I Final Country Report: Haiti

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FINAL COUNTRY REPORT: HAITI FINAL COUNTRY REPORT: HAITI

October 2009 October 2009 Updated in December 20111 Updated in December 20111

1 The baseline survey in Haiti was not originally planned as it was for other countries due to the instability in Haiti. However, 1 The baseline survey in Haiti was not originally planned as it was for other countries due to the instability in Haiti. However, because of improving situation, the baseline survey was finally undertaken in October 2011 by a member of JICA study team because of improving situation, the baseline survey was finally undertaken in October 2011 by a member of JICA study team

仮 305 Haiti Haiti

Country Profile Country Profile Geographic coordinates 18o to 20o N, 71o30” to 74o 30” W Geographic coordinates 18o to 20o N, 71o30” to 74o 30” W Total area 27,750 sq km Total area 27,750 sq km Land area 27,560 sq km Land area 27,560 sq km Water area 190 sq km Water area 190 sq km Length of Coastline 1,977 km Length of Coastline 1,977 km Shelf Area 5,857 sq km Shelf Area 5,857 sq km Territorial Sea 40,142 sq km Territorial Sea 40,142 sq km Claimed EEZ 86,398 sq km Claimed EEZ 86,398 sq km Highest point (m) 2,680 m (Montagne de la Selle) Highest point (m) 2,680 m (Montagne de la Selle) Climate tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade wind Climate tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade wind Natural hazards lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from Natural hazards lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic drought June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; periodic drought Population 9,035,536 (July 2009 est.) Population 9,035,536 (July 2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 1.838% (2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 1.838% (2009 est.) Rate Rate Life Expectancy at birth total population: 60.78 year Life Expectancy at birth total population: 60.78 year Languages French (official), Creole (official Languages French (official), Creole (official Ethnic Mix black 95%, mulatto and white 5% Ethnic Mix black 95%, mulatto and white 5% Work force 3.643 million Work force 3.643 million Unemployment About 60%. Unemployment About 60%. GDP (PPP) $11.53 billion (2008 est.) GDP (PPP) $11.53 billion (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate 1.3% (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate 1.3% (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) $1,300 (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) $1,300 (2008 est.) Currency Unit Gourdes (HTG); US$1 = HTG 39.216 (2008 est.) Currency Unit Gourdes (HTG); US$1 = HTG 39.216 (2008 est.) Area of Mangrove Forests 22.630 ha (THORBJARNARSON (1985)) Area of Mangrove Forests 22.630 ha (THORBJARNARSON (1985)) Percent of Mangrove Not applicable Percent of Mangrove Not applicable Forests Protected Forests Protected Per Capita Food Supply 3 kg/person Per Capita Food Supply 3 kg/person from Fish/Fishery Products from Fish/Fishery Products (2000) (2000) Exports $490 million (2008 est.); apparel, manufactures, oils, cocoa, mangoes, Exports $490 million (2008 est.); apparel, manufactures, oils, cocoa, mangoes, coffee. coffee. Sources: CIA World Factbook – Haiti (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – Haiti Sources: CIA World Factbook – Haiti (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – Haiti

仮 307 Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations and Acronyms CARICOM Caribbean Community CARICOM Caribbean Community CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism DPAQ2 Direction des Pêches et Aquaculture (Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture) DPAQ2 Direction des Pêches et Aquaculture (Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture) EU European Union EU European Union FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAC Fisheries Advisory Committee FAC Fisheries Advisory Committee FD Fisheries Department FD Fisheries Department FMP Fisheries Management Plan FMP Fisheries Management Plan GEF Global Environmental Facility GEF Global Environmental Facility GOH Government of Haiti GOH Government of Haiti IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency MARNDR Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development MARNDR Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development MPA Marine Protected Area MPA Marine Protected Area mt Metric Ton mt Metric Ton OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States TIP Trip Interview Program TIP Trip Interview Program TSV Taura Syndrome Virus TSV Taura Syndrome Virus UNDP United Nations Development Program UNDP United Nations Development Program

1. Before 2011, it was “Service du pêcherie (Fisheries Service)” 1. Before 2011, it was “Service du pêcherie (Fisheries Service)”

仮 308 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE # PAGE # 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 7 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 7 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 7 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 7 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources 11 Management of Fishery Resources 11 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management 12 Approaches to Fisheries Management 12 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues Related to participatory 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues Related to participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management and introduction of Approaches to Fisheries Management and introduction of Alternative Livelihoods 12 Alternative Livelihoods 12 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and Management Plans 16 Management Plans 16 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Management Objectives 17 Development Management Objectives 17 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 17 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 17 3.4 Catch and Effort 21 3.4 Catch and Effort 21 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4.1 Aquaculture Development Component 25 4.1 Aquaculture Development Component 25 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objective 25 and Development Objective 25 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 26 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 26 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 26 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 26 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 27 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 27 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement 31 Stock Enhancement 31 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 32 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 32 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 33 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 33 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 33 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 33 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 33 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 33 5.4 Information Dissemination 33 5.4 Information Dissemination 33 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information System 33 System 33 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department 34 6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department 34 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 35 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 35 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the Workshop 36 Workshop 36 REFERENCES 41 REFERENCES 41

仮 309 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

The Republic of Haiti occupies the western third of the island of Hispaniola (which it The Republic of Haiti occupies the western third of the island of Hispaniola (which it shares with the Dominican Republic), with Jamaica 180 km to the southwest and Cuba 90 km shares with the Dominican Republic), with Jamaica 180 km to the southwest and Cuba 90 km northwest across the Windward Passage. Haiti was the first modern state governed by people of northwest across the Windward Passage. Haiti was the first modern state governed by people of African descent and the second nation in the Western Hemisphere to achieve independence. It is African descent and the second nation in the Western Hemisphere to achieve independence. It is the poorest nation in the western hemisphere, and one of the most densely populated. Itt has an the poorest nation in the western hemisphere, and one of the most densely populated. Itt has an estimated unemployment rate of 60% and about 80% of the population live in abject poverty. It estimated unemployment rate of 60% and about 80% of the population live in abject poverty. It is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and the standard of living of its is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and the standard of living of its residents – including fisherfolk – is substantially lower than in the rest of CARICOM. residents – including fisherfolk – is substantially lower than in the rest of CARICOM. The island shelf is very narrow at 5,000 sq km, and the fishing methods in use are geared The island shelf is very narrow at 5,000 sq km, and the fishing methods in use are geared towards reef demersal exploitation. Fishing activities are confined to the narrow, shallow coastal towards reef demersal exploitation. Fishing activities are confined to the narrow, shallow coastal waters which exacerbates the already deteriorating condition of the resources of the near shore waters which exacerbates the already deteriorating condition of the resources of the near shore fishery zone impacted by coastal pollution. Deforestation in Haiti is extreme, resulting in soil fishery zone impacted by coastal pollution. Deforestation in Haiti is extreme, resulting in soil erosion and the deposit of silt all along the coastal shelf. erosion and the deposit of silt all along the coastal shelf. The number of fishers, mainly small-scale and artisanal, is estimated to be more than 50,000 as The number of fishers, mainly small-scale and artisanal, is estimated to be more than 50,000 as shown in the table 1 in the next page. Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DPAQ) shown in the table 1 in the next page. Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture (DPAQ) estimates that sixty percent (60%) of these are full-time, while the rest are part-time. Haiti is an estimates that sixty percent (60%) of these are full-time, while the rest are part-time. Haiti is an open access fishery. In spite of the clear evidence of serious deteriorating condition of the open access fishery. In spite of the clear evidence of serious deteriorating condition of the fisheries resources, the number of fishers has been rising phenomenally, due to the high poverty fisheries resources, the number of fishers has been rising phenomenally, due to the high poverty and unemployment conditions in the country, and lack of resources to control fishing effort and and unemployment conditions in the country, and lack of resources to control fishing effort and enforce fisheries regulations. In consequence, pressure has increasingly been building upon the enforce fisheries regulations. In consequence, pressure has increasingly been building upon the resources, particularly in the inshore areas, where the majority of the artisanal fishers operate. resources, particularly in the inshore areas, where the majority of the artisanal fishers operate.

Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 1 1

仮 311 TABLE 1: TABLE 1: Summary of fisheries profile in HAITI Summary of fisheries profile in HAITI Current Current Number of people engaged more than 50,000 Number of people engaged more than 50,000 Number of fishing boats *6,500-7,000 Number of fishing boats *6,500-7,000 Fishery Total 16,000 MT/year Fishery Total 16,000 MT/year production Of which aquaculture 400 MT/year production Of which aquaculture 400 MT/year Quantity 10,000 MT/year Quantity 10,000 MT/year Import of fishery Import of fishery Value 10,000,000 USD Value 10,000,000 USD products products Average price 1.00 USD/kg Average price 1.00 USD/kg Quantity 500 MT/year Quantity 500 MT/year Export of fishery Export of fishery Value 5,000,000 USD Value 5,000,000 USD products products Average price 10.00 USD/kg Average price 10.00 USD/kg Fish consumption per capita 2.5 Kg/capita-year Fish consumption per capita 2.5 Kg/capita-year Development target (in 10 years) Development target (in 10 years) Total 46,000 MT/year Total 46,000 MT/year Production Fishery 21,000 MT/year Production Fishery 21,000 MT/year

Aquaculture 25,000 MT/year Aquaculture 25,000 MT/year Export 11,000 MT/y ear Export 11,000 MT/y ear Fish consumption per capita 4.6 kg/capita-year Fish consumption per capita 4.6 kg/capita-year Employment 70,000 people Employment 70,000 people Source: Plan d’investissement pour la crosssance du secteur Agricole, Annex 4 composante Source: Plan d’investissement pour la crosssance du secteur Agricole, Annex 4 composante aquaculture et pêche, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development aquaculture et pêche, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development (MARNDR), 2010 (MARNDR), 2010 * Diagnóstico del Sector de la Pesca y la Acuicultura en Haití, Xunta de Galicia * Diagnóstico del Sector de la Pesca y la Acuicultura en Haití, Xunta de Galicia

Three different types of vessels are used by Haitian fishers: rowboats (canots à quille) from 3.3m Three different types of vessels are used by Haitian fishers: rowboats (canots à quille) from 3.3m to 6 m (10-18 feet) in length; flat-bottomed boats (corallins) from 3.3 m – 5 m (10-15 feet) in to 6 m (10-18 feet) in length; flat-bottomed boats (corallins) from 3.3 m – 5 m (10-15 feet) in length, and dugout wooden boats (pirogues monoxyles) that are 3.3 m – 4 m (10-12 feet) long on length, and dugout wooden boats (pirogues monoxyles) that are 3.3 m – 4 m (10-12 feet) long on average. There are between 6,500 and 7,000 (even though there is another conflicting number average. There are between 6,500 and 7,000 (even though there is another conflicting number 26,348 based on Gilles Damais and al. , July 2007) boats used for fishing in Haiti, many of these 26,348 based on Gilles Damais and al. , July 2007) boats used for fishing in Haiti, many of these are propelled by sails or oars. There are about thirty (30) fiberglass canoes (1,358 all type of are propelled by sails or oars. There are about thirty (30) fiberglass canoes (1,358 all type of boats) with engines. The FAO estimates that 2,382 to 2,662 commercial vessels are concentrated boats) with engines. The FAO estimates that 2,382 to 2,662 commercial vessels are concentrated in the near shore waters of the West, Grand Anse and South-East departments. in the near shore waters of the West, Grand Anse and South-East departments. The fisheries of Haiti are artisanal and target primarily demersal finfish, conch and lobster; The fisheries of Haiti are artisanal and target primarily demersal finfish, conch and lobster; demersal finfish account for nearly one-third of the landings. demersal finfish account for nearly one-third of the landings. Haitian fishers deploy about twenty (20) different fishing gear types: traps (Antillean “Z” type), Haitian fishers deploy about twenty (20) different fishing gear types: traps (Antillean “Z” type), nets (gill nets, trammel nets, cast nets), beach seines and hook and line gear (pelagic and nets (gill nets, trammel nets, cast nets), beach seines and hook and line gear (pelagic and demersal longlines). demersal longlines). Monofilament nets are increasingly in use in Haitian fisheries. These are fixed in the water Monofilament nets are increasingly in use in Haitian fisheries. These are fixed in the water column during times of high seasonal fish migration. The nets are sometimes set in a circle and column during times of high seasonal fish migration. The nets are sometimes set in a circle and have an average length of 80-275 m and a width of 4-5 m. The mesh size is typically between have an average length of 80-275 m and a width of 4-5 m. The mesh size is typically between Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 2 2

仮 312 50-80 mm stretched. Fixed gillnets are used during the night. It takes two to four fishermen to 50-80 mm stretched. Fixed gillnets are used during the night. It takes two to four fishermen to set a gillnet in the evening which is left in place for 12-18 hours, or longer, and is hauled in the set a gillnet in the evening which is left in place for 12-18 hours, or longer, and is hauled in the following morning. Trawls are also commonly used and these are made of twisted nylon line. following morning. Trawls are also commonly used and these are made of twisted nylon line. Beach seines are typically 90-150 m in length; however, some can get up to 600 m in length. Beach seines are typically 90-150 m in length; however, some can get up to 600 m in length. Seines are used to capture coastal pelagic species such as sardines, herrings, bonito and Seines are used to capture coastal pelagic species such as sardines, herrings, bonito and anchovies. anchovies. Purse seines that have very fine mesh (about 30 mm) are used. The length of these seines is Purse seines that have very fine mesh (about 30 mm) are used. The length of these seines is between 300-700 m. The crew is made up of 6-8 fishers on a boat that is 6-8 m in length. between 300-700 m. The crew is made up of 6-8 fishers on a boat that is 6-8 m in length. The Z-shaped traps that are used are made almost entirely of bamboo, and have two entry points. The Z-shaped traps that are used are made almost entirely of bamboo, and have two entry points. These can be fished either floating or on the bottom. They target demersals, coastal pelagics and These can be fished either floating or on the bottom. They target demersals, coastal pelagics and lobsters (Panulirus spp.). lobsters (Panulirus spp.). While handlines with a single hook are commonly used, artisanal fishers set pelagic longlines. While handlines with a single hook are commonly used, artisanal fishers set pelagic longlines. These vertical lines are typically set at 20-50 m depths and each fisherman uses ten lines at a These vertical lines are typically set at 20-50 m depths and each fisherman uses ten lines at a time. Longlines set on the shelf/deep slope areas have 10-18 hooks that are set one meter apart time. Longlines set on the shelf/deep slope areas have 10-18 hooks that are set one meter apart for approximately 200 m length. These lines are anchored on the sea floor by stones or allowed for approximately 200 m length. These lines are anchored on the sea floor by stones or allowed to drift; they are used to catch valuable coastal pelagics. to drift; they are used to catch valuable coastal pelagics. Lobsters, queen conch (S. gigas) and demersal fish are hand harvested by divers using spearguns. Lobsters, queen conch (S. gigas) and demersal fish are hand harvested by divers using spearguns. Some use hooka rigs3 to a depth of 25 m. Some use hooka rigs3 to a depth of 25 m. Fishing is also sometimes done with lights that are used to attract the fish (when there is no Fishing is also sometimes done with lights that are used to attract the fish (when there is no moon). A bulb of 25-30 watts is immersed in the water and then hook and line fishing is carried moon). A bulb of 25-30 watts is immersed in the water and then hook and line fishing is carried out. Many fishers operate directly from the coast without the aid of a boat. out. Many fishers operate directly from the coast without the aid of a boat. Fisheries and aquaculture are not considered a sector of strategic importance to the Haitian Fisheries and aquaculture are not considered a sector of strategic importance to the Haitian economy, but the contribution of fisheries to the livelihood of coastal communities is far from economy, but the contribution of fisheries to the livelihood of coastal communities is far from negligible. The waters off the disputed territory of Navassa Island off are the focus of expansion negligible. The waters off the disputed territory of Navassa Island off are the focus of expansion of Haitian fisheries. of Haitian fisheries.

3 A hooka rig is a low-pressure compressor in the boat which must be constantly tended, connected by a hose to one 3 A hooka rig is a low-pressure compressor in the boat which must be constantly tended, connected by a hose to one or two second-stage regulators used by the divers at depth. The divers can stay down for several hours, but run an or two second-stage regulators used by the divers at depth. The divers can stay down for several hours, but run an increased risk of decompression sickness (“the bends”). increased risk of decompression sickness (“the bends”). Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 3 3

仮 313 FLS FLS

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Location of the main fish landing sites (FLS) along the Haitian coastline. Location of the main fish landing sites (FLS) along the Haitian coastline. Fish are landed and sold all along the coastline of Haiti, but the principal landing sites for Fish are landed and sold all along the coastline of Haiti, but the principal landing sites for the sale of fish to the public are: Port-au-Prince, Luly, St Marc, Gonaïves, Mole St Nicolas, Port- the sale of fish to the public are: Port-au-Prince, Luly, St Marc, Gonaïves, Mole St Nicolas, Port- de-Paix, Cap-Haitien, Fort-Liberté, Petit-Goave, Roseaux, Jeremie, Dame-Marie, de-Paix, Cap-Haitien, Fort-Liberté, Petit-Goave, Roseaux, Jeremie, Dame-Marie, Ansed’Hainault, Les Cayes, Les Anglais, Aquin, Jacmel, and Marigot. Their approximate Ansed’Hainault, Les Cayes, Les Anglais, Aquin, Jacmel, and Marigot. Their approximate location is marked on the above map. location is marked on the above map. Poverty is endemic in Haiti, including among fishers. A vicious cycle poverty is caused by past Poverty is endemic in Haiti, including among fishers. A vicious cycle poverty is caused by past degradation of the fisheries resources and the marine environment, and there is the real threat degradation of the fisheries resources and the marine environment, and there is the real threat that the inshore fisheries will collapse. The lack of alternative sources of income or employment that the inshore fisheries will collapse. The lack of alternative sources of income or employment or income drive people into the sea to seek a livelihood, where they find persistent poverty. This or income drive people into the sea to seek a livelihood, where they find persistent poverty. This has largely stifled the adoption of appropriate technologies that could support the shifting of has largely stifled the adoption of appropriate technologies that could support the shifting of operations away from the congested and over fished continental shelf. operations away from the congested and over fished continental shelf. The possibility of new technologies, coupled with insufficient attention to the fisheries sector by The possibility of new technologies, coupled with insufficient attention to the fisheries sector by government, has triggered the mushrooming of fisherfolk organizations, determined to promote government, has triggered the mushrooming of fisherfolk organizations, determined to promote their own interests and play a serious role in the regulatory aspects of fisheries management. their own interests and play a serious role in the regulatory aspects of fisheries management. The emergence of fishers’ cooperatives and associations in Haiti has proceeded at a rate The emergence of fishers’ cooperatives and associations in Haiti has proceeded at a rate unprecedented in the Caribbean. In the year 2000 the number of these organizations was unprecedented in the Caribbean. In the year 2000 the number of these organizations was estimated conservatively at about one hundred and forty (140). Haiti has one of the strongest estimated conservatively at about one hundred and forty (140). Haiti has one of the strongest fisherfolk organizational systems in the CARICOM region. Approximately 52% of the fishers fisherfolk organizational systems in the CARICOM region. Approximately 52% of the fishers are reported to be members of one or other fishers’ organization. are reported to be members of one or other fishers’ organization. Haitian fishers have not had the ‘luxury’ of operating under governments with any structured Haitian fishers have not had the ‘luxury’ of operating under governments with any structured policy framework and legal and regulatory institutional arrangements that would effectively policy framework and legal and regulatory institutional arrangements that would effectively establish government legal control over marine space and create operable management and establish government legal control over marine space and create operable management and regulatory systems. The end of repressive regimes marked by the ouster of the last Duvalier regulatory systems. The end of repressive regimes marked by the ouster of the last Duvalier dictatorship and the ushering in of a democratic regime, created the enabling environment that dictatorship and the ushering in of a democratic regime, created the enabling environment that

仮 314 paved the way for the formation of fishers associations and cooperatives. The void created by paved the way for the formation of fishers associations and cooperatives. The void created by inadequate government policy and support has been effectively occupied by non-governmental inadequate government policy and support has been effectively occupied by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that have taken on the task of mobilizing the fishers and encouraging the organizations (NGOs) that have taken on the task of mobilizing the fishers and encouraging the formation of marketing cooperatives and associations. formation of marketing cooperatives and associations. Fishers have responded positively, not only because of insufficient action of their governments, Fishers have responded positively, not only because of insufficient action of their governments, but also in order to eliminate exploitation by middlemen, who purchase the catch at very low but also in order to eliminate exploitation by middlemen, who purchase the catch at very low prices and made exorbitant profits. They have been more than eager to eliminate these prices and made exorbitant profits. They have been more than eager to eliminate these middlemen by mobilizing resources to form marketing cooperatives and associations that would middlemen by mobilizing resources to form marketing cooperatives and associations that would purchase their products at more reasonable prices and sell at the right time for profits that would purchase their products at more reasonable prices and sell at the right time for profits that would finance the administration and management of their organizations. finance the administration and management of their organizations. The following are some of the over 140 relatively vibrant and strong organizations in Haiti: The following are some of the over 140 relatively vibrant and strong organizations in Haiti:  Association des Pêcheurs de Luly (APEL).  Association des Pêcheurs de Luly (APEL).  Association des Pêcheurs de Léogane (APL).  Association des Pêcheurs de Léogane (APL).  Cooperative de Pêche la Commune de Grand Goâve (COPECOG).  Cooperative de Pêche la Commune de Grand Goâve (COPECOG).  Cooperative de Pêche et de Transparence de Janti (CPTJ).  Cooperative de Pêche et de Transparence de Janti (CPTJ).  Association des Pêcheurs de Cont (APEC).  Association des Pêcheurs de Cont (APEC).  Cooperative des Pêcheurs de Mitan (COPEMI).  Cooperative des Pêcheurs de Mitan (COPEMI).  Association des Pêcheurs de Trou-A-Lèau (ASPET).  Association des Pêcheurs de Trou-A-Lèau (ASPET).  Association Pêcheurs des Petite Goâve (APPG).  Association Pêcheurs des Petite Goâve (APPG).  Association des Pêcheurs des Montrouis (APEM).  Association des Pêcheurs des Montrouis (APEM).  Association des Pệcheurs de Petite-Anse (APPA).  Association des Pệcheurs de Petite-Anse (APPA).  Other Associations exist in Marigot in Sud-Est, Dame-Marie in Grand’Anse; and  Other Associations exist in Marigot in Sud-Est, Dame-Marie in Grand’Anse; and Montrouis in Ouest. Montrouis in Ouest.

Some of these primary fishers’ organizations have formed second-level fishers’ associations to Some of these primary fishers’ organizations have formed second-level fishers’ associations to promote their interests. For example the fishers’ organizations in the west of Haiti have formed promote their interests. For example the fishers’ organizations in the west of Haiti have formed COOPECHE (Coordination des Organizations de l'Ouest pour la Pêche), and there are two COOPECHE (Coordination des Organizations de l'Ouest pour la Pêche), and there are two federations with a national character: GIP (Gwoup Insyativ Pou Yon Mouvman Nasyonal Peche federations with a national character: GIP (Gwoup Insyativ Pou Yon Mouvman Nasyonal Peche Oganize), and the “Federation of Organizations of Fishers in Haiti ” founded in 1997. The goals Oganize), and the “Federation of Organizations of Fishers in Haiti ” founded in 1997. The goals of these organizations seem to be to promote their interest, to play the regulatory role hat that has of these organizations seem to be to promote their interest, to play the regulatory role hat that has not been effectively promoted by the government, to develop viable economic entities with not been effectively promoted by the government, to develop viable economic entities with access to credit facilities, to participate in community welfare activities, and to seek to reduce access to credit facilities, to participate in community welfare activities, and to seek to reduce their dependency on government largesse. These have been supported by NGOs in Port-au- their dependency on government largesse. These have been supported by NGOs in Port-au- Prince such as FoProBIM (Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine, or Prince such as FoProBIM (Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine, or “Foundation for the Protection of Marine Biodiversity”) and FONADES (Fondation Haitienne “Foundation for the Protection of Marine Biodiversity”) and FONADES (Fondation Haitienne pour le Développement Économique et Social (FONHADES) or “Haitian Foundation for pour le Développement Économique et Social (FONHADES) or “Haitian Foundation for Economic and Social Development”) which have been pivotal in facilitating the emergence of Economic and Social Development”) which have been pivotal in facilitating the emergence of the fisher’s organizations. the fisher’s organizations.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN HAITI THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN HAITI The administration of fisheries in Haiti falls under MARNDR, and directly under DPAQ. In the The administration of fisheries in Haiti falls under MARNDR, and directly under DPAQ. In the year 2001 it had a staff strength of twenty-two (22), with eleven (11) of the technical staff with year 2001 it had a staff strength of twenty-two (22), with eleven (11) of the technical staff with first degrees and six (6) with Masters’ Degrees. The existing staff considers Data Collection and first degrees and six (6) with Masters’ Degrees. The existing staff considers Data Collection and Management and Statistics and Stock Assessment as the priority areas of the department, and the Management and Statistics and Stock Assessment as the priority areas of the department, and the areas where problems with recruitment are critical. Some senior fisheries officers listed the areas where problems with recruitment are critical. Some senior fisheries officers listed the human resource needs of the department as follows: Laboratory Technicians for fisheries human resource needs of the department as follows: Laboratory Technicians for fisheries biological analysis, a Data Manager, Quality Control Officer and Extension Unit Head. biological analysis, a Data Manager, Quality Control Officer and Extension Unit Head.

仮 315 The department suffers from a lack of basic administrative facilities and institutional capabilities. The department suffers from a lack of basic administrative facilities and institutional capabilities. Its technical staff compares favorably with any in the Caribbean region but there is an acute Its technical staff compares favorably with any in the Caribbean region but there is an acute shortage of material resources for them to utilize in their operations. It lacks basic facilities that shortage of material resources for them to utilize in their operations. It lacks basic facilities that are taken for granted by the fisheries departments and divisions of other Caribbean countries. are taken for granted by the fisheries departments and divisions of other Caribbean countries. Limited governmental attention to the fisheries sector is reflected in the absence of budgetary Limited governmental attention to the fisheries sector is reflected in the absence of budgetary allocations for the administration of the sector and inadequate institutional framework for allocations for the administration of the sector and inadequate institutional framework for fisheries resource management of both the capture (marine and inland) and the culture fisheries. fisheries resource management of both the capture (marine and inland) and the culture fisheries. The senior staff realistically state that due to these handicaps, the functions of the DPAQ are The senior staff realistically state that due to these handicaps, the functions of the DPAQ are mainly limited to providing advice to the private sector, handling of administrative files and mainly limited to providing advice to the private sector, handling of administrative files and matters, and occasionally, feeble attempts to enforce existing fisheries legislation without much matters, and occasionally, feeble attempts to enforce existing fisheries legislation without much success. DPAQ cannot improve the lack of funding situation from other sources of funding since success. DPAQ cannot improve the lack of funding situation from other sources of funding since donor agencies prefer working with NGOs, consulting firms and academic and research donor agencies prefer working with NGOs, consulting firms and academic and research institutions, rather than directly with governmental agencies. institutions, rather than directly with governmental agencies.

仮 316 CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT MANAGEMENT COMPONENT

2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics Haiti is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, and much of the population Haiti is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, and much of the population lives on or near the coast. The major coastal settlements which also function as fish landing sites lives on or near the coast. The major coastal settlements which also function as fish landing sites have the following estimated populations: have the following estimated populations: TABLE 2: TABLE 2: POPULATIONS OF THE MAIN POPULATIONS OF THE MAIN COASTAL SETTLEMENTS, HAITI COASTAL SETTLEMENTS, HAITI DEPARTMENT SETTLEMENT TOTAL DEPARTMENT SETTLEMENT TOTAL Ouest Port-au-Prince 2,500,000 Ouest Port-au-Prince 2,500,000 Ouest Luly 2,000 Ouest Luly 2,000 Artibonite St. Marc 66,226 Artibonite St. Marc 66,226 Artibonite Gonaïves 104,825 Artibonite Gonaïves 104,825 Nord-Ouest Mole St Nicolas 4,000 Nord-Ouest Mole St Nicolas 4,000 Nord-Ouest Port-de-Paix 250,000 Nord-Ouest Port-de-Paix 250,000 Nord Cap-Haitien 180,000 Nord Cap-Haitien 180,000 Nord-Est Fort-Liberté 11,465 Nord-Est Fort-Liberté 11,465 Ouest Petit-Goave 12,000 Ouest Petit-Goave 12,000 Grand‘Anse Roseaux 28,811 Grand‘Anse Roseaux 28,811 Grand‘Anse Jeremie 31,000 Grand‘Anse Jeremie 31,000 Grand‘Anse Dame-Marie 27,127 Grand‘Anse Dame-Marie 27,127 Grand‘Anse Anse d’Hainault 23,185 Grand‘Anse Anse d’Hainault 23,185 Sud Les Cayes 45,904 Sud Les Cayes 45,904 Sud Les Anglais 25,652 Sud Les Anglais 25,652 Sud Aquin 5,246 Sud Aquin 5,246 Sud-Est Jacmel 40,000 Sud-Est Jacmel 40,000 Sud-Est Marigot 50,734 Sud-Est Marigot 50,734 Without the developed manufacturing and tourism sectors of other Caribbean islands, the Without the developed manufacturing and tourism sectors of other Caribbean islands, the importance of fishing to the local economy becomes apparent. importance of fishing to the local economy becomes apparent.

2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements POLICY POLICY The GOH has not chosen to prepare a National Fisheries Policy for Haiti. A The GOH has not chosen to prepare a National Fisheries Policy for Haiti. A draft Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) for Haiti was prepared in 1999 with the help of FAO, draft Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) for Haiti was prepared in 1999 with the help of FAO, but it has not been introduced because of lack of funds and other resources needed for but it has not been introduced because of lack of funds and other resources needed for implementation. The main objectives of this FMP are: implementation. The main objectives of this FMP are: i. Rehabilitation of degraded habitats i. Rehabilitation of degraded habitats ii. Training of fishermen in basic literacy ii. Training of fishermen in basic literacy iii. Introduction and use of appropriate fishing gear and equipment; iii. Introduction and use of appropriate fishing gear and equipment; iv. Advanced training in fisheries assessment and management; and iv. Advanced training in fisheries assessment and management; and v. Fish stock assessments. v. Fish stock assessments. Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 7 7

仮 317 A copy of the draft FMP was not provided, and so a detailed assessment cannot be conducted. A copy of the draft FMP was not provided, and so a detailed assessment cannot be conducted. The plan seems to suffer from two main weaknesses: The plan seems to suffer from two main weaknesses: 1) It does not involve fishers or fishers organizations in fisheries management or planning; 1) It does not involve fishers or fishers organizations in fisheries management or planning; and and 2) It does not adequately take into account the socio-economic situation and local culture. 2) It does not adequately take into account the socio-economic situation and local culture.

MARNDR has made available the investment plan for the agriculture sector development 2010- MARNDR has made available the investment plan for the agriculture sector development 2010- 2016 which includes the fisheries and aquaculture sector. The ambitious development targets are 2016 which includes the fisheries and aquaculture sector. The ambitious development targets are shown in the table 1 of this report. MARNDR argues that current production level of capture shown in the table 1 of this report. MARNDR argues that current production level of capture fisheries, estimated at 15,000 MT/year, is not too far from the maximum sustainable yield, fisheries, estimated at 15,000 MT/year, is not too far from the maximum sustainable yield, estimated at 20,000 MT/year. On the other hand, their strong focus is placed on the aquaculture estimated at 20,000 MT/year. On the other hand, their strong focus is placed on the aquaculture development to increase from current production level, which is estimated to be 400 MT/year, to development to increase from current production level, which is estimated to be 400 MT/year, to 25,000 MT/year. 25,000 MT/year. LEGISLATION LEGISLATION The Act which governs fisheries in Haiti was promulgated in 1959 and is titled: The Act which governs fisheries in Haiti was promulgated in 1959 and is titled:

“Decree to regularize the right to fish in Haiti, and requiring all foreigners, companies and “Decree to regularize the right to fish in Haiti, and requiring all foreigners, companies and cooperatives to have a permit (or license) from the Secretary of State of Agriculture, Natural cooperatives to have a permit (or license) from the Secretary of State of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development”. Resources and Rural Development”. The preamble to the 1959 Act contains the following clauses reminiscent of much more recent The preamble to the 1959 Act contains the following clauses reminiscent of much more recent legislation under the Law of the Sea convention: legislation under the Law of the Sea convention:

“considering that the Haitian state exercises sovereignty over all its national waters, the “considering that the Haitian state exercises sovereignty over all its national waters, the continental shelf, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and under the surface of its continental shelf, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and under the surface of its seas and rivers; seas and rivers; And considering that it has the obligation to organize and regulate the exploitation of the species of And considering that it has the obligation to organize and regulate the exploitation of the species of flora and fauna which live there; flora and fauna which live there; Considering that the rationalization of the exploitation of aquatic biological resources depends on Considering that the rationalization of the exploitation of aquatic biological resources depends on the protection of the maritime and riverine flora and fauna, the control of the method of capture the protection of the maritime and riverine flora and fauna, the control of the method of capture and the gear utilized; as well as the pressure placed on the fish based on the available stocks; and the gear utilized; as well as the pressure placed on the fish based on the available stocks;

仮 318 Considering that, in the context of Development, it is the duty of the State to ensure the promotion Considering that, in the context of Development, it is the duty of the State to ensure the promotion of maritime and riverine fishing, to guide the commercialization of seafood to facilitate economic of maritime and riverine fishing, to guide the commercialization of seafood to facilitate economic growth as a programme of the Government of the Republic;” growth as a programme of the Government of the Republic;” The functions of the Secretary of State in the French tradition are similar to the functions of a Junior The functions of the Secretary of State in the French tradition are similar to the functions of a Junior Minister in the English tradition. Minister in the English tradition.

One hundred and forty-seven (147) articles follow, the real substance of the 1959 Fisheries Act. One hundred and forty-seven (147) articles follow, the real substance of the 1959 Fisheries Act. Those articles quoted and translated below are some of those relevant to community-based Those articles quoted and translated below are some of those relevant to community-based fisheries management: fisheries management:

Article 2: The seafloor and water column of internal waters, territorial sea and the economic Article 2: The seafloor and water column of internal waters, territorial sea and the economic zone, the rivers, the lakes, the lagoons, the estuaries and the spring waters are in the zone, the rivers, the lakes, the lagoons, the estuaries and the spring waters are in the public domain of the state which is inalienable and imprescriptible. public domain of the state which is inalienable and imprescriptible.

Article 3: The utilization of waters for fishing or any similar act definitely requires the Article 3: The utilization of waters for fishing or any similar act definitely requires the obtaining of administrative authorization from the Secretary of State of Agriculture, obtaining of administrative authorization from the Secretary of State of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development. Natural Resources and Rural Development.

Article 5: The right to fish belongs to the state; exercise of this right depends upon Article 5: The right to fish belongs to the state; exercise of this right depends upon authorization given to individuals, companies and cooperatives. authorization given to individuals, companies and cooperatives.

Article 10: All persons who are artisanal fishers are obliged to pay annually a tax of 10 Article 10: All persons who are artisanal fishers are obliged to pay annually a tax of 10 gourdes to the tax office in their jurisdiction from the 1st to the 30th October, with the gourdes to the tax office in their jurisdiction from the 1st to the 30th October, with the permit in hand. permit in hand. Those engaged in industrial fishing are subject to an annual tax of 250 gourdes. Those engaged in industrial fishing are subject to an annual tax of 250 gourdes.

仮 319 Article 22: The Secretary of State of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development fixes Article 22: The Secretary of State of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development fixes the number and characteristics of the fishing vessels used for fishing a particular the number and characteristics of the fishing vessels used for fishing a particular species. Similarly the size of the engine and the types of gear to be utilized. species. Similarly the size of the engine and the types of gear to be utilized.

Article 37: The Secretary of State of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development can Article 37: The Secretary of State of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development can for reasons of general welfare or scientific urgence, issue restrictions or limitations for reasons of general welfare or scientific urgence, issue restrictions or limitations on maritime or riverine fishing areas. on maritime or riverine fishing areas.

Article 72: Under the supervision of the Fisheries Service, fishing cooperatives have the Article 72: Under the supervision of the Fisheries Service, fishing cooperatives have the obligation provide professional training for their members. obligation provide professional training for their members.

