتاحة، مما يؤدي إلى وجود فجوة في تغطية مطالب في المنطقة. تعمل دول كثيرة بشكل مستمر للحد من ندرة المياه. فلسطين من المناطق التي تعاني من شح المياه بشكل كبير في منطقة الشرق اﻷوسط. اﻻحتﻻل اﻹسارئيلي، سببا رئيسيا في تفاقم مشكلة ندرة المياه في فلسطين. محافظة الخليل تعاني بشكل كبير من ندرة المياه بالمقارنة مع مناطق أخرى في فلسطين. هذا الخطر يهدد كيان الخليل من كافة جوانب الحياة )المنزلية والزارعية والصناعية(. الهدف الرئيسي من هذا البحث هو دارسة الخياارت المتاحة للموارد المائية التي تشمل كﻻ من الموارد المحلية ومصادر غير تقليدية في محافظة الخليل التي يمكن أن تخفف ندرة المياه في المنطقة، لخلق حالة من التوازن بين العرض والطلب على أساس الحقائق العلمية. الطريقة التي اتبعت هي عن طريق حساب قيمة المؤشر فالكينمارك، استنادا إلى كمية المياه المتاحة، وكمية المياه الﻻزمة لﻻستخدام المنزلي والزارعي والصناعي، عن الوضع الحالي والوضع المستقبلي في عام 5302. وقد تبين أن إجمالي المياه الحالية الﻻزمة لتلبية احتياجات الفرد للقطاعات المنزلية والزارعية والصناعية هي )25.25 مليون متر مكعب / سنة(، والموارد المائية المتجددة الحالية في منطقة الخليل للشخص الواحد للقطاعات المنزلية والزارعية والصناعية هي )73.01 مليون متر مكعب / سنة(. بشكل عام، وجد أن محافظة الخليل تعاني ندرة مطلقة. وتبين أن الخياارت المتاحة للتخفيف من ندرة المياه في منطقة الخليل هي: الحق في المياه، وادارة الطلب على المياه، وتجميع مياه اﻷمطار، والحد من تسرب المياه والسرقات، واعادة استخدام مياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة. وتبين أنه عندما تدمج هذه الخياارت المتاحه جميعا سيخلق حالة من التوازن بين العرض والطلب. وأظهرت النتائج بأن مجموع كميات المياه الﻻزمة لتلبية احتياجات الفرد للقطاعات المنزلية والزارعية والصناعية في 5302 ستكون )24.55 مليون متر مكعب / سنة(، والموارد المائية المتجددة المستقبلية في منطقة الخليل بسبب تكامل الخياارت المتاحة جميعا ستكون )48.73 مليون متر مكعب / سنة(. أظهرت النتائج عدم وجود إدارة لقطاع المياه في محافظة الخليل. وقد أظهرت هذه الدارسة أن الوضع السياسي الناتج عن اﻻحتﻻل اﻹسارئيلي، هو المشكلة الرئيسية التي تعيق تطبيق هذه الخياارت. 6 DEDICATION To my parents, To my lovely wife, To my heart “Kareem”, To soul of my daughter "Roqia", To my family, To my friends, 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My greatest thanks for my supervisor Dr. Maher Abu-Madi, for his continued follow and guidance. My thanks to my family for their assistance and support. My Special thanks to the West Bank Water Department, Palestinian Water Authority, Water Sector Regulatory Council, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of National Economy, Ministry of Local Government, Action Against Hunger, American Near East Refugee Aid, Palestinian Hydrology Group, all Municipalities of the district. I would like to thank my thesis examination committee Dr. Rashed Al-Sa`ed and Dr. Nidal Mahmoud. 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACF Action Against Hunger ANERA American Near East Refugee Aid EQA Environmental Quality Authority HG Hydrology Group ICA Israeli Civil Administration JWC Joint Water Committee JWU Jerusalem Water Undertaking L. Liters L/C/D Liters per capita per day Mcm Million cubic meters MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoH Ministry of Health MoLG Ministry of Local Government MoNE Ministry of National Economy MWH Montgomery Watson Harza Engineering Company PAI Population Action International PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of
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