Nano Science and Surface Physics ― “ レントゲン(X)線の発見に対して" (波長~1 Nm 以下の電磁波) EM Wave of Wavelength~1 Nm

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Nano Science and Surface Physics ― “ レントゲン(X)線の発見に対して 2018年11月12-14日 名古屋大学工学研究科・工学部 References and Books Reading 応用物理学特論・応用物理学特別講義(集中講義) 1.General Textbooks on Surface Physics (but, a little bit old) 『表面物理学とトポロジカル物質への応用』 ・Hans Lueth: Solid Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films, 6th Ed. (Springer, 2014). ・ K. Oura, V. G. Lifshits, A. A. Saranin, A. V. Zotov, M. Katayama: Lecture Slides (PDF files) 東京大学理学系研究科物理学専攻 Surface Science; An Introduction, (Springer , 2010). http://www-surface.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/KougiOHP/ 長谷川 修司 2.Topical Reviews Related with Surface Physics ・勝本信吾、長谷川修司(分担執筆):『ナノテクのための物理入門』 1.Nanoscience and Surface Physics ナノサイエンスと表面物理 (第12章 ナノスケール系の電子状態と電気伝導)、菅原康弘、粉川良平編(共立、2007) Nanoscience in Nobel Prize ・長谷川修司(分担執筆) :『表面物性の基礎』 2.Atomic Arrangements at Surfaces 表面原子配列構造 (第3賞 電子的・電気的特性)、(現代表面科学シリーズ) 日本表面科学会編集 (共立, 2012) ・長谷川修司 『見えないものをみる -ナノワールドと量子力学-』 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Electron Diffraction : UTフィジックス・シリーズ, (東京大学出版会, 2008). 走査トンネル顕微鏡、電子回折 S. Hasegawa: Visualizing Invisibles―Nano-World and Quantum Mechanics― 3.Surface Electronic States 表面電子状態 ・S. Hasegawa,X. Tong,S. Takeda,N. Sato,and T. Nagao:『Structures and electronic transport on silicon surfaces』,Progress in Surface Science 60, 89-257 (1999) Surface states 表面状態、 Rashba Effect ラシュバ効果 ・安藤陽一;トポロジカル絶縁体入門(講談社、2014) Topological Surface States トポロジカル表面状態、 ・齊藤 英治、村上 修一;スピン流とトポロジカル絶縁体 ―量子物性とスピントロニクスの発展― (共立、2014) Band Bending バンド湾曲 3.Brief Reviews on Specific Topics ・長谷川修司、平原徹:『トポロジカル絶縁体は本当か 実験から見て 』 表面科学 4.Surface Electronic Transport 表面電気伝導 ― ― , 32(4), 216 (2011) S. Hasegawa and T. Hirahara: Are Topological Insulators Experimentally Verified? Space-Charge-Layer Transport and Surface-State Transport ・長谷川修司:『表面での電子・スピン輸送研究の最近の展開』、表面科学 36(3), 112 (2015) 空間電荷層伝導と表面状態伝導 S. Hasegawa: Recent Advances in Research on Electronic and Spin Transport at Surfaces ・藤本聡:空間反転対称性のない物質における超伝導、物理学会誌 63(1), 18 (2008). 原子層超伝導 Atomic-Layer Superconductivity Satoshi Fujimoto: Superconductivity in Materials without Inversion Symmetry The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the General Introduction discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him ― Nano Science and Surface Physics ― “ レントゲン(X)線の発見に対して" (波長~1 nm 以下の電磁波) EM wave of Wavelength~1 nm Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany Munich University Munich, Germany レントゲンが撮った妻の手 現在のレントゲン写真 b. 1845 d. 1923 Left hand of Röntgen’s wife Present Röntgen photo NaClのX線回折 X-Ray Diffraction Laue Condition=Bragg formula DNA分子結晶のX線回折 (~寺田寅彦) X-Ray Diffraction of DNA →X線結晶構造解析 Torahiko Terada Molecular Crystal X-Ray Crystal The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 Structure Analysis “for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals” ラウエ条件 Rosalind Franklin Laue Condition Max von Laue (1879-1960) The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays” ブラッグ回折 Bragg Dirraction (1952) Laue picture of a four-fold symmetric The most beautiful X-ray diffraction Plane of NaCl crystal pattern in the history! 一重らせん構造のX線回折(たんぱく質構造解析)(1952) 四回対称面のラウエ写真 Sir William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg X-Ray Diffraction of Single Helix Structure (1862-1942) (1890-1971) (Protein Structure Analysis) Point Contact 骨格筋(横紋筋) カエルの筋肉のX線回折 ものの大きさ Transistor Skeletal muscle Hair (Striated muscle) X-Ray Diffraction from Muscle Size of Things of a Frog 筋細胞 Muscle Cell 弛緩時 収縮時 Cedar Pollen amoeba 筋原線維 myofibril E coli Red Cell E coli Size Hemoglobin ミオシンとアクチンのすべり 1nanometer 量 Influenza -9 Viruses Sliding of myosin and actin =10 m 子 in muscle =10億分の1 物 Bohr Radius one-bilionth 理 meter 学 長谷川 修司 Our body and daily life are 「見えないものをみる」 東京大学出版会 2008年 Based on nano-world. ノーベル賞(1) The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 半導体に関する研究とトランジスター効果の発見に対して for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect もっとも重要なノーベル賞は? Which is the most important Nobel Prize? ショックレー バーディーン ブラッテン William B. Shockley John Bardeen Walter H. Brattain USA USA USA Semiconductor University of Illinois Bell Telephone Laboratory of Laboratories Beckman Instruments, Inc. b. 1910 b. 1908 b. 1931 d. 1989 d. 1991 d. 1987 トランジスタ Transistor The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 for basic work on information and communication technology “高速・光エレクトロニクスに使われる半導体へテロ構造の開発 “集積回路の発明に対して“ に対して“ for developing semiconductor heterostructures for his part in the invention of used in high-speed- and opto-electronics the integrated circuit コレクター エミッター 微弱な 大きな信号 世界最初のトランジスタ・ラジオ アルフェロフ クレーマー キルビー World-first transistor radio 信号 Zhores I. Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby スイッチをいれるとすぐに聞こえるトランジスターラジオは、 Russia Germany USA 半導体 真空管が温まるのを待つことに慣れた当時の聴衆に 感銘を与えた。 Out put Larger A.F. Ioffe Physico- University of California Texas Instruments Technical Institute Santa Barbara, CA Dallas, TX, USA St. Petersburg Faint Input ベース b. 1928 b. 1923 b. 1930 超格子構造 – 人工結晶 大規模集積回路 LSI (Large-Scale Integrated Circuit) Superlattice Structures—Man-made Crystal 異なる原子を積み重ねる Stack up different atoms layer-by-layer ⇒ → 自然には存在しない人工物質 Artificial materials which do not (量子井戸) exist in nature. (Quantum well structures) 電子顕微鏡写真 Electron Micrograph 光学顕微鏡写真 Optical Micrograph 1億個のトランジスタが搭載 100M transistors on a chip 最小線幅 0.1 μm = 100 nm Minimum Line Width =原子 200 列 0.1 μm = 100 nm =200-atom wide GeSi超格子の電子顕微鏡写真 TEM image of GeSi superlattice The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 トンネル効果の発見 Discovery of Tunneling Effect for his theoretical predictions of the properties for their experimental discoveries regarding of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and in particular those phenomena which are superconductors, respectively generally known as the Josephson effects 半導体内で 超伝導体内で ジョセフソン効果の理論的予測 江崎玲於奈 ギエーバー ジョセフソン Leo Esaki Ivar Giaever Brian D. Josephson Japan USA United Kingdom IBM General Electric Company University of Cambridge b. 1925 b. 1929 b. 1940 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 巨大磁気抵抗効果の発見 for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance" Miyazaki 磁気ヘッド(ハードディスクの小型化・高密度化) Tohoku Univ. Magnetic head (down sizing and high-density magnetic hard disk) Mbit/Inch□ TMR GMR Grünberg Fe Fert MgO Fe Albert Fert Peter Grünberg Magnetic S. Yuasa, et al., Nature Materials 3, 868 (2004). The Newspaper at Oct 2007 reporting this year Physics Nobel Prize in head France Germany 南パリ大学 Julich研究所 トンネル磁気抵抗効果(TMR) using TMR Tunnel magnetoresistance b. 1938 b. 1939 Parallel M ⇒ Low resistance