Article 75: The fisheries cooperatives will send a monthly report to the Fisheries Service Article 75: The fisheries cooperatives will send a monthly report to the Fisheries Service detailing prices and an annual operations plan, relating their production and detailing prices and an annual operations plan, relating their production and commercial activities and management. commercial activities and management. The 1959 Fisheries Act of Haiti contains – in general and specifically – many useful The 1959 Fisheries Act of Haiti contains – in general and specifically – many useful provisions for fisheries management; in 1959 it might have been considered rather avant garde. provisions for fisheries management; in 1959 it might have been considered rather avant garde. However it contains no provisions for fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and However it contains no provisions for fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of fishery resources. There is no provision other stakeholders to participate in the management of fishery resources. There is no provision for any sort of fisheries Advisory Council, or any requirement for consultation with fishers or for any sort of fisheries Advisory Council, or any requirement for consultation with fishers or their representatives. It is a consummate top-down “command and control” fisheries act4, where their representatives. It is a consummate top-down “command and control” fisheries act4, where the Secretary of State of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development and the the Secretary of State of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development and the Fisheries Service are assumed to know what is best, and the fishers should just follow along. Fisheries Service are assumed to know what is best, and the fishers should just follow along. With Haiti’s membership in CARICOM, the CRFM has undertaken to provide technical With Haiti’s membership in CARICOM, the CRFM has undertaken to provide technical assistance to the Fisheries Service “to improve the institutional capability of the department, assistance to the Fisheries Service “to improve the institutional capability of the department, strengthen the planning and policy framework and improve the system of governance”. strengthen the planning and policy framework and improve the system of governance”. The CRFM intends to collaborate with the Fisheries Service in a Project which “will: The CRFM intends to collaborate with the Fisheries Service in a Project which “will: i. Assist with the preparation of a comprehensive national fisheries policy, fisheries i. Assist with the preparation of a comprehensive national fisheries policy, fisheries management plan, and work plan … management plan, and work plan … ii. Assist with preparation and establishment of a mechanism for providing policy advice ii. Assist with preparation and establishment of a mechanism for providing policy advice and enhancement of participatory approaches to decision-making regarding the fisheries and enhancement of participatory approaches to decision-making regarding the fisheries sector, sector, iii. Support a review and preparation of recommendations for strengthening of the legal iii. Support a review and preparation of recommendations for strengthening of the legal framework, organizational structure and operational arrangements of the fisheries framework, organizational structure and operational arrangements of the fisheries

4 The 1959 Fisheries Act appears under the signature of Dr. Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier (1907-1971), “President 4 The 1959 Fisheries Act appears under the signature of Dr. Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier (1907-1971), “President for Life” of Haiti from 1957-1971. He ruled Haiti as a dictator. One is not sure if some of that sentiment is for Life” of Haiti from 1957-1971. He ruled Haiti as a dictator. One is not sure if some of that sentiment is present in the 1959 Act or whether it was simply that stakeholder participation was not yet fashionable. present in the 1959 Act or whether it was simply that stakeholder participation was not yet fashionable. Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 10 10

仮 320 department, and provide resources to assist with the implementation of the department, and provide resources to assist with the implementation of the recommendations agreed upon. recommendations agreed upon.

SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS DPAQ is responsible for the administration and enforcement of the Fisheries Act and associated DPAQ is responsible for the administration and enforcement of the Fisheries Act and associated regulations. Monitoring, surveillance and enforcement of fisheries regulations are among the regulations. Monitoring, surveillance and enforcement of fisheries regulations are among the specific functions of the DPAQ, but generally there is no monitoring, surveillance or specific functions of the DPAQ, but generally there is no monitoring, surveillance or enforcement of fisheries regulations due to lack of resources and equipment, limited enforcement of fisheries regulations due to lack of resources and equipment, limited organizational capacity, lack of personnel, poverty and political instability. Normally no action is organizational capacity, lack of personnel, poverty and political instability. Normally no action is taken when violations of regulations are discovered. taken when violations of regulations are discovered. Even though the promotion of fishers’ organizations is directly part of the mandate of the DPAQ, Even though the promotion of fishers’ organizations is directly part of the mandate of the DPAQ, little is actually done because of the lack of presence of the DPAQ outside of Port-au-Prince5. little is actually done because of the lack of presence of the DPAQ outside of Port-au-Prince5. The absence of government has expanded the role NGOs in Haiti may play, which has led to the The absence of government has expanded the role NGOs in Haiti may play, which has led to the explosion in fisheries organizations in recent years. explosion in fisheries organizations in recent years. In addition to providing support to the government of Haiti, any fisheries development project In addition to providing support to the government of Haiti, any fisheries development project should consider providing some funding and other support for NGOs which are doing useful should consider providing some funding and other support for NGOs which are doing useful work on the ground, for they could be powerful allies in the task of assisting fishers, fisher work on the ground, for they could be powerful allies in the task of assisting fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of fishery resources. fishery resources.

5 This was expressed to the team leader during a meeting with representatives from COOPECHE at Luly in 1998. 5 This was expressed to the team leader during a meeting with representatives from COOPECHE at Luly in 1998. 6 Plan d’investissement pour la crosssance du secteur Agricole, Annex 4 composante aquaculture et pêche, 6 Plan d’investissement pour la crosssance du secteur Agricole, Annex 4 composante aquaculture et pêche, MARNDR, 2010 MARNDR, 2010 Programme National pour le Développement de la Pêche Maritime en Haïti 2010-2014, 2010, MARNDR Programme National pour le Développement de la Pêche Maritime en Haïti 2010-2014, 2010, MARNDR Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 11 11

仮 321 2.4 Effectiveness of National- and Community-Level Participatory 2.4 Effectiveness of National- and Community-Level Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management Approaches to Fisheries Management

As for the application of participatory approach, limited scale of trails can be seen on project As for the application of participatory approach, limited scale of trails can be seen on project basis where the budget is available (for example in South-east department, there is fisheries basis where the budget is available (for example in South-east department, there is fisheries community development project with Spanish cooperation). However, implementation at community development project with Spanish cooperation). However, implementation at national level seems unfeasible unless further assistance is provided to complement very limited national level seems unfeasible unless further assistance is provided to complement very limited resource and capacity of Haitian government. resource and capacity of Haitian government.

2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues related to Participatory 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues related to Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management and Introduction of Approaches to Fisheries Management and Introduction of Alternative Livelihoods Alternative Livelihoods Baseline workshops were held with government staff and the community. The results are Baseline workshops were held with government staff and the community. The results are presented in the Chapter 6 of this report. Below the review of a multidisciplinary survey of the presented in the Chapter 6 of this report. Below the review of a multidisciplinary survey of the fisheries of Haiti, published by CRFM in 2009 is given. fisheries of Haiti, published by CRFM in 2009 is given. Attitudes to Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management Attitudes to Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management The CRFM team administered 120 questionnaires to fishing communities in the departments of The CRFM team administered 120 questionnaires to fishing communities in the departments of Grand’ Anse, Sud-Est, Ouest, Artibonite and Nord, in and around Jeremie and Dame Marie in Grand’ Anse, Sud-Est, Ouest, Artibonite and Nord, in and around Jeremie and Dame Marie in Grand Anse, Marigot in Sud Est and Port-au-Prince, Léogane, Grande Gonave and Saint-Marc Grand Anse, Marigot in Sud Est and Port-au-Prince, Léogane, Grande Gonave and Saint-Marc in the Ouest and Antbonite Departments, and Cap-Haitien in the Nord Department. Although the in the Ouest and Antbonite Departments, and Cap-Haitien in the Nord Department. Although the sample at each landing site was small, the results may be taken as indicative. sample at each landing site was small, the results may be taken as indicative. When asked their preferred role in fisheries management, the respondents “left no doubt that When asked their preferred role in fisheries management, the respondents “left no doubt that they wish to play an active role in the resource management process, as shown in the ensuing they wish to play an active role in the resource management process, as shown in the ensuing table: table: TABLE 14: TABLE 14: PREFERRED ROLE IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PREFERRED ROLE IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ROLES Frequencies ROLES Frequencies Fishermen to be involved 100 Fishermen to be involved 100 Fishermen to play the leading role 94 Fishermen to play the leading role 94 Fishermen to unite for playing that role 91 Fishermen to unite for playing that role 91 Authorized to turn in unlicensed fishers 19 Authorized to turn in unlicensed fishers 19 Authorized to turn in no fishing areas violators 19 Authorized to turn in no fishing areas violators 19 Authorized to turn in users of nets/ traps with Authorized to turn in users of nets/ traps with small meshes small meshes 12 12 Authorized to turn in dynamiters 9 Authorized to turn in dynamiters 9

“Respondents are not only prepared to play a role but to play a leading role and to organize for “Respondents are not only prepared to play a role but to play a leading role and to organize for that purpose, as they are currently doing. These healthy positions are however not consistent that purpose, as they are currently doing. These healthy positions are however not consistent with their stand on turning in violators of regulations backed by legal instruments when they are with their stand on turning in violators of regulations backed by legal instruments when they are given positions of authority. The preparedness of the fishers to be watchdogs over the violation given positions of authority. The preparedness of the fishers to be watchdogs over the violation of regulations would be a strong indicator of their readiness to assume leadership positions as of regulations would be a strong indicator of their readiness to assume leadership positions as

仮 322 co-managers of the fisheries resources. The next table shows a strong desire, among the co-managers of the fisheries resources. The next table shows a strong desire, among the Respondents, to be involved in the co-management of the fisheries resources: Respondents, to be involved in the co-management of the fisheries resources: TABLE 15: TABLE 15: CO-MANAGEMENT OF THE FISHERIES RESOURCES CO-MANAGEMENT OF THE FISHERIES RESOURCES Form of Management Frequencies Percentage Form of Management Frequencies Percentage Government Alone 7 6.1 Government Alone 7 6.1 Fishers Alone 4 3.5 Fishers Alone 4 3.5 Fishers & Government 104 90.4 Fishers & Government 104 90.4

“The table shows an overwhelming majority of Respondents prefer the co-management of the “The table shows an overwhelming majority of Respondents prefer the co-management of the fisheries resources, involving collaboration between fishers’ organizations and the institutions fisheries resources, involving collaboration between fishers’ organizations and the institutions of government. However, fishers’ unwillingness to bring violators to justice, irrespective of their of government. However, fishers’ unwillingness to bring violators to justice, irrespective of their relationship with the culprits, contradicts their desire to play the leadership role in the co- relationship with the culprits, contradicts their desire to play the leadership role in the co- management of the fisheries resources. The elements of equity, fairness and justice without management of the fisheries resources. The elements of equity, fairness and justice without discrimination are critical requirements for leadership positions in any co-management discrimination are critical requirements for leadership positions in any co-management arrangement. These are lessons that should be inculcated in the Resource User Organizations arrangement. These are lessons that should be inculcated in the Resource User Organizations and their leaders through training and education and public awareness building programs.” and their leaders through training and education and public awareness building programs.” Attitudes to the Introduction of Alternative Livelihoods Attitudes to the Introduction of Alternative Livelihoods The CRFM community survey in Haiti did not ask any specific questions on the introduction of The CRFM community survey in Haiti did not ask any specific questions on the introduction of altenative livelihoods, but they did ask questions on the education and literacy levels of the altenative livelihoods, but they did ask questions on the education and literacy levels of the fishers in their sample. fishers in their sample.

“The next Table (2) shows the levels of formal education attained by the respondents of the “The next Table (2) shows the levels of formal education attained by the respondents of the Community Baseline Survey: Community Baseline Survey: TABLE 2: TABLE 2: LEVELS OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT LEVELS OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT LEVELS NUMBER PERCENTAGE LEVELS NUMBER PERCENTAGE No formal education 42 (35%) No formal education 42 (35%) Primary School (not completed) 36 Primary School (not completed) 36 Primary School (completed) 18 94.2 % Primary School (completed) 18 94.2 % Secondary School (not completed) 17 Secondary School (not completed) 17 Secondary School (completed) 4 Secondary School (completed) 4 Tertiary/ Vocational (not completed) 2 Tertiary/ Vocational (not completed) 2 Tertiary/Vocational (completed) 1 5.8% Tertiary/Vocational (completed) 1 5.8% University (not completed) 0 University (not completed) 0 University (completed) 0 University (completed) 0 N = 120 N = 120 “The data presented in the table mirror the situation in the entire country. Illiteracy and semi- “The data presented in the table mirror the situation in the entire country. Illiteracy and semi- literacy is a common problem. In this case, whilst about 35% of the respondents have not set foot literacy is a common problem. In this case, whilst about 35% of the respondents have not set foot in an educational classroom, about 92.2% on the whole have not obtained a high school diploma. in an educational classroom, about 92.2% on the whole have not obtained a high school diploma.

仮 323 A similar picture is reflected in the ability of these respondents to read, and presumably, to write A similar picture is reflected in the ability of these respondents to read, and presumably, to write as depicted in the following table: as depicted in the following table: TABLE 3: TABLE 3: READING ABILITY READING ABILITY ABILITY LEVELS NUMBER PERCENTAGE ABILITY LEVELS NUMBER PERCENTAGE Read Well 12 11.76 Read Well 12 11.76 Can Manage 18 17.65 Can Manage 18 17.65 Read a Little 46 45.10 Read a Little 46 45.10 Can’t Manage 26 25.49 Can’t Manage 26 25.49 N = 102 N = 102 “The table shows that about 12% of the fishers claim that they could read well, whilst 18% could “The table shows that about 12% of the fishers claim that they could read well, whilst 18% could just manage to read. We should however take into account that generally rural folks, including just manage to read. We should however take into account that generally rural folks, including those in the fishing communities, who can read actually are literate only in the Creole or Patois, those in the fishing communities, who can read actually are literate only in the Creole or Patois, spoken by the 95% Blacks and which is also an official language. This puts them at a spoken by the 95% Blacks and which is also an official language. This puts them at a disadvantage in deciphering technological and scientific literature. Additionally, over 70% of disadvantage in deciphering technological and scientific literature. Additionally, over 70% of the respondents admit that they could read only a little or not at all. the respondents admit that they could read only a little or not at all. “In terms of access to information, it is heartening that an encouraging 56 or almost 50% of 113 “In terms of access to information, it is heartening that an encouraging 56 or almost 50% of 113 respondents claim that they have radio in their homes, although only 5 (4.1%) out of 113 respondents claim that they have radio in their homes, although only 5 (4.1%) out of 113 respondents claim to own Television sets in their homes, a far cry from the situation in other respondents claim to own Television sets in their homes, a far cry from the situation in other Caribbean countries. It would seem that poverty might have a part to play in this situation. In Caribbean countries. It would seem that poverty might have a part to play in this situation. In any case, whether those who own radios might use them regularly to access information and not any case, whether those who own radios might use them regularly to access information and not use them just for entertainment must for the mean time remain a moot question, awaiting use them just for entertainment must for the mean time remain a moot question, awaiting answers from further research. Generally however, difficulty in accessing information via the answers from further research. Generally however, difficulty in accessing information via the mass media might make a Herculean undertaking of the building of awareness of environmental mass media might make a Herculean undertaking of the building of awareness of environmental and conservation issues among the fishing population. Yet the most effective means of reaching and conservation issues among the fishing population. Yet the most effective means of reaching about 30,000 fishers with persuasive messages on conservation of resources is through the mass about 30,000 fishers with persuasive messages on conservation of resources is through the mass media. An issue worthy of inclusion in the agenda of the National Fisheries Workshop is how to media. An issue worthy of inclusion in the agenda of the National Fisheries Workshop is how to develop and popularize a national Fisheries Radio Program that targets and involves the small- develop and popularize a national Fisheries Radio Program that targets and involves the small- scale fishers of Haiti. scale fishers of Haiti. “The use of the print media for building community awareness of critical environmental and “The use of the print media for building community awareness of critical environmental and conservation issues also meets an almost insurmountable impediment by way of the widespread conservation issues also meets an almost insurmountable impediment by way of the widespread illiteracy rates among the target population. The next table shows the section of the respondent illiteracy rates among the target population. The next table shows the section of the respondent group that avails itself to newspapers. group that avails itself to newspapers.

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TABLE 4: TABLE 4: ACCESS TO, AND READING OF NEWSPAPERS ACCESS TO, AND READING OF NEWSPAPERS Frequency Number Percentage Frequency Number Percentage Daily (6 - 7 days per week) 1 0.91 Daily (6 - 7 days per week) 1 0.91 3 - 5 days a week 1 0.91 3 - 5 days a week 1 0.91 1 - 2 days a week 4 3.63 1 - 2 days a week 4 3.63 Rarely 24 21.81 Rarely 24 21.81 Never 80 72.72 Never 80 72.72 N = 110 N = 110 “The vast majority of the respondents in the fishing communities (94.53%) either rarely or never “The vast majority of the respondents in the fishing communities (94.53%) either rarely or never access or read newspapers; a function of poverty and illiteracy. On the one hand, access to access or read newspapers; a function of poverty and illiteracy. On the one hand, access to newspapers is curtailed by illiteracy that inhibits them from making any sense of the information newspapers is curtailed by illiteracy that inhibits them from making any sense of the information contained in newspapers. On the other hand, poverty and limited technology drives many of the contained in newspapers. On the other hand, poverty and limited technology drives many of the small-scale fishers to struggle for survival by going to fish in the crowded and over-fished small-scale fishers to struggle for survival by going to fish in the crowded and over-fished inshore waters almost year-round, in order to eke out a meager living for themselves and their inshore waters almost year-round, in order to eke out a meager living for themselves and their households. That leaves little or no time for reading newspapers. Additionally, the small incomes households. That leaves little or no time for reading newspapers. Additionally, the small incomes derived form fishing would not be used for purchasing newspapers since it is barely sufficient for derived form fishing would not be used for purchasing newspapers since it is barely sufficient for the household’s survival. the household’s survival. “Difficulty in accessing information could translate into low levels of awareness of the “Difficulty in accessing information could translate into low levels of awareness of the principles and methods of modern sustainable fishing practices and environmental protection principles and methods of modern sustainable fishing practices and environmental protection ideals. The task of externally induced interventions to effect changes to negative attitudes ideals. The task of externally induced interventions to effect changes to negative attitudes towards the adoption of positive conservation ethics becomes even more arduous.” towards the adoption of positive conservation ethics becomes even more arduous.”

仮 325 CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and Management Plans Management Plans There is no National Fisheries Policy for Haiti. There is a draft 1999 Fisheries Management There is no National Fisheries Policy for Haiti. There is a draft 1999 Fisheries Management Plan for Haiti, but it was not provided. Plan for Haiti, but it was not provided. Fishery Management Plan (FMP) Fishery Management Plan (FMP) Although there is an existing law regarding the regulation of fisheries in Haiti, a fishery Although there is an existing law regarding the regulation of fisheries in Haiti, a fishery management plan (FMP) has not been implemented on exploited-fish populations. However, in management plan (FMP) has not been implemented on exploited-fish populations. However, in 1999 a draft FMP was prepared with the assistance of FAO, but this draft has not been 1999 a draft FMP was prepared with the assistance of FAO, but this draft has not been implemented due to lack of funds and other resources needed for implementation (Mateo and implemented due to lack of funds and other resources needed for implementation (Mateo and Haughton 2003). The main objectives of this FMP were: Haughton 2003). The main objectives of this FMP were:  Rehabilitation of degraded habitats;  Rehabilitation of degraded habitats;  Training of fishermen in basic literacy and more advance fisheries training in fisheries  Training of fishermen in basic literacy and more advance fisheries training in fisheries assessment and management; assessment and management;  Fish stock assessment;  Fish stock assessment;  Introduction and use of appropriate fishing gears and equipment.  Introduction and use of appropriate fishing gears and equipment. Mateo and Haughton (2003) pointed out two major problems of the draft FMP: Mateo and Haughton (2003) pointed out two major problems of the draft FMP:  It does not involve fishers’ organizations;  It does not involve fishers’ organizations;  It does not take into account the socio-economic situation and local culture.  It does not take into account the socio-economic situation and local culture.   MARNDR’s sector development plan published in 2010 point out both potential and necessity of MARNDR’s sector development plan published in 2010 point out both potential and necessity of diversification of fisheries through the development of pelagic fisheries. As in many other diversification of fisheries through the development of pelagic fisheries. As in many other countries, coastal fisheries resource in Haiti is under heavy overfishing pressure due to the fact countries, coastal fisheries resource in Haiti is under heavy overfishing pressure due to the fact that it is easy to access for boats even without engine, and that there is no effective enforcement that it is easy to access for boats even without engine, and that there is no effective enforcement and monitoring on the fishing activities. On the other hand, offshore resource is practically and monitoring on the fishing activities. On the other hand, offshore resource is practically unexploited. Some FADs have been introduced and proved as effective measure for the unexploited. Some FADs have been introduced and proved as effective measure for the promotion of pelagic fisheries in Haiti. promotion of pelagic fisheries in Haiti.

Current Management Policy Strategy Current Management Policy Strategy Although regulatory measures, such as closed season for the lobster and conch fisheries, were Although regulatory measures, such as closed season for the lobster and conch fisheries, were prescribed in the Fishing Law of 1977 they were never implemented or enforced in practice. prescribed in the Fishing Law of 1977 they were never implemented or enforced in practice. Fishers usually do not respect the fisheries laws, or simply do not know of their existence. Fishers usually do not respect the fisheries laws, or simply do not know of their existence. As for the pelagic species, it is yet to be developed. It is expected that management policy and As for the pelagic species, it is yet to be developed. It is expected that management policy and strategy are formulated along with the process of the development. strategy are formulated along with the process of the development.

Legislation Legislation The “Haiti Fishing Law of 1977” is the major legislation that addresses the development and The “Haiti Fishing Law of 1977” is the major legislation that addresses the development and management of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related activities in Haiti. management of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related activities in Haiti. This Law provides for: This Law provides for: Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 16 16

仮 326 (1) Registering and licensing of fishermen; (1) Registering and licensing of fishermen; (2) Registering and licensing of fishing vessels; (2) Registering and licensing of fishing vessels; (3) Protecting and preserving marine resources; (3) Protecting and preserving marine resources; (4) Regulating the lobster and conch fisheries by imposing closed seasons; (4) Regulating the lobster and conch fisheries by imposing closed seasons; (5) Restricting the mesh size of fishing nets. (5) Restricting the mesh size of fishing nets. Under this law the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development Under this law the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development (MARNDR), is responsible for developing and managing Fisheries. Presently the MARNDR (MARNDR), is responsible for developing and managing Fisheries. Presently the MARNDR has established a Directorate called “Direction des Pêches et Aquaculture” (DPAQ) to has established a Directorate called “Direction des Pêches et Aquaculture” (DPAQ) to administer all fisheries and fishing related activities (CRFM 2009). administer all fisheries and fishing related activities (CRFM 2009). Enforcement of Regulations Enforcement of Regulations The government agency charged with the responsibility of enforcing fisheries regulations in The government agency charged with the responsibility of enforcing fisheries regulations in Haiti is the DPAQ: this Directorate of the MARNDR is responsible for monitoring, surveillance Haiti is the DPAQ: this Directorate of the MARNDR is responsible for monitoring, surveillance and enforcement of fisheries regulations. and enforcement of fisheries regulations. Level of enforcement Level of enforcement  Regulations exist on paper, but have never been enforced.  Regulations exist on paper, but have never been enforced.  Problems:  Problems: o Limited human and financial resources; o Limited human and financial resources; o Lack of infrastructure: legal and institutional; o Lack of infrastructure: legal and institutional; o Generally enforcement of regulations has not been a priority for any government, o Generally enforcement of regulations has not been a priority for any government, compared to other socio-economic issues. compared to other socio-economic issues. Level of compliance Level of compliance The level of compliance with fisheries regulations is generally poor. The level of compliance with fisheries regulations is generally poor. o Illegal fishing is wide spread in all fisheries; o Illegal fishing is wide spread in all fisheries; o Poaching by foreign vessels is very common; o Poaching by foreign vessels is very common; o Fishermen do not typically carry a license; and they usually have poor knowledge on o Fishermen do not typically carry a license; and they usually have poor knowledge on existing regulations. existing regulations.

3.2 Fishery Development Status regarding stated Policy Goals and 3.2 Fishery Development Status regarding stated Policy Goals and Development and Management Objectives Development and Management Objectives 2010 MARNDR sector development plans include development target (shown in table 1), action 2010 MARNDR sector development plans include development target (shown in table 1), action plan, and rough cost estimation. However, the most of necessary finance seems unclear if it plan, and rough cost estimation. However, the most of necessary finance seems unclear if it could be secured. The aftermath of earthquake in January 2010 is considered to be affecting could be secured. The aftermath of earthquake in January 2010 is considered to be affecting fisheries development from the budgetary point of view. The feasibility of the fisheries fisheries development from the budgetary point of view. The feasibility of the fisheries development will depend heavily on the availability of external finance. development will depend heavily on the availability of external finance.

仮 327 The DPAQ typically operates some large vessels that target offshore pelagics for experimental The DPAQ typically operates some large vessels that target offshore pelagics for experimental trials and training of fishers and staff. In the 2000s five such vessels were operating in Haiti trials and training of fishers and staff. In the 2000s five such vessels were operating in Haiti waters under a Cuban technical assistance project (Mateo and Haughton 2003). There is also a waters under a Cuban technical assistance project (Mateo and Haughton 2003). There is also a small sport/recreational fishery that target large offshore pelagic, but few people are involved in small sport/recreational fishery that target large offshore pelagic, but few people are involved in this fishery. Small coastal pelagic fishes are typically not targeted but are harvested in mixed this fishery. Small coastal pelagic fishes are typically not targeted but are harvested in mixed catches in gillnets or beach seine nets. catches in gillnets or beach seine nets.

Table 3: Table 3: Status of Coastal Pelagic Fisheries in Haiti Status of Coastal Pelagic Fisheries in Haiti Stock Status Fishery Status Stock Status Fishery Status Species Type of exploitation Over‐exploited Developed Sustainable Monitored Managed Species Type of exploitation Over‐exploited Developed Sustainable Monitored Managed Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri)Artisanal /Recreational ? Yes Not Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri)Artisanal /Recreational ? Yes Not Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus)Artisanal /Recreational ? Uncertain Not Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus)Artisanal /Recreational ? Uncertain Not Black fin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus )Artisanal /Recreational ? Uncertain Not Black fin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus )Artisanal /Recreational ? Uncertain Not King mackerel (Scomberomus cavalla )Artisanal /Recreational ? Uncertain Not King mackerel (Scomberomus cavalla )Artisanal /Recreational ? Uncertain Not Jack Mackerel (Trachurus spp. )N? Jack Mackerel (Trachurus spp. )N? Flying fish (Hirundicthys spp. )N? Not Flying fish (Hirundicthys spp. )N? Not Sardines (Sadinella aurita ) Artisanal‐mixed catches ? Sardines (Sadinella aurita ) Artisanal‐mixed catches ? Scaled Herring (Harengula Jaguana ) Artisanal‐mixed catches ? Scaled Herring (Harengula Jaguana ) Artisanal‐mixed catches ? Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum) Artisanal‐mixed catches ? Not Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum) Artisanal‐mixed catches ? Not Jack (Selar spp. ) Artisanal‐mixed catches ? Not Jack (Selar spp. ) Artisanal‐mixed catches ? Not Robin (Decapterus spp. )N? Robin (Decapterus spp. )N? Diamond back squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus)* N ? Diamond back squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus)* N ? Conch (Eustrombus gigas)* Artisanal/Commercial Yes Regionnally Endangered Not Conch (Eustrombus gigas)* Artisanal/Commercial Yes Regionnally Endangered Not Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus)* Artisanal/Commercial Yes Not Not Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus)* Artisanal/Commercial Yes Not Not Spotted spiny lobster (Panulirus guttatus )* N Spotted spiny lobster (Panulirus guttatus )* N Notes Notes *: These species are not pelagic species but information is required on their status *: These species are not pelagic species but information is required on their status ?: No data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery ?: No data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available

Stock Status Stock Status The overall status of large pelagic stocks is uncertain because of their regional dynamics. The overall status of large pelagic stocks is uncertain because of their regional dynamics. Further, there are no directed fisheries on these populations, although a few large vessels have Further, there are no directed fisheries on these populations, although a few large vessels have been conducting experiment trials toward developing an offshore pelagic fishery. However, been conducting experiment trials toward developing an offshore pelagic fishery. However, results of these trials were not provided for this Baseline Survey. Nevertheless, catches of large results of these trials were not provided for this Baseline Survey. Nevertheless, catches of large pelagic species in the Atlantic are commonly monitored by the International Commission for the pelagic species in the Atlantic are commonly monitored by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT 2008). Also, in 2004 the CRFM conducted an Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT 2008). Also, in 2004 the CRFM conducted an evaluation of the wahoo stocks in the eastern Caribbean. This evaluation of the stock assumed evaluation of the wahoo stocks in the eastern Caribbean. This evaluation of the stock assumed wahoo catches to be sustainable in the region (CRFM, 2005). Note that no data were provided wahoo catches to be sustainable in the region (CRFM, 2005). Note that no data were provided by the DFAQ to determine the occurrence of large pelagic species in catches landed in Haiti over by the DFAQ to determine the occurrence of large pelagic species in catches landed in Haiti over the last decade. the last decade. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Most of the artisanal fishery production is consumed on the local market. Traditionally, a Most of the artisanal fishery production is consumed on the local market. Traditionally, a fraction of the catch may be sold directly from the beach, but typically the fishers’ wives carry fraction of the catch may be sold directly from the beach, but typically the fishers’ wives carry the catches to a local market and sell to consumers. However, high value fishery products such the catches to a local market and sell to consumers. However, high value fishery products such as lobsters, snappers, groupers and tuna-like fish are sold to middlemen that retail them to fish as lobsters, snappers, groupers and tuna-like fish are sold to middlemen that retail them to fish markets, supermarkets and hotels in the major cities. An increasing number of fishers are now markets, supermarkets and hotels in the major cities. An increasing number of fishers are now selling their catches via cooperatives. From a sub-sample of 2006 fishermen surveyed by a selling their catches via cooperatives. From a sub-sample of 2006 fishermen surveyed by a CRFM (2009) multidisciplinary group it was found that nearly 48% of fishers sold their fish to CRFM (2009) multidisciplinary group it was found that nearly 48% of fishers sold their fish to local cooperatives (Table 4). However, it is important to note that this percentage may highly local cooperatives (Table 4). However, it is important to note that this percentage may highly vary as most fishing sites in Haiti do not have a cooperative in place. vary as most fishing sites in Haiti do not have a cooperative in place. In Haiti, as in other countries in general, fish is a protein source less affordable compared with In Haiti, as in other countries in general, fish is a protein source less affordable compared with some of poultry products. Moreover, cheap imported seafood, which competes with domestic some of poultry products. Moreover, cheap imported seafood, which competes with domestic

仮 328 fisheries product, is available in Haiti. On the other hand, upper class household should be able fisheries product, is available in Haiti. On the other hand, upper class household should be able to afford the domestic fisheries product and the scale of the market is significant in Haiti, to afford the domestic fisheries product and the scale of the market is significant in Haiti, considering its population reaches 10 million. Except high value fisheries products, distribution considering its population reaches 10 million. Except high value fisheries products, distribution channel needs a lot of improvement, as current system cannot assure the quality and hygienic channel needs a lot of improvement, as current system cannot assure the quality and hygienic safety. For this reason, distribution and marketing would be an important part of fisheries safety. For this reason, distribution and marketing would be an important part of fisheries development in Haiti, and the cost benefit analysis of the development should be carefully development in Haiti, and the cost benefit analysis of the development should be carefully examined to ensure the economical viability. examined to ensure the economical viability. The average per capita fish consumption in Haiti is only 2.5 kg (shown in table 1) indicates that The average per capita fish consumption in Haiti is only 2.5 kg (shown in table 1) indicates that fish consumption is not so common and needs promotion and awareness rising. In fact, it is fish consumption is not so common and needs promotion and awareness rising. In fact, it is reported in Marigot 7 that large pelagic species have begun to be caught after FADs were reported in Marigot 7 that large pelagic species have begun to be caught after FADs were introduced, but it has difficulty in marketing because people is not used to them. introduced, but it has difficulty in marketing because people is not used to them. Conch and lobsters are among the top species exported by Haiti to foreign markets. However, Conch and lobsters are among the top species exported by Haiti to foreign markets. However, only a small fraction of the total conch landings is actually exported. Indeed, during the fishing only a small fraction of the total conch landings is actually exported. Indeed, during the fishing season of 2003-2004 Haiti exported only 21.9 mt of conch (CRFM 2005). In contrast, a sizable season of 2003-2004 Haiti exported only 21.9 mt of conch (CRFM 2005). In contrast, a sizable fraction of the lobster production is annually exported to foreign markets, mostly to its neighbor fraction of the lobster production is annually exported to foreign markets, mostly to its neighbor the Dominican Republic. From 1997 to 2007 the country exported an average of 111.21 mt of the Dominican Republic. From 1997 to 2007 the country exported an average of 111.21 mt of lobster per year. Hence, the annual contribution of lobster exports to the economy of Haiti lobster per year. Hence, the annual contribution of lobster exports to the economy of Haiti ranged from $168,000 to $4,254,000 over the last decade (Table 5). ranged from $168,000 to $4,254,000 over the last decade (Table 5).

Table 4: Table 4: Target Markets of Fish Production in Haiti Target Markets of Fish Production in Haiti Customers Place Frequencies Customers Place Frequencies Vendors Beach / Dock 93 Vendors Beach / Dock 93 Associations / Cooperatives At the main office 48 Associations / Cooperatives At the main office 48 The General Public Public Market Place / 39 The General Public Public Market Place / 39 Roadside Roadside Private Marketing Companies At the main office 15 Private Marketing Companies At the main office 15 Hotels & Restaurants At the establishment 11 Hotels & Restaurants At the establishment 11 Total fishermen surveyd 206 Total fishermen surveyd 206 Source: Table reproduced from CRFM (2009). Source: Table reproduced from CRFM (2009). The export of fish products by Haiti so far has been very limited, partly because no regulations The export of fish products by Haiti so far has been very limited, partly because no regulations have been put in place to control the quality of these products. In the early 2000s, close to eight have been put in place to control the quality of these products. In the early 2000s, close to eight (8) private processing plants were operating in the country, but with no control from the DFAQ. (8) private processing plants were operating in the country, but with no control from the DFAQ. As a results Haiti was temporarily banned from exporting fish products to the EU and North As a results Haiti was temporarily banned from exporting fish products to the EU and North American Markets until better quality standards were set by government agencies (CRFM 2009). American Markets until better quality standards were set by government agencies (CRFM 2009). Table 5: Table 5: Level (MT) and value (US$’000) of lobster exported by Haiti, 1997-2007 Level (MT) and value (US$’000) of lobster exported by Haiti, 1997-2007 Fish Product Year Fish Product Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Lobster (nei ,Frozen)(MT) 144 156 20 12 62 106 130 125 150 140 179 Lobster (nei ,Frozen)(MT) 144 156 20 12 62 106 130 125 150 140 179 Value (US x $ 1000) 1,194 900 176 168 840 1,645 2,202 2,492 3,543 3,372 4,254 Value (US x $ 1000) 1,194 900 176 168 840 1,645 2,202 2,492 3,543 3,372 4,254 Source: FAO FishSat Source: FAO FishSat

7 Field survey conducted by JICA study team in October 2011. Marigot is one of main landing site in the South-east 7 Field survey conducted by JICA study team in October 2011. Marigot is one of main landing site in the South-east department department Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 19 19

仮 329 Nevertheless, Haiti remains a major importer of fishery products. The herrings (nei, smoked) Nevertheless, Haiti remains a major importer of fishery products. The herrings (nei, smoked) and frozen jack and horse mackerel are among the top products imported on the local market. and frozen jack and horse mackerel are among the top products imported on the local market. The value of annual imports of herrings (nei, smoked) averaged US$1,521,000 from 1997 to The value of annual imports of herrings (nei, smoked) averaged US$1,521,000 from 1997 to 2007; whereas importation of frozen jack and horse mackerel averaged US$2,586,000 over the 2007; whereas importation of frozen jack and horse mackerel averaged US$2,586,000 over the same period of time (Table 6). Fishery products from other pelagic species such as sardines and same period of time (Table 6). Fishery products from other pelagic species such as sardines and tunas are also imported by Haiti and annual values of their imports are shown in Table 5. tunas are also imported by Haiti and annual values of their imports are shown in Table 5. Table 6: Table 6: Level (MT) and value (US$’1000) of some fishery products imported by Haiti, 1998-2007 Level (MT) and value (US$’1000) of some fishery products imported by Haiti, 1998-2007 Fish Products Year Fish Products Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Herrings ( nei, smoked) 1,192 648 711 314 479 393 504 975 1,841 4,418 5,254 Herrings ( nei, smoked) 1,192 648 711 314 479 393 504 975 1,841 4,418 5,254 Jack and horse mackerel prepared or preserved, not minced . 477 ‐ 963 1,206 ‐ 1,115 2,365 2,607 2,509 1,315 Jack and horse mackerel prepared or preserved, not minced . 477 ‐ 963 1,206 ‐ 1,115 2,365 2,607 2,509 1,315 Jack and horse mackerel, frozen 3,225 4,891 3,591 2,589 3,015 1,754 1,703 1,956 1,380 1,691 2,653 Jack and horse mackerel, frozen 3,225 4,891 3,591 2,589 3,015 1,754 1,703 1,956 1,380 1,691 2,653 Mackerel prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 629 1 973 1,014 ‐ 504 1,752 351 612 20 197 Mackerel prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 629 1 973 1,014 ‐ 504 1,752 351 612 20 197 Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 87 488 196 88 20 92 8 214 840 56 543 Sardines, sardinellas, brisling or sprats, prep. or pres., not minced, nei 87 488 196 88 20 92 8 214 840 56 543 Marine fish nei, prepared or preserved, not minced ‐‐ 16 134 146 11 251 446 93 4,322 2,516 Marine fish nei, prepared or preserved, not minced ‐‐ 16 134 146 11 251 446 93 4,322 2,516 Marine fish, frozen, nei ‐ 21 169 153 147 74 86 135 73 187 366 Marine fish, frozen, nei ‐ 21 169 153 147 74 86 135 73 187 366 Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 7 30 71 117 19 58 43 59 54 72 7 Tunas prepared or preserved, not minced, nei 7 30 71 117 19 58 43 59 54 72 7 *Source: FAO FishStat *Source: FAO FishStat The Contribution of Fisheries to the Haitian Economy The Contribution of Fisheries to the Haitian Economy The fisheries sector makes significant contribution to the economy of Haiti. In 2004 the value of The fisheries sector makes significant contribution to the economy of Haiti. In 2004 the value of total landings was estimated to be US$30 million, which represented 2.5% of the GDP of the total landings was estimated to be US$30 million, which represented 2.5% of the GDP of the country. Further, any artisanal activity fishing is a subsistence activity, and accounts for a country. Further, any artisanal activity fishing is a subsistence activity, and accounts for a substantial fraction of protein intake by members of the fisher family. Hence, fishing does substantial fraction of protein intake by members of the fisher family. Hence, fishing does guarantee some level of food security to this social fraction of the Haitian nation. guarantee some level of food security to this social fraction of the Haitian nation.

3.4 Catch and Effort 3.4 Catch and Effort Fish catches are mostly landed on beaches around the island. However, fish are sold mostly in Fish catches are mostly landed on beaches around the island. However, fish are sold mostly in open markets located in major cities or towns such as: Port-au-Prince, Luly, St Marc, Gonaives, open markets located in major cities or towns such as: Port-au-Prince, Luly, St Marc, Gonaives, Mole St Nicolas, Port-de-Paix, Cape-Haitian, Fort-Liberte, Petit-Goave, Roseaux, Dame Marie, Mole St Nicolas, Port-de-Paix, Cape-Haitian, Fort-Liberte, Petit-Goave, Roseaux, Dame Marie, Anse-d’Hainault, Les Cayes, Les Anglais, Aquin, Jacmel and Marigot. Anse-d’Hainault, Les Cayes, Les Anglais, Aquin, Jacmel and Marigot. Effort Data Effort Data According to the MARNDR’s sector development plan, more than 50,000 fishermen are According to the MARNDR’s sector development plan, more than 50,000 fishermen are involved in the artisanal fisheries, operating in Haiti coastal waters. It was estimated that 80% of involved in the artisanal fisheries, operating in Haiti coastal waters. It was estimated that 80% of these fishermen use fishing as a full time economic activity (CRFM 2005). The number of boats these fishermen use fishing as a full time economic activity (CRFM 2005). The number of boats operating in the coastal waters is approximately 6,500 to 7,000. Fishing vessels are usually small operating in the coastal waters is approximately 6,500 to 7,000. Fishing vessels are usually small wooden boats, which are propelled by oars or by sails. Note that more than 62% (2,152) of these wooden boats, which are propelled by oars or by sails. Note that more than 62% (2,152) of these fishing boats operate from beaches on the west and southeastern parts of the island (Mateo and fishing boats operate from beaches on the west and southeastern parts of the island (Mateo and Haughton 2003, CRFM 2005). These non-mechanized fishing vessels may represent 85 to 94% Haughton 2003, CRFM 2005). These non-mechanized fishing vessels may represent 85 to 94% of fishing boats used in Haiti (CRFM 2005), and are mostly confined to fishing in near-shore of fishing boats used in Haiti (CRFM 2005), and are mostly confined to fishing in near-shore coastal waters. Indeed, a survey of Haitian boat owners (N=101) showed that 77% of these coastal waters. Indeed, a survey of Haitian boat owners (N=101) showed that 77% of these fishing vessels were below 15 feet (Table 6, CRFM 2009). fishing vessels were below 15 feet (Table 6, CRFM 2009).

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Table 6: Table 6: Size distribution of Canoes owned by Fishermen in Haiti Size distribution of Canoes owned by Fishermen in Haiti Canoe Length Frequency Percentage Canoe Length Frequency Percentage Up to 8ft. 7 6.4 Up to 8ft. 7 6.4 8ft. to 15 ft. 79 71.8 8ft. to 15 ft. 79 71.8 15ft. to 20ft. 16 14.5 15ft. to 20ft. 16 14.5 > 20ft. 8 7.3 > 20ft. 8 7.3 # of surveyed fishermen 110 # of surveyed fishermen 110 Source: CRFM (2009) Source: CRFM (2009) The following fishing gears are primarily used in the coastal pelagic fisheries: The following fishing gears are primarily used in the coastal pelagic fisheries:  The Antillean Z-traps;  The Antillean Z-traps;  Nets: gillnets, trammel net, cast net, bottom net, beach seine;  Nets: gillnets, trammel net, cast net, bottom net, beach seine;  Fishing lines: hook and lines, surface lines, longline, bottom vertical lines, trawling;  Fishing lines: hook and lines, surface lines, longline, bottom vertical lines, trawling; The line is one of most common gears used by fishermen in Haiti, because the continental shelf The line is one of most common gears used by fishermen in Haiti, because the continental shelf is very narrow and hence these gears are the most suitable for fishing on the deep continental is very narrow and hence these gears are the most suitable for fishing on the deep continental slope (CRFM 2009). slope (CRFM 2009). A typical fishing unit may operate from 125-150 hrs per year. The average catch per fishing unit A typical fishing unit may operate from 125-150 hrs per year. The average catch per fishing unit may fluctuate between 3 to 5 kg (Ehrlich et al. 1985 cited by Mateo and Haughton 2003). may fluctuate between 3 to 5 kg (Ehrlich et al. 1985 cited by Mateo and Haughton 2003). Free diving and hookah diving are also commonly used in the lobster and conch fisheries. Free diving and hookah diving are also commonly used in the lobster and conch fisheries. Further many fishermen use hand lines to fish from the coast without the need of a boat. Further many fishermen use hand lines to fish from the coast without the need of a boat. Catch Data Catch Data Table 7 shows the temporal trends in total landings of marine fish, conch and lobster in Haiti Table 7 shows the temporal trends in total landings of marine fish, conch and lobster in Haiti from 1997 to 2007. Average annual landing of marine fish was estimated to be 5,409 mt during from 1997 to 2007. Average annual landing of marine fish was estimated to be 5,409 mt during this period of time; however no information is available regarding species composition of these this period of time; however no information is available regarding species composition of these catches. catches.

Table 7: Table 7: Estimated landings (mt)* of marine fish, conch and lobsters, Haiti, 1998-2007 Estimated landings (mt)* of marine fish, conch and lobsters, Haiti, 1998-2007 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Marine fish (nei) 4,000 4,000 4,450 4,750 5,100 5,350 5,650 5,700 6,300 7,100 7,100 Marine fish (nei) 4,000 4,000 4,450 4,750 5,100 5,350 5,650 5,700 6,300 7,100 7,100 Conch (nei) 380 350 300 300 300 350 300 300 300 300 300 Conch (nei) 380 350 300 300 300 350 300 300 300 300 300 Lobster 200 200 270 360 480 630 800 950 950 1,000 1,000 Lobster 200 200 270 360 480 630 800 950 950 1,000 1,000 Source: *Compiled from FAO FishStat Source: *Compiled from FAO FishStat Estimated landings of conch varied little, ranging from 300-380 mt during the 1997-2007 time Estimated landings of conch varied little, ranging from 300-380 mt during the 1997-2007 time period. This is mainly because these numbers are rough estimates, as sampling of the catches is period. This is mainly because these numbers are rough estimates, as sampling of the catches is not usually conducted. In this context the DPAQ tends to report the same values from year to not usually conducted. In this context the DPAQ tends to report the same values from year to year with basically no adjustments in some years. In contrast, landings of lobsters have steadily year with basically no adjustments in some years. In contrast, landings of lobsters have steadily increased, ranging from 200 mt in 1997 to 1000 mt in 2006 and 2007. Detail breakdown of the increased, ranging from 200 mt in 1997 to 1000 mt in 2006 and 2007. Detail breakdown of the catch, such as by species or locality, is not yet available in Haiti due to the insufficient resource catch, such as by species or locality, is not yet available in Haiti due to the insufficient resource and capacity of the DPAQ. This hinders analysis of resource, and decision-making for the and capacity of the DPAQ. This hinders analysis of resource, and decision-making for the resource management measures. resource management measures.

仮 331 Technology Improvement & Extension Programs Technology Improvement & Extension Programs In recent years the DPAQ has been trying to develop fisheries research projects, aiming to In recent years the DPAQ has been trying to develop fisheries research projects, aiming to improve fishing technology and production, particularly by developing methods to exploit the improve fishing technology and production, particularly by developing methods to exploit the large pelagic species in the offshore waters of Haiti. The DPAQ seeks generally to continue or large pelagic species in the offshore waters of Haiti. The DPAQ seeks generally to continue or develop projects research such as: develop projects research such as:  Data Collection Program from FADs  Data Collection Program from FADs o Goal: o Goal: . Build a strong and reliable program of fishery and biological data collection . Build a strong and reliable program of fishery and biological data collection and analysis for long term monitoring and management of fishing exploitation and analysis for long term monitoring and management of fishing exploitation around FADs moored in offshore waters of Haiti. around FADs moored in offshore waters of Haiti. o Immediate Objectives o Immediate Objectives . Collect fishery data, i.e. catch and effort data around two FADs moored . Collect fishery data, i.e. catch and effort data around two FADs moored offshore in each of these four fishing sites: offshore in each of these four fishing sites: o Fort-liberty; o Fort-liberty; o Grand-Goave; o Grand-Goave; o Anse d’Hainault; o Anse d’Hainault; o Bell-Anse. o Bell-Anse. o Short term Objectives o Short term Objectives . Expand data collection to target FADs located in other parts of the country, . Expand data collection to target FADs located in other parts of the country, after one year of experimental trials. after one year of experimental trials. o Long term Objectives o Long term Objectives . Establish a permanent system of data collection, processing and dissemination . Establish a permanent system of data collection, processing and dissemination for the sustainable management and development of pelagic fisheries in Haiti. for the sustainable management and development of pelagic fisheries in Haiti. o Rationale: o Rationale: . In 2005-2006 the Fund for Social and Economic Assistance (FSEA) and the . In 2005-2006 the Fund for Social and Economic Assistance (FSEA) and the International Bank of Development (IBD) provided substantial financial International Bank of Development (IBD) provided substantial financial support to the MARNDR for the development of several FADs offshore Fort- support to the MARNDR for the development of several FADs offshore Fort- Liberty, Grand-Goave, Anse d’Hainault, and Belle-Anse. There is presently Liberty, Grand-Goave, Anse d’Hainault, and Belle-Anse. There is presently anecdotal evidence that productivity of fishing activity has tremendously anecdotal evidence that productivity of fishing activity has tremendously increased around the FADs. However, due to lack of funds and limited human increased around the FADs. However, due to lack of funds and limited human resources the MARNDR has not been able to monitor and evaluate fishing resources the MARNDR has not been able to monitor and evaluate fishing productivity around the FADs, and the overall impact of these devices on the productivity around the FADs, and the overall impact of these devices on the economy of these fishing locations. Hence, it important to establish a well- economy of these fishing locations. Hence, it important to establish a well- designed sampling program to study fishing exploitation around the FADs, designed sampling program to study fishing exploitation around the FADs, while determining to what extent FADs should be developed in other fishing while determining to what extent FADs should be developed in other fishing locations of the country. locations of the country. o Funding: The DFAQ is still seeking funds to realize this program. As Haiti is o Funding: The DFAQ is still seeking funds to realize this program. As Haiti is perhaps one of the rare countries where the off shore pelagic resources are still perhaps one of the rare countries where the off shore pelagic resources are still practically untapped, this “FAD Data Collection and Monitoring Program” would be practically untapped, this “FAD Data Collection and Monitoring Program” would be a good candidate pilot studies to be supported and financed in the context of this a good candidate pilot studies to be supported and financed in the context of this Baseline Survey. Baseline Survey. Extension Programs Extension Programs The DFAQ has also a long tradition of reaching out to small-scale fishermen via extension The DFAQ has also a long tradition of reaching out to small-scale fishermen via extension programs, dating back to the mid 1980s. However, little government financial support has programs, dating back to the mid 1980s. However, little government financial support has generally reduced the effectiveness of these programs. According to the CRFM multi- generally reduced the effectiveness of these programs. According to the CRFM multidisciplinary survey (CRFM 2009) the main areas of intervention of these programs have been: disciplinary survey (CRFM 2009) the main areas of intervention of these programs have been:

仮 332  Monitoring of adherence to regulations e.g. habitat protection, mesh sizes for nets and  Monitoring of adherence to regulations e.g. habitat protection, mesh sizes for nets and traps and closed seasons for lobsters and conch. traps and closed seasons for lobsters and conch.  Training and Education of fishers for institutional strengthening and capacity building.  Training and Education of fishers for institutional strengthening and capacity building.  Functioning as intermediaries between government and fishers associations.  Functioning as intermediaries between government and fishers associations.  Information dissemination and public awareness building.  Information dissemination and public awareness building.  Cultivating appropriate social and working relations with the fishers.  Cultivating appropriate social and working relations with the fishers. However, in recent years the role of the DPAQ is being progressively reduced as various NGOs However, in recent years the role of the DPAQ is being progressively reduced as various NGOs are now involved in developing independent extension programs toward strengthening fishermen are now involved in developing independent extension programs toward strengthening fishermen organizations and cooperatives. Through the field survey and discussion with DPAQ, it was organizations and cooperatives. Through the field survey and discussion with DPAQ, it was learned that NGOs tend to focus on short-term incentives with which fishers and fish farmers can learned that NGOs tend to focus on short-term incentives with which fishers and fish farmers can continue their activity, but not on long-term incentives. As a result, they tend to provide all or continue their activity, but not on long-term incentives. As a result, they tend to provide all or part of the cost in-kind such as boats, nets, fingerlings, feed, marketing of the products etc, but part of the cost in-kind such as boats, nets, fingerlings, feed, marketing of the products etc, but not establishing economic viability, which is essential for long term and sustainable development. not establishing economic viability, which is essential for long term and sustainable development. DPAQ is aware of this problem but limited resource and capacity make them impotent for the DPAQ is aware of this problem but limited resource and capacity make them impotent for the action. External assistance should incorporate organizational strengthening component for action. External assistance should incorporate organizational strengthening component for DPAQ, so that DPAQ become capable of formulating extension policy and guideline, and DPAQ, so that DPAQ become capable of formulating extension policy and guideline, and coordinating the extension among different stakeholders. coordinating the extension among different stakeholders.

Technical and Research Capabilities Technical and Research Capabilities The DFAQ has a team of qualified and experienced staff. In 2001 there were 22 individuals, The DFAQ has a team of qualified and experienced staff. In 2001 there were 22 individuals, with 11 having an undergraduate degree and 6 a master’s degree (CRFM 2009). The staff with 11 having an undergraduate degree and 6 a master’s degree (CRFM 2009). The staff occasionally conducts applied research toward the development of fishing technology and occasionally conducts applied research toward the development of fishing technology and production in Haiti, with the assistance of various international organizations, such as FAO, BID, production in Haiti, with the assistance of various international organizations, such as FAO, BID, USAID, JICA etc. Over the past decade the Fisheries Division has received solid aid in applied- USAID, JICA etc. Over the past decade the Fisheries Division has received solid aid in applied- research from Cuba. Indeed, in 2003, five large vessels were involved in offshore fishing trials research from Cuba. Indeed, in 2003, five large vessels were involved in offshore fishing trials under a Cuban assistance project. However, the functions of the DFAQ are generally geared under a Cuban assistance project. However, the functions of the DFAQ are generally geared toward providing advice to the private sector, handling of administrative files and matters, and toward providing advice to the private sector, handling of administrative files and matters, and occasionally, feeble attempts to enforce existing fisheries legislation without much success occasionally, feeble attempts to enforce existing fisheries legislation without much success (CRFM 2009). (CRFM 2009). The Fisheries Division does not have any facilities to conduct basic biological and fisheries The Fisheries Division does not have any facilities to conduct basic biological and fisheries research. However, most of the staff of the Department has received their Bachelor degree from research. However, most of the staff of the Department has received their Bachelor degree from the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAVM), an undergraduate-level institution the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAVM), an undergraduate-level institution and thus has several laboratories to conduct basic biological research. Further, as the FAVM and thus has several laboratories to conduct basic biological research. Further, as the FAVM operates under both the jurisdiction of the State University of Haiti and the MARNDR. It is operates under both the jurisdiction of the State University of Haiti and the MARNDR. It is usually seen as the academic branch of the MARNDR and therefore the Fisheries Division. usually seen as the academic branch of the MARNDR and therefore the Fisheries Division. Nevertheless several problems limit technical and research capabilities of the DFAQ: Nevertheless several problems limit technical and research capabilities of the DFAQ:  Fisheries research is not a top priority of the government of Haiti. The government often  Fisheries research is not a top priority of the government of Haiti. The government often tends to focus more on fish production rather than on the understanding of the dynamics tends to focus more on fish production rather than on the understanding of the dynamics of exploited- fish populations so that they can be better managed; of exploited- fish populations so that they can be better managed;  Operation of the MARNDR is project-oriented and thus it is not conducive to long term  Operation of the MARNDR is project-oriented and thus it is not conducive to long term applied research in fisheries stock assessment and management; applied research in fisheries stock assessment and management;  The Fisheries Division has limited financial and material resources. Note that in the past  The Fisheries Division has limited financial and material resources. Note that in the past two decades many international agencies have progressively shifted their aid from two decades many international agencies have progressively shifted their aid from government agencies to non-governmental organizations, consulting firms, and academic government agencies to non-governmental organizations, consulting firms, and academic and research institutions (CRFM 2009); and research institutions (CRFM 2009);  The absence of a national policy framework and management strategy to guide the  The absence of a national policy framework and management strategy to guide the overall operation of the DFAQ. A multi-disciplinary survey conducted by CRFM (2009) overall operation of the DFAQ. A multi-disciplinary survey conducted by CRFM (2009) Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 23 23

仮 333 found that there was lack of consensus among the top staff on capacity building priorities, found that there was lack of consensus among the top staff on capacity building priorities, with the greatest tension four subject areas: Stock Assessment, Data Management, with the greatest tension four subject areas: Stock Assessment, Data Management, Community Participation and Education and Fisheries (Co-) Management. Community Participation and Education and Fisheries (Co-) Management. Nevertheless any serious plan to develop and manage off shore pelagic fisheries in Haiti will Nevertheless any serious plan to develop and manage off shore pelagic fisheries in Haiti will need: need:  More sustainable financing; in particular the DFAQ should seek financial supports that  More sustainable financing; in particular the DFAQ should seek financial supports that are less project-oriented and that can support long term programs; are less project-oriented and that can support long term programs;  Funds to develop stock assessment research: a combination of population-based and  Funds to develop stock assessment research: a combination of population-based and ecosystem-based assessment will be warranted; ecosystem-based assessment will be warranted;  Funds for improving data collection and analysis of biological and fishery data ;  Funds for improving data collection and analysis of biological and fishery data ;  Develop stronger research collaboration with CARICOM States and other countries  Develop stronger research collaboration with CARICOM States and other countries toward the assessment of regional pelagic stocks; toward the assessment of regional pelagic stocks;  Funds to conduct a study on cost and productivity of fishing production;  Funds to conduct a study on cost and productivity of fishing production;  Funds to conduct socio-economic surveys.  Funds to conduct socio-economic surveys.

仮 334 CHAPTER 4: AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 4: AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT COMPONENT

4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, Development Plans 4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, Development Plans Policy and Supporting Legislation Policy and Supporting Legislation MARNDR sector development plans see that in view of the unsustainable condition of the fish MARNDR sector development plans see that in view of the unsustainable condition of the fish stocks in the near-shore marine fisheries, there is need to focus more on the development of stocks in the near-shore marine fisheries, there is need to focus more on the development of aquaculture. There also is an expectation that fishers can be introduced to small scale aquaculture aquaculture. There also is an expectation that fishers can be introduced to small scale aquaculture activity as a means of diversification of lively hoods and reduction of pressure on already activity as a means of diversification of lively hoods and reduction of pressure on already threatened fish stocks. threatened fish stocks. The development target is set at ambitious 25,000 MT/year of national aquaculture production in The development target is set at ambitious 25,000 MT/year of national aquaculture production in 10 years, compared with 400 MT/year of estimated current production level (shown in table 1). 10 years, compared with 400 MT/year of estimated current production level (shown in table 1). The development plans sets out number of government interventions for the aquaculture The development plans sets out number of government interventions for the aquaculture development with estimated cost necessary for the implementation. development with estimated cost necessary for the implementation.

Food security Food security In Haiti a survey of household consumption patterns suggests that some 3.8 million (58%) In Haiti a survey of household consumption patterns suggests that some 3.8 million (58%) Haitians fall below the recommended minimum daily food intake of 2,240 Kcal/day indicating Haitians fall below the recommended minimum daily food intake of 2,240 Kcal/day indicating that this sector of the population is below the poverty line and face grave threats to continued that this sector of the population is below the poverty line and face grave threats to continued food security. food security. The malnutrition is one of the most serious consequences of this food insecurity. The The malnutrition is one of the most serious consequences of this food insecurity. The contribution of animal protein and fish to the food security is at present very weak with the contribution of animal protein and fish to the food security is at present very weak with the average annual per capita consumption estimated at 4.2 Kg/person/yr. average annual per capita consumption estimated at 4.2 Kg/person/yr. In this regard and despite an ineffective regulatory framework and investment climate in Haiti In this regard and despite an ineffective regulatory framework and investment climate in Haiti the DPAQ in the past and certainly at present would welcome and encourage all projects the DPAQ in the past and certainly at present would welcome and encourage all projects inclusive of aquaculture which will contribute positively to the reduction in poverty, increased inclusive of aquaculture which will contribute positively to the reduction in poverty, increased food security and increase dietary protein and food intake. food security and increase dietary protein and food intake. To this end there have been various interventions in the past however the sustainability of same To this end there have been various interventions in the past however the sustainability of same has been thwarted by the political instability and civil unrest. has been thwarted by the political instability and civil unrest.

4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objectives and Development Objectives

The development target is quite ambitious and will need significant amount of both economical The development target is quite ambitious and will need significant amount of both economical and technical input. However, considering the DPAQ and Haitian government is not capable of and technical input. However, considering the DPAQ and Haitian government is not capable of securing enough resource without external assistance, the necessary cost is most likely not to be securing enough resource without external assistance, the necessary cost is most likely not to be financed hence development target cannot met. Currently DPAQ, the department in charge of financed hence development target cannot met. Currently DPAQ, the department in charge of aquaculture development within MARDNR, suffers from a lack of basic administrative facilities aquaculture development within MARDNR, suffers from a lack of basic administrative facilities and institutional capabilities. Its technical staff compares favorably with any in the Caribbean and institutional capabilities. Its technical staff compares favorably with any in the Caribbean region but there is an acute shortage of material resources for them to utilize in their operations. region but there is an acute shortage of material resources for them to utilize in their operations. Therefore support for the sector is primarily provided by NGOs and church /humanitarian efforts Therefore support for the sector is primarily provided by NGOs and church /humanitarian efforts

仮 335 at the community level but their activities are not necessarily coherent with government policy8. at the community level but their activities are not necessarily coherent with government policy8. To achieve the development objective, DPAQ has to be strengthened but also DPAQ’s capability To achieve the development objective, DPAQ has to be strengthened but also DPAQ’s capability of coordinating with donors and NGOs so that their better contribute better for the development of coordinating with donors and NGOs so that their better contribute better for the development objectives of the government. objectives of the government.

4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics Current level of production estimated as 400 MT/year is quite small compared with the Haitian Current level of production estimated as 400 MT/year is quite small compared with the Haitian population. Hence farmed fish is normally consumed within or near the community and population. Hence farmed fish is normally consumed within or near the community and practically unknown among the general consumer. On the other hand, cheap imported tilapia and practically unknown among the general consumer. On the other hand, cheap imported tilapia and seafood is available on the market in Haiti. The aquaculture production cost depends heavily on seafood is available on the market in Haiti. The aquaculture production cost depends heavily on the feed cost, which is not cheap in Haiti9. Utilization of locally available feed could reduce the the feed cost, which is not cheap in Haiti9. Utilization of locally available feed could reduce the feed cost to some extent but careful examination of production cost, marketing strategy, and feed cost to some extent but careful examination of production cost, marketing strategy, and consumer awareness rising for domestic aquaculture product should be undertaken if its consumer awareness rising for domestic aquaculture product should be undertaken if its production is to be expanded as in the development target and marketed among general public. production is to be expanded as in the development target and marketed among general public.

4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species Several attempts over the past 4 decades to culture various species to include the following Several attempts over the past 4 decades to culture various species to include the following o Tilapia o Tilapia o Carps Common o Carps Common o Pangasius Spp o Pangasius Spp o Cassostrea Spp o Cassostrea Spp o Spirulina o Spirulina o Gracilaria o Gracilaria o Eels o Eels o Macrobrachium Spp. o Macrobrachium Spp. After many failed attempts the main species current been produced are tilapia with carps and After many failed attempts the main species current been produced are tilapia with carps and catfish being cultivated to a lesser extent. catfish being cultivated to a lesser extent. There is a small-scale research trial into spirulina and eel production. To date tilapia still offers There is a small-scale research trial into spirulina and eel production. To date tilapia still offers the most promise and efforts are centered on Tilapia culture in above ground recirculation tanks, the most promise and efforts are centered on Tilapia culture in above ground recirculation tanks, earthen ponds, natural lakes and cages in lakes. earthen ponds, natural lakes and cages in lakes. The recent introduction of pangasius species and the development of seed production technology The recent introduction of pangasius species and the development of seed production technology through induced spawning offer opportunities to increased diversification. Demonstrated grow- through induced spawning offer opportunities to increased diversification. Demonstrated grow- out methods, market acceptance and environment issues are yet to be addressed. At present the out methods, market acceptance and environment issues are yet to be addressed. At present the DPAQ is reluctant to allow the free distribution of pangasius given environment concerns. The DPAQ is reluctant to allow the free distribution of pangasius given environment concerns. The belief of the government that the fish is a predator and the possible impact it will wave on the belief of the government that the fish is a predator and the possible impact it will wave on the current productivity of natural water bodies and water ways is the source of discontent. current productivity of natural water bodies and water ways is the source of discontent. MARNDR estimates put current aquaculture production at approximately 400MT per annum, of MARNDR estimates put current aquaculture production at approximately 400MT per annum, of which further break downs as to species contribution, production methodologies and area of which further break downs as to species contribution, production methodologies and area of production are nonexistent. Several reports point to activities, initiatives pre date 2006 and production are nonexistent. Several reports point to activities, initiatives pre date 2006 and simply report on past attempts however no actual field survey is done to determine what exists simply report on past attempts however no actual field survey is done to determine what exists today. What is also lacking in the various reports is financial sensitivity analysis that seeks to today. What is also lacking in the various reports is financial sensitivity analysis that seeks to

8 Refer to “Extension Program” in sub-chapter 3.4 - Chapter 3 8 Refer to “Extension Program” in sub-chapter 3.4 - Chapter 3 9 The imported pellet is used in Haiti. Field survey revealed that feed cost to raise 1pound of tilapia is approximately 9 The imported pellet is used in Haiti. Field survey revealed that feed cost to raise 1pound of tilapia is approximately 0.9 USD. 0.9 USD. Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 26 26

仮 336 make an assessment on the profitability of tilapia aquaculture utilizing differing production make an assessment on the profitability of tilapia aquaculture utilizing differing production technologies. technologies.

4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category Fresh water – Extensive Fresh water – Extensive •Extensive Stocking of Natural and manmade Lakes and Pond •Extensive Stocking of Natural and manmade Lakes and Pond The total area of inland waters is estimated at about 22,700 ha 69% of which consists of three The total area of inland waters is estimated at about 22,700 ha 69% of which consists of three major lakes include: major lakes include: - Lake Azuei 11,300 ha - Lake Azuei 11,300 ha -Lake Peligre 2,750 ha -Lake Peligre 2,750 ha -Lake Miragoane 1,130 ha -Lake Miragoane 1,130 ha -31 rivers more or less permanent representative about 6.820 ha -31 rivers more or less permanent representative about 6.820 ha -Small water bodies 2.770 ha. To this we must add the -Small water bodies 2.770 ha. To this we must add the -Hill side lakes Artibonite, Central Plateau and the North East 90 ha -Hill side lakes Artibonite, Central Plateau and the North East 90 ha

Lake stocking / extensive aquaculture was done to improve the yield from the lakes and efforts Lake stocking / extensive aquaculture was done to improve the yield from the lakes and efforts date back to the early 1950’s where lakes were stocked with tilapia and carp fingerlings. In date back to the early 1950’s where lakes were stocked with tilapia and carp fingerlings. In subsequent years stocking were not systematic and there was no orderly management or subsequent years stocking were not systematic and there was no orderly management or development of the resource, However through the cooperation with the Cuban Government this development of the resource, However through the cooperation with the Cuban Government this program of lake stocking has resumed and since 2010 there has been a systematic approach to program of lake stocking has resumed and since 2010 there has been a systematic approach to the stocking of lakes. the stocking of lakes. The increased productivity of the lake benefitting from restocking has been demonstrated ; For The increased productivity of the lake benefitting from restocking has been demonstrated ; For example between April 30, 1997 to November 30, 1999, Lake Azuei received eight stocking example between April 30, 1997 to November 30, 1999, Lake Azuei received eight stocking (total number of fry introduced: 418.256), while from 2000 to 2008, it received only three (total number of fry introduced: 418.256), while from 2000 to 2008, it received only three stocking with a total number stocked less than 200,000. Meanwhile, in 1999, Lake Azuei stocking with a total number stocked less than 200,000. Meanwhile, in 1999, Lake Azuei produced an average of 140 tons of fish while in 2006 it produced less than 45 tonnes. produced an average of 140 tons of fish while in 2006 it produced less than 45 tonnes. Further analysis of carrying capacities, productivity and sustainable yields need to be determined Further analysis of carrying capacities, productivity and sustainable yields need to be determined to optimize this approach whilst preserving the environment integrity. Lake stocking need to be to optimize this approach whilst preserving the environment integrity. Lake stocking need to be subject to greater control as information gathered is that fingerlings are subject to fishing subject to greater control as information gathered is that fingerlings are subject to fishing pressure immediately after the lakes are stocked. To determine the effectiveness and full pressure immediately after the lakes are stocked. To determine the effectiveness and full potential of lake stocking program a proper demonstration needs to be conducted. potential of lake stocking program a proper demonstration needs to be conducted.

仮 337 Fresh water – Semi intensive Fresh water – Semi intensive Several projects utilizing the semi intensive method of production are reported to exist across the Several projects utilizing the semi intensive method of production are reported to exist across the country, however only one such project was observed and the farmed appeared to be country, however only one such project was observed and the farmed appeared to be underutilized. Some of the reported projects are: underutilized. Some of the reported projects are: (2005-2007) Integrated fish farming project of the Canadian Cooperation in the Central (2005-2007) Integrated fish farming project of the Canadian Cooperation in the Central Department Department -This project is an integrated farming project incorporating fruit, vegetable and poultry crops. -This project is an integrated farming project incorporating fruit, vegetable and poultry crops. 28 family units are utilizing 4 ponds. It benefited from the demonstration of tilapia and carp 28 family units are utilizing 4 ponds. It benefited from the demonstration of tilapia and carp production, yields as high as 4 t / ha / year were realized. The main problems identified production, yields as high as 4 t / ha / year were realized. The main problems identified development of this type of actions have been development of this type of actions have been • the difficulties to identify the beneficiaries, • the difficulties to identify the beneficiaries, • the quality of soil for water retention, • the quality of soil for water retention, • difficult access and communication • difficult access and communication • Poor supply of fingerlings in the project cycle. • Poor supply of fingerlings in the project cycle. The above mentioned problems seem to symptomatic of inadequate project development. The above mentioned problems seem to symptomatic of inadequate project development.

(2002-2004)FAO project to promote small-scale aquaculture Departments in the South and (2002-2004)FAO project to promote small-scale aquaculture Departments in the South and Artibonite utilizing an integrated approach Artibonite utilizing an integrated approach -This project has been developed within the activities of the Programme of FAO's Food -This project has been developed within the activities of the Programme of FAO's Food Security (Special Programme for Food Security, SPFS) and has two components, aquaculture Security (Special Programme for Food Security, SPFS) and has two components, aquaculture and production poultry. Measurable outputs of the project are the construction of 63, 150 m2 and production poultry. Measurable outputs of the project are the construction of 63, 150 m2 earthen ponds. Ponds are gravity filled from the adjacent irrigation. Nile tilapia and common earthen ponds. Ponds are gravity filled from the adjacent irrigation. Nile tilapia and common carp stocked at 2- 4 fingerlings /m2 and fed on a diet of locally produced rice bran and carp stocked at 2- 4 fingerlings /m2 and fed on a diet of locally produced rice bran and generated yields of 70-80 Kg/pond/year. generated yields of 70-80 Kg/pond/year. -This project generated great enthusiasm among the beneficiaries and the good results -This project generated great enthusiasm among the beneficiaries and the good results obtained have led to the launching of new initiatives. obtained have led to the launching of new initiatives.

(Phase I, 2005-2006) FAO project funded by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Phase I, 2005-2006) FAO project funded by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in the South and Artibonite Department (OPEC) in the South and Artibonite Department -This project was an extension of the previous project and also had two components, -This project was an extension of the previous project and also had two components, aquaculture and poultry production. 56 ponds 150 m2 ponds were constructed. Nile tilapia aquaculture and poultry production. 56 ponds 150 m2 ponds were constructed. Nile tilapia and common carp stocked at a density of 1-2 fingerlings/m2, crop cycle of 6-8 months, fed and common carp stocked at a density of 1-2 fingerlings/m2, crop cycle of 6-8 months, fed locally available farm by products (rice bran, corn, sorghum and cattle blood) in processing locally available farm by products (rice bran, corn, sorghum and cattle blood) in processing units installed in each area. units installed in each area. -To ensure the supply of fingerlings hatchery in Les Cayes was rehabilitated and fingerlings -To ensure the supply of fingerlings hatchery in Les Cayes was rehabilitated and fingerlings sold to .0085 $ US / unit. As in previous project, the benefits of this culture system have sold to .0085 $ US / unit. As in previous project, the benefits of this culture system have shown very clearly the potential success and profitability of aquaculture integrated farming shown very clearly the potential success and profitability of aquaculture integrated farming systems to this end another project was proposed with the following objectives systems to this end another project was proposed with the following objectives • Reconstruction of production units established • Reconstruction of production units established • Strengthening capacities for construction of ponds for local farmers, extension workers • Strengthening capacities for construction of ponds for local farmers, extension workers and technicians and technicians • Conduct a thorough analysis of production data • Conduct a thorough analysis of production data

仮 338 • Establishment of a National Plan for sustainable development of aquaculture and poultry • Establishment of a National Plan for sustainable development of aquaculture and poultry production production

Fresh water – Intensive Fresh water – Intensive Tanks/Cages Tanks/Cages In Haiti, intensive aquaculture is developed within the scope of some projects primarily funded In Haiti, intensive aquaculture is developed within the scope of some projects primarily funded by NGO’s and international donor agencies. The high capital cost and the high cost of inputs by NGO’s and international donor agencies. The high capital cost and the high cost of inputs feed and energy puts these projects raise questions as to the sustainability of these ventures. feed and energy puts these projects raise questions as to the sustainability of these ventures. Reported intensive tilapia farming projects are as follows. Reported intensive tilapia farming projects are as follows. (2006-2010) French cooperation: “Project economic and social development of the lake Azuey (2006-2010) French cooperation: “Project economic and social development of the lake Azuey (PRODESELA)” (PRODESELA)” -This project represents a strange marriage between the Government private sector and a NGO. -This project represents a strange marriage between the Government private sector and a NGO. This project is developed by a partnership between the (MARNDR), the private company This project is developed by a partnership between the (MARNDR), the private company Caribbean Harvest and the NGO Groupe pour l'Assitance aux Et pour la Petite Potiers Caribbean Harvest and the NGO Groupe pour l'Assitance aux Et pour la Petite Potiers Hydraulique (GATAPHY). Hydraulique (GATAPHY). -This project has two components namely, aquaculture production and social integration of -This project has two components namely, aquaculture production and social integration of 248 inhabitants representative of (42 improvrished families) around lAke Azuei . 248 inhabitants representative of (42 improvrished families) around lAke Azuei . -Tilapia fingerlings are produced at the Caribbean harvest hatchery located at Croix-des- -Tilapia fingerlings are produced at the Caribbean harvest hatchery located at Croix-des- Bouquets. The hatchery is designed to produce (2.5 million fry / year). However at the time Bouquets. The hatchery is designed to produce (2.5 million fry / year). However at the time of field visit the facility appeared to be grossly underutilized with the operators pointing to of field visit the facility appeared to be grossly underutilized with the operators pointing to the lack and high cost of electricity as a major obstacle. the lack and high cost of electricity as a major obstacle. -Fingerlings produced at the facility are stocked in cages, the fish produced is sold and a target -Fingerlings produced at the facility are stocked in cages, the fish produced is sold and a target of 50% of these benefits from this sale is slated to go to the purchase of feed and of 50% of these benefits from this sale is slated to go to the purchase of feed and maintenance of facilities. The other 50% is reinvested in the population through purchase of maintenance of facilities. The other 50% is reinvested in the population through purchase of potable water, medical care, schooling and social assistance. At the time of our visit we did potable water, medical care, schooling and social assistance. At the time of our visit we did see a clinic under a tent however the level of cage activity is not sufficient to alter the see a clinic under a tent however the level of cage activity is not sufficient to alter the livelihoods of the people living there. Interestingly there more cages on land that were in livelihoods of the people living there. Interestingly there more cages on land that were in disrepair than that in production indicating that there are some obstacles in the way of the disrepair than that in production indicating that there are some obstacles in the way of the development plan. development plan. -Current status and projected expansion targets of the cage culture component of this project -Current status and projected expansion targets of the cage culture component of this project were not forth coming however anecdotal information suggests there have been some were not forth coming however anecdotal information suggests there have been some setbacks primarily due to setbacks primarily due to • Poor cage construction • Poor cage construction • Fish kill in the lake • Fish kill in the lake • Logistical issues surrounding issue of feed management. • Logistical issues surrounding issue of feed management. (2006-2010) Project to install raceways and drinking water conveyance Boix Petit (2006-2010) Project to install raceways and drinking water conveyance Boix Petit This project, funded by the French cooperation consists of two components namely growing fish This project, funded by the French cooperation consists of two components namely growing fish in aqueducts to supply water to 3 nearby villages. in aqueducts to supply water to 3 nearby villages.

(2009 – Present) Food for the Poor ICDF Project (2009 – Present) Food for the Poor ICDF Project This project is twofold it seeks to improve livelihoods in poor rural area through he introduction This project is twofold it seeks to improve livelihoods in poor rural area through he introduction of aquaculture technology. At the time of this survey two activities were observed of aquaculture technology. At the time of this survey two activities were observed

仮 339 1) Cage culture of tilapia in Lake Miragone, where 15 floating cages 4 m3 stocked at 1600 fish 1) Cage culture of tilapia in Lake Miragone, where 15 floating cages 4 m3 stocked at 1600 fish per cage were deployed. Technical feasibility was demonstrated as farmers have been able to per cage were deployed. Technical feasibility was demonstrated as farmers have been able to harvest marketable fish from cages. More work need to be done to determine the following harvest marketable fish from cages. More work need to be done to determine the following • Seasonal effects on optimal stocking densities and profitability • Seasonal effects on optimal stocking densities and profitability • Determination of carrying capacity of the lake. • Determination of carrying capacity of the lake. • Develop a model for lake management and rules governing cage culture in same. • Develop a model for lake management and rules governing cage culture in same. • Demonstrate profitability to participants and introduce and create an investment scheme that • Demonstrate profitability to participants and introduce and create an investment scheme that will allow for the financial sustainability of the project. will allow for the financial sustainability of the project. • Market development • Market development • Improved cage design • Improved cage design 2) Development of a pangasius hatchery and grow out system. 2) Development of a pangasius hatchery and grow out system.

The technical feasibility has been realized however much more work is required to establish a The technical feasibility has been realized however much more work is required to establish a sustainable farming approach for the species given its recent introduction to the system sustainable farming approach for the species given its recent introduction to the system This survey did not allow for a quantitative analysis of the number, distribution and This survey did not allow for a quantitative analysis of the number, distribution and categorization of farms however MARNDR sources suggest that the total installed capacity at categorization of farms however MARNDR sources suggest that the total installed capacity at the end of the 1990’s stood at 642 Ha with only 469 hectares being in production at the time. the end of the 1990’s stood at 642 Ha with only 469 hectares being in production at the time. This installed productive capacity was rapidly eroded with the political instability of the early This installed productive capacity was rapidly eroded with the political instability of the early 2000s, and by 2006, the area in production did not exceed 20 ha. In 2008 after the passage of 2000s, and by 2006, the area in production did not exceed 20 ha. In 2008 after the passage of tropical storms and hurricanes, harvested areas were further reduced. tropical storms and hurricanes, harvested areas were further reduced. It would be worthwhile to catalog all the current aquaculture sites and to develop a geo spatial It would be worthwhile to catalog all the current aquaculture sites and to develop a geo spatial map of all the existing facilities along with a determination of areas suitable for future map of all the existing facilities along with a determination of areas suitable for future development. Care must be taken in generating the spatial mapping or zoning plan as in the past development. Care must be taken in generating the spatial mapping or zoning plan as in the past several projects have failed due to poor site selection. An integrated planning approach here is several projects have failed due to poor site selection. An integrated planning approach here is critical as in addition to soil type, access to irrigation water disaster risk management, proximity critical as in addition to soil type, access to irrigation water disaster risk management, proximity to market, environment sustainability and infrastructure are all issues that must be factored in to market, environment sustainability and infrastructure are all issues that must be factored in determining the cost benefits to convert lands to aquaculture development. Such a zoning plan determining the cost benefits to convert lands to aquaculture development. Such a zoning plan would be a valuable tool to guide the proposed aquaculture development plans in Haiti. would be a valuable tool to guide the proposed aquaculture development plans in Haiti.

Marine and coastal aquaculture Marine and coastal aquaculture Haiti’s coastal region has numerous protected embayments which would offer a protected Haiti’s coastal region has numerous protected embayments which would offer a protected environment for cage culture. In a “1987Caribbean Marine Research Centre (CMRC)” study to environment for cage culture. In a “1987Caribbean Marine Research Centre (CMRC)” study to assess the social, economic, and cultural considerations for saltwater cage culture of Florida Red assess the social, economic, and cultural considerations for saltwater cage culture of Florida Red tilapia in North Western Haiti by (Brass et al.) it was determined that several differences between tilapia in North Western Haiti by (Brass et al.) it was determined that several differences between the work styles and economic structure of capture fishing and mariculture were identified and the work styles and economic structure of capture fishing and mariculture were identified and that same would make the transition from fisher to farmer a challenging one. The lack of differed that same would make the transition from fisher to farmer a challenging one. The lack of differed gratification and related spending pattern are seen as the key socio economic factor that would gratification and related spending pattern are seen as the key socio economic factor that would inhibit the transition and that other occupational groups (FARMERS) would be more suitable in inhibit the transition and that other occupational groups (FARMERS) would be more suitable in this regard, however other issues would surface. this regard, however other issues would surface. Rust et all 1991 through the CMRC attempted to assess the Environmental Potential for Rust et all 1991 through the CMRC attempted to assess the Environmental Potential for Saltwater cage Culture of Florida Red Tilapia along the Northeast Coast of Haiti found that all Saltwater cage Culture of Florida Red Tilapia along the Northeast Coast of Haiti found that all sites investigated then were suitable( environmental parameters and shelter) for tilapia culture, sites investigated then were suitable( environmental parameters and shelter) for tilapia culture, however cage trials being conducted were required to before firm conclusions could be drawn. however cage trials being conducted were required to before firm conclusions could be drawn.

仮 340 There are reports of marine tilapia cage culture activity in the North in Fort Libertie however the There are reports of marine tilapia cage culture activity in the North in Fort Libertie however the team was not able to substantiate this information team was not able to substantiate this information There are reports of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamaei farming in the north central region of There are reports of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamaei farming in the north central region of the Southern peninsula; however in the absence of a site visit or any mention in the literature the Southern peninsula; however in the absence of a site visit or any mention in the literature team were unable to determine the exact scale of operations. Attempts to farm shrimp in the team were unable to determine the exact scale of operations. Attempts to farm shrimp in the north east in the early 1980’s proved unsuccessful due to poor site selection. north east in the early 1980’s proved unsuccessful due to poor site selection. The possibilities for sea moss culture, oyster culture integrated into a mangrove replanting The possibilities for sea moss culture, oyster culture integrated into a mangrove replanting program within designated sanctuaries offers exciting prospects for creation of alternative lively program within designated sanctuaries offers exciting prospects for creation of alternative lively hood and habitat replenishment. Such efforts however will require the market intelligence and an hood and habitat replenishment. Such efforts however will require the market intelligence and an appropriate legislative framework. appropriate legislative framework.

4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement Stock Enhancement One of the main threats to the development of small-scale aquaculture is due to the low One of the main threats to the development of small-scale aquaculture is due to the low profitability, limited productive capacity (small size of ponds) which by extension lends itself to profitability, limited productive capacity (small size of ponds) which by extension lends itself to low profitability/ low motivation. In addition the lack of formal land holdings excludes the small low profitability/ low motivation. In addition the lack of formal land holdings excludes the small farmer from meeting the collateral requirements of financial institutions. farmer from meeting the collateral requirements of financial institutions. Aquaculture is considered a high risk area. Faced with the socio-political instability, investors Aquaculture is considered a high risk area. Faced with the socio-political instability, investors tend to move to other areas with less risk notably the distributive trade, where the return on tend to move to other areas with less risk notably the distributive trade, where the return on investment is much faster. It must be mentioned that several stakeholders cite the disregard for or investment is much faster. It must be mentioned that several stakeholders cite the disregard for or lack of legislation and inadequate security as deterrents to investment in the sector. The effects of lack of legislation and inadequate security as deterrents to investment in the sector. The effects of the absence of any regulatory framework are further compounded by infrastructure constraints i.e. the absence of any regulatory framework are further compounded by infrastructure constraints i.e. poor roads unreliable to no electricity supply. poor roads unreliable to no electricity supply. In recognition of the fact that coastal resources are fully exploited then additional fish protein In recognition of the fact that coastal resources are fully exploited then additional fish protein intake can only be met through imports, inland fisheries and aquaculture. Within the context of intake can only be met through imports, inland fisheries and aquaculture. Within the context of the Haitian economy the existent natural resource base the development of aquaculture is seen as the Haitian economy the existent natural resource base the development of aquaculture is seen as an investment area that would serve to boost local agricultural production, create jobs and an investment area that would serve to boost local agricultural production, create jobs and contribute positively to food security contribute positively to food security With all this said the real opportunity depends heavily on the production of fish that is With all this said the real opportunity depends heavily on the production of fish that is competitively priced with other meat and fish protein sources which are produced locally or competitively priced with other meat and fish protein sources which are produced locally or imported. Information from Food for the Poor and Caribbean Harvest put the cost of production imported. Information from Food for the Poor and Caribbean Harvest put the cost of production of tilapia at around US$0.90/Lb. On the other hand, there is information that the average price of of tilapia at around US$0.90/Lb. On the other hand, there is information that the average price of imported fish is USD1.0/kg (shown in the table 1). Considerable effort should be done to reduce imported fish is USD1.0/kg (shown in the table 1). Considerable effort should be done to reduce the cost of domestic aquaculture production or to promote it as better product over cheap the cost of domestic aquaculture production or to promote it as better product over cheap imported products. imported products. There are at least two feed mills within the Port Au Prince area that currently produce animal There are at least two feed mills within the Port Au Prince area that currently produce animal feeds utilizing imported ingredients. The feed is a sinking pelletized ration, and is not considered feeds utilizing imported ingredients. The feed is a sinking pelletized ration, and is not considered to be nutritionally complete given the low levels of fish meal and oils within the ingredients. The to be nutritionally complete given the low levels of fish meal and oils within the ingredients. The locally produced feed is at present only suitable for extensive production in ponds. Feed locally produced feed is at present only suitable for extensive production in ponds. Feed requirement for cage and tank culture systems are more intensive and require nutritionally requirement for cage and tank culture systems are more intensive and require nutritionally complete diets. The majority of the feed that is used is imported from the USA and represents complete diets. The majority of the feed that is used is imported from the USA and represents excellent formulations. The available crude protein content of these diets, range from 45% to excellent formulations. The available crude protein content of these diets, range from 45% to 30%, with the available cost to farmers being in the range of US$ 45/ 50lb bag to US$22/40Lb 30%, with the available cost to farmers being in the range of US$ 45/ 50lb bag to US$22/40Lb respectively. respectively.

仮 341 Seed production in Haiti’s aquaculture sector can be characterized as experimental, even though Seed production in Haiti’s aquaculture sector can be characterized as experimental, even though there has been demonstrated technical capacity to produce seed stock from the main fresh water there has been demonstrated technical capacity to produce seed stock from the main fresh water cultured species. Any direction to increase production whether through lake stocking, pond or cultured species. Any direction to increase production whether through lake stocking, pond or cage culture will require considerably investment in expansion of hatchery facilities. As an cage culture will require considerably investment in expansion of hatchery facilities. As an example of appropriate lake stocking, production and management program in Lake Miragoane example of appropriate lake stocking, production and management program in Lake Miragoane (4800Ha) would require a hatchery with a capacity to produce 4 million 15g mono-sex tilapia (4800Ha) would require a hatchery with a capacity to produce 4 million 15g mono-sex tilapia fingerlings per annum. However, there is no facility equipped to do so. fingerlings per annum. However, there is no facility equipped to do so. Given the poor road infrastructure and the geographic distance between the different proposed Given the poor road infrastructure and the geographic distance between the different proposed centers of productions (South, central Region and North) single large scale hatchery should not centers of productions (South, central Region and North) single large scale hatchery should not be attempted and may be 3 centers of seed production and demonstration would be more be attempted and may be 3 centers of seed production and demonstration would be more appropriate. Such a demonstration facilities unlike in the past should focus on the transfer of appropriate. Such a demonstration facilities unlike in the past should focus on the transfer of technology and the demonstration of profitability to the private sector so that they can accelerate technology and the demonstration of profitability to the private sector so that they can accelerate the aquaculture development with the investment. the aquaculture development with the investment. Hatchery design should be multipurpose, utilizing appropriate technologies, given the existing Hatchery design should be multipurpose, utilizing appropriate technologies, given the existing limitations with the local electricity supply and capacity of the workforce. limitations with the local electricity supply and capacity of the workforce.

4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries There are two main academic centers which offer theoretical courses on aquaculture. The There are two main academic centers which offer theoretical courses on aquaculture. The University Our Lady of Haiti and The Episcopal University of Haiti. Though both have expertise University Our Lady of Haiti and The Episcopal University of Haiti. Though both have expertise in oceanography and in aquaculture, none possess suitable infrastructure for research. in oceanography and in aquaculture, none possess suitable infrastructure for research. There are 8 officers assigned to the aquaculture unit and plans exist to expand the staffing There are 8 officers assigned to the aquaculture unit and plans exist to expand the staffing position in the near future. However limited governmental attention to the fisheries sector is position in the near future. However limited governmental attention to the fisheries sector is reflected in the absence of budgetary allocations for the administration of the sector, inadequate reflected in the absence of budgetary allocations for the administration of the sector, inadequate institutional framework and management of aquaculture activity. institutional framework and management of aquaculture activity.

仮 342 CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT

5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents The articles 8-39 of the decree published in 1978 define fishers’ provision of data as necessary The articles 8-39 of the decree published in 1978 define fishers’ provision of data as necessary obligation for governmental institution to take fisheries management measures10. Considering the obligation for governmental institution to take fisheries management measures10. Considering the limited resource and capacity of the government, utilizing fishers as information source seems limited resource and capacity of the government, utilizing fishers as information source seems practical option. practical option.

5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation 5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation In a 2003 FAO Report of the CFU/FAO Fisheries Statistics and Data Management Workshop, it In a 2003 FAO Report of the CFU/FAO Fisheries Statistics and Data Management Workshop, it was stated that: was stated that: “There is no regular data collection programme in place. Data are only collected from “There is no regular data collection programme in place. Data are only collected from the registration of the amount of marine products to be exported. In order to improve on the registration of the amount of marine products to be exported. In order to improve on this situation, a data collection program is now being developed with assistance from the this situation, a data collection program is now being developed with assistance from the CARICOM Fisheries Unit (CFU). The aim of this programme is to undertake a census of CARICOM Fisheries Unit (CFU). The aim of this programme is to undertake a census of the marine fishery to assist in the design of a comprehensive sampling programme for the marine fishery to assist in the design of a comprehensive sampling programme for Haiti, in order to facilitate decisions regarding fisheries management and development. Haiti, in order to facilitate decisions regarding fisheries management and development. The improvement of the system will require substantial efforts from the Government, with The improvement of the system will require substantial efforts from the Government, with support from regional and international organizations.” support from regional and international organizations.” In southeast coast, there is a data collection system in plance wih financial support from Spanish In southeast coast, there is a data collection system in plance wih financial support from Spanish government. However at national level, not much progress seems to have been made on the data government. However at national level, not much progress seems to have been made on the data collection issues and regular data collection is not undertaken except exportation. Many data is collection issues and regular data collection is not undertaken except exportation. Many data is taken from the results of surveys and studies sporadically done by donors or NGOs. taken from the results of surveys and studies sporadically done by donors or NGOs.

5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation Since data is not sufficiently collected, data management is done with limited scale. Since data is not sufficiently collected, data management is done with limited scale.

5.4 Information Dissemination 5.4 Information Dissemination .Since data is not sufficiently collected, data dissemination is done with limited scale. .Since data is not sufficiently collected, data dissemination is done with limited scale.

5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information Systems 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information Systems Limited resource and capacity of government authority make the data collection and Limited resource and capacity of government authority make the data collection and management very challenging task in Haiti. It would be quite difficult to establish its own system management very challenging task in Haiti. It would be quite difficult to establish its own system to collect, stock, and analyze data for fisheries management in the near future. For this reasons, it to collect, stock, and analyze data for fisheries management in the near future. For this reasons, it seems important in the short term to promote cooperation with other stakeholders such as NGO, seems important in the short term to promote cooperation with other stakeholders such as NGO, donors, and private sectors to obtain the necessary data while strengthening the DPAQ at the donors, and private sectors to obtain the necessary data while strengthening the DPAQ at the same time. same time.

10 83p, Diagnóstico del Sector de la Pesca y la Acuicultura en Haití – 2008, Xunta de Galicia 10 83p, Diagnóstico del Sector de la Pesca y la Acuicultura en Haití – 2008, Xunta de Galicia Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 33 33

仮 343 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6.1. Output from workshop with the staff of DPAQ 6.1. Output from workshop with the staff of DPAQ PCM and ID/OS workshop were held on 12th and 13th of October 2011, in a conference room of PCM and ID/OS workshop were held on 12th and 13th of October 2011, in a conference room of the DPAQ. PCM workshop was held separately for marine fisheries and aquaculture. the DPAQ. PCM workshop was held separately for marine fisheries and aquaculture.

Problem Analysis Problem Analysis The problem analysis was done to understand major issues for the sustainable development of The problem analysis was done to understand major issues for the sustainable development of marine fisheries. Low income was pointed out as core problem, and further analysis revealed that marine fisheries. Low income was pointed out as core problem, and further analysis revealed that • Government is incapable of taking appropriate resource management measures such as monitoring • Government is incapable of taking appropriate resource management measures such as monitoring and enforcement of the regulation, data collection and enforcement of the regulation, data collection • Fishing gears and equipment is not readily available and its price is high • Fishing gears and equipment is not readily available and its price is high • Destruction of the ecosystem is undermining the fisheries resource • Destruction of the ecosystem is undermining the fisheries resource • Competition with cheap imported seafood • Competition with cheap imported seafood • Lack of proper distribution and marketing system (reduced quality and spoilage as a result) • Lack of proper distribution and marketing system (reduced quality and spoilage as a result) • Coastal fisheries resource is overexploited • Coastal fisheries resource is overexploited

Same as marine fisheries, low income was pointed out as the core problem for the sustainable Same as marine fisheries, low income was pointed out as the core problem for the sustainable aquaculture development. Further analysis revealed the causes of core problem including the aquaculture development. Further analysis revealed the causes of core problem including the followings followings • Poor infrastructure and electricity problem (high cost and frequent power cut) • Poor infrastructure and electricity problem (high cost and frequent power cut) • Poor availability of credit • Poor availability of credit • Poor availability of fingerlings • Poor availability of fingerlings • High cost of production • High cost of production • Underdeveloped marketing and distribution system • Underdeveloped marketing and distribution system • Political instability • Political instability

ID/OS Analysis ID/OS Analysis The ID/OS method was applied for the analysis of DPAQ with basic question “how DPAQ can The ID/OS method was applied for the analysis of DPAQ with basic question “how DPAQ can improve the sustainable management and development of the fisheries sector in Haiti?”. improve the sustainable management and development of the fisheries sector in Haiti?”.

External Factors to Fisheries Department External Factors to Fisheries Department Opportunities Threats Opportunities Threats • Market for the fish exists • Influence from politician • Market for the fish exists • Influence from politician • There is technical and financial support • Staff leave job for low salary, and find • There is technical and financial support • Staff leave job for low salary, and find of NGO other job in oversea or NGO of NGO other job in oversea or NGO • There is financial assistance from donor • Better intervention of state for the fishers • There is financial assistance from donor • Better intervention of state for the fishers • Foreign expert come for the mission is necessary • Foreign expert come for the mission is necessary • Fishers association is strengthening • Foreign donors assistance is utilized • Fishers association is strengthening • Foreign donors assistance is utilized according to their own interest according to their own interest • Foreign expert is not always capable • Foreign expert is not always capable

Internal Factors of Fisheries Department Internal Factors of Fisheries Department Strengths Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses • Staff capable of multi-disciplinary task • The budget is not enough (60% depends • Staff capable of multi-disciplinary task • The budget is not enough (60% depends • Stable employment on donors) • Stable employment on donors) • On-going training opportunity • Insufficient material and equipment • On-going training opportunity • Insufficient material and equipment • Absence of carrier development plan • Absence of carrier development plan • Administrative procedure takes long time • Administrative procedure takes long time

仮 344 6.2. Output from workshop with local fishers 6.2. Output from workshop with local fishers The workshop with local fishers was held at Jackmel on 19th October and Cayes Jackmel on 20th The workshop with local fishers was held at Jackmel on 19th October and Cayes Jackmel on 20th October. October. Summary of the Community Summary of the Community Typically individual fishers do not have engine and their fishing activities are limited within near Typically individual fishers do not have engine and their fishing activities are limited within near shore, using simple fishing gears such as hand line, trap, beach seine etc. Fish is landed locally or shore, using simple fishing gears such as hand line, trap, beach seine etc. Fish is landed locally or to Marigot, the main landing site in the Southeast department. The landing is sold and consumed to Marigot, the main landing site in the Southeast department. The landing is sold and consumed in the local market except high value fish, which traders buy and distribute to high-end market in in the local market except high value fish, which traders buy and distribute to high-end market in Port-au-Prince such as hotels and restaurants. Port-au-Prince such as hotels and restaurants. There is fishers association in each community, and each fishers association has one boat and There is fishers association in each community, and each fishers association has one boat and engine donated by Spanish cooperation. There are 2 DPAQ officers in charge of the Spanish engine donated by Spanish cooperation. There are 2 DPAQ officers in charge of the Spanish cooperation project and working with the community. cooperation project and working with the community.

Present Status of the Local Fishery Present Status of the Local Fishery Small boat without engine has confined and concentrated fishing effort on near shore. However, Small boat without engine has confined and concentrated fishing effort on near shore. However, due to the increasing number of fishers, lack of enforcement and monitoring on the fishing due to the increasing number of fishers, lack of enforcement and monitoring on the fishing activity, and also possibly pollutions stemmed from sediment runoff from deforested land, activity, and also possibly pollutions stemmed from sediment runoff from deforested land, coastal fisheries resource is overexploited. coastal fisheries resource is overexploited. Spanish cooperation has installed FAD around 5-10 miles from the community in an effort to Spanish cooperation has installed FAD around 5-10 miles from the community in an effort to divert some of fishing effort onto the offshore large pelagic, which has been practically untapped. divert some of fishing effort onto the offshore large pelagic, which has been practically untapped. The fishing around the FAD is making good yield of large pelagic species such as dorado, tuna, The fishing around the FAD is making good yield of large pelagic species such as dorado, tuna, wahoo etc. However, these newly introduced large pelagic species has low acceptance in the wahoo etc. However, these newly introduced large pelagic species has low acceptance in the local market. Coupled with the poor storage and distribution system and insufficient facility and local market. Coupled with the poor storage and distribution system and insufficient facility and demand for the processing product, it has problem in marketing and some sold at very low price demand for the processing product, it has problem in marketing and some sold at very low price or discarded because of spoilage. or discarded because of spoilage. Conch and lobster has closed season according to the law, but it is not respected or some fishers Conch and lobster has closed season according to the law, but it is not respected or some fishers even do not know the existence of such regulation. even do not know the existence of such regulation.

Needs of Local Fishers Needs of Local Fishers Facility and equipment Facility and equipment Number of boats and engines is not enough Number of boats and engines is not enough Number of FAD is not enough Number of FAD is not enough There is no fishing gear shop in the community There is no fishing gear shop in the community Landing facility is necessary Landing facility is necessary

Skills and training Skills and training Training on post-harvest treatment and marketing of fish is necessary Training on post-harvest treatment and marketing of fish is necessary Training on fish conservation and processing is necessary Training on fish conservation and processing is necessary Training on marketing of large pelagic caught on FAD is necessary Training on marketing of large pelagic caught on FAD is necessary

Law and enforcement Law and enforcement Regulation should be placed to prohibit the small fish catch Regulation should be placed to prohibit the small fish catch Conflict between Haitian and Dominican Republic fishers has to be resolved. Conflict between Haitian and Dominican Republic fishers has to be resolved. Fishers need to be registered Fishers need to be registered Statistical data should be collected Statistical data should be collected

Others Others Access to credit needs to be improved for fishers and fish traders Access to credit needs to be improved for fishers and fish traders Alphabetization for fishers and traders is necessary Alphabetization for fishers and traders is necessary Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 35 35

仮 345 Insurance for fishers is necessary Insurance for fishers is necessary

6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the workshop 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the workshop The coastal resource is not properly managed and depleted. With limited resource and capacity, The coastal resource is not properly managed and depleted. With limited resource and capacity, DPAQ is incapable of not only taking effective measures to mitigate the situation but also DPAQ is incapable of not only taking effective measures to mitigate the situation but also providing basic services such as statistical data collection and management, enforcement and providing basic services such as statistical data collection and management, enforcement and monitoring of fisheries regulation. monitoring of fisheries regulation. Haiti has large water body suitable for the aquaculture development. Small scale aquaculture Haiti has large water body suitable for the aquaculture development. Small scale aquaculture development could bring an alternative income for them. For this to happen, the profitability of development could bring an alternative income for them. For this to happen, the profitability of each process of aquaculture, namely the production including fingerlings and grow-out, each process of aquaculture, namely the production including fingerlings and grow-out, processing, marketing and distribution has to be demonstrated so that potential stakeholders get processing, marketing and distribution has to be demonstrated so that potential stakeholders get interested in working or investing in the sector. interested in working or investing in the sector. As for the capture fisheries, offshore pelagic fisheries development is under way. If proper As for the capture fisheries, offshore pelagic fisheries development is under way. If proper fishing boat, engine, and gears are provided, and processing, distribution and marketing for the fishing boat, engine, and gears are provided, and processing, distribution and marketing for the product is developed, offshore pelagic fisheries development has potential to generate an product is developed, offshore pelagic fisheries development has potential to generate an alternative income for the fishers thereby mitigate the overexploitation of coastal resource. alternative income for the fishers thereby mitigate the overexploitation of coastal resource.

仮 346 RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Fishery)

low income

high cost of the low catch low price of fish production

promotion for competition with the materials are not destruction of absence of the reduced quality of fish too many no exportation overexploitation consumption is cheap inmported avaiable in the local ecosystem conservation system product intermediaters opportunity necessary products market

absence of the increasing number of inadequate fishing pollution of marine not enough quality control system fishers are not well illegal fishing management system coastal fishers materials and environment knowledge if the fish is not in place organized equipment is used processing

statistical data is not regulation is not absence of the bad control of the fishers are not collected applied finance for fishers discard registered andfishvendors

absence of the low level of education no interest from public investment is no promotion for the landing site among fishers private investment weak fisher organization

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Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 37

RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Fishery)

low income

high cost of the low catch low price of fish production

statistical data is not regulation is not absence of the bad control of the fishers are not collected applied finance for fishers discard registered andfishvendors

absence of the low level of education no interest from public investment is no promotion for the landing site among fishers private investment weak fisher organization

Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 37

RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Aquaculture)

weak level of income among fish farmers

Weak level of high cost of product marketing problem Political problem production

the fisheries Absence of water Poor disponibility of the enegy problem high cost of consumer has doubt access to the weak consumer's motivation of fish Poor infrastructure fingerling and basic materials poor technogoloy insecury (theft) fish is spoilt legislation is quality management (electricity cut) production on the quality market is diffciult buying power farmers is low for the fish farming obsolete

no prevenstion conservation Access to the no research on the no specialist on necessity for the feed Pond construdtion cold chain is not road condition is No state's facility against plant (no domestic problem credit is difficult water quality pathology fish feed established bad intervention natural disasters feed production) (processing plant is

no policy for interest rate is high energy problem national aquaculture development

low level of private investment

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Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 38

RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Aquaculture)

weak level of income among fish farmers

Weak level of high cost of product marketing problem Political problem production

no policy for interest rate is high energy problem national aquaculture development

low level of private investment

Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 38

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis)

Factors (Regulation / Environment / Economy / Culture)

Foreign donors assistance is Financial assistance from utilized according to their donor 3 own interest

Disparity of the salary of Influence from politician 1 national staff and foreign expert. 2

Market for the fish exists Controllable 1 仮 349

Fisheries Division

Foreign expert come for the mission Better intervention of state for the fishers is necessary Out of Control 3 Technical and financial support of NGO 2

Opportunity Staff leave job for low salary, Foreign expert is not always and find other job in oversea capable Threat or NGO

Rank Actors (Cooperation / Collaboration / Competition / Conflict)

Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 39

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis)

Factors (Regulation / Environment / Economy / Culture)

Foreign donors assistance is Financial assistance from utilized according to their donor 3 own interest

Disparity of the salary of Influence from politician 1 national staff and foreign expert. 2

Market for the fish exists Controllable 1

Fisheries Division

Foreign expert come for the mission Better intervention of state for the fishers is necessary Out of Control 3 Technical and financial support of NGO 2

Opportunity Staff leave job for low salary, Foreign expert is not always and find other job in oversea capable Threat or NGO

Rank Actors (Cooperation / Collaboration / Competition / Conflict)

Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 39

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis)

Input Not enough preliminary study Absence of before the Mission carrier implementation improve the Update current fisheries and fisheries Budget support aquaculture sector legislation depend on donor agencies (60%) Fishing technology Poor respect and improvement Staff is capable of multi- application of disciplinary task 1 Administrative fisheries law. 1 procedure Weak budget for Fishers association is takes long time investment strengthening 仮 350 2 No promotion of 2 Financial and career Insufficient technical support material and 3 Low salary for from NGO 3 equipment the staff Stable employment On-going training Staff can use their time flexibly for Structure of study and training Need to increase fisheries and Strengths the production aquaculture sector in government Weakness Need to facilitate Need to support Need to increase and producer side the access to the Fishers direct new aquaculture income Rank credit for fishers access to the market Need to create new/other market Output

Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 40

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis)

Input Not enough preliminary study Absence of before the Mission carrier implementation improve the Update current fisheries and fisheries Budget support aquaculture sector legislation depend on donor agencies (60%) Fishing technology Poor respect and improvement Staff is capable of multi- application of disciplinary task 1 Administrative fisheries law. 1 procedure Weak budget for Fishers association is takes long time investment strengthening 2 No promotion of 2 Financial and career Insufficient technical support material and 3 Low salary for from NGO 3 equipment the staff Stable employment On-going training Staff can use their time flexibly for Structure of study and training Need to increase fisheries and Strengths the production aquaculture sector in government Weakness Need to facilitate Need to support Need to increase and producer side the access to the Fishers direct new aquaculture income Rank credit for fishers access to the market Need to create new/other market Output

Final Country Report: Haiti – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 40

VI. REFERENCES VI. REFERENCES BRASS, Jane L., Bori L. OLLA and Robert I. WICKLUND. Social, Economic and Cultural BRASS, Jane L., Bori L. OLLA and Robert I. WICKLUND. Social, Economic and Cultural Considerations for Saltwater Cage Culture of Florida Red Tilapia in Considerations for Saltwater Cage Culture of Florida Red Tilapia in Northeastern Haiti. Northeastern Haiti. CRFM. Report of the first annual CRFM scientific meeting. 22-30 June 2004. Published by the CRFM. Report of the first annual CRFM scientific meeting. 22-30 June 2004. Published by the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. CRFM Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. CRFM Fishery Report No. 11. 318p. 2005. Fishery Report No. 11. 318p. 2005. CRFM. Report of the fourth annual CRFM scientific meeting. 10-20 June 2008. Published by CRFM. Report of the fourth annual CRFM scientific meeting. 10-20 June 2008. Published by the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. CRFM Fishery Volume 1, Suppl. 1, 82p. 2008. CRFM Fishery Volume 1, Suppl. 1, 82p. 2008. CRFM. Report of the Multidisciplinary Survey of the Fisheries of Haiti. Caribbean Regional CRFM. Report of the Multidisciplinary Survey of the Fisheries of Haiti. Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. 32p. 2009. Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. 32p. 2009. FAO. Report of the CFU/FAO Fisheries Statistics and Data Management Workshop, 10-22 FAO. Report of the CFU/FAO Fisheries Statistics and Data Management Workshop, 10-22 March 2003. FAO Fisheries Report No. 729. 2003. March 2003. FAO Fisheries Report No. 729. 2003. FISH MINISTRIES. Haiti - Fish Ministries. www.fishministrieshaiti.org FISH MINISTRIES. Haiti - Fish Ministries. www.fishministrieshaiti.org GAIN. Growfish - Gippsland Aquaculture Industry Network (GAIN). www.growfish.com GAIN. Growfish - Gippsland Aquaculture Industry Network (GAIN). www.growfish.com G. Damais, P. de Verdilhac, A. Simon, D.Celestin, Study of the fisheries sector in Haiti and G. Damais, P. de Verdilhac, A. Simon, D.Celestin, Study of the fisheries sector in Haiti and proposed strategy to support the sector, Institute for Research and Applications proposed strategy to support the sector, Institute for Research and Applications Methods Development; Inter-Company Services Associates, 2007 Methods Development; Inter-Company Services Associates, 2007 HAITI. The Fisheries Act 1959. HAITI. The Fisheries Act 1959. HAITIWEBS. The Potential of Aquaculture in Haiti - Haitiwebs eMagazine HAITIWEBS. The Potential of Aquaculture in Haiti - Haitiwebs eMagazine www.haitiwebs.com/emagazine/content/view/178/.../lang,en www.haitiwebs.com/emagazine/content/view/178/.../lang,en ICCAT. Report of the standing committee of research and statistics. Madrid Spain, September ICCAT. Report of the standing committee of research and statistics. Madrid Spain, September 29-October 3, 2008. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic 29-October 3, 2008. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. 2008 SCRS Report, 241p. 2008. Tunas. 2008 SCRS Report, 241p. 2008. Marine Resources Center: Outreach & Education: Sustainable Aquaculture Initiative Marine Resources Center: Outreach & Education: Sustainable Aquaculture Initiative www.mbl.edu/aquaculture/Haiti www.mbl.edu/aquaculture/Haiti MATEO, Jeannette and Milton HAUGHTON. A Review of the Fisheries Sector of Haiti with MATEO, Jeannette and Milton HAUGHTON. A Review of the Fisheries Sector of Haiti with Recommendations for its Strengthening. Proceedings of the 54th Gulf and Recommendations for its Strengthening. Proceedings of the 54th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute. Pp. 60-71. 2003. Caribbean Fisheries Institute. Pp. 60-71. 2003. MARDNR, Plan National d’investissement Agricole (2010-2016), 2010 MARDNR, Plan National d’investissement Agricole (2010-2016), 2010 MARDNR, Programme National pour le Développement de L’Aquaculture en Haïti 2010-2014, MARDNR, Programme National pour le Développement de L’Aquaculture en Haïti 2010-2014, 2010 2010 MARDNR, Programme National pour le Développement de la Pêche Maritime en Haïti 2010- MARDNR, Programme National pour le Développement de la Pêche Maritime en Haïti 2010- 2014, 2010 2014, 2010 Punta de Galicia, Diagnóstico del Sector de la Pesca y la Acuicultura en Haití. 2008, 2008 Punta de Galicia, Diagnóstico del Sector de la Pesca y la Acuicultura en Haití. 2008, 2008 RUST, Michael B., Robert I. WICKLUND and Bori L. OLLA. Environmental Potential for RUST, Michael B., Robert I. WICKLUND and Bori L. OLLA. Environmental Potential for Saltwater Cage Culture of Florida Red Tilapia along the Northeast coast of Haiti. Saltwater Cage Culture of Florida Red Tilapia along the Northeast coast of Haiti.

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FINAL COUNTRY REPORT: FINAL COUNTRY REPORT: JAMAICA JAMAICA

October 2009 October 2009

仮 353 Jamaica Jamaica

Country Profile Country Profile Geographic coordinates 18o 15’ N, 77o 30’ W Geographic coordinates 18o 15’ N, 77o 30’ W Total area 10,991 sq km Total area 10,991 sq km Land area 10,831 sq km Land area 10,831 sq km Water area 160 sq km Water area 160 sq km Length of Coastline 895 km Length of Coastline 895 km Shelf Area 5,609 sq km Shelf Area 5,609 sq km Territorial Sea 15,973 sq km Territorial Sea 15,973 sq km Claimed EEZ 234,780 sq km Claimed EEZ 234,780 sq km Highest point (m) 2,256 m (Blue Mountain Peak) Highest point (m) 2,256 m (Blue Mountain Peak) Climate tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior Climate tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior Natural hazards hurricanes (especially July to November) Natural hazards hurricanes (especially July to November) Population 2,825,928 (July 2009 est.) Population 2,825,928 (July 2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 0.755% (2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 0.755% (2009 est.) Rate Rate Life Expectancy at birth total population: 73.53 years Life Expectancy at birth total population: 73.53 years Languages English, English patois Languages English, English patois Ethnic Mix black 91.2%, mixed 6.2%, other or unknown 2.6% (2001 census) Ethnic Mix black 91.2%, mixed 6.2%, other or unknown 2.6% (2001 census) Work force 1.304 million (2008 est.) Work force 1.304 million (2008 est.) Unemployment 11% (2008 est.) Unemployment 11% (2008 est.) GDP (PPP) $24.04 billion (2008 est.) GDP (PPP) $24.04 billion (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate -0.6% (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate -0.6% (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) $8,600 (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) $8,600 (2008 est.) Currency Unit Jamaican dollars (JMD); US$1 = J$90 Currency Unit Jamaican dollars (JMD); US$1 = J$90 Area of Mangrove Forests 86 sq km Area of Mangrove Forests 86 sq km Percent of Mangrove 11% Percent of Mangrove 11% Forests Protected Forests Protected Per Capita Food Supply 28 kg/person Per Capita Food Supply 28 kg/person from Fish/Fishery Products from Fish/Fishery Products (2000) (2000) Exports $2.602 billion (2008 est.); alumina, bauxite, sugar, rum, coffee, yams, Exports $2.602 billion (2008 est.); alumina, bauxite, sugar, rum, coffee, yams, beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels Sources: CIA World Factbook – Jamaica (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – Jamaica Sources: CIA World Factbook – Jamaica (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – Jamaica

仮 355 Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations and Acronyms CARICOM Caribbean Community CARICOM Caribbean Community CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System C-CAM Caribbean Coastal Area Management Foundation C-CAM Caribbean Coastal Area Management Foundation CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism EU European Union EU European Union FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAC Fisheries Advisory Board FAC Fisheries Advisory Board FD Fisheries Division FD Fisheries Division FIS Fisheries Information System FIS Fisheries Information System FMP Fisheries Management Plan FMP Fisheries Management Plan GEF Global Environmental Facility GEF Global Environmental Facility GOJ Government of Jamaica GOJ Government of Jamaica IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis JFCU Jamaica Fishermen’s Co-operative Union JFCU Jamaica Fishermen’s Co-operative Union JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency JNFP Jamaica Draft National Fisheries Policy JNFP Jamaica Draft National Fisheries Policy MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, and Fisheries MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, and Fisheries MPA Marine Protected Area MPA Marine Protected Area mt Metric Ton mt Metric Ton nei Not elsewhere included nei Not elsewhere included nm Nautical Mile nm Nautical Mile NRCA Natural Resources Conservation Authority NRCA Natural Resources Conservation Authority OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States PBFMC Portland Bight Fisheries Management Council PBFMC Portland Bight Fisheries Management Council PBPA Portland Bight Protected Area PBPA Portland Bight Protected Area TIP Trip Interview Program TIP Trip Interview Program TSV Taura Syndrome Virus TSV Taura Syndrome Virus UNDP United Nations Development Program UNDP United Nations Development Program UWI The University of the West Indies UWI The University of the West Indies

仮 356 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE # PAGE # 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 12 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 12 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 12 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 12 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources 17 Management of Fishery Resources 17 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management 17 Approaches to Fisheries Management 17 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and Management Plans 19 Management Plans 19 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Management Objectives 21 Development Management Objectives 21 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 22 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 22 3.4 Catch and Effort 24 3.4 Catch and Effort 24 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4.1 Policy supporting Legislation, Development Plans 27 4.1 Policy supporting Legislation, Development Plans 27 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objective 30 and Development Objective 30 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 30 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 30 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 32 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 32 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 35 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 35 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement 35 Stock Enhancement 35 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 36 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 36 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 37 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 37 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 37 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 37 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 38 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 38 5.4 Information Dissemination 38 5.4 Information Dissemination 38 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information System 38 System 38 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department 40 6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department 40 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 40 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 40 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the Workshop 41 Workshop 41 REFERENCES REFERENCES ANNEXES ANNEXES

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Jamaica is an archipelagic state consisting of over sixty (60) islands and cays, of which Jamaica is an archipelagic state consisting of over sixty (60) islands and cays, of which five (5) are inhabited and serve as important bases for fishing. Jamaica’s territorial fishing five (5) are inhabited and serve as important bases for fishing. Jamaica’s territorial fishing grounds may be considered under four headings (see Figure 1 overleaf): The North Shelf of the grounds may be considered under four headings (see Figure 1 overleaf): The North Shelf of the main island (an intensely fished strip never wider than 1 km), the South Shelf of the main island main island (an intensely fished strip never wider than 1 km), the South Shelf of the main island (at its widest 11 km from Portland Point), the Inshore Banks (, including Albatross, Blossom, (at its widest 11 km from Portland Point), the Inshore Banks (, including Albatross, Blossom, California, Dingle, Formigas, Grappler, Henry Holmes, Kingston, Lamotte’s, Mackerel, New, California, Dingle, Formigas, Grappler, Henry Holmes, Kingston, Lamotte’s, Mackerel, New, Norseman’s, Sunbury and Walton Banks) and the Offshore Banks (the Pedro Bank and the Norseman’s, Sunbury and Walton Banks) and the Offshore Banks (the Pedro Bank and the Morant Bank, each with two coral cays inhabited by fishers). Jamaican fishers also have access Morant Bank, each with two coral cays inhabited by fishers). Jamaican fishers also have access to the Jamaica-Columbia Joint Regime Area which includes the Alice Shoal and some portions to the Jamaica-Columbia Joint Regime Area which includes the Alice Shoal and some portions of Baja Nueva, and Seranilla Banks. of Baja Nueva, and Seranilla Banks.

Jamaica’s coastal waters are the most overfished in the English-speaking Caribbean, and Jamaica’s coastal waters are the most overfished in the English-speaking Caribbean, and probably rank among the most overfished in the world. Over the last half-century Jamaica’s probably rank among the most overfished in the world. Over the last half-century Jamaica’s fisheries have increasingly displayed the classical symptoms of overfishing: decline in total catch fisheries have increasingly displayed the classical symptoms of overfishing: decline in total catch weight, decline in fish size, and decrease in quality fish species and increase in trash fish species. weight, decline in fish size, and decrease in quality fish species and increase in trash fish species.

Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 1 Development 1

仮 359 The shelf and bank boundaries The shelf and bank boundaries used are the 200m depth contours. used are the 200m depth contours.

Figure 1: The Fishery Areas of Jamaica Figure 1: The Fishery Areas of Jamaica

Over the same period fishing effort has substantially increased; various “loan schemes” operated Over the same period fishing effort has substantially increased; various “loan schemes” operated by the government in the 1950s and 1960s assisted many fishers to upgrade their oar-powered by the government in the 1950s and 1960s assisted many fishers to upgrade their oar-powered dugout canoes and sail boats to motorized fiberglass boats allowing greater range and versatility. dugout canoes and sail boats to motorized fiberglass boats allowing greater range and versatility. It was during this period that permanent fishing camps were established at the Pedro and Morant It was during this period that permanent fishing camps were established at the Pedro and Morant Cays. The Beach Control Act (1956) offered some security of tenure to fishers for the landing Cays. The Beach Control Act (1956) offered some security of tenure to fishers for the landing sites at which they sell their fish and beach their boats. Lump-sum severance payments to laid- sites at which they sell their fish and beach their boats. Lump-sum severance payments to laid- off public sector workers in the 1970s and 1980s further capitalized the industry and remittances off public sector workers in the 1970s and 1980s further capitalized the industry and remittances from overseas family members in the 1980s and 1990s performed the same function. from overseas family members in the 1980s and 1990s performed the same function. At the same time, improvements in fishing technology increased the efficiency of the capital At the same time, improvements in fishing technology increased the efficiency of the capital invested. invested. With more and more players coming into the fishing industry with new (and sometimes With more and more players coming into the fishing industry with new (and sometimes destructive) gear, government regulating and monitoring at fish landing sites and at sea became destructive) gear, government regulating and monitoring at fish landing sites and at sea became even more important. The Fishing Industry Act was passed in 1976 requiring all fishers and even more important. The Fishing Industry Act was passed in 1976 requiring all fishers and their boats to be registered and licensed, and accompanying fishing regulations were passed in their boats to be registered and licensed, and accompanying fishing regulations were passed in 1977. Enforcement of the Act and its Regulations has been minimal;. Jamaica’s Marine Police 1977. Enforcement of the Act and its Regulations has been minimal;. Jamaica’s Marine Police and Coast Guard are understaffed, underequipped and underfunded, and are preoccupied with and Coast Guard are understaffed, underequipped and underfunded, and are preoccupied with drug interdiction. Although many fishing beaches across Jamaica have police stations in the drug interdiction. Although many fishing beaches across Jamaica have police stations in the vicinity, no members of the Marine Police are associated with any of them. The Marine Police vicinity, no members of the Marine Police are associated with any of them. The Marine Police however, have stations in Kingston, Montego Bay, Portland and Black River. however, have stations in Kingston, Montego Bay, Portland and Black River. The commercial finfish catch may be broadly classified into four general groups: The commercial finfish catch may be broadly classified into four general groups:  Coral Reef Demersals: caught on or around coral reefs (e.g. parrot fish, doctor fish).  Coral Reef Demersals: caught on or around coral reefs (e.g. parrot fish, doctor fish).  Coastal Pelagics: caught in shallow coastal waters (e.g. herring, sprat)  Coastal Pelagics: caught in shallow coastal waters (e.g. herring, sprat)  Deep-Slope Demersals: caught at the bottom of deep slopes (e.g. snappers)  Deep-Slope Demersals: caught at the bottom of deep slopes (e.g. snappers)  Deep-Water Pelagics: caught in deep water while free-swimming (e.g. jacks)  Deep-Water Pelagics: caught in deep water while free-swimming (e.g. jacks) The commercial shellfish catch may be broadly classified into five general groups: The commercial shellfish catch may be broadly classified into five general groups:

仮 360  Lobsters: mostly Panulirus argus.  Lobsters: mostly Panulirus argus.  Conch: mostly Strombus gigas.  Conch: mostly Strombus gigas.  Shrimps: mostly Penaeus spp.  Shrimps: mostly Penaeus spp.  Oysters – C. R.  Oysters – C. R.  Crabs: calinectes spp  Crabs: calinectes spp The gear used to catch each type of fish is specialized, but fall into four general categories: traps, The gear used to catch each type of fish is specialized, but fall into four general categories: traps, nets, lines and by diving. There is some variety within each of the gear types, several of which nets, lines and by diving. There is some variety within each of the gear types, several of which should be counted as different methods1. In reality, a list of effectively different gear types should be counted as different methods1. In reality, a list of effectively different gear types would be much more complex, having to take into account different mesh sizes in nets and traps, would be much more complex, having to take into account different mesh sizes in nets and traps, different sizes and baiting regimes for pots, different heights and lengths (surface area) of nets, different sizes and baiting regimes for pots, different heights and lengths (surface area) of nets, and differing hook assemblies and numbers of hooks for lines. Further complicating the issue is and differing hook assemblies and numbers of hooks for lines. Further complicating the issue is a consideration of whether the fisher uses a boat, and whether or not it is motorized or powered a consideration of whether the fisher uses a boat, and whether or not it is motorized or powered by oars. by oars. Each of these gear types are utilized in particular segments in the coastal zone. Figure 6 is a Each of these gear types are utilized in particular segments in the coastal zone. Figure 6 is a description of the spatial context of the fishing gear and the species targeted: description of the spatial context of the fishing gear and the species targeted:

Trammel Nets Trammel Nets Light Hook & Line Free Diving, Light Hook & Line Free Diving, Gear Gear Rod & Reel SCUBA, Free Trolling Rod & Reel SCUBA, Free Trolling used Light Hook used Light Hook Reef Demersals Hooka, Diving, Hooks Reef Demersals Hooka, Diving, Hooks here & Line, Reef SCUBA, Deep-Sea here & Line, Reef SCUBA, Deep-Sea Rod & Demersals, Pelagics Rod & Demersals, Pelagics Beach Hooka, Beach Hooka, Reel Lobsters, Reel Lobsters, Seines Conch Traps Seines Conch Traps Reef Reef Reef Reef Reef Demersals Reef Demersals Demersals Demersals, Demersals Demersals, Lobsters Surface Lobsters Surface Coastal Traps, Traps Coastal Traps, Traps Pelagics Longlines Pelagics Longlines Free Reef Deep-Sea Free Reef Deep-Sea Demersals, Pelagics Demersals, Pelagics Sprat Diving, Lobsters Sprat Diving, Lobsters Species Nets Bait SCUBA Deep Hooks Species Nets Bait SCUBA Deep Hooks targeted Coastal Nets Reef Bottom Longlines targeted Coastal Nets Reef Bottom Longlines Pelagics Coastal Demersals, Trot Pelagics Coastal Demersals, Trot Pelagics Pelagics Lobsters Palanca Lobsters Palanca Traps Trammel Nets SCUBA Traps Trammel Nets SCUBA Free Diving Shallow Hooka Free Diving Shallow Hooka Reef Demersals, Hooks Deep-Slope Reef Demersals, Hooks Deep-Slope Lobsters Reef Demersals Demersals Lobsters Reef Demersals Demersals

Shoal Deep Deep Shoal Deep Deep Shore Lagoon Barrier Shallow Shore Lagoon Barrier Shallow (Inner) Slope (Outer) Slope Water (Inner) Slope (Outer) Slope Water Reef Reef Reef Reef

Figure 3: Spatial deployment of fishing gear in the Coastal Zone and the species targeted. Figure 3: Spatial deployment of fishing gear in the Coastal Zone and the species targeted.

Coral Reef Demersals are targeted by all four general fishing methods, which suggest why they Coral Reef Demersals are targeted by all four general fishing methods, which suggest why they are the most heavily overexploited. Adult Coastal Pelagics are caught predominately with are the most heavily overexploited. Adult Coastal Pelagics are caught predominately with specialized nets, and juveniles are caught for bait. Deep-Slope Demersals and Deep-Water specialized nets, and juveniles are caught for bait. Deep-Slope Demersals and Deep-Water Pelagics are accessed with hand-lines and long lines with varying numbers of hooks. Among Pelagics are accessed with hand-lines and long lines with varying numbers of hooks. Among the shellfish, the high-value Lobsters are heavily exploited in nets, traps and by divers. They the shellfish, the high-value Lobsters are heavily exploited in nets, traps and by divers. They also use either SCUBA or Hooka to heavily exploit conch (for export). Marine Shrimp also use either SCUBA or Hooka to heavily exploit conch (for export). Marine Shrimp stocks are small and targeted by special nets. Not included in this listing is the hand-harvesting stocks are small and targeted by special nets. Not included in this listing is the hand-harvesting of the Mangrove Oyster or Cup Oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) and the Flat Oyster (Isogamon of the Mangrove Oyster or Cup Oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) and the Flat Oyster (Isogamon

1 See Espeut (2004) for a fuller treatment of the variety of fishing gear used in Jamaica. 1 See Espeut (2004) for a fuller treatment of the variety of fishing gear used in Jamaica. Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 3 Development 3

仮 361 alatus) from the rhizophores of Red Mangroves (Rhizophora mangal) using small rowboats. The alatus) from the rhizophores of Red Mangroves (Rhizophora mangal) using small rowboats. The gathering of a seaweed (an agarophyte) locally called Irish Moss (Grassilaria spp.) on the gathering of a seaweed (an agarophyte) locally called Irish Moss (Grassilaria spp.) on the seashore or by shallow diving is used to make a viscous milk-based drink. The extent of the seashore or by shallow diving is used to make a viscous milk-based drink. The extent of the stocks of these species and the numbers of harvesters are small. stocks of these species and the numbers of harvesters are small. The Fishing Industry Regulation, 1976 designates 142 Official Fishing Ports on Mainland The Fishing Industry Regulation, 1976 designates 142 Official Fishing Ports on Mainland Jamaica and the Morant and Pedro Cays which are two important off-shore fishing beaches. Jamaica and the Morant and Pedro Cays which are two important off-shore fishing beaches. There are however, numerous sites where fish can be landed. A census conducted by the author There are however, numerous sites where fish can be landed. A census conducted by the author has found that the list requires updating. Several listed landing sites have no discernable fishing has found that the list requires updating. Several listed landing sites have no discernable fishing activity and a few active beaches found were not on the list. Several listed beaches have been activity and a few active beaches found were not on the list. Several listed beaches have been converted for other uses (like industry or tourism),and several beaches listed could not be converted for other uses (like industry or tourism),and several beaches listed could not be located.. located..

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Figure 4: The distribution of fishery landing sites across mainland Jamaica. mainland sites across of fishery landing 4: The distribution Figure Jamaica. mainland sites across of fishery landing 4: The distribution Figure

仮 363 Figure 4 above is a diagram of the known fish landing sites in Jamaica. Although the Figure 4 above is a diagram of the known fish landing sites in Jamaica. Although the distribution of landing sites is relatively similar on Jamaica’s north and south coasts, the south distribution of landing sites is relatively similar on Jamaica’s north and south coasts, the south has many more fishers and boats. On the average, boats on the south coast contain more fishers, has many more fishers and boats. On the average, boats on the south coast contain more fishers, and its beaches are a base for almost three times more fishermen, than on the north. Considering and its beaches are a base for almost three times more fishermen, than on the north. Considering its narrowness, the north shelf has a higher density of fishing activity than the south (See Table 1 its narrowness, the north shelf has a higher density of fishing activity than the south (See Table 1 taken from Espeut and Grant, 1990). Table 1 though dated illustrates this point which still holds taken from Espeut and Grant, 1990). Table 1 though dated illustrates this point which still holds true today. true today. TABLE 1: TABLE 1: THE NORTH & SOUTH COASTS OF JAMAICA COMPARED: THE NORTH & SOUTH COASTS OF JAMAICA COMPARED: FISHERMEN, BOATS AND LANDING SITES, 1990 FISHERMEN, BOATS AND LANDING SITES, 1990 INDICATOR TOTAL/AVERAGE SOUTH COAST NORTH COAST INDICATOR TOTAL/AVERAGE SOUTH COAST NORTH COAST Fishers 18,739 13,585 5,154 Fishers 18,739 13,585 5,154 Boats 9,539 6,169 3,370 Boats 9,539 6,169 3,370 Landing Sites 212 103 109 Landing Sites 212 103 109 Shelf Area (Hectares)3 284,500 258,590 25,910 Shelf Area (Hectares)3 284,500 258,590 25,910 Fishers/Boat 1.96 2.20 1.53 Fishers/Boat 1.96 2.20 1.53 Fishers/Landing Site 88.39 131.89 47.28 Fishers/Landing Site 88.39 131.89 47.28 Boats/’Landing Site 45.00 59.89 30.92 Boats/’Landing Site 45.00 59.89 30.92 Men/Hectare 0.066 0.053 0.199 Men/Hectare 0.066 0.053 0.199 Boats/Hectare 0.034 0.024 0.130 Boats/Hectare 0.034 0.024 0.130 Source: Espeut and Grant (1990) Source: Espeut and Grant (1990) There are fifteen (15) fishermen’s co-operatives in Jamaica, and a fair number of informal There are fifteen (15) fishermen’s co-operatives in Jamaica, and a fair number of informal fishers’ organizations that have no legal status. Table 2 below is a list of the co-operatives: fishers’ organizations that have no legal status. Table 2 below is a list of the co-operatives: TABLE 2:FISHERS’ CO-OPERATIVES, LOCATIONS AND MEMBERS TABLE 2:FISHERS’ CO-OPERATIVES, LOCATIONS AND MEMBERS Name of Organization Location Approx. Members Name of Organization Location Approx. Members 1 Alloa Fishermen Co-operative Discovery Bay 35 1 Alloa Fishermen Co-operative Discovery Bay 35 2 Calabash Bay Fishermen Co-operative Calabash Bay 21 2 Calabash Bay Fishermen Co-operative Calabash Bay 21 3 Gillings Gully Fishermen Co-operative Whitehouse (Westm.) 81 3 Gillings Gully Fishermen Co-operative Whitehouse (Westm.) 81 4 Negril Fishermen Co-operative Negril 37 4 Negril Fishermen Co-operative Negril 37 5 Old Harbour Bay Fishermen Co-operative Old Harbour Bay 77 5 Old Harbour Bay Fishermen Co-operative Old Harbour Bay 77 6 Rae Town Fishermen Co-operative Rae Town, Kingston 62 6 Rae Town Fishermen Co-operative Rae Town, Kingston 62 7 North Eastern Fishermen Co-operative Hope Bay, Portland 6 7 North Eastern Fishermen Co-operative Hope Bay, Portland 6 8 Whitehouse Whitesands Fishermen Montego Bay (east) 83 8 Whitehouse Whitesands Fishermen Montego Bay (east) 83 9 Annotto Bay Fishermen Co-operative Annotto Bay 12 9 Annotto Bay Fishermen Co-operative Annotto Bay 12 10 Half Moon Bay Fishermen Co-operative Hellshire 56 10 Half Moon Bay Fishermen Co-operative Hellshire 56 11 Port Royal Fishermen Co-operative Port Royal 9 11 Port Royal Fishermen Co-operative Port Royal 9 12 Rocky Point Fishermen Co-operative Rocky Point 108 12 Rocky Point Fishermen Co-operative Rocky Point 108 13 Corporate Area Fisher-folk Co-operative Kingston 13 Corporate Area Fisher-folk Co-operative Kingston 14 St. Mary Fishermen Co-operative Oracabessa 16 14 St. Mary Fishermen Co-operative Oracabessa 16 15 River Bay Fishermen Co-operative4 Montego Bay (west) 72 15 River Bay Fishermen Co-operative4 Montego Bay (west) 72 TOTAL MEMBERS Pl add TOTAL MEMBERS Pl add Source: Jamaica Fishermen’s Co-operative Union (personal communication) Source: Jamaica Fishermen’s Co-operative Union (personal communication)

3 Not all of the shelf area is productive. 3 Not all of the shelf area is productive. 4 Not a member of the JFCU 4 Not a member of the JFCU

仮 364 The fishers’ organizations are located in communities where there are relatively large numbers The fishers’ organizations are located in communities where there are relatively large numbers of fishers and boats. [ However, only a tiny fraction of the fishing community joins up. For of fishers and boats. [ However, only a tiny fraction of the fishing community joins up. For example, in Old Harbour Bay of the 1,400 fishers which operate from there only 80 are members example, in Old Harbour Bay of the 1,400 fishers which operate from there only 80 are members of the co-operative. of the co-operative. The Jamaica Fishermen Co-operative Union (JFCU) – then the Jamaica Co-operative Union The Jamaica Fishermen Co-operative Union (JFCU) – then the Jamaica Co-operative Union (JCU) – began in 1942 as an umbrella organization for all co-operatives in Jamaica. Jamaica (JCU) – began in 1942 as an umbrella organization for all co-operatives in Jamaica. Jamaica Welfare Limited, a social services organization started by Jamaican National Hero, Norman Welfare Limited, a social services organization started by Jamaican National Hero, Norman Manley, decided to set up the JCU to promote the development of co-operatives across Jamaica Manley, decided to set up the JCU to promote the development of co-operatives across Jamaica and to co-ordinate the activities of co-operatives. The organization grew during the years of and to co-ordinate the activities of co-operatives. The organization grew during the years of World War II to become a vibrant consumer co-operative, purchasing scarce food items such as World War II to become a vibrant consumer co-operative, purchasing scarce food items such as flour, sugar and milk in bulk for member co-operatives that operated as buying clubs. The JCU flour, sugar and milk in bulk for member co-operatives that operated as buying clubs. The JCU began supplying fishing equipment to the fishing industry in the 1950's. This aspect of its began supplying fishing equipment to the fishing industry in the 1950's. This aspect of its business grew when the newly formed primary fishing co-operatives joined the JCU, and the business grew when the newly formed primary fishing co-operatives joined the JCU, and the JCU obtained £3,000 sterling to buy stock. JCU obtained £3,000 sterling to buy stock. Today the JFCU is a secondary co-operative society with membership expanded to include Today the JFCU is a secondary co-operative society with membership expanded to include several hundred individual fishermen. Combined membership in the JFCU from these two several hundred individual fishermen. Combined membership in the JFCU from these two sources is about 4,000. The JFCU now provides a range of services to its members and other sources is about 4,000. The JFCU now provides a range of services to its members and other licensed fishermen. It is a major supplier of a wide range of commercial fishing equipment to licensed fishermen. It is a major supplier of a wide range of commercial fishing equipment to fishermen in the island and is managed by a nine-man board representing member societies. It fishermen in the island and is managed by a nine-man board representing member societies. It also manufactures fiberglass canoes. also manufactures fiberglass canoes. Below is a list of some other fishers’ organizations: Below is a list of some other fishers’ organizations: TABLE3: TABLE3: INFORMAL FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS AND LOCATIONS INFORMAL FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS AND LOCATIONS Name of Organization Community Base Parish Name of Organization Community Base Parish 1 Bluefields Bay Fishermens’ Group Bluefields Westmoreland 1 Bluefields Bay Fishermens’ Group Bluefields Westmoreland 2 Old Harbour Bay Fishers’ Association Old Harbour Bay St. Catherine 2 Old Harbour Bay Fishers’ Association Old Harbour Bay St. Catherine 3 Rocky Point Fishers’ Association Rocky Point Clarendon 3 Rocky Point Fishers’ Association Rocky Point Clarendon 4 Mitchell Town Fishers’ Association Mitchell Town Clarendon 4 Mitchell Town Fishers’ Association Mitchell Town Clarendon 5 Welcome Beach Fishers’ Association Welcome Beach Clarendon 5 Welcome Beach Fishers’ Association Welcome Beach Clarendon 6 Barmouth Fishers’ Association Portland Cottage Clarendon 6 Barmouth Fishers’ Association Portland Cottage Clarendon

Some interesting Jamaican phenomena are the fishing camps on the Pedro Cays off the south Some interesting Jamaican phenomena are the fishing camps on the Pedro Cays off the south coast of Northeast Cay on the Pedro Bank. coast of Northeast Cay on the Pedro Bank. Jamaica (90 Note the lighthouse to the right, Jamaica (90 Note the lighthouse to the right, miles SW of and the many dwellings and shops miles SW of and the many dwellings and shops Kingston). to left and right. Kingston). to left and right. The Pedro The Pedro Bank is a Bank is a submarine submarine plateau rising plateau rising abruptly from abruptly from about 500 m about 500 m and extending and extending more than more than 161 km east 161 km east to west falling to west falling within the Archipelagic waters, territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Jamaica. within the Archipelagic waters, territorial sea and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Jamaica.

仮 365 With an area of 8,040 km2 it is one of the largest offshore banks in the Caribbean Basin. The With an area of 8,040 km2 it is one of the largest offshore banks in the Caribbean Basin. The submarine plateau breaks the sea surface in eight places, four of these are craggy rocks inhabited submarine plateau breaks the sea surface in eight places, four of these are craggy rocks inhabited only by seabirds; only by seabirds; the other four are the other four are the Pedro Cays, two the Pedro Cays, two of which (Middle of which (Middle Cay and Northeast Cay and Northeast Cay) are inhabited Cay) are inhabited by Jamaicans, by Jamaicans, mostly engaged in mostly engaged in the fishing industry. the fishing industry. Living conditions Living conditions on the Cays are on the Cays are marginal at best, marginal at best, with insufficient with insufficient operational sanitary operational sanitary facilities, no piped facilities, no piped water supplies and Middle Cay on the Pedro Bank. water supplies and Middle Cay on the Pedro Bank. no social services. Note the Coast Guard base in the no social services. Note the Coast Guard base in the However there are foreground, and the density of However there are foreground, and the density of some commercial dwellings and shops. some commercial dwellings and shops. services (e.g. shops, services (e.g. shops, entertainment) and the Jamaica Defense Force Coast Guard maintains a permanent base there. It entertainment) and the Jamaica Defense Force Coast Guard maintains a permanent base there. It is a tough, frontier existence with primitive living conditions5. Espeut’s 2006 survey at the is a tough, frontier existence with primitive living conditions5. Espeut’s 2006 survey at the height of the most active hurricane season in recorded history, found 140 residents on Northeast height of the most active hurricane season in recorded history, found 140 residents on Northeast Cay and 348 residents on Middle Cay, for a total of 488 persons. Anecdotal evidence is that at Cay and 348 residents on Middle Cay, for a total of 488 persons. Anecdotal evidence is that at one time the Cays were home to 1,000-2,000 residents. The Pedro Bank is Jamaica’s most one time the Cays were home to 1,000-2,000 residents. The Pedro Bank is Jamaica’s most productive fishing ground. productive fishing ground. THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN JAMAICA THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN JAMAICA The Jamaica Fisheries Division falls under the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries The Jamaica Fisheries Division falls under the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF). Under the present Minister the name of the Ministry of Agriculture was changed to (MAF). Under the present Minister the name of the Ministry of Agriculture was changed to include the portfolio of fisheries, as a statement of the new government’s commitment to the include the portfolio of fisheries, as a statement of the new government’s commitment to the improvement of the fisheries sector. improvement of the fisheries sector. As part of the modernization of the public sector the Fisheries Division is currently undergoing As part of the modernization of the public sector the Fisheries Division is currently undergoing transformation into an executive agency. This will result in a semi-autonomous agency with transformation into an executive agency. This will result in a semi-autonomous agency with greatly improved efficiency. As part of the modernization process a Chief Executive Officer greatly improved efficiency. As part of the modernization process a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is in place to drive the transformation into an executive agency. The transformation is (CEO) is in place to drive the transformation into an executive agency. The transformation is expected to be completed by 2012. An organogram of the new executive agency which is still expected to be completed by 2012. An organogram of the new executive agency which is still undergoing development, is not available. undergoing development, is not available.

5 See Espeut (2006) for a report of a census taken on the Pedro Cays. 5 See Espeut (2006) for a report of a census taken on the Pedro Cays. 9 The Team Leader for this study is the founder of the C-CAM Foundation, and the first chairman of the PBFMC. 9 The Team Leader for this study is the founder of the C-CAM Foundation, and the first chairman of the PBFMC.

仮 366 CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT MANAGEMENT COMPONENT

2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics The archipelagic state of Jamaica consists of over sixty (60) islands and cays, of which The archipelagic state of Jamaica consists of over sixty (60) islands and cays, of which five (5) are inhabited and serve as important bases for fishing. Jamaica’s two cities (Kingston five (5) are inhabited and serve as important bases for fishing. Jamaica’s two cities (Kingston and Montego Bay) are on the coast, but the three next largest towns (Spanish Town, Mandeville and Montego Bay) are on the coast, but the three next largest towns (Spanish Town, Mandeville and May Pen) are in the interior away from the coast. and May Pen) are in the interior away from the coast. The north coast of Jamaica is a major tourism destination, and several world-famous resort The north coast of Jamaica is a major tourism destination, and several world-famous resort destinations (like Ocho Rios and Negril) were small fishing communities a few decades ago. destinations (like Ocho Rios and Negril) were small fishing communities a few decades ago. This transformation of rural fishing settlements into tourism areas continues, and several This transformation of rural fishing settlements into tourism areas continues, and several traditional fish landing sites have in recent years, seen their fishing populations displaced. The traditional fish landing sites have in recent years, seen their fishing populations displaced. The sitting of major industrial plants and public infrastructure on the coast (like the Kingston oil sitting of major industrial plants and public infrastructure on the coast (like the Kingston oil refinery and the new toll bridge) have also resulted in the displacement of fishers. refinery and the new toll bridge) have also resulted in the displacement of fishers. Table 4 below show some of the major coastal settlements of Jamaica with their populations as Table 4 below show some of the major coastal settlements of Jamaica with their populations as measured by the Jamaica 2001 Population Census measured by the Jamaica 2001 Population Census TABLE 4: TABLE 4: POPULATIONS OF SELECTED COASTAL SETTLEMENTS, POPULATIONS OF SELECTED COASTAL SETTLEMENTS, JAMAICA, 2001 JAMAICA, 2001 PARISH SETTLEMENT MALE FEMALE TOTAL PARISH SETTLEMENT MALE FEMALE TOTAL St. Catherine Old Harbour Bay 5,405 St. Catherine Old Harbour Bay 5,405 Clarendon Rocky Point Clarendon Rocky Point Westmoreland Whitehouse Westmoreland Whitehouse St. Elizabeth Great Bay St. Elizabeth Great Bay Portland Orange Bay Portland Orange Bay St. Mary Annotto Bay St. Mary Annotto Bay St. Thomas Rocky Point St. Thomas Rocky Point Trelawny Rock Trelawny Rock St. Ann Runaway Bay St. Ann Runaway Bay Hanover Cousin’s Cove Hanover Cousin’s Cove Kingston Port Royal Kingston Port Royal Source: Jamaica Department of Statistics, 2001 Population Census. Source: Jamaica Department of Statistics, 2001 Population Census. The male populations of some of these coastal settlements are quite small, and fishing is very The male populations of some of these coastal settlements are quite small, and fishing is very important to the local economy. important to the local economy.

2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements POLICY POLICY The first draft of Jamaica’s first ever National Fisheries Policy was prepared in The first draft of Jamaica’s first ever National Fisheries Policy was prepared in 2004 with the assistance of the FAO. After some stakeholder review, a second draft was 2004 with the assistance of the FAO. After some stakeholder review, a second draft was prepared. That draft was the subject of island wide consultations during 2004 and 2008; the final prepared. That draft was the subject of island wide consultations during 2004 and 2008; the final document has not yet received the seal of approval as official government policy. document has not yet received the seal of approval as official government policy.

仮 367 Jamaica’s Draft National Fisheries Policy (JNFP) contains the following general Policy Jamaica’s Draft National Fisheries Policy (JNFP) contains the following general Policy Statement: Statement: The general fisheries resource management policy is to control and limit access to all capture fisheries in The general fisheries resource management policy is to control and limit access to all capture fisheries in Jamaican waters, including inland waters, and to extract a rent or cess that will (partly) cover the costs of Jamaican waters, including inland waters, and to extract a rent or cess that will (partly) cover the costs of fisheries research and management. The capture fisheries will be managed by zones and by means of Fishery fisheries research and management. The capture fisheries will be managed by zones and by means of Fishery Management Plans for the most important fisheries, which will be discussed and agreed upon by all major Management Plans for the most important fisheries, which will be discussed and agreed upon by all major stakeholder groups. stakeholder groups. Strategy Strategy  The capture fisheries of Jamaica will be divided into five Zones:  The capture fisheries of Jamaica will be divided into five Zones:  Zone 1: The continental shelf surrounding the main island, including the slope down to 100 fathoms  Zone 1: The continental shelf surrounding the main island, including the slope down to 100 fathoms (200 m) adjacent to it; (200 m) adjacent to it;  Zone 2: The Banks inside Jamaica's Territorial and Archipelagic Seas, including Pedro Bank, Morant  Zone 2: The Banks inside Jamaica's Territorial and Archipelagic Seas, including Pedro Bank, Morant Bank, Formigas Bank, etc., down to 100 fathoms (200 m); Bank, Formigas Bank, etc., down to 100 fathoms (200 m);  Zone 3: The remainder of the EEZ of Jamaica, consisting of waters deeper than 100 fathoms (200 m)  Zone 3: The remainder of the EEZ of Jamaica, consisting of waters deeper than 100 fathoms (200 m)  Zone 4: The Jamaica/Columbia Joint Regime AreaZone 5: Internal waters including rivers, natural  Zone 4: The Jamaica/Columbia Joint Regime AreaZone 5: Internal waters including rivers, natural ponds, wetlands and other water bodies. ponds, wetlands and other water bodies.  The GOJ will impose access limitations on ALL fisheries in all five Zones.  The GOJ will impose access limitations on ALL fisheries in all five Zones.  

The following is the Policy Statement with respect to the Social Development of the Fisheries The following is the Policy Statement with respect to the Social Development of the Fisheries Sector of Jamaica: Sector of Jamaica: The GOJ wants to improve the social and economic status of fisherfolk (fishermen and all others associated with The GOJ wants to improve the social and economic status of fisherfolk (fishermen and all others associated with capture fisheries and aquaculture). Where opportunities will be created for fishermen to participate in new or capture fisheries and aquaculture). Where opportunities will be created for fishermen to participate in new or expanded fisheries, licences will preferably be issued to fishermen that were previously operating in areas that expanded fisheries, licences will preferably be issued to fishermen that were previously operating in areas that are overfished. The GOJ shall ensure that all regulations regarding safety at sea, including safety equipment to are overfished. The GOJ shall ensure that all regulations regarding safety at sea, including safety equipment to be carried, are enforced. Through the co-operation of various Ministries and Agencies involved in managing the be carried, are enforced. Through the co-operation of various Ministries and Agencies involved in managing the coastal areas, the GOJ will establish rules for the tenure of Fishing Beaches and improve the living conditions of coastal areas, the GOJ will establish rules for the tenure of Fishing Beaches and improve the living conditions of fisherfolk living on or near such beaches. fisherfolk living on or near such beaches. Strategy Strategy  The formation of co-operatives or other types of association of fishermen will be encouraged, since many  The formation of co-operatives or other types of association of fishermen will be encouraged, since many development and management issues can best be dealt with through local groups. development and management issues can best be dealt with through local groups.  Fisheries management shall preferably be implemented in close collaboration with all stakeholders (co-  Fisheries management shall preferably be implemented in close collaboration with all stakeholders (co- management). management).  Since offshore fishing is risky, the GOJ will aim to provide basic training in navigation, safety measures and  Since offshore fishing is risky, the GOJ will aim to provide basic training in navigation, safety measures and safe diving practices to all fishermen engaged in fisheries in Zones 2, 3 and 4. This may eventually lead to an safe diving practices to all fishermen engaged in fisheries in Zones 2, 3 and 4. This may eventually lead to an entry level "standard" for prospective applicants for a fishings license. entry level "standard" for prospective applicants for a fishings license.  The GOJ will investigate possibilities to provide life insurance for all licensed fishermen. (Perhaps this can be  The GOJ will investigate possibilities to provide life insurance for all licensed fishermen. (Perhaps this can be done through co-operatives or other forms of organization.) It is likely that any insurance policy will be done through co-operatives or other forms of organization.) It is likely that any insurance policy will be closely linked to a strict enforcement of safety regulations and safety equipment. closely linked to a strict enforcement of safety regulations and safety equipment.  The socio-economic situation of the capture fisheries for so-called reef fish in Zones 1 and 2 can only be  The socio-economic situation of the capture fisheries for so-called reef fish in Zones 1 and 2 can only be improved by drastically reducing the fishing pressure. Unfortunately, that means drastically reducing the improved by drastically reducing the fishing pressure. Unfortunately, that means drastically reducing the number of fishermen fishing in those zones, and limiting the amount of gear that can be used for each fishing number of fishermen fishing in those zones, and limiting the amount of gear that can be used for each fishing licence. licence.  The number of fishermen in Zones 1 and 2 will be reduced by  The number of fishermen in Zones 1 and 2 will be reduced by  Not issuing licenses for those zones to new entrants,  Not issuing licenses for those zones to new entrants,  Encouraging fishermen to join forces and enter into fisheries in Zones 3 and 4, and  Encouraging fishermen to join forces and enter into fisheries in Zones 3 and 4, and  Encouraging fishermen and their children to aim for different jobs.  Encouraging fishermen and their children to aim for different jobs.  The number of beaches designated as fishing beaches should gradually be brought down. No new fishing  The number of beaches designated as fishing beaches should gradually be brought down. No new fishing beaches should be created and landing of fish should not be allowed on the shores of non-fishing areas, beaches should be created and landing of fish should not be allowed on the shores of non-fishing areas, including Marine Parks and Marine Protected Areas. including Marine Parks and Marine Protected Areas.

仮 368 The JNFP is quite comprehensive, and space does not allow extensive The JNFP is quite comprehensive, and space does not allow extensive reproduction of all the provisions relating to encouraging the involvement of fishers, fisher reproduction of all the provisions relating to encouraging the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. The JNFP makes it quite clear that the GoJ is committed to this participatory resources. The JNFP makes it quite clear that the GoJ is committed to this participatory approach. The JNFP is also clear that the GoJ has a clear policy of achieving optimal yield by approach. The JNFP is also clear that the GoJ has a clear policy of achieving optimal yield by reducing fishing effort and redirecting fishing effort to allegedly underexploited fisheries and out reducing fishing effort and redirecting fishing effort to allegedly underexploited fisheries and out of the capture fisheries altogether. Clearly, the Jamaican government’s views are consistentt of the capture fisheries altogether. Clearly, the Jamaican government’s views are consistentt with the objectives of this JICA-CRFM project. with the objectives of this JICA-CRFM project. The Jamaican government is the only CARICOM member state to have a National Fisheries The Jamaican government is the only CARICOM member state to have a National Fisheries Policy. This approach is optimal, as there are now clear criteria and guidelines for the Policy. This approach is optimal, as there are now clear criteria and guidelines for the amendment of fisheries legislation and the preparation of fishery management plans. One option amendment of fisheries legislation and the preparation of fishery management plans. One option for the JICA-CRFM project is to spread this approach to the other member states. for the JICA-CRFM project is to spread this approach to the other member states. LEGISLATION LEGISLATION Jamaica’s first dedicated fisheries legislation was the Fishing Industry Act 1975 and the Jamaica’s first dedicated fisheries legislation was the Fishing Industry Act 1975 and the Fishing Industry Regulations 1976. The Wildlife Protection Act 1945 (which regulates Fishing Industry Regulations 1976. The Wildlife Protection Act 1945 (which regulates hunting) and the Beach Control Act 1956 (which regulates the use of bathing beaches and hunting) and the Beach Control Act 1956 (which regulates the use of bathing beaches and fishing beaches) – both administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Authority – contain fishing beaches) – both administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Authority – contain provisions which relate to fisheries management and to the conservation of marine wildlife, and provisions which relate to fisheries management and to the conservation of marine wildlife, and there is some overlap of jurisdiction. there is some overlap of jurisdiction. The Fishing Industry Act 1975 contains very little provision for the iinvolvement of fishers, The Fishing Industry Act 1975 contains very little provision for the iinvolvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. resources. The 1975 Act provides for all fishers and boats to be registered and licensed, but no license fees The 1975 Act provides for all fishers and boats to be registered and licensed, but no license fees were charged, and few fishers bothered to keep their licenses current; the benefits of licensing were charged, and few fishers bothered to keep their licenses current; the benefits of licensing were therefore neutralized. The 1975 Act allowed for the creation of fish sanctuaries, but in a were therefore neutralized. The 1975 Act allowed for the creation of fish sanctuaries, but in a quarter of a century only two were created – one to protect the mangroves where oyster spat quarter of a century only two were created – one to protect the mangroves where oyster spat were produced, and one in Montego Bay. The 1975 Act makes no provision for the appointment were produced, and one in Montego Bay. The 1975 Act makes no provision for the appointment of a National Fisheries Advisory Council, or for fishers to be involved in the management of fish of a National Fisheries Advisory Council, or for fishers to be involved in the management of fish sanctuaries. Although it empowers Fishery Inspectors to search without warrant and arrest sanctuaries. Although it empowers Fishery Inspectors to search without warrant and arrest without warrant, it does not provide for Fishery Inspectors to be appointed under the Act (Game without warrant, it does not provide for Fishery Inspectors to be appointed under the Act (Game Wardens appointed under the Wildlife Protection Act, police constables and members of the Wardens appointed under the Wildlife Protection Act, police constables and members of the military are automatically fisheries inspectors). This Act has long been recognized as so military are automatically fisheries inspectors). This Act has long been recognized as so woefully inadequate that amendment would be futile; it will need to be repealed and replaced woefully inadequate that amendment would be futile; it will need to be repealed and replaced with a wholly new Fisheries Act. with a wholly new Fisheries Act. The Fisheries Regulations 1976 contain measures to protect berried and juvenile lobsters , and The Fisheries Regulations 1976 contain measures to protect berried and juvenile lobsters , and regulate the mesh size of various fishing nets such as seine nets . The 1976 Regulations define regulate the mesh size of various fishing nets such as seine nets . The 1976 Regulations define application forms and schedules and boat markings, and prescribe the safety gear to be carried on application forms and schedules and boat markings, and prescribe the safety gear to be carried on all fishing boats. The provisions fall far short of what is required for effort reduction and to all fishing boats. The provisions fall far short of what is required for effort reduction and to eliminate destructive practices, and in any case, were lightly enforced. They will be replaced eliminate destructive practices, and in any case, were lightly enforced. They will be replaced with a more comprehensive set of regulations associated with the new fisheries act. with a more comprehensive set of regulations associated with the new fisheries act.

仮 369 The process of drafting new Fisheries Act has been under way since 1995. A consultant was The process of drafting new Fisheries Act has been under way since 1995. A consultant was provided by the FAO and a draft of a new Fisheries Bill for Jamaica was produced. The draft provided by the FAO and a draft of a new Fisheries Bill for Jamaica was produced. The draft was reviewed by a number of stakeholders a numerous times, and is now with the Office of the was reviewed by a number of stakeholders a numerous times, and is now with the Office of the Chief Parliamentary Counsel receiving its final adjustments before being tabled in Parliament by Chief Parliamentary Counsel receiving its final adjustments before being tabled in Parliament by the minister of Agriculture and Fisheries. The new fisheries law is expected to be enacted the minister of Agriculture and Fisheries. The new fisheries law is expected to be enacted sometime in 2011. sometime in 2011. Until then, the present Jamaican government continues to use the current Act to move forward. Until then, the present Jamaican government continues to use the current Act to move forward. In September 2009 the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries signed an Order establishing eight In September 2009 the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries signed an Order establishing eight (8) new fish sanctuaries. The new fish sanctuaries will be managed (patrolled and monitored), (8) new fish sanctuaries. The new fish sanctuaries will be managed (patrolled and monitored), by stakeholder groups in partnership with the FD (i.e. participatory management). The by stakeholder groups in partnership with the FD (i.e. participatory management). The sanctuaries and the designated managers are named below: sanctuaries and the designated managers are named below: TABLE 5: TABLE 5: NEW JAMAICAN FISH SANCTUARIES, LOCATIONS, AND MANAGERS, 2009 NEW JAMAICAN FISH SANCTUARIES, LOCATIONS, AND MANAGERS, 2009 Fish Sanctuary Location Manager Fish Sanctuary Location Manager 1 Orange Bay Negril,Westmoreland Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society 1 Orange Bay Negril,Westmoreland Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society 2 Bluefields Bay Bluefields, Westmoreland Bluefields Bay Fishermens’ Group 2 Bluefields Bay Bluefields, Westmoreland Bluefields Bay Fishermens’ Group 3 Malcolm Bay St. Elizabeth The Fisheries Division 3 Malcolm Bay St. Elizabeth The Fisheries Division 4 Salt Harbour Clarendon Caribbean Coastal Area Management 4 Salt Harbour Clarendon Caribbean Coastal Area Management 5 Parts of Galleon Harbour Old Harbour, St. Catherine (C-CAM) Foundation 5 Parts of Galleon Harbour Old Harbour, St. Catherine (C-CAM) Foundation 6 Three Bays Area Hellshire, St. Catherine 6 Three Bays Area Hellshire, St. Catherine 7 Montego Bay Marine Park Montego Bay, St. James Montego Bay Marine Park Trust 7 Montego Bay Marine Park Montego Bay, St. James Montego Bay Marine Park Trust 8 Discovery Bay Lagoon Discovery Bay, St. Ann Alloa Fishermens’ Co-operative 8 Discovery Bay Lagoon Discovery Bay, St. Ann Alloa Fishermens’ Co-operative Source: National Fisheries Advisory Board, Jamaica Source: National Fisheries Advisory Board, Jamaica This approach by the Jamaica FD is a concrete case of stakeholder participation in fisheries This approach by the Jamaica FD is a concrete case of stakeholder participation in fisheries management, and fits in with the objectives of this JICA-CRFM project. management, and fits in with the objectives of this JICA-CRFM project. The Caribbean Coastal Area Management (C-CAM) Foundation has been working closely with The Caribbean Coastal Area Management (C-CAM) Foundation has been working closely with the fishers and fishing communities in south St. Catherine and south Clarendon since 1993. the fishers and fishing communities in south St. Catherine and south Clarendon since 1993. With their encouragement the Jamaican government created the Portland Bight Protected Area With their encouragement the Jamaican government created the Portland Bight Protected Area (PBPA) in 1999 (520 sq. km of land and 1,350 sq km of marine space) and delegated to them (PBPA) in 1999 (520 sq. km of land and 1,350 sq km of marine space) and delegated to them natural resource management functions in 2003. C-CAM assisted five fishing communities to natural resource management functions in 2003. C-CAM assisted five fishing communities to form fishers’ organizations, and midwifed the Portland Bight Fisheries Management Council form fishers’ organizations, and midwifed the Portland Bight Fisheries Management Council made up of representatives of all the stakeholders, including the government9. A management made up of representatives of all the stakeholders, including the government9. A management plan for the fisheries of the PBPA was prepared, including the identification of eight (8) sites to plan for the fisheries of the PBPA was prepared, including the identification of eight (8) sites to be designated fish sanctuaries. Three have since become designated under law in September be designated fish sanctuaries. Three have since become designated under law in September 2009 . The PBFMC arranged for about fifty (50) fishers and vendors (men and women) to be 2009 . The PBFMC arranged for about fifty (50) fishers and vendors (men and women) to be appointed as game wardens under the Wildlife Protection Act, to therefore become Fishery appointed as game wardens under the Wildlife Protection Act, to therefore become Fishery Inspectors under the 1975 Fishing Industry Act. Training was provided, and a successful Inspectors under the 1975 Fishing Industry Act. Training was provided, and a successful experiment in community enforcement began as another example of community empowerment experiment in community enforcement began as another example of community empowerment and participatory fisheries management. In no case did the community members abuse their and participatory fisheries management. In no case did the community members abuse their powers of search or arrest without warrant, and all cases brought to course resulted in conviction. powers of search or arrest without warrant, and all cases brought to course resulted in conviction. The greatest success, however, was the deterrent created by having family and friends put social The greatest success, however, was the deterrent created by having family and friends put social pressure favouring compliance with the law. pressure favouring compliance with the law. The new draft Fisheries Act for Jamaica contains the following provisions relevant to The new draft Fisheries Act for Jamaica contains the following provisions relevant to community-based fisheries management: community-based fisheries management:  The Fisheries Licensing and Management Authority (FLMA) will be created to oversee  The Fisheries Licensing and Management Authority (FLMA) will be created to oversee Jamaica’s fisheries; Jamaica’s fisheries;

仮 370  There shall be thirteen (13) members; six (6) ex-officio (the permanent secretary, the  There shall be thirteen (13) members; six (6) ex-officio (the permanent secretary, the Director of Fisheries, the CEO of the NRCA, the Director-General of the Maritime Director of Fisheries, the CEO of the NRCA, the Director-General of the Maritime Authority of Jamaica, the Commissioner of police, the Chief of staff of the JDF); and Authority of Jamaica, the Commissioner of police, the Chief of staff of the JDF); and seven (7) persons (including the chairman) appointed by the minister; seven (7) persons (including the chairman) appointed by the minister;  The remit of the FMLA shall include the management and development of fishing  The remit of the FMLA shall include the management and development of fishing beaches; beaches;  In exercising the powers under this Act, the following principles shall be considered:  In exercising the powers under this Act, the following principles shall be considered: (h) stakeholders shall be consulted concerning the conservation and management of (h) stakeholders shall be consulted concerning the conservation and management of fisheries resources; fisheries resources;  The Minister shall appoint a National Fisheries Advisory Council which shall be an  The Minister shall appoint a National Fisheries Advisory Council which shall be an advisory body to the Minister on all matters relating to fisheries management and advisory body to the Minister on all matters relating to fisheries management and development, and shall include stakeholders and persons experienced in fisheries development, and shall include stakeholders and persons experienced in fisheries management; management;  The Minister, may by order, declare an area to be a fishery management area;  The Minister, may by order, declare an area to be a fishery management area;  The Authority, in consultation with the National Fisheries Advisory Council, shall, every  The Authority, in consultation with the National Fisheries Advisory Council, shall, every five years, prepare and submit to the Minister for his approval, specific capture fishery five years, prepare and submit to the Minister for his approval, specific capture fishery management plans for each fishery management area or a specific fishery; management plans for each fishery management area or a specific fishery;  The Minister may, from time to time, by order declare any area specified in the order to  The Minister may, from time to time, by order declare any area specified in the order to be a fish sanctuary; be a fish sanctuary;  The Authority may, subject to the approval of the Minister, delegate any of its functions  The Authority may, subject to the approval of the Minister, delegate any of its functions under this Act (other than the power of delegation) to any member, officer or agent of the under this Act (other than the power of delegation) to any member, officer or agent of the Authority; Authority;  The Minster may, by order designate any person or any category of public officers to be  The Minster may, by order designate any person or any category of public officers to be fishery inspectors for the purposes of this Act; fishery inspectors for the purposes of this Act; Although the new draft Fisheries Act was drafted before the preparation of the draft Jamaica Although the new draft Fisheries Act was drafted before the preparation of the draft Jamaica National Fisheries Policy, it does provide the enabling clauses to implement the initiatives National Fisheries Policy, it does provide the enabling clauses to implement the initiatives defined in the policy. Many of the policy initiatives will have to be facilitated through defined in the policy. Many of the policy initiatives will have to be facilitated through regulations in this regard. There is still much work to be done. regulations in this regard. There is still much work to be done. The new draft Fisheries Act will allow the management of “fishery management areas” and “fish The new draft Fisheries Act will allow the management of “fishery management areas” and “fish sanctuaries” to be “delegated” to a “member, officer or agent of the Authority”; and so a sanctuaries” to be “delegated” to a “member, officer or agent of the Authority”; and so a stakeholder group may be appointed the “agent” of the authority and then have management stakeholder group may be appointed the “agent” of the authority and then have management responsibility for one of these MPAs delegated to it. The new draft Fisheries Act will also responsibility for one of these MPAs delegated to it. The new draft Fisheries Act will also allow fishers and other stakeholders to be designated as “fishery inspectors” under the Act. allow fishers and other stakeholders to be designated as “fishery inspectors” under the Act. This will give fishers and their organizations real power, and not just the right to be consulted. This will give fishers and their organizations real power, and not just the right to be consulted.

Other fisheries-related legislation: Other fisheries-related legislation:  The Natural Resources Conservation Act  The Natural Resources Conservation Act  The Wildlife Protection Act  The Wildlife Protection Act  The Beach Control Act  The Beach Control Act  The Morant and Pedro Cays Act.  The Morant and Pedro Cays Act.  Endangered Species (Protection and Regulation of Trade) Act (2000).  Endangered Species (Protection and Regulation of Trade) Act (2000).  Aquaculture Inland and Marine Products and By-products (Inspection, Licensing and Export) Act  Aquaculture Inland and Marine Products and By-products (Inspection, Licensing and Export) Act (2000). (2000).  Exclusive Ecomonic Zone Act  Exclusive Ecomonic Zone Act  Shipping Act.  Shipping Act.

仮 371 SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS The concept of participation was embraced by the draft JNFP and some aspects have been The concept of participation was embraced by the draft JNFP and some aspects have been included in the new draft Fisheries Act. The FD has already begun to collaborate with fishers included in the new draft Fisheries Act. The FD has already begun to collaborate with fishers and other stakeholders in fisheries management even before there is the formal legal framework and other stakeholders in fisheries management even before there is the formal legal framework to do so. The FD is a foundation member of the Portland Bight Fisheries Management Council to do so. The FD is a foundation member of the Portland Bight Fisheries Management Council (PBFMC), a stakeholder entity midwifed by the Caribbean Coastal Area Management (C-CAM) (PBFMC), a stakeholder entity midwifed by the Caribbean Coastal Area Management (C-CAM) Foundation; an NGO delegated the management of the Portland Bight Protected Area (under the Foundation; an NGO delegated the management of the Portland Bight Protected Area (under the NRC Act). The FD has collaborated with the Montego Bay Marine Park Trust, an NGO NRC Act). The FD has collaborated with the Montego Bay Marine Park Trust, an NGO delegated to the management of the Montego Bay Marine Park (under the NRC Act). delegated to the management of the Montego Bay Marine Park (under the NRC Act). Although there is no provision under the Fishing Industry Act for the appointment of a Jamaica Although there is no provision under the Fishing Industry Act for the appointment of a Jamaica National Fisheries Advisory Board, the minister has gone ahead and done so10. It presently has National Fisheries Advisory Board, the minister has gone ahead and done so10. It presently has no legal status, but is consulted on a wide range of fisheries matters. no legal status, but is consulted on a wide range of fisheries matters. There is no staff member at the Fisheries Division trained in the formation and strengthening of There is no staff member at the Fisheries Division trained in the formation and strengthening of fishers’ organizations. fishers’ organizations. There is room for improvement in the provision of institutional support for fishers, fisher There is room for improvement in the provision of institutional support for fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of fishery resources. fishery resources.

2.3 National Programmes to promote the Involvement of Fishers, 2.3 National Programmes to promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources The abovementioned effort to establish fish sanctuaries and to contract NGOs and fishers’ The abovementioned effort to establish fish sanctuaries and to contract NGOs and fishers’ organizations to manage them is such a national programme. organizations to manage them is such a national programme. The abovementioned appointment by the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries of a National The abovementioned appointment by the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries of a National Fisheries Advisory Board is such a national effort. Fisheries Advisory Board is such a national effort. The implementation of the provisions of the draft Jamaica National Fisheries Policy under the The implementation of the provisions of the draft Jamaica National Fisheries Policy under the new Fisheries Act (when it is finally passed) will see widespread stakeholder involvement in new Fisheries Act (when it is finally passed) will see widespread stakeholder involvement in fisheries management around Jamaica’s coast and on its inshore and offshore banks. fisheries management around Jamaica’s coast and on its inshore and offshore banks. The FD has an active programme – Community Participation in Fisheries Management, which The FD has an active programme – Community Participation in Fisheries Management, which routinely meets with fishers and other stakeholders regarding fisheries management and other routinely meets with fishers and other stakeholders regarding fisheries management and other issues. Such information is available as reports at the FD. The Division also has an active, even if issues. Such information is available as reports at the FD. The Division also has an active, even if limited, extension service, which is our primary communication mechanism with fishers at their limited, extension service, which is our primary communication mechanism with fishers at their work place. work place.

2.4 Effectiveness of National- and Community-Level Participatory 2.4 Effectiveness of National- and Community-Level Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management Approaches to Fisheries Management In recent months, Jamaica has taken concrete steps towards national and community- In recent months, Jamaica has taken concrete steps towards national and community- level participatory approaches to fisheries management by contracting local stakeholder groups level participatory approaches to fisheries management by contracting local stakeholder groups to manage the new fish sanctuaries. Implementation is in the very early stages (the Memoranda to manage the new fish sanctuaries. Implementation is in the very early stages (the Memoranda of Understanding are to be signed in 2010), and they have not yet had the opportunity to be of Understanding are to be signed in 2010), and they have not yet had the opportunity to be effective. effective.

10 Declaring interest, the Team Leader for this Baseline Study is a foundation appointee to the Jamaica NFAB. 10 Declaring interest, the Team Leader for this Baseline Study is a foundation appointee to the Jamaica NFAB.

仮 372 The efforts of C-CAM towards community-based fisheries management in the PBPA have been The efforts of C-CAM towards community-based fisheries management in the PBPA have been on going for over fifteen (15) years, and the results suggest that this approach would be very on going for over fifteen (15) years, and the results suggest that this approach would be very effective when extended across the Jamaican archipelago. effective when extended across the Jamaican archipelago.

Baseline workshops were held with government staff and the community. The results are Baseline workshops were held with government staff and the community. The results are presented in the Chapter 6 of this report. presented in the Chapter 6 of this report.

仮 373 CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and Management Plans Management Plans National Fisheries Policy National Fisheries Policy A few years ago, the Ministry of Agriculture developed a draft “Fisheries Policy” regarding the A few years ago, the Ministry of Agriculture developed a draft “Fisheries Policy” regarding the development and management of fisheries resources in Jamaica. The main goals of this National development and management of fisheries resources in Jamaica. The main goals of this National Fisheries Policy are for the fisheries sector to: Fisheries Policy are for the fisheries sector to:  Contribute to economic growth and reduction of poverty;  Contribute to economic growth and reduction of poverty;  Contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of Jamaicans through employment in fisheries  Contribute to the sustainable livelihoods of Jamaicans through employment in fisheries and related activities; and related activities;  Contribute to the provision of Food Security.  Contribute to the provision of Food Security. Further, the “Fisheries Policy” has the following immediate objectives to: Further, the “Fisheries Policy” has the following immediate objectives to: o Ensure sustainable development of the fishing industry; o Ensure sustainable development of the fishing industry; o Promote efficiency of the fishing industry; o Promote efficiency of the fishing industry; o Promote economic and social development of fishing industry; o Promote economic and social development of fishing industry; o Improve systems and procedures for the management of the fishing industry; o Improve systems and procedures for the management of the fishing industry; o Promote partnerships with stakeholders in the management of fisheries and ensure o Promote partnerships with stakeholders in the management of fisheries and ensure transparency and accountability in the governance of fisheries resources; transparency and accountability in the governance of fisheries resources; o Comply with international standards and best practices for fisheries development and o Comply with international standards and best practices for fisheries development and management in keeping with Jamaica’s commitments under various agreements and management in keeping with Jamaica’s commitments under various agreements and conventions. conventions. A major goal of this “National Fisheries Policy” is to achieve sustainable development of the A major goal of this “National Fisheries Policy” is to achieve sustainable development of the fisheries resources. Thus, it seeks to strengthen existing management measures, while proposing fisheries resources. Thus, it seeks to strengthen existing management measures, while proposing new measures to limit entry of fishermen into the industry and to encourage their exit as new measures to limit entry of fishermen into the industry and to encourage their exit as necessary. In this context, some of the management objectives and strategies regarding the large necessary. In this context, some of the management objectives and strategies regarding the large and small coastal pelagic fisheries are summarized below: and small coastal pelagic fisheries are summarized below:  Large pelagic fishery :  Large pelagic fishery : o Objectives o Objectives . Attain the sustainable development of the fishery; . Attain the sustainable development of the fishery; . Cooperate with other states, particularly Caribbean states; . Cooperate with other states, particularly Caribbean states; . Assess, protect and conserve the large pelagic resources. . Assess, protect and conserve the large pelagic resources. . harvest each stock as close as possible to its optimal sustainable yield; . harvest each stock as close as possible to its optimal sustainable yield; o Strategy o Strategy . Full use of resources in waters over 200m deep and on distant shoals and . Full use of resources in waters over 200m deep and on distant shoals and extracted rent from their exploitation, both through developing fisheries extracted rent from their exploitation, both through developing fisheries that will allow employment of license holders now operating in areas that that will allow employment of license holders now operating in areas that are considered to be overfished, and by licensing new entrants; are considered to be overfished, and by licensing new entrants; . Fishery will need to be studied preferably on a regional basis, and a . Fishery will need to be studied preferably on a regional basis, and a regional FMP should be developed. regional FMP should be developed.

仮 374  Coastal pelagic fishery:  Coastal pelagic fishery: o Objectives o Objectives . Maintain and enhancing fish habitats; . Maintain and enhancing fish habitats; . Protection of nursery areas; . Protection of nursery areas; . Harvest each stock as close as possible to its optimal sustainable yield. . Harvest each stock as close as possible to its optimal sustainable yield. o Strategies o Strategies . As coastal areas have multiple users, with different interests (i.e. water . As coastal areas have multiple users, with different interests (i.e. water sports, tourist, and harbour uses), management strategies must aim at: sports, tourist, and harbour uses), management strategies must aim at: reducing conflicts; controlling land-based pollution and coastal reducing conflicts; controlling land-based pollution and coastal development; and prohibiting destructive practices. development; and prohibiting destructive practices. . Limited and fully controlled access to this fishery. . Limited and fully controlled access to this fishery. Note that most of these objectives and strategies were defined within the draft Fisheries Policy. Note that most of these objectives and strategies were defined within the draft Fisheries Policy. Current Management Policy Strategy Current Management Policy Strategy Under the framework of the Fishing Industry Act, several regulatory measures have been put in Under the framework of the Fishing Industry Act, several regulatory measures have been put in place in the lobster and coastal pelagic fisheries, such as: place in the lobster and coastal pelagic fisheries, such as:  The “Fishing Industry (Declaration of Close Season) (Lobsters) Order of 1987  The “Fishing Industry (Declaration of Close Season) (Lobsters) Order of 1987 establishes an annual close season in the lobster fishery from April 1 to June 30; establishes an annual close season in the lobster fishery from April 1 to June 30;  The Fishing Industry Regulations 1976 established fishing rules, including:  The Fishing Industry Regulations 1976 established fishing rules, including:  Spiny Lobster Fishery  Spiny Lobster Fishery . . . Minimum size limit: prohibition of harvesting P. argus with carapace . Minimum size limit: prohibition of harvesting P. argus with carapace length of less than 7.62cm; length of less than 7.62cm; . Prohibition on taking berried females; . Prohibition on taking berried females;  Coastal pelagic fishery  Coastal pelagic fishery . Size restrictions for beach seines; minimum mesh size: stretched mesh size . Size restrictions for beach seines; minimum mesh size: stretched mesh size of the bunt should be greater than 3.17cm; stretched mesh size of the of the bunt should be greater than 3.17cm; stretched mesh size of the corners should be greater than 4.43cm; and stretched mesh size of the corners should be greater than 4.43cm; and stretched mesh size of the wing should be greater than 5.08cm. wing should be greater than 5.08cm. Legislation Legislation The “Jamaica Fishing Industry Act No 17 of 1975” is the major law that addresses the The “Jamaica Fishing Industry Act No 17 of 1975” is the major law that addresses the development and management of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related development and management of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related activities in Jamaica. This Act provides an institutional framework for the management, activities in Jamaica. This Act provides an institutional framework for the management, planning, development of fishery resources in Jamaica. This Act was amended in 1977 (LN planning, development of fishery resources in Jamaica. This Act was amended in 1977 (LN 31/1977), 1993 (LN 90/ 1993). In general this Act and its amendments provide for: 31/1977), 1993 (LN 90/ 1993). In general this Act and its amendments provide for: (1) Registering and licensing fishermen; (1) Registering and licensing fishermen; (2) Registering and licensing fishing vessels; (2) Registering and licensing fishing vessels; (3) Regulating the processing of fishery products; (3) Regulating the processing of fishery products; (4) Preserving marine resources by creating fish sanctuaries; (4) Preserving marine resources by creating fish sanctuaries; (5) Enforcing fishing regulations. (5) Enforcing fishing regulations. The Act gives the Minister responsible for fisheries the authority to make regulations for The Act gives the Minister responsible for fisheries the authority to make regulations for “giving effects to the purposes and provisions of this Act.” Under this framework, several Orders “giving effects to the purposes and provisions of this Act.” Under this framework, several Orders and regulations were created and passed, such as: and regulations were created and passed, such as:  The Fishing Industry (Exemption) Order, 1976;  The Fishing Industry (Exemption) Order, 1976;  The Fishing Industry (Declaration of Close Season) (Lobster) Order, 1987;  The Fishing Industry (Declaration of Close Season) (Lobster) Order, 1987;  The Fishing Industry Regulations, 1976;  The Fishing Industry Regulations, 1976;

仮 375  The Fishing Industry (Conservation of Conch Genus Strombus) Order, 2000.  The Fishing Industry (Conservation of Conch Genus Strombus) Order, 2000. Finally, the Jamaican government has also enacted several other Acts related to Fisheries Finally, the Jamaican government has also enacted several other Acts related to Fisheries management such as: management such as:  The Harbors Act of 1874,  The Harbors Act of 1874,  The Morant and Pedro Cays Act of 1907, and  The Morant and Pedro Cays Act of 1907, and    Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act  Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act  Exclusive Economic Zone Act  Exclusive Economic Zone Act Enforcement of Regulations Enforcement of Regulations The government agencies responsible for enforcing fisheries regulations in Jamaica are the The government agencies responsible for enforcing fisheries regulations in Jamaica are the marine police, the JDF Coast Guard, and the Fisheries Division. marine police, the JDF Coast Guard, and the Fisheries Division. Level of enforcement Level of enforcement In general, there is inadequate surveillance of Jamaica’s coastline and marine space. The area is In general, there is inadequate surveillance of Jamaica’s coastline and marine space. The area is large, requiring a fleet of patrol craft probably beyond the pocket of the Jamaican government. large, requiring a fleet of patrol craft probably beyond the pocket of the Jamaican government. In addition to policing Jamaican fishers, there is also the problem of illegal foreign fishing in the In addition to policing Jamaican fishers, there is also the problem of illegal foreign fishing in the offshore conch and lobster fisheries, which is widespread. Jamaican laws are lightly enforced offshore conch and lobster fisheries, which is widespread. Jamaican laws are lightly enforced with respect to Jamaicans, and poaching by foreign vessels is yet to be controlled. with respect to Jamaicans, and poaching by foreign vessels is yet to be controlled. Level of compliance Level of compliance No empirical assessment is available on the level of compliance of fisheries and related laws. No empirical assessment is available on the level of compliance of fisheries and related laws. However, it is widely accepted that though improving the level of compliance is far below However, it is widely accepted that though improving the level of compliance is far below acceptable. acceptable.

The realization of policy goals and management objectives related to fisheries is currently The realization of policy goals and management objectives related to fisheries is currently being pursued vigorously. The GOJ has embarked on a comprehensive programme to modernize being pursued vigorously. The GOJ has embarked on a comprehensive programme to modernize the institutional and legislative framework that will facilitate sustainable fisheries management the institutional and legislative framework that will facilitate sustainable fisheries management and development. The transformation of the FD into an executive agency is expected to be and development. The transformation of the FD into an executive agency is expected to be completed by 2012 and new fisheries legislation is in an advanced state of preparation and is completed by 2012 and new fisheries legislation is in an advanced state of preparation and is expected to be enacted in 2011. expected to be enacted in 2011. The conch fishery of Jamaica is regarded as one of better managed conch fisheries in the world The conch fishery of Jamaica is regarded as one of better managed conch fisheries in the world while the spiny lobster fishery is considered fully to overexploited. New lobster regulations while the spiny lobster fishery is considered fully to overexploited. New lobster regulations prohibiting the sale and possession of spiny lobsters after the first 21 days of the beginning of the prohibiting the sale and possession of spiny lobsters after the first 21 days of the beginning of the annual closed season for lobsters has addressed a significant loophole in management and annual closed season for lobsters has addressed a significant loophole in management and improvement in the status of lobster stocks is expected. improvement in the status of lobster stocks is expected. It is also well known that the Jamaican near-shore reef habitats have been severely degraded and It is also well known that the Jamaican near-shore reef habitats have been severely degraded and their resources over-exploited, in particular on the north shelf of the country. Nine fish their resources over-exploited, in particular on the north shelf of the country. Nine fish sanctuaries have been established in partnership with key stakeholders to address this problem sanctuaries have been established in partnership with key stakeholders to address this problem and more will be established in the near future. This initiative coupled with others as identified in and more will be established in the near future. This initiative coupled with others as identified in the national fisheries policy such as the reduction of fishing effort is expected to improve the the national fisheries policy such as the reduction of fishing effort is expected to improve the status of the near-shore stocks. The outcomes of past management and development of status of the near-shore stocks. The outcomes of past management and development of fisheries programs have been characterized by mixed results. fisheries programs have been characterized by mixed results.

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3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics FISHERIES CHARACTERISTICS FISHERIES CHARACTERISTICS Exploited Species Exploited Species Table 6 summarizes the exploitation and the management status of coastal pelagic Table 6 summarizes the exploitation and the management status of coastal pelagic fisheries in Jamaica. Large pelagic fish such as dolphin, king mackerel and blackfin tuna are fisheries in Jamaica. Large pelagic fish such as dolphin, king mackerel and blackfin tuna are caught by artisanal fishermen trolling from canoes. These species may also be caught in the caught by artisanal fishermen trolling from canoes. These species may also be caught in the sport or recreational fishery that primarily targets marlins. Commercial activity directed at the sport or recreational fishery that primarily targets marlins. Commercial activity directed at the larger pelagic is small and catches are low. This may be a function of the fishing method used larger pelagic is small and catches are low. This may be a function of the fishing method used (i.e., trolling) but it is also generally accepted that the abundance of larger pelagics is generally (i.e., trolling) but it is also generally accepted that the abundance of larger pelagics is generally low in Jamaican waters. Coastal pelagic species such as the Atlantic thread herrings (sprats) and low in Jamaican waters. Coastal pelagic species such as the Atlantic thread herrings (sprats) and jacks are caught in gillnets set in bays, mangroves, and sea-grass beds. jacks are caught in gillnets set in bays, mangroves, and sea-grass beds. Since the 1980s, an industrial fishery has developed on the exploitation of spiny lobster and Since the 1980s, an industrial fishery has developed on the exploitation of spiny lobster and conch in Jamaica. This industry is mostly geared toward the processing and exportation of these conch in Jamaica. This industry is mostly geared toward the processing and exportation of these fishery products. Jamaica is the largest exporter of conch (Strombus gigas) in the world. fishery products. Jamaica is the largest exporter of conch (Strombus gigas) in the world. Table 6: Table 6: Status of Coastal Pelagic Fisheries in Jamaica Status of Coastal Pelagic Fisheries in Jamaica Stock Status Fishery Status Stock Status Fishery Status Species Type of exploitation Over‐exploited Developed Sustainable Monitored Managed Species Type of exploitation Over‐exploited Developed Sustainable Monitored Managed Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri)N?YesNot Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri)N?YesNot Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus) Artisanal‐trolling /Sport/Recreational ? Uncertain Not Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus) Artisanal‐trolling /Sport/Recreational ? Uncertain Not Black fin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus ) Artisanal‐trolling /Sport/Recreational ? Uncertain Not Black fin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus ) Artisanal‐trolling /Sport/Recreational ? Uncertain Not King mackerel (Scomberomus cavalla ) Artisanal‐trolling /Sport/Recreational ? Uncertain Not King mackerel (Scomberomus cavalla ) Artisanal‐trolling /Sport/Recreational ? Uncertain Not Jack Mackerel (Trachurus spp. )N Jack Mackerel (Trachurus spp. )N Flying fish (Hirundicthys spp. )N Not Flying fish (Hirundicthys spp. )N Not Sardines (Sadinella aurita )N Sardines (Sadinella aurita )N Scaled Herring (Harengula Jaguana )N Scaled Herring (Harengula Jaguana )N Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum) Artisanal‐Gillnets Not Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum) Artisanal‐Gillnets Not Jack (Selar spp. )Artisanal‐Gillnets? Not Jack (Selar spp. )Artisanal‐Gillnets? Not Robin (Decapterus spp. )N Robin (Decapterus spp. )N Diamond back squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus)* N Diamond back squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus)* N Conch (Eustrombus gigas)* Industrial/Artisanal Not Regionnally Endangered Yes Conch (Eustrombus gigas)* Industrial/Artisanal Not Regionnally Endangered Yes Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus)* Industrial/Artisanal Not Potentially Yes Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus)* Industrial/Artisanal Not Potentially Yes Spotted spiny lobster (Panulirus guttatus )* N Spotted spiny lobster (Panulirus guttatus )* N Notes Notes *: These species are pelagic species but information is required on their status *: These species are pelagic species but information is required on their status ?: No data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery ?: No data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available Stock Status Stock Status The overall status of large pelagic stocks is uncertain because of their regional dynamics. The overall status of large pelagic stocks is uncertain because of their regional dynamics. Catches of large pelagic species in the Atlantic are monitored by the International Commission Catches of large pelagic species in the Atlantic are monitored by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT 2008). In addition, in 2004 the CRFM for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT 2008). In addition, in 2004 the CRFM conducted an evaluation of the wahoo stock in the eastern Caribbean. This evaluation of the conducted an evaluation of the wahoo stock in the eastern Caribbean. This evaluation of the stock determined that wahoo catches in the region were sustainable (CRFM, 2005). stock determined that wahoo catches in the region were sustainable (CRFM, 2005). There has been much concern on the level of exploitation of the Jamaican stocks of conch, There has been much concern on the level of exploitation of the Jamaican stocks of conch, because this species is considered globally to be endangered. During 1995-96 the Jamaican because this species is considered globally to be endangered. During 1995-96 the Jamaican Fisheries Division set up a quota of 1,900 mt in the fishery which was based on the results of an Fisheries Division set up a quota of 1,900 mt in the fishery which was based on the results of an abundance survey of the conch population on the Pedro Bank . However, in 2000 the fishery abundance survey of the conch population on the Pedro Bank . However, in 2000 the fishery was closed due to litigation. At its re-opening in 2001 the quota was lowered to 946 mt, in was closed due to litigation. At its re-opening in 2001 the quota was lowered to 946 mt, in keeping with the results of scientific assessment and the estimation of the level of conch keeping with the results of scientific assessment and the estimation of the level of conch harvested by IUU activities. . Today the fishery is strictly managed and is in full compliance harvested by IUU activities. . Today the fishery is strictly managed and is in full compliance

仮 377 with the relevant provisions of the CITES , and the stock seems to have been rebuilt and fished at with the relevant provisions of the CITES , and the stock seems to have been rebuilt and fished at a sustainable level. a sustainable level. The current status of the spiny lobster stocks of Jamaica is not well known. The stocks however, The current status of the spiny lobster stocks of Jamaica is not well known. The stocks however, are believed to be fully over-exploited. In general, landings from industrial trap boats have are believed to be fully over-exploited. In general, landings from industrial trap boats have decreased to an average of 8,000 lbs of tails per fishing trip down from an average of 12,000 to decreased to an average of 8,000 lbs of tails per fishing trip down from an average of 12,000 to 18,000 lbs of tails per trip. IUU fishing is believed to be largely responsible for the decline in 18,000 lbs of tails per trip. IUU fishing is believed to be largely responsible for the decline in spiny lobster stocks. Recently enacted regulations prohibiting the possession of spiny lobsters spiny lobster stocks. Recently enacted regulations prohibiting the possession of spiny lobsters after the first 21 days of the commencement of the closed season for lobsters is expected to after the first 21 days of the commencement of the closed season for lobsters is expected to significantly cut down IUU lobster. significantly cut down IUU lobster.

MARKET CHARACTERISTICS MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Jamaican artisanal fishermen traditionally sell their catches to the public or to vendors Jamaican artisanal fishermen traditionally sell their catches to the public or to vendors right on the beach. However, a few fishermen deliver their catch to hotels, supermarkets and fish right on the beach. However, a few fishermen deliver their catch to hotels, supermarkets and fish processors. Note that there are only a few fish markets in the country, but their hygienic processors. Note that there are only a few fish markets in the country, but their hygienic conditions are usually below local and international standards. Large pelagics are not easily conditions are usually below local and international standards. Large pelagics are not easily absorbed by the local market, and hotels that used to buy these products are now concentrating absorbed by the local market, and hotels that used to buy these products are now concentrating on cheaper imported fish (FAO 2003). on cheaper imported fish (FAO 2003). Most of the lobster production of Jamaica is frozen and exported to foreign markets. Most of the lobster production of Jamaica is frozen and exported to foreign markets. Table 7 shows that the industry exported 224 mt of lobsters on average from 1998 to 2007. The Table 7 shows that the industry exported 224 mt of lobsters on average from 1998 to 2007. The contribution of lobster exports to the Jamaican economy ranged from US$1,308,000 to contribution of lobster exports to the Jamaican economy ranged from US$1,308,000 to US$6,911,000 during this period. US$6,911,000 during this period. Table 7: Table 7: Total Weight (mt) and value (US$) of Lobster Exports* (frozen, nei), Total Weight (mt) and value (US$) of Lobster Exports* (frozen, nei), Jamaica, 1998-2007 Jamaica, 1998-2007 Fish Product Year Fish Product Year Lobster (frozen, nei) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Lobster (frozen, nei) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Exportation (MT) 106 284 297 167 130 229 457 367 93 112 Exportation (MT) 106 284 297 167 130 229 457 367 93 112 Value (US $ x 1000) 2,483 6,656 6,911 4,247 3,596 5,300 4,485 3,523 1,308 1,775 Value (US $ x 1000) 2,483 6,656 6,911 4,247 3,596 5,300 4,485 3,523 1,308 1,775 *Source FAO FishStat *Source FAO FishStat Jamaican supermarkets primarily carry imported fish products that they sell to local consumers. Jamaican supermarkets primarily carry imported fish products that they sell to local consumers. Salted fish dominate fish imports, which is a traditional component of breakfast in Jamaica11. Salted fish dominate fish imports, which is a traditional component of breakfast in Jamaica11. Indeed, Jamaica is a major importer of processed fish products. Between 1997 to 2007 Indeed, Jamaica is a major importer of processed fish products. Between 1997 to 2007 importation of preserved or prepared mackerel averaged US$8,912,000 annually in value, importation of preserved or prepared mackerel averaged US$8,912,000 annually in value, whereas frozen mackerel imported to Jamaica averaged US$2,689,000 in value from 1998 to whereas frozen mackerel imported to Jamaica averaged US$2,689,000 in value from 1998 to 2008 (Table 8). Processed herrings are also among the most imported fishery products, with 2008 (Table 8). Processed herrings are also among the most imported fishery products, with average values of US$362,000 and US$831,000, respectively for imports of smoked nei and average values of US$362,000 and US$831,000, respectively for imports of smoked nei and prepared orpreserved fish from 1997 to 2007. Fishery products from several other species are prepared orpreserved fish from 1997 to 2007. Fishery products from several other species are also imported and are included in the marine fish category (Table 8). also imported and are included in the marine fish category (Table 8).

11 “Ackee and saltfish” is Jamaica’s national dish. 11 “Ackee and saltfish” is Jamaica’s national dish.

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Table 8: Table 8: Value (US $ x1000)* of Imports of some important Fishery Products to the Value (US $ x1000)* of Imports of some important Fishery Products to the Jamaican Local Market, 1997-2007 Jamaican Local Market, 1997-2007 Fish Products Year Fish Products Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Herring (nei frozen) 9 ‐‐ 1686161311 Herring (nei frozen) 9 ‐‐ 1686161311 Herring (nei, smoked) 396 330 306 362 330 253 389 366 407 485 Herring (nei, smoked) 396 330 306 362 330 253 389 366 407 485 Herring (preserved or prepared) 7,135 311 109 73 101 206 219 176 256 227 327 Herring (preserved or prepared) 7,135 311 109 73 101 206 219 176 256 227 327 Mackerel (preserved or prepared) 8,580 6,694 8,503 6,076 8,151 6,604 9,198 8,279 12,314 9,977 13,653 Mackerel (preserved or prepared) 8,580 6,694 8,503 6,076 8,151 6,604 9,198 8,279 12,314 9,977 13,653 Mackerel (nei, frozen) ‐ 3,397 2,427 2,624 3,243 3,095 2,799 2,336 2,558 2,341 2,071 Mackerel (nei, frozen) ‐ 3,397 2,427 2,624 3,243 3,095 2,799 2,336 2,558 2,341 2,071 Mackerel (nei, fresh or chilled) ‐ 23 28 22 ‐ 53 78 ‐‐ 479 ‐ Mackerel (nei, fresh or chilled) ‐ 23 28 22 ‐ 53 78 ‐‐ 479 ‐ Marine fish (nei,minced, prepared) . 364 364 86 98 194 215 261 536 228 13 Marine fish (nei,minced, prepared) . 364 364 86 98 194 215 261 536 228 13 Marine fish (nei,preserved or prepared) 132 24 10 118 145 167 113 139 143 160 522 Marine fish (nei,preserved or prepared) 132 24 10 118 145 167 113 139 143 160 522 Marine fish (nei, smoked) ‐ 56 74 155 28 60 111 46 227 179 433 Marine fish (nei, smoked) ‐ 56 74 155 28 60 111 46 227 179 433 Marine fish (fresh or chilled) 39 ‐‐‐ 1 ‐‐ 216 3 ‐ 40 Marine fish (fresh or chilled) 39 ‐‐‐ 1 ‐‐ 216 3 ‐ 40 Marine fish (nei, frozen) 8,766 ‐‐‐ 10,287 ‐‐ 9,742 12,388 ‐ 17,340 Marine fish (nei, frozen) 8,766 ‐‐‐ 10,287 ‐‐ 9,742 12,388 ‐ 17,340 *Source FAO FishStat *Source FAO FishStat

The Contribution of Fisheries to the Jamaican Economy The Contribution of Fisheries to the Jamaican Economy The fisheries sector makes a significant contribution to the economy of Jamaica. Fishing activity The fisheries sector makes a significant contribution to the economy of Jamaica. Fishing activity has provided on average 12,287 primary and secondary jobs to Jamaicans from 2001 to 2006. has provided on average 12,287 primary and secondary jobs to Jamaicans from 2001 to 2006. The contribution of fisheries production to Jamaica’s economy has been very stable and averages The contribution of fisheries production to Jamaica’s economy has been very stable and averages about 0.39% from 2001 to 2005 (Table 9). about 0.39% from 2001 to 2005 (Table 9).

Table 9: Table 9: Contribution of Fisheries to Employment and GDP, Jamaica 2001-2006 Contribution of Fisheries to Employment and GDP, Jamaica 2001-2006 Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Employment (Primary and Secondary) 14,287 14,998 15,682 16,789 17,647 18,305 Employment (Primary and Secondary) 14,287 14,998 15,682 16,789 17,647 18,305 % GDP 0.45 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.41 % GDP 0.45 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.41 *Compiled from Murray (2008). *Compiled from Murray (2008).

3.4 Catch and Effort 3.4 Catch and Effort There are about 142 officially designated fishing ports (fishing beaches) and numerous There are about 142 officially designated fishing ports (fishing beaches) and numerous other landing sites on mainland Jamaica. Additionally there are two (2) on the Pedro Cays and other landing sites on mainland Jamaica. Additionally there are two (2) on the Pedro Cays and one (1) on the Morant Cay. These sites comprise mostly beaches, where a small number of one (1) on the Morant Cay. These sites comprise mostly beaches, where a small number of canoes or vessels such as steel-hulled industrial ships may harbor (Murray 2008). The most canoes or vessels such as steel-hulled industrial ships may harbor (Murray 2008). The most important fishing beaches are located in Old Harbour Bay, Port Royal, Rocky Point and the important fishing beaches are located in Old Harbour Bay, Port Royal, Rocky Point and the modern fishing complex in Whitehouse (Murray 2008). modern fishing complex in Whitehouse (Murray 2008). Effort Data Effort Data There are more than 20,000 artisanal fishers involved in fishing activity in Jamaica, but There are more than 20,000 artisanal fishers involved in fishing activity in Jamaica, but only 17,151 were officially registered in 2007. These fishers use mostly canoes or reinforced only 17,151 were officially registered in 2007. These fishers use mostly canoes or reinforced fiberglass boats powered by outboard engines; 9,000 boats (4-9 m) were registered in 2007 and fiberglass boats powered by outboard engines; 9,000 boats (4-9 m) were registered in 2007 and operated from 187 landing sites. Note that fishing vessels whose length is greater than 12 m, are operated from 187 landing sites. Note that fishing vessels whose length is greater than 12 m, are usually considered as industrial vessels (Murray 2008). Decked fishing vessels (15-30m) form usually considered as industrial vessels (Murray 2008). Decked fishing vessels (15-30m) form 5% of the fleet and are mostly used in the conch and lobster fisheries. Also, large vessels 5% of the fleet and are mostly used in the conch and lobster fisheries. Also, large vessels outfitted with trolling gear are also used in the sport fishing and in the tourism industry. outfitted with trolling gear are also used in the sport fishing and in the tourism industry.

仮 379 Also, a few processing plants operate small number of vessels in Jamaican waters. These vessels Also, a few processing plants operate small number of vessels in Jamaican waters. These vessels are equipped with dinghies and use SCUBA or hookah diving technology to harvest conch. are equipped with dinghies and use SCUBA or hookah diving technology to harvest conch. These plants are licensed by the government to take a percentage of the national quota. However, These plants are licensed by the government to take a percentage of the national quota. However, vessels, divers and crew are often leased or hired from Honduras and the Dominican Republic vessels, divers and crew are often leased or hired from Honduras and the Dominican Republic (FAO 2003). (FAO 2003). Catch Data Catch Data Table 10 shows the temporal trends in total landings of marine fish, conch and lobster in Table 10 shows the temporal trends in total landings of marine fish, conch and lobster in Jamaica from 1998 to 2007. An annual average of 8,221.29 mt of marine fish was landed during Jamaica from 1998 to 2007. An annual average of 8,221.29 mt of marine fish was landed during this period; however, no information was made available regarding species composition of these this period; however, no information was made available regarding species composition of these catches (Murray 2008). catches (Murray 2008). Production of conch averages annually 882.47 mt from 1998-2007, but production in this fishery Production of conch averages annually 882.47 mt from 1998-2007, but production in this fishery has generally declined over the period. This is a result of deliberate management initiative has generally declined over the period. This is a result of deliberate management initiative whereby the national quota have been reduced in accordance with population assessments done whereby the national quota have been reduced in accordance with population assessments done by the FD. In 1998, conch catches amounted to 1,700 mt whereas in 2007, only 640 mt were by the FD. In 1998, conch catches amounted to 1,700 mt whereas in 2007, only 640 mt were landed. It is important to note that in 2000 the fishery was closed due to litigation. By the landed. It is important to note that in 2000 the fishery was closed due to litigation. By the opening of the fishery in 2001 the national a conch quota of 946mt was imposed by the opening of the fishery in 2001 the national a conch quota of 946mt was imposed by the government (FAO 2003) . In contrast, lobster industrial landings have generally increased over government (FAO 2003) . In contrast, lobster industrial landings have generally increased over the last decade, passing from 170 mt in 1998 to 300 mt in 2007. the last decade, passing from 170 mt in 1998 to 300 mt in 2007. Table 10: Table 10: Estimated Landings (mt)* of Marine Fish, Conch and Lobsters Estimated Landings (mt)* of Marine Fish, Conch and Lobsters caught in Jamaica, 1998-2007 caught in Jamaica, 1998-2007 Species Type Year Species Type Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Marine fish 6,045.18 7984.13 5139.52 6327.84 8342.21 5436.16 9495 8536.78 13067.83 11838.24 Marine fish 6,045.18 7984.13 5139.52 6327.84 8342.21 5436.16 9495 8536.78 13067.83 11838.24 Conch 1700 1366 946 946 504.25 550 640 650 640 Conch 1700 1366 946 946 504.25 550 640 650 640 Lobster (Industry) 169.66 284.23 287.77 166.77 130.23 294.69 450.81 300 300 300 Lobster (Industry) 169.66 284.23 287.77 166.77 130.23 294.69 450.81 300 300 300 *Source: Murray (2008) *Source: Murray (2008) Technology Improvement & Extension Programs Technology Improvement & Extension Programs The Fisheries Division generally conducts research to improve the management of fisheries and The Fisheries Division generally conducts research to improve the management of fisheries and preserve marine resources. According to Murray (2008) the following projects/researches are preserve marine resources. According to Murray (2008) the following projects/researches are the main priority areas for the Division: the main priority areas for the Division:  Lobster Conominium Project  Lobster Conominium Project o Objectives: o Objectives: . Investigate the feasibility of deploying lobster condominiums to enhance the . Investigate the feasibility of deploying lobster condominiums to enhance the survival of juvenile spiny lobsters. survival of juvenile spiny lobsters. . Establish juvenile enhancement systems and lobster larvae monitoring . Establish juvenile enhancement systems and lobster larvae monitoring programmes. programmes. o Strategy o Strategy . A pilot project is being conducted in Bowden Bay in St Thomas; . A pilot project is being conducted in Bowden Bay in St Thomas; . Seek technical assistance from Mexico and Cuba. . Seek technical assistance from Mexico and Cuba. . Train staff in the use and management of condominiums and larval monitoring . Train staff in the use and management of condominiums and larval monitoring systems. systems. o Funding: funds are still needed and this project would be a good candidate in terms o Funding: funds are still needed and this project would be a good candidate in terms of a short term project to be supported in the context of this baseline survey. of a short term project to be supported in the context of this baseline survey.  Fish Aggregating Device (FADs) project  Fish Aggregating Device (FADs) project o Objectives: o Objectives:

仮 380 . Employ FADs to assist in the further development of the fledging pelagic . Employ FADs to assist in the further development of the fledging pelagic fishery fishery o Strategy: o Strategy: . Conduct experimental trials in Whitehorses, St Thomas with fishermen. . Conduct experimental trials in Whitehorses, St Thomas with fishermen. o Funding: financial and technical support is needed to design, deploy, maintain o Funding: financial and technical support is needed to design, deploy, maintain and manage resources. FADs. and manage resources. FADs.  Diamond-Back Squid Fishing  Diamond-Back Squid Fishing o Objective: o Objective: . Develop a diamond-back fishery in Jamaica. . Develop a diamond-back fishery in Jamaica. o Strategy: o Strategy: . The search for diamond-back squid began in 2004 with the collaboration of: . The search for diamond-back squid began in 2004 with the collaboration of: The University of the West Indies, the Caribbean Maritime Institute, the The University of the West Indies, the Caribbean Maritime Institute, the Caribbean Fisheries and Training and Development Institute (CFTDI), and the Caribbean Fisheries and Training and Development Institute (CFTDI), and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). . Training in diamond-back fishing of staff and fishermen. . Training in diamond-back fishing of staff and fishermen. o Funding: Financial support is needed to conduct a comprehensive assessment o Funding: Financial support is needed to conduct a comprehensive assessment to determine the potential for the development of a diamond back squid to determine the potential for the development of a diamond back squid fishery. fishery.  Assessment of Fish Production  Assessment of Fish Production o Objectives: o Objectives: . Collect catch and effort data; . Collect catch and effort data; . Collect biological data; . Collect biological data; . Assess exploited fish and shellfish stocks; . Assess exploited fish and shellfish stocks; o Strategy: o Strategy: . A sampling plan has been implemented for the collection of biological and . A sampling plan has been implemented for the collection of biological and fishery data. fishery data. o Problems: o Problems: . Limited number of staff to cover a large number of beaches; hence number of . Limited number of staff to cover a large number of beaches; hence number of sampling days is high; sampling days is high; . Limited resources available for transportation; . Limited resources available for transportation; o Funding: financial support is needed to reduce the limitation of human resources o Funding: financial support is needed to reduce the limitation of human resources and materials. and materials. Technical and Research Capabilities Technical and Research Capabilities Research has been a priority for the Fisheries Division of Jamaica. The division has both wet Research has been a priority for the Fisheries Division of Jamaica. The division has both wet and dry laboratories, vessels and various equipment to conduct basic fishery biology research. and dry laboratories, vessels and various equipment to conduct basic fishery biology research. Further, the qualifications of the ten (10) officers that are involved in fisheries research ranges Further, the qualifications of the ten (10) officers that are involved in fisheries research ranges from a first to a second degree. Finally, most of these officers are trained in using software such from a first to a second degree. Finally, most of these officers are trained in using software such as Excel, S-Plus, FISAT, SPSS, and Statistica. as Excel, S-Plus, FISAT, SPSS, and Statistica.

仮 381 CHAPTER 4: AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 4: AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT COMPONENT

4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, Development Plans 4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, Development Plans Policy Policy Despite the fact that Aquaculture has been practised in Jamaica for over 30 years, there is Despite the fact that Aquaculture has been practised in Jamaica for over 30 years, there is no approved and recognized National Policy. However the draft national fisheries policy no approved and recognized National Policy. However the draft national fisheries policy addresses aquaculture development and management. The draft policy has undergone several addresses aquaculture development and management. The draft policy has undergone several layers of stakeholder consultation, and is currently sitting to presentation to the Government for layers of stakeholder consultation, and is currently sitting to presentation to the Government for approval. approval. Given concerns about declining fish stocks and the rising demand for fish aud fish products in Given concerns about declining fish stocks and the rising demand for fish aud fish products in the domestic market as well as globally, aquaculture is seen as a most important component in the domestic market as well as globally, aquaculture is seen as a most important component in the development and management of fisheries resources. The GoJ will therefore establish, the development and management of fisheries resources. The GoJ will therefore establish, maintain and develop an appropriate legal and administrative framework that facilitates the maintain and develop an appropriate legal and administrative framework that facilitates the development and management of responsible aquaculture, including an advance evaluation of the development and management of responsible aquaculture, including an advance evaluation of the effects of aquaculture development on genetic diversity and ecosystem integrity, based on the effects of aquaculture development on genetic diversity and ecosystem integrity, based on the best available scientific infonuation. best available scientific infonuation. The policy adopts the following key strategies: The policy adopts the following key strategies: • To regulate and control aquacuiture activities, including preventing the release of exotic • To regulate and control aquacuiture activities, including preventing the release of exotic species into the wild species into the wild • To promote development and expansion of the culture of aquatic flora and fauna to limits • To promote development and expansion of the culture of aquatic flora and fauna to limits dictated by marketing possibilities, including export, without damaging wetlands, lagoons. dictated by marketing possibilities, including export, without damaging wetlands, lagoons. mangroves, reefs or other sensitive areas. mangroves, reefs or other sensitive areas. • To improve collaboration with other stakeholders and to ensure the development of • To improve collaboration with other stakeholders and to ensure the development of standards for both food fish and ornamental fish species. standards for both food fish and ornamental fish species. • To foster the development of culture of indigenous species. • To foster the development of culture of indigenous species. • To achieve cost recovery for assistance to aquaculture enterprises, research and • To achieve cost recovery for assistance to aquaculture enterprises, research and evelopment. evelopment. Key elements of the Strategy are as follows sumarised in ANNEX 1 Key elements of the Strategy are as follows sumarised in ANNEX 1 Direct Legislation Direct Legislation The Fisheries Division is the Administrative Management Authority for the aquaculture sector. The Fisheries Division is the Administrative Management Authority for the aquaculture sector. There is no legislation in the current Fishing Industry Act (1975) for the management and There is no legislation in the current Fishing Industry Act (1975) for the management and development of Aquaculture. development of Aquaculture. The Fisheries Division is in the process of reviewing its legislation and a draft bill has been The Fisheries Division is in the process of reviewing its legislation and a draft bill has been prepared which contains a component on Aquaculture, and makes provisions for the following: prepared which contains a component on Aquaculture, and makes provisions for the following:  Aquaculture permits.  Aquaculture permits.  Matters to consider for aquaculture permit.  Matters to consider for aquaculture permit.  Cessation of aquaculture activity.  Cessation of aquaculture activity.  Permit holder to remove aquaculture.  Permit holder to remove aquaculture.  Control of importation and introduction of live fish into Jamaica.  Control of importation and introduction of live fish into Jamaica. Supporting Legislation Supporting Legislation The Water Resources Act (1995) The Water Resources Act (1995)

仮 382 The Water Resources Authority regulates ground water supply in Jamaica using the The Water Resources Authority regulates ground water supply in Jamaica using the Water Resources Act (1995). Under the Act, a license is required for the abstraction and use of Water Resources Act (1995). Under the Act, a license is required for the abstraction and use of water. However, if the person has the right of access to the source of water, a permit is not water. However, if the person has the right of access to the source of water, a permit is not required. The sinking or alteration of well requires a permit. required. The sinking or alteration of well requires a permit. The Natural Resources Conservation Act (1991) The Natural Resources Conservation Act (1991) This act established the Natural Resources Conservation Authority, which is mandated to This act established the Natural Resources Conservation Authority, which is mandated to manage the physical environment of Jamaica thus ensuring the conservation, protection and manage the physical environment of Jamaica thus ensuring the conservation, protection and proper use of the island's natural resources. Under the NRCA Act, the discharge of effluents into proper use of the island's natural resources. Under the NRCA Act, the discharge of effluents into open bodies of water requires a permit. The NRCA also has the authority to request open bodies of water requires a permit. The NRCA also has the authority to request environmental impact assessments where this may be deemed necessary. Aquaculture licenses environmental impact assessments where this may be deemed necessary. Aquaculture licenses are required for farms above a minimum stipulated acreage. are required for farms above a minimum stipulated acreage. The Wildlife Protection Act (1945) The Wildlife Protection Act (1945) The Wildlife Protection Act prohibits the release of noxious substances into the The Wildlife Protection Act prohibits the release of noxious substances into the environment. Consequently, it is important for consistent monitoring and regulating of effluents. environment. Consequently, it is important for consistent monitoring and regulating of effluents. The Natural Resources Conservation Authority has developed general industrial trade standards The Natural Resources Conservation Authority has developed general industrial trade standards for effluent discharge. Effluent permits are required for the discharge of effluent into waterways. for effluent discharge. Effluent permits are required for the discharge of effluent into waterways. The agency is in the process of developing standards more suited to aquaculture. The Wildlife The agency is in the process of developing standards more suited to aquaculture. The Wildlife Protection Act also protects endangered species and prohibits the killing of endangered species Protection Act also protects endangered species and prohibits the killing of endangered species (e.g. crocodiles). Mangrove permits are required for the removal of mangroves. Predator control (e.g. crocodiles). Mangrove permits are required for the removal of mangroves. Predator control permits are required for the control of predators e.g. crocodiles and water birds that prey on fish. permits are required for the control of predators e.g. crocodiles and water birds that prey on fish. The Beach Control Act (1956) The Beach Control Act (1956) This Act vests the rights in the foreshore and floor of the sea in the hands of the Crown. This Act vests the rights in the foreshore and floor of the sea in the hands of the Crown. Any encroachment or use of the sea floor will require a license. Any encroachment or use of the sea floor will require a license. The Endangered Species (Protection, Conservation and Regulation of Trade) Act 2000 The Endangered Species (Protection, Conservation and Regulation of Trade) Act 2000 This act prohibits the international trade in endangered species. This may only be done This act prohibits the international trade in endangered species. This may only be done through appropriate permits and licenses. Scientific and Management Authorities have been through appropriate permits and licenses. Scientific and Management Authorities have been established to monitor the trade in animals on the first, second and third schedules of the Act . established to monitor the trade in animals on the first, second and third schedules of the Act . The Animal (Diseases and Importation) Act. The Animal (Diseases and Importation) Act. This Act is administered through the Veterinary Services Division of the Ministry of This Act is administered through the Veterinary Services Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. It controls the importation of animals into the country. It also Agriculture and Fisheries. It controls the importation of animals into the country. It also establishes procedures for the quarantine of imported animals, and in the case of diseased establishes procedures for the quarantine of imported animals, and in the case of diseased animals: quarantine, control and slaughter of animals in the event of an outbreak of a animals: quarantine, control and slaughter of animals in the event of an outbreak of a communicable disease. communicable disease. Aquaculture, Inland and Marine Products and By-Products (Inspection, Licensing and Aquaculture, Inland and Marine Products and By-Products (Inspection, Licensing and Export) Act 1999 Export) Act 1999 The Veterinary Services Division also administers this act. It provides legislation for the The Veterinary Services Division also administers this act. It provides legislation for the export of aquaculture and fishery products and by-products from Jamaica. All processing export of aquaculture and fishery products and by-products from Jamaica. All processing facilities on land and at sea require licenses. An export health certificate is required for the facilities on land and at sea require licenses. An export health certificate is required for the export of such products. export of such products. Institutional Support for Aquaculture in Jamaica Institutional Support for Aquaculture in Jamaica The above-mentioned legislative framework suggests a high level of institutional support The above-mentioned legislative framework suggests a high level of institutional support for the sector in Jamaica. The specific institutions that contribute to the aquaculture sector are as for the sector in Jamaica. The specific institutions that contribute to the aquaculture sector are as follows: follows:  Fisheries Division, Aquaculture Branch  Fisheries Division, Aquaculture Branch  Tilapia Fish Farmers association.  Tilapia Fish Farmers association.  Jamaica Ornamental Fish Farmers Association.  Jamaica Ornamental Fish Farmers Association.

仮 383  Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.  Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.

o Veterinary Services Division. o Veterinary Services Division.  NEPA.  NEPA.  Water Resources Authority.  Water Resources Authority.  Ministry of Health.  Ministry of Health. o Pharmaceutical Div. o Pharmaceutical Div. o Pesticide control Div. o Pesticide control Div.  Ministry of Industry and Commerce.  Ministry of Industry and Commerce. o Jamaica Exporters Association. o Jamaica Exporters Association. o Jamaica Trade and Invest. o Jamaica Trade and Invest.  Environmental NGO’s  Environmental NGO’s However from discussions with sector stakeholders it is recognized that there exists considerable However from discussions with sector stakeholders it is recognized that there exists considerable institutional support; however there is a concern that institutional support; however there is a concern that  There is fragmentation and duplication of services which often create bureaucratic  There is fragmentation and duplication of services which often create bureaucratic bungling bungling  The uncoordinated approach often results in agency roles and support not being  The uncoordinated approach often results in agency roles and support not being clearly defined. clearly defined.  Lack of technical know-how, especially in the departments outside of the Ministry of  Lack of technical know-how, especially in the departments outside of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Agriculture and Fisheries. To this end, it is felt that there should be consolidation of roles with the creation of a one- To this end, it is felt that there should be consolidation of roles with the creation of a one- stop portal to facilitate sector development. stop portal to facilitate sector development. The layered nature of institutional support stems from the lack of a clearly defined or The layered nature of institutional support stems from the lack of a clearly defined or articulated policy/development plan for the sector. articulated policy/development plan for the sector. One possible objective of this JICA-CRFM programme could be to identify all the agencies One possible objective of this JICA-CRFM programme could be to identify all the agencies and their roles, review same, and streamline them to conform to the current draft policy and their roles, review same, and streamline them to conform to the current draft policy initiative. Such an activity would fit neatly into current Public Sector rationalization and initiative. Such an activity would fit neatly into current Public Sector rationalization and restructuring efforts. restructuring efforts.

仮 384 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objectives and Development Objectives In the absence of a formal policy on Aquaculture, such a comparison is not possible; In the absence of a formal policy on Aquaculture, such a comparison is not possible; however at best one can look at the draft policy and see where the industry is within that context however at best one can look at the draft policy and see where the industry is within that context of the key element of the policy of the key element of the policy  To regulate and control aquaculture activities, including preventing the release of exotic  To regulate and control aquaculture activities, including preventing the release of exotic species into the wild; Several exotic cultured species (notably the Australian Red Claw, species into the wild; Several exotic cultured species (notably the Australian Red Claw, Plecostomous spps, Haplosternum spp, Carps and Ornamental Cichlids) have become Plecostomous spps, Haplosternum spp, Carps and Ornamental Cichlids) have become established within the natural environment and are cause for concern. The number of established within the natural environment and are cause for concern. The number of invasive species and their effects on local flora and fauna should be investigated. invasive species and their effects on local flora and fauna should be investigated.  To promote development and expansion of the culture of aquatic flora and fauna to limits  To promote development and expansion of the culture of aquatic flora and fauna to limits dictated by marketing possibilities. including export, without damaging wetlands, lagoons, dictated by marketing possibilities. including export, without damaging wetlands, lagoons, mangroves, reefs and /or other sensitive areas. Effects of aquaculture effluent on mangroves, reefs and /or other sensitive areas. Effects of aquaculture effluent on waterways were not considered during early development, and is reflected in farm waterways were not considered during early development, and is reflected in farm designs. Attempts to retro-fit farms to satisfy environmental standards are most often designs. Attempts to retro-fit farms to satisfy environmental standards are most often cost phrobitive and in some instances physically impossible. cost phrobitive and in some instances physically impossible.  To improve collaboration with other stakeholders and to ensure the development of  To improve collaboration with other stakeholders and to ensure the development of standards for both food fish and ornamental fish species. Stakeholder standards for both food fish and ornamental fish species. Stakeholder collaboration/dialogue is healthy and in absence of policy has guided R&D, grants and collaboration/dialogue is healthy and in absence of policy has guided R&D, grants and general direction of the industry to date. general direction of the industry to date.  To foster the development of culture of indigenous species. Except for efforts at the  To foster the development of culture of indigenous species. Except for efforts at the culture of the Mangrove oyster, efforts in this direction have been woefully lacking. It is culture of the Mangrove oyster, efforts in this direction have been woefully lacking. It is hoped that there will be renewed efforts in this direction, particularly with respect to hoped that there will be renewed efforts in this direction, particularly with respect to select marine finfish species. select marine finfish species.  To achieve cost recovery for assistance to aquaculture enterprises, research and  To achieve cost recovery for assistance to aquaculture enterprises, research and evelopment. Current cost recovery to the Administrative Authority IFU is negligble, evelopment. Current cost recovery to the Administrative Authority IFU is negligble, primarly due to absence of enforcement/regulatory powers. This should soon change if primarly due to absence of enforcement/regulatory powers. This should soon change if new Fishereies Act is tabled. The IFU should also play a greater R&D role especially in new Fishereies Act is tabled. The IFU should also play a greater R&D role especially in the area of Broodstock development and seed supply. the area of Broodstock development and seed supply. The absence of policy, legislation and formal development objectives has seen the emergence of The absence of policy, legislation and formal development objectives has seen the emergence of farmers associations and cluster groupings, the more important being the Jamaica Tilapia farmers associations and cluster groupings, the more important being the Jamaica Tilapia Growers Association, The Tilapia Cluster, and the Jamaica Ornamental Fish Association. All Growers Association, The Tilapia Cluster, and the Jamaica Ornamental Fish Association. All three sector associations have in the past (and continue to) lobby government to facilitate three sector associations have in the past (and continue to) lobby government to facilitate industry growth. Some requests have been sector-biased; but for the most part, representation industry growth. Some requests have been sector-biased; but for the most part, representation has been fair and has contributed to the continued survival and growth of the sector. has been fair and has contributed to the continued survival and growth of the sector.

4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics

Tilapia Tilapia The Local Market The Local Market Most fish farmers rely on vendors to buy and distribute their product. The product is sold Most fish farmers rely on vendors to buy and distribute their product. The product is sold at the farm-gate to the vendor who will take it from there to market. The farmer may also sell at the farm-gate to the vendor who will take it from there to market. The farmer may also sell tilapia to restaurants, hotels, supermarkets and other distributors. Some retail their own products. tilapia to restaurants, hotels, supermarkets and other distributors. Some retail their own products. The local vendor trade and associated post-harvest handling of fish is unhygienic at best, and The local vendor trade and associated post-harvest handling of fish is unhygienic at best, and appropriate cold chain processes can be employed to ensure adequate phytosanitary standards. appropriate cold chain processes can be employed to ensure adequate phytosanitary standards.

仮 385 The Export Market The Export Market Up until 2007, one major company sold tilapia on the export market. The main Up until 2007, one major company sold tilapia on the export market. The main importing countries were the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Belgium. importing countries were the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Belgium. Increased local cost of production relative to global competition has resulted in the cessation of Increased local cost of production relative to global competition has resulted in the cessation of tilapia exports outside of Jamaica. tilapia exports outside of Jamaica. In 1997, 283.7 tonnes of fresh tilapia fillets, 97.2 tonnes of frozen fillet, and one tonne of frozen In 1997, 283.7 tonnes of fresh tilapia fillets, 97.2 tonnes of frozen fillet, and one tonne of frozen whole tilapia were exported to the USA. This is the equivalent of around 1,155 tonnes of whole whole tilapia were exported to the USA. This is the equivalent of around 1,155 tonnes of whole live tilapia. In 2003, Jamaica exported 39,950 pounds of frozen tilapia fillet to the USA at a live tilapia. In 2003, Jamaica exported 39,950 pounds of frozen tilapia fillet to the USA at a value of US$77,952 value of US$77,952 Jamaica is not able to compete with Taiwan Province of China on the price of whole frozen Jamaica is not able to compete with Taiwan Province of China on the price of whole frozen tilapia, which fell from US$1.56 to US$1.12/kg on the US market from mid 1997 to mid 1998. tilapia, which fell from US$1.56 to US$1.12/kg on the US market from mid 1997 to mid 1998. The main competitive advantage is Jamaica’s proximity to the USA and good air links, which The main competitive advantage is Jamaica’s proximity to the USA and good air links, which enable Jamaica to compete on the fresh fillet market. Wholesale prices for fresh tilapia fillets enable Jamaica to compete on the fresh fillet market. Wholesale prices for fresh tilapia fillets were between US$7.37/kg and US$8.25/kg in the USA during 1997. Prices for frozen fillets were between US$7.37/kg and US$8.25/kg in the USA during 1997. Prices for frozen fillets were a little lower at US$5.50 to US$6.60/kg. (Halcrow, 1998). were a little lower at US$5.50 to US$6.60/kg. (Halcrow, 1998). Jamaica's fish farmers have lost market share over the past 18 months, with locally produced Jamaica's fish farmers have lost market share over the past 18 months, with locally produced frozen tilapia fillets replaced by imported Chinese product. After minimal duties this product is frozen tilapia fillets replaced by imported Chinese product. After minimal duties this product is around half the price of the comparable domestic product. Despite speculation the effects of around half the price of the comparable domestic product. Despite speculation the effects of competition from cheap imports has yet to berealized. competition from cheap imports has yet to berealized. Locally, Tilapia also suffers from initial issues it had with off-flavor when the product was first Locally, Tilapia also suffers from initial issues it had with off-flavor when the product was first introduced, which led to resistance from the marketplace that still has a residual effect on both introduced, which led to resistance from the marketplace that still has a residual effect on both the demand for the product and the price it can command. Most local farmers have solved this the demand for the product and the price it can command. Most local farmers have solved this problem by producing ‘off-flavor-free’ fish. However, the problem of acceptability has been problem by producing ‘off-flavor-free’ fish. However, the problem of acceptability has been further exacerbated in recent years by large scale importation from China and Latin America of further exacerbated in recent years by large scale importation from China and Latin America of Tilapia (sometimes with an off flavor). Tilapia (sometimes with an off flavor). Export of aquaculture products to the USA requires that the farm and processing facility Export of aquaculture products to the USA requires that the farm and processing facility meet HACCP certification standards. The Veterinary Services Division of the Ministry of meet HACCP certification standards. The Veterinary Services Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries administer the oversight of these standards. There are no specific Agriculture and Fisheries administer the oversight of these standards. There are no specific labeling standards for aquaculture products, only general labeling requirements. The Jamaica labeling standards for aquaculture products, only general labeling requirements. The Jamaica Bureau of Standards administers the labeling standard and executes labeling and packaging laws. Bureau of Standards administers the labeling standard and executes labeling and packaging laws. At present, only one processing plant exists which is EU-certified for Tilapia and marine shrimp. At present, only one processing plant exists which is EU-certified for Tilapia and marine shrimp. The demand for farmed marine shrimp is also strong with local demand completely absorbing all The demand for farmed marine shrimp is also strong with local demand completely absorbing all the supplies of the locally farmed product. the supplies of the locally farmed product. Fresh water prawn demand is on the rise partly fuelled by the influx of Spanish Hotels and by Fresh water prawn demand is on the rise partly fuelled by the influx of Spanish Hotels and by extension European visitors to the Island. extension European visitors to the Island. The volumes of Oysters traded locally are unknown. The product is sold on the streets by local The volumes of Oysters traded locally are unknown. The product is sold on the streets by local vendors and the product form is “fresh on the half shell” with a local pepper sauce, and a drink vendors and the product form is “fresh on the half shell” with a local pepper sauce, and a drink “Oyster Punch”. There is currently a project spearheaded by the FD to increase market “Oyster Punch”. There is currently a project spearheaded by the FD to increase market acceptance of the product, which will eventually be realized. Investment in increasing levels acceptance of the product, which will eventually be realized. Investment in increasing levels of production should also follow. of production should also follow. High numbers of tourist arrivals (2 million/year) coupled with a resident population of 2.98 High numbers of tourist arrivals (2 million/year) coupled with a resident population of 2.98 million present a target market of approximately 5 million persons. As consumer preferences million present a target market of approximately 5 million persons. As consumer preferences develop, post-harvest handling, packaging and value added products have the potential to be develop, post-harvest handling, packaging and value added products have the potential to be developed and improved.. developed and improved..

仮 386 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species History History Inland Aquaculture Inland Aquaculture  1949, when Oreochromis mossambicus was brought to Jamaica from St. Lucia in the  1949, when Oreochromis mossambicus was brought to Jamaica from St. Lucia in the eastern Caribbean, this was part of a Government program to increase rural protein eastern Caribbean, this was part of a Government program to increase rural protein through subsistence farming. Community watershed ponds were stocked with tilapia. through subsistence farming. Community watershed ponds were stocked with tilapia.  1960's used a monosex culture of hand-sorted male tilapia fingerlings. At that time yields  1960's used a monosex culture of hand-sorted male tilapia fingerlings. At that time yields in earthen ponds was 1 250 lbs/acre/yr. in earthen ponds was 1 250 lbs/acre/yr.  1976, Commercial aquaculture was introduced through a jointly sponsored USAID/GOJ  1976, Commercial aquaculture was introduced through a jointly sponsored USAID/GOJ Project. This was a two phase project. In the first phase Auburn University was granted a Project. This was a two phase project. In the first phase Auburn University was granted a contract to supply the technical expertise for this project. The first phase of the project led contract to supply the technical expertise for this project. The first phase of the project led to the development of the Inland Fisheries Unit which trained staff in the various to the development of the Inland Fisheries Unit which trained staff in the various disciplines in aquaculture and equipped the Government of Jamaica with an institution disciplines in aquaculture and equipped the Government of Jamaica with an institution with the capability and technical expertise needed to design and implement inland with the capability and technical expertise needed to design and implement inland fisheries and aquaculture development. fisheries and aquaculture development.  another variety of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was introduced. This led to major  another variety of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was introduced. This led to major increases in tilapia production. At the beginning of 1977 tilapia production was 2.2 tonnes increases in tilapia production. At the beginning of 1977 tilapia production was 2.2 tonnes and by 1987 it had increased to 2,600 tonnes. and by 1987 it had increased to 2,600 tonnes.  1980 The second phase of the project began and was entitled the Fish Production System  1980 The second phase of the project began and was entitled the Fish Production System Development Project. The aim of this project was to expand the practice or rural Development Project. The aim of this project was to expand the practice or rural aquaculture development. This was met with great success and led to commercialization aquaculture development. This was met with great success and led to commercialization of tilapia farming. Most people who participated in the early programs are still involved of tilapia farming. Most people who participated in the early programs are still involved in fish farming. in fish farming.  1984 Major investment by an Israeli firm growing Tilapia and Macronbrachium Spps. was  1984 Major investment by an Israeli firm growing Tilapia and Macronbrachium Spps. was seen as successful and eventually was bought by Local firm Jamaica Broilers Group. seen as successful and eventually was bought by Local firm Jamaica Broilers Group. Several other species were introduced; (Chinese/Indian carps, Collosoma spps. and Australian Several other species were introduced; (Chinese/Indian carps, Collosoma spps. and Australian red claw), however these were not well received by the public. red claw), however these were not well received by the public. Most farms in Jamaica operate semi-intensive units. There was an increasing trend towards Most farms in Jamaica operate semi-intensive units. There was an increasing trend towards intensification of fish culture especially among the larger farmers. Semi-intensive culture occurs intensification of fish culture especially among the larger farmers. Semi-intensive culture occurs when the only input is feed, whereas intensive culture is when fish are fed, aeration is added and when the only input is feed, whereas intensive culture is when fish are fed, aeration is added and the stocking density of the fish is increased. the stocking density of the fish is increased. In semi-intensive culture fish are stocked at a density less than 30,000/ha, in green water and fed In semi-intensive culture fish are stocked at a density less than 30,000/ha, in green water and fed supplemental diets with minimal water exchange occurring.. supplemental diets with minimal water exchange occurring.. The 1998 Halcrow Study gives an overview of the freshwater tilapia production systems that are The 1998 Halcrow Study gives an overview of the freshwater tilapia production systems that are used in Jamaica; the details of which are in APPENDIX 3. used in Jamaica; the details of which are in APPENDIX 3. The Jamaica Broilers Group has a feed mill (Master Blend) that produces tilapia diets. These The Jamaica Broilers Group has a feed mill (Master Blend) that produces tilapia diets. These contain 28 percent to 32 percent protein and cost approximately J$10.50/kg (US$0.16) to contain 28 percent to 32 percent protein and cost approximately J$10.50/kg (US$0.16) to J$14.00/kg (US$0.21) depending on exact formulation, whether they are supplied in bulk or in J$14.00/kg (US$0.21) depending on exact formulation, whether they are supplied in bulk or in bags and whether they are formulated as pellets or a mash. For super intensive culture, extruded bags and whether they are formulated as pellets or a mash. For super intensive culture, extruded (floating) feed is imported (mainly from Burris Mill & Feed Inc., USA) costing from J$17.50 /kg (floating) feed is imported (mainly from Burris Mill & Feed Inc., USA) costing from J$17.50 /kg (US$0.26). Feed conversion rates are in the region of 2.1-2.5 in the hatchery, improving to 1.5- (US$0.26). Feed conversion rates are in the region of 2.1-2.5 in the hatchery, improving to 1.5- 2.0 in grow-out. There is one other company producing fish diets in Jamaica – Seprod – 2.0 in grow-out. There is one other company producing fish diets in Jamaica – Seprod – although Master Blend accounts for most of the market. Ingredients for the diets are almost all although Master Blend accounts for most of the market. Ingredients for the diets are almost all imported and include fishmeal, soya, corn, wheat flour, vitamins and minerals. imported and include fishmeal, soya, corn, wheat flour, vitamins and minerals.

仮 387 Historic levels of Tilapia production and recent earnings and current levels of Tilapia Historic levels of Tilapia production and recent earnings and current levels of Tilapia production are presented in Figure #1, Table 11 and Table 12 respectively production are presented in Figure #1, Table 11 and Table 12 respectively Figure 1: Figure 1: Reported aquaculture production in Jamaica (from 1950) Reported aquaculture production in Jamaica (from 1950)

(Source: FAO Fishery Statistics, Aquaculture production (Source: FAO Fishery Statistics, Aquaculture production

Table 11: Table 11: Economic Value of the Aquaculture Industry12 Economic Value of the Aquaculture Industry12 Descriptor Output (Tonne) Value (J$’000) Descriptor Output (Tonne) Value (J$’000) Tilapia (actual 2006) 7,543.3 1,508,600 Tilapia (actual 2006) 7,543.3 1,508,600 Shrimp (actual 2006) 476.1 238,050 Shrimp (actual 2006) 476.1 238,050 Total (2006) 8,019.4 1,746,650 Total (2006) 8,019.4 1,746,650 Shrimp (estimated 2007) 1,000.0 500,000 Shrimp (estimated 2007) 1,000.0 500,000 Total (estimated13 2007) 8,540.0 2,008,000 Total (estimated13 2007) 8,540.0 2,008,000 Total Seafood Trade - 6,658,710 Total Seafood Trade - 6,658,710 (exports and imports, 2007) (exports and imports, 2007)

TABLE 12: TABLE 12: Source and Consumption of Fish in Jamaica 2001-2007 Source and Consumption of Fish in Jamaica 2001-2007

Tilapia production has been steadily increasing year to year since its inception. Within the past 5 Tilapia production has been steadily increasing year to year since its inception. Within the past 5 years, the production levels have fluctuated around the 5000 MT figure with dips in production years, the production levels have fluctuated around the 5000 MT figure with dips in production attributed to damage from hurricanes. attributed to damage from hurricanes.

12 Economic and Social Survey Jamaica, 2006, Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ) 12 Economic and Social Survey Jamaica, 2006, Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ) 13 Jamaica Fish Cluster Baseline Survey, 2008 13 Jamaica Fish Cluster Baseline Survey, 2008

仮 388 A more recent and possible reason for production decline can be attributed to the loss of export A more recent and possible reason for production decline can be attributed to the loss of export markets and subsequent dismantling of contract farming arrangements. markets and subsequent dismantling of contract farming arrangements. Table 12 indicates that there is a slight decrease in the annual Per Capita consumption of fish, Table 12 indicates that there is a slight decrease in the annual Per Capita consumption of fish, and that if a targeted campaign to increase this value were interlinked to locally produced tilapia and that if a targeted campaign to increase this value were interlinked to locally produced tilapia as the supply source, local market requirements would increase considerably. as the supply source, local market requirements would increase considerably.

Marine Aquaculture Marine Aquaculture History History  1977; a pilot project to study the culture of local oysters in Bowden Bay, St. Thomas by  1977; a pilot project to study the culture of local oysters in Bowden Bay, St. Thomas by the University of West Indies, Mona Campus, with the support of IDRC. In Bowden Bay the University of West Indies, Mona Campus, with the support of IDRC. In Bowden Bay spawning of the oysters and subsequent spat collection occurs during the rainy season. spawning of the oysters and subsequent spat collection occurs during the rainy season.  1984; Expanded oyster culture project supported by Ministry of Agriculture, UWI and  1984; Expanded oyster culture project supported by Ministry of Agriculture, UWI and CIDA. Project saw some amount of success in production technologies; however CIDA. Project saw some amount of success in production technologies; however requisite marketing efforts were lacking. Project still exists, however the natural spat fall requisite marketing efforts were lacking. Project still exists, however the natural spat fall is threatened due to coastal zone development. is threatened due to coastal zone development.  1987; Post-Graduate research mariculture of red hybrid tilapia at Dept of Life Sciences  1987; Post-Graduate research mariculture of red hybrid tilapia at Dept of Life Sciences UWI. Results demonstrated that there was a red hybrid strain that demonstrated equal UWI. Results demonstrated that there was a red hybrid strain that demonstrated equal growth and fecundity to its freshwater counterpart. Attempts to conduct low cost cage growth and fecundity to its freshwater counterpart. Attempts to conduct low cost cage culture systems failed due to parasitic infection by monogenetic trematode. culture systems failed due to parasitic infection by monogenetic trematode.  1995; Penaeus Vannamaei hatchery went in operation, owned by the then Jamaica Flour  1995; Penaeus Vannamaei hatchery went in operation, owned by the then Jamaica Flour Mills (JFM). Business model was to import naupli and carry them through to PL stage Mills (JFM). Business model was to import naupli and carry them through to PL stage and re-export to Panama; proposed maturation facility never materialized, and JFM was and re-export to Panama; proposed maturation facility never materialized, and JFM was taken over by ADM, which divested itself of all activities outside of it’s core business i.e. taken over by ADM, which divested itself of all activities outside of it’s core business i.e. flour milling. flour milling.  2000; Pilot 20 Ha commercial shrimp grow-out facility, (Caribbean Mariculture Products)  2000; Pilot 20 Ha commercial shrimp grow-out facility, (Caribbean Mariculture Products) along with support facility for maturation and hatchery included. The project was along with support facility for maturation and hatchery included. The project was supported by the then Jamaica Agricultural Development Foundation (JADF) and, UWI supported by the then Jamaica Agricultural Development Foundation (JADF) and, UWI  2002; 200 Ha commercial penaeid shrimp farm went into operation supported by Trans  2002; 200 Ha commercial penaeid shrimp farm went into operation supported by Trans Global Fishery. Global Fishery.  2008 Major disease problems associated with imported naupli, coupled with high costs  2008 Major disease problems associated with imported naupli, coupled with high costs associated with the importation of feed has seen diversification into mariculture of tilapia. associated with the importation of feed has seen diversification into mariculture of tilapia. Data for shrimp production is sketchy. However in 2006,476.1 tonnes were produced. A recent Data for shrimp production is sketchy. However in 2006,476.1 tonnes were produced. A recent baseline study completed by the Jamaica Fish Cluster has indicated that the production of shrimp baseline study completed by the Jamaica Fish Cluster has indicated that the production of shrimp has increased significantly to 1,000 tonnes. has increased significantly to 1,000 tonnes. Oyster production data is sparse. In the mid 1980s to the early 1990s oyster production average Oyster production data is sparse. In the mid 1980s to the early 1990s oyster production average some 3,000 dozens of marketable oysters yearly. The 3 active oyster farms (East Harbour, Port some 3,000 dozens of marketable oysters yearly. The 3 active oyster farms (East Harbour, Port Antonio, Geen Island, Davis Cove, Hanover and Belmount, Westmoreland) have been closed Antonio, Geen Island, Davis Cove, Hanover and Belmount, Westmoreland) have been closed since 1993-1994. The FD still maintains the oyster spat collection system and produces spat that since 1993-1994. The FD still maintains the oyster spat collection system and produces spat that would translate to some 17,000 dozens of oyster. would translate to some 17,000 dozens of oyster. Fresh water prawn production was recently (2007) restarted by a private firm and production Fresh water prawn production was recently (2007) restarted by a private firm and production data was not available. data was not available. Marine aquaculture is a relatively new and possibly high-risk area given the vagaries of Marine aquaculture is a relatively new and possibly high-risk area given the vagaries of Hurricanes. A general lack of resources and capacity currently hinder further development in Hurricanes. A general lack of resources and capacity currently hinder further development in this area. this area.

仮 389 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category General issues relevant to the overall sector are highlighted in ANNEX 2. General issues relevant to the overall sector are highlighted in ANNEX 2. Some of the issues critical to the sustainability of the tilapia sector are as follows: Some of the issues critical to the sustainability of the tilapia sector are as follows:  Given WTO agreements, cheap tilapia imports are flooding the local market. If allowed to  Given WTO agreements, cheap tilapia imports are flooding the local market. If allowed to continue at the current rate, local aquaculture producers will face business closure as continue at the current rate, local aquaculture producers will face business closure as happened in the past with the Dairy and Cattle industries. Efforts to combat this situation happened in the past with the Dairy and Cattle industries. Efforts to combat this situation could be: could be: o Non Tariff Barriers o Non Tariff Barriers o Lower the cost of production by o Lower the cost of production by . Expanding area under production whilst adopting a more extensive production . Expanding area under production whilst adopting a more extensive production model model . Establishment of clusters / cooperatives to achieve economies of scale allowing . Establishment of clusters / cooperatives to achieve economies of scale allowing for trade advantages with respect to border in and out inputs. for trade advantages with respect to border in and out inputs. . Make available adequate terms of financing primarily reduction of interest . Make available adequate terms of financing primarily reduction of interest rates. rates.  High feed costs  High feed costs  Security  Security  Creation of a National Policy which is critical to the provision of direction to the sector.  Creation of a National Policy which is critical to the provision of direction to the sector.  Product eco labeling  Product eco labeling Current coastal marine shrimp farming activity is extremely dependent on imports of all inputs Current coastal marine shrimp farming activity is extremely dependent on imports of all inputs necessary for production. Given the fact that local demand for marine shrimp exceeds local farm necessary for production. Given the fact that local demand for marine shrimp exceeds local farm output tenfold, competing uses for coastal zone resources along with possible environmental output tenfold, competing uses for coastal zone resources along with possible environmental concerns is justification for closer examination of the viability of the sector. concerns is justification for closer examination of the viability of the sector.

4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement Stock Enhancement Small-scale aquaculture operations are a critical tool to rural agricultural diversification Small-scale aquaculture operations are a critical tool to rural agricultural diversification especially on the heels of heavy dislocation arising from the fall-out associated with cessation of especially on the heels of heavy dislocation arising from the fall-out associated with cessation of preferential trade agreements offered to sugar and bananas. Issues specific to small-scale preferential trade agreements offered to sugar and bananas. Issues specific to small-scale aquaculture are as follows aquaculture are as follows  Post harvest handling.  Post harvest handling.  Land tenure and availability  Land tenure and availability  Availability of good quality seed stock  Availability of good quality seed stock  Adequate extension support given the fact that any increase in production would have to  Adequate extension support given the fact that any increase in production would have to take place within a geographic location far away from the current productive focal points. take place within a geographic location far away from the current productive focal points.  Adequate market support.  Adequate market support. Priority areas; for which targeted interventions would greatly strengthen the institutional Priority areas; for which targeted interventions would greatly strengthen the institutional framework and capacity of the IFU toward supporting small-scale aquaculture enterprise in framework and capacity of the IFU toward supporting small-scale aquaculture enterprise in Jamaica are as follows: Jamaica are as follows: a. Improvement in Extension Services. a. Improvement in Extension Services. b. Research and Development specifically brood stock improvement and determination b. Research and Development specifically brood stock improvement and determination of optimal production models given current completion from cheap imports. of optimal production models given current completion from cheap imports. c. Institutional Strengthening through the granting of equipment to facilitate R&D efforts c. Institutional Strengthening through the granting of equipment to facilitate R&D efforts d. Training. d. Training.

仮 390 There are currently no stock enhancement programs in Jamaica. However rapid/dramatic decline There are currently no stock enhancement programs in Jamaica. However rapid/dramatic decline in the health of the coastal environment threatens to diminish coastal food resources, and as such in the health of the coastal environment threatens to diminish coastal food resources, and as such acts as justification for efforts towards using aquaculture to support stock enhancement. acts as justification for efforts towards using aquaculture to support stock enhancement.

4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries Research is driven by the needs of the Industry. However, no single body establishes Research is driven by the needs of the Industry. However, no single body establishes what the research priorities should be. what the research priorities should be. The organizations and institutions involved in applied research, education and training in The organizations and institutions involved in applied research, education and training in Jamaican aquaculture are as follows Jamaican aquaculture are as follows  Fisheries Division,  Fisheries Division,  Scientific Research Council,  Scientific Research Council,  University of the West Indies  University of the West Indies  College of Agriculture, Science and Education  College of Agriculture, Science and Education  Private sector  Private sector The Fisheries Division has an Aquaculture Branch, which provides support to the development The Fisheries Division has an Aquaculture Branch, which provides support to the development and management of aquaculture in Jamaica. The unit is comprised of a Director, a Research and management of aquaculture in Jamaica. The unit is comprised of a Director, a Research Officer, Aquaculture Extension Officer, technical and non-technical support staff. The major Officer, Aquaculture Extension Officer, technical and non-technical support staff. The major work programs of the Aquaculture Branch centre around providing technical and extension work programs of the Aquaculture Branch centre around providing technical and extension support to food fish and ornamental fish farmers. The staff is competent; most with over twenty support to food fish and ornamental fish farmers. The staff is competent; most with over twenty years of experience in aquaculture. They have also benefitted from a range of training in the years of experience in aquaculture. They have also benefitted from a range of training in the field of aquaculture and mariculture. field of aquaculture and mariculture. The Fisheries Division through the Aquaculture Branch (formally the Inland Fisheries Unit) has The Fisheries Division through the Aquaculture Branch (formally the Inland Fisheries Unit) has been conducting applied research and training in aquaculture since its inception. However, due been conducting applied research and training in aquaculture since its inception. However, due to inadequate resources, most of these activities are curtailed. to inadequate resources, most of these activities are curtailed. The Aquaculture Branch has a strong extension service but minimal research capabilities. The Aquaculture Branch has a strong extension service but minimal research capabilities. Research is in collaboration with other research institutions such as the Scientific Research Research is in collaboration with other research institutions such as the Scientific Research Council and the University of the West Indies (Mona). In recent times, research into the Council and the University of the West Indies (Mona). In recent times, research into the preparation of locally available fish feed material has been conducted. A market study on preparation of locally available fish feed material has been conducted. A market study on oysters using a local research company was produced. oysters using a local research company was produced. UWI has offered a final year six-week course in aquaculture since 1984. This course in now UWI has offered a final year six-week course in aquaculture since 1984. This course in now combined with Fisheries and titled “Fisheries and Aquaculture Technologies”. In the academic combined with Fisheries and titled “Fisheries and Aquaculture Technologies”. In the academic year 2005/2006, the UWI introduced a new MSc. Program in Coastal, Estuarine and Marine year 2005/2006, the UWI introduced a new MSc. Program in Coastal, Estuarine and Marine Biology of which aquaculture/mariculture is a component (Department of Life Sciences). Biology of which aquaculture/mariculture is a component (Department of Life Sciences). The Department of Life Sciences also operates a marine laboratory at Port Royal, Kingston The Department of Life Sciences also operates a marine laboratory at Port Royal, Kingston Jamaica. Research at this facility has centered mainly on mariculture e.g. mariculture of corals, Jamaica. Research at this facility has centered mainly on mariculture e.g. mariculture of corals, sea urchins, sea horses, and the culture of algae for the feeding of penaeid shrimp. Applied sea urchins, sea horses, and the culture of algae for the feeding of penaeid shrimp. Applied research in the Life Sciences Department in relation to tilapia culture has largely centered on research in the Life Sciences Department in relation to tilapia culture has largely centered on acclimatization of red hybrid tilapia in cages to seawater, stocking density variations and effects acclimatization of red hybrid tilapia in cages to seawater, stocking density variations and effects on growth rates and protein digestion. on growth rates and protein digestion. The College of Agriculture Science and Technology offers aquaculture both in their Natural The College of Agriculture Science and Technology offers aquaculture both in their Natural Science Program and in their Agriculture Program. This operates as an elective in both its Science Program and in their Agriculture Program. This operates as an elective in both its Associate of Science Degree Programs in General Agriculture and Natural Sciences and an Associate of Science Degree Programs in General Agriculture and Natural Sciences and an elective in its Diploma of Agriculture Program. elective in its Diploma of Agriculture Program. An aquaculture program is offered through H.E.A.R.T at a technical and vocational facility at An aquaculture program is offered through H.E.A.R.T at a technical and vocational facility at Ebony Park, Clarendon. Ebony Park, Clarendon.

仮 391 CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT

5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents The Draft Fisheries Policy and the Draft Management Plan do not explicitly state the The Draft Fisheries Policy and the Draft Management Plan do not explicitly state the importance of the FIS to fisheries management. However, there are some instances of implied importance of the FIS to fisheries management. However, there are some instances of implied relevance of the FIS to the management of the fisheries and the link to the goals and objectives. relevance of the FIS to the management of the fisheries and the link to the goals and objectives. There is currently no documented Data Management Plan that would outline procedures to There is currently no documented Data Management Plan that would outline procedures to ensure consistency of data quality. ensure consistency of data quality. With respect to a policy on access to data, the Access to Information Act in Jamaica governs the With respect to a policy on access to data, the Access to Information Act in Jamaica governs the dissemination of data. Also, the Director of Fisheries would also from time to time grant dissemination of data. Also, the Director of Fisheries would also from time to time grant permission for access to data. Sensitive data such as detailed fish catches by fishers are not permission for access to data. Sensitive data such as detailed fish catches by fishers are not divulged. However, there is the need for a policy and set guidelines to be formulated. divulged. However, there is the need for a policy and set guidelines to be formulated.

5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation 5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation There are numerous landing sites across the country. The FD estimates that there are some 186 There are numerous landing sites across the country. The FD estimates that there are some 186 fishing beaches (142 legally recognized as Fishing Port under the Fishing Industry Regulations) fishing beaches (142 legally recognized as Fishing Port under the Fishing Industry Regulations) which are divided into three (3) zones. Each zone has a Chief Fisheries Instructor who is which are divided into three (3) zones. Each zone has a Chief Fisheries Instructor who is responsible for the supervision of several data collectors (Fisheries Instructor) within each zone. responsible for the supervision of several data collectors (Fisheries Instructor) within each zone. In total, there are 15 Fisheries Instructors, 3 Chief Fisheries Instructors as well as 6 Fisheries In total, there are 15 Fisheries Instructors, 3 Chief Fisheries Instructors as well as 6 Fisheries Officers who has, as part of their core function, the responsibility of participating in the data Officers who has, as part of their core function, the responsibility of participating in the data collection activities across the island. The data collected by each Instructor/Officer is sent to the collection activities across the island. The data collected by each Instructor/Officer is sent to the FD for data entry by the Data Entry Clerk. The Data Entry Operator checks the forms for any FD for data entry by the Data Entry Clerk. The Data Entry Operator checks the forms for any inconsistencies before entry is done, as well as after entry. This process takes a maximum of inconsistencies before entry is done, as well as after entry. This process takes a maximum of one month. The Data Manager receives the data from the operator on a monthly basis for one month. The Data Manager receives the data from the operator on a monthly basis for assimilation and further validation. The Table below summarizes the data present in the FIS. assimilation and further validation. The Table below summarizes the data present in the FIS. Data From To Gap Computer Programme Form Data From To Gap Computer Programme Form Catch and Effort 1993 2009 None CARIFIS and Art Basic Catch and Effort 1993 2009 None CARIFIS and Art Basic Biological Data: Biological Data: Shrimp 1996 2009 3mth gap in 2008 CARIFIS Shrimp 1996 2009 3mth gap in 2008 CARIFIS Sprat 1996 2009 none CARIFIS Sprat 1996 2009 none CARIFIS Lobster 1996 2009 3mth gap in 2008 CARIFIS Lobster 1996 2009 3mth gap in 2008 CARIFIS Conch 1996 2009 none CARIFIS Database Conch 1996 2009 none CARIFIS Database Catch and Effort 1993 2009 none Catch and Effort 1993 2009 none Biological Data: Biological Data: Shrimp 1995 2009 3mth gap in 2008 Shrimp 1995 2009 3mth gap in 2008 Sprat 1995 2009 none Sprat 1995 2009 none Lobster 1995 2009 3mth gap in 2008 Data Lobster 1995 2009 3mth gap in 2008 Data Conch 1993 2009 none forms Conch 1993 2009 none forms Queries are conducted in Microsoft Excel. Queries are conducted in Microsoft Excel.

仮 392 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation The Data Unit of the Fisheries Division in the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is the entity The Data Unit of the Fisheries Division in the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is the entity responsible for the FIS. Data is stored on one (1) desktop computer and an external hard drive is responsible for the FIS. Data is stored on one (1) desktop computer and an external hard drive is used to keep a back-up copy of the data. This back up occurs at 2-week intervals. Compact used to keep a back-up copy of the data. This back up occurs at 2-week intervals. Compact discs are used to store back-up data. There is no off-site back up and the computer, paper files, discs are used to store back-up data. There is no off-site back up and the computer, paper files, external hard drive and CDs are kept in the same room. There is a high risk for loss of data due external hard drive and CDs are kept in the same room. There is a high risk for loss of data due to fire, flood or theft. to fire, flood or theft. Multiple computer programs are used to enter and store data. These include CARIFIS, Microsoft Multiple computer programs are used to enter and store data. These include CARIFIS, Microsoft Excel® and Microsoft Access®. Problems cited with CARIFIS include instances where the Excel® and Microsoft Access®. Problems cited with CARIFIS include instances where the software malfunctioned, lack of technical support and the need for more training in the program. software malfunctioned, lack of technical support and the need for more training in the program. Summary Statistics are periodic, mainly on a monthly and quarterly basis. Some stock Summary Statistics are periodic, mainly on a monthly and quarterly basis. Some stock assessments are periodically carried out in Jamaica. Stock assessments are performed at the assessments are periodically carried out in Jamaica. Stock assessments are performed at the Annual CRFM Scientific Meetings on lobster and conch. Annual CRFM Scientific Meetings on lobster and conch.

5.4 Information Dissemination 5.4 Information Dissemination The summarized fisheries information is sent to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, FAO, The summarized fisheries information is sent to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, FAO, CRFM, Planning Institute of Jamaica, Statistical Institute of Jamaica, Jamaica Defense Force - CRFM, Planning Institute of Jamaica, Statistical Institute of Jamaica, Jamaica Defense Force - Coast Guard, University of the West Indies, Mona, amongst other key stakeholders. Coast Guard, University of the West Indies, Mona, amongst other key stakeholders. . . There is some link between the data and management decisions. In recent times, the FIS has There is some link between the data and management decisions. In recent times, the FIS has provided information used to change the mesh size for finfish traps and adjust the minimum size provided information used to change the mesh size for finfish traps and adjust the minimum size for lobsters. However, much more can be done if more in-depth stock assessments were done in- for lobsters. However, much more can be done if more in-depth stock assessments were done in- house. house. There is need for improved stakeholder involvement in the information dissemination, and it was There is need for improved stakeholder involvement in the information dissemination, and it was appreciated that this would assist the data collection programme as the fishers would see the appreciated that this would assist the data collection programme as the fishers would see the direct benefits of providing data to the collectors. direct benefits of providing data to the collectors.

Position Current Staff Recommended Staff Gap Training Position Current Staff Recommended Staff Gap Training Complement Complement Required** Complement Complement Required** Data Manager-Administrator 1 1 0 Yes Data Manager-Administrator 1 1 0 Yes Data Collectors* 22 24 2 Yes Data Collectors* 22 24 2 Yes Data Input Clerks 2 2 0 Yes Data Input Clerks 2 2 0 Yes Fisheries Statistician 1 2 1 Yes Fisheries Statistician 1 2 1 Yes Total 17 29 12 Total 17 29 12 * some of these data collectors can be based at selected field locations based on logistics and level of fishing at the sites to ensure efficiency. * some of these data collectors can be based at selected field locations based on logistics and level of fishing at the sites to ensure efficiency. **Training is required also in CARIFIS and it is necessary for this training to be conducted in-house with real data after gaps in the computer **Training is required also in CARIFIS and it is necessary for this training to be conducted in-house with real data after gaps in the computer infrastructure are dealt with (as outlined below). infrastructure are dealt with (as outlined below).

仮 393 2. Equipment 2. Equipment