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Eco Otouris Sm and D Cultu Ural La Andscap Pe Con Nservat Tion

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Eco Otouris Sm and D Cultu Ural La Andscap Pe Con Nservat Tion I FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Ecotourism and Cultural Landscape Conservation “Bani Na’im Wilderness/Hebron” اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ و اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ "ﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻧﻌﻴﻢ- اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻞ" Submitted By: Nisreen Ajlouni (1075155) Supervisor: Dr. Samar Nazer This Thesis was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture from the Faculty of Enngineering at Birzeit University, Palestine. 2010- 2011 II Ecotourism and Cultural Landscape Conservation “Bani Na’im Wilderness/Hebron” Submitted by: Nisreen Ajlouni (1075155) This thesis was developed under the supervision of Dr. Samar Nazer, and has been approved by all members of the Examination Committee. Dr. Samar Nazer (Chairman of the Committee) ……………………………………. Dr. Ahmad Abu Hammad ……………………………………. (Member) Dr. Yazid Anani ……………………………………. (Member) Date of Defense: May 3, 2011 The author is solely responsible for the accuracy of the statements and interpretations contained in the publication. Such interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views of the Birzeit University. III Dedication To my parents, sisters and brothers, who are the best supporters ever …. To my friends and colleagues, who have encouraged me in so many ways…. To you all I dedicate this humble work…. IV Acknowledgement I owe thanks to many people for their support and encouragement along the whole journey of doing my thesis. Without their kind support, guidance, encouragement and assistance, I would not have been able to finish my thesis I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my thesis supervisor Dr. Samar Nazer for her guidance, encouragement, patience and critics. For her insightful and valued comments as well as her kindness during the whole process of doing my thesis. I am also very thankful to the members of my thesis committee Dr. Ahmad Abu Hammad and Dr. Yazid Anani, who enriches my thesis by their valued recommendations and comments. I would like to extend my truthful appreciation to Mr. Imad Atrash the director of PWLS who provided me with useful information and guidance during the early stages of this research. I am also indebted to Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem (ARIJ) for their help. I gratefully acknowledge my friend Riham Dwaib for her help in preparing all needed maps. Furthermore, I am appreciative to the Mayor of Bani Na’im Municipality Mr. Radwan Manasrah, and to the Manager of Health and Environment Department Mr. Eisa Mua’allem, for their cooperation and kind behavior. Lastly, I am thankful for the United Nations Population Fund (UNPF) for their financial support through the Institute of Community and Public Health (ICPH) at Birzeit University, without which this publication has never been accomplished. V Table of Content Dedication……………………………………………………………………..……III Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………..…....IV Table of Content…………………………………………………………..……....,...V List of Maps…………………………………………………………………..…...VIII List of Figures……………………………………………………………..….…… IX List of Tables…………………………………………………………….…….….....X List of Abbreviations…………………………………….………………..……… XI Abstract……………………………………………...……………..………...…….XII Abstract (in Arabic)……………………………………………….……….……...XIII Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Problem .............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Research Objectives .......................................................................................... 4 1.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 4 1.5 Research Significance ....................................................................................... 5 1.6 Research Methodology ...................................................................................... 6 1.7 Structure of the Thesis ....................................................................................... 6 Chapter Two: Contextual Background 2.1. Palestinian Landscape ...................................................................................... 8 2.2. Biodiversity .................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Tourism .......................................................................................................... 15 2.4. Summary ........................................................................................................ 16 Chapter Three: Cultural Landscape and Ecotourism 3.1. Cultural Landscape ......................................................................................... 18 3.1.1. Cultural Landscape Definition ................................................................ 18 3.1.2 Nature and Culture ................................................................................... 19 3.2. Ecotourism ...................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1. Evolution of the Concept ......................................................................... 21 3.2.2. Defining Ecotourism ............................................................................... 23 3.2.3. Benefits of Ecotourism ............................................................................ 24 3.2.4. Factors for Success in Ecotourism Design .............................................. 25 3.2.5. Constraints of Ecotourism Success ......................................................... 30 3.3. The Impact of Tourism on Landscape ............................................................ 31 VI 3.4. Initiatives in Palestine .................................................................................... 32 3.5. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 35 3.5.1. Ecotourism Opportunity Spectrum (ECOS) Approach ........................... 37 3.6. Summary ........................................................................................................ 45 Chapter Four: Methodology 4.1. Study Area and Site Selection Rationale ........................................................ 49 4.2. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 51 4.3. Research Methods .......................................................................................... 53 4.3.1. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 53 4.3.2. Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 55 4.4. Research Phases ............................................................................................. 56 4.5. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Study Design ............................................. 57 Chapter Five: The Study Area: Bani Na’im Wilderness 5.1. Background .................................................................................................... 58 5.2. Location and Physical Characteristics ............................................................ 59 5.3. Population ....................................................................................................... 63 5.4. Historical Sites ............................................................................................... 64 5.5. Geo-Political Status ........................................................................................ 65 5.6. Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna) ....................................................................... 65 5.7. Summary ........................................................................................................ 69 Chapter Six: Ecotourism Opportunities in Bani Na’im Wilderness 6.1. Ecotourism Opportunity Spectrum Factors ............................................................... 70 6.1.1. Accessibility ................................................................................................ 71 6.1.2. Relationship ................................................................................................. 74 6.1.3. Attractions ................................................................................................... 78 6.1.4. Infrastructure ............................................................................................... 88 6.1.5. User Pre-requisites ...................................................................................... 90 6.1.6. Social Interaction ......................................................................................... 93 6.1.7. Visitor impacts ............................................................................................ 95 6.1.8. Management ................................................................................................ 96 6.2. Summary .................................................................................................................................... 99 VII Chapter Seven: Key Issues in Ecotourism Development 7. 1. The Management and Conservation of BNW Cultural Landscape: the Countryside as an Ecotourism Resource. ............................................................ 101 7. 2. The Management of Tourism Impacts ........................................................ 104 7. 3. Interpretation and Education ....................................................................... 106 7. 4. Promotion and Marketing ...........................................................................
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