Anti-parallel M ⇒High resistance Point Contact ものの大きさ Transistor The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 Size of Things Hair for his fundamental work in electron 1nanometer Cedar Pollen amoeba optics, and for the design of the for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope =10-9 m first electron microscope 走査トンネル顕微鏡(STM)の設計 =10億分の1 電子光学の基礎研究と 最初の電子顕微鏡の設計 Scanning Tunneling Microscope one-bilionth E coli meter Red Cell E coli Our body and daily life are Based on nano-world. Size Hemoglobin Influenza Viruses Microscopes to see Bohr Radius the nano-world ルスカ ビニッヒ ローラー 長谷川 修司 Ernst Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer 「見えないものをみる」 Fritz-Haber-Institut, G IBM, Zurich, Swiss b. 1906 IBM, Zurich, G 東京大学出版会 2008年 b. 1947 b. 1933 d. 1988 D 2013 (Transmission) Electron Microscope 電子顕微鏡 金の原子鎖 電子銃 Au Atomic Chains Electron Gun 試料 加速管 Specimen Acceleration Tube 高柳邦夫 (東京工業大学) 対物レンズ K. Takayanagi (TIT) Objective コンデンサー Lens レンズ Condenser Lens 回折パターン 試料 Specimen 40 Physics, Applied of Japanses Journal Kizuka, S. Umehara, S. Fujiwara, T. Diffraction 対物レンズ VOL NATURE Takayanagi Kondo&K. Y. H. Ohnishi, Objective Lens L71 2, No.1A/B(2001) , Part Pattern 木塚徳志 中間レンズ Intermediate Lens (筑波大学) 第1投射レンズ Image Projection Lens 1 T. Kizuka 第2投射レンズ (Tsukuba U) 実像 395 Projection Lens 2 , 780(1998) Film, CCD フィルム 分解能 f フィルム dmin Film 日立 外村彰氏提供 R Hitachi A. Tonomura カーボンナノチューブ Carbon NanoTube (CNT) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) by Binnig and とRohrer 走査トンネル顕微鏡 飯島澄男 Sumio Iijima トンネル電流 Tunnel Current I exp d t d 単層 トンネル電流 0 Single-Wall a間隔 電子密度e TEM Images 多層 Multi-Wall Si(111)-7×7 清浄表面のSTM像。 原子一個一個が輝点として分解されている。 STM image of Si(111)-7x7 surface in 1983 Individual atoms as bright spots STM像いろいろ STM針の走査 STM Tip Scanning STM Images SEM像 Ag Clusters on Si(111) (走査電子顕微鏡) crystal surface Scanning electron 電子雲がみえる Microscope movie Electron cloud is observed. Tosch & Neddermeyer トンネル電流が一定に なるように針を上げ下 げしている。針は試料 に接触していない。 The tip is made up and down to keep the J. Nogami, et al. tunnel current constant In atomic chains on Si(100) with avoiding direct contact to the sample. Bert Voigtländer (Juelich Forschungszentrum, Germany) http://www.fz-juelich.de/video/voigtlaender/ 2次元 気体-液体 相転移 2次元 液体-固体 相転移 Two-Dimensional Gas-Liquid Phase Transition 2D Liquid-Solid Phase Transition C. Liu, et al., Phys. Rev. B 71, 041310(R) (2005). Cs atoms adsorbed on Si(111)-√3×√3-Ag surface at RT ⇒ STM at 65 K 2次元気体相 2D Gas Phase 無秩序な原子配列 Random arrangement 激しく動き回っている Moving around rapidly Cs 原子の吸着量=0.01 原子層 Amount of adsorbed Cs atoms ΘCs= 0.01 mono-atomic layer ΘCs = 0.08 ML FT 0.09 原子層 FT 0.12 原子層 FT 0.14 ML 0.09 ML 0.12 ML 次元液体相 2 2 D Liquid Phase × 液体相 Liquid Phase 中間相(2相混合状態) 固体相 √21 √21 原子配列に短距離秩序 Intermediate Phase (2-Phase Mixed) Solid Phase short-range order in atom arrangement あまり動き回らない Do not move around so much 結晶化 Crystalization (核形成 Nucleation) 融解 C. Liu, et al., Phys. Rev. B 71, 041310(R) (2005). Melting (…) BinnigとRohrer 探針 試料 Tip Specimen Heinrich Rohrer の最初のSTM装置 visited us. First STM Apparatus by Binnig and Rohrer 1994 大英博物館に展示 Exhibited at The British Museum 圧電結晶 Piezoelectric Crystal 尺取虫機構 Inchworm mechanism 超伝導鉛のマイスナー効果に よって実験装置全体を浮上させ 永久磁石 Magnets て、除振した。The machine is floated to avoid vibration by Meissner effect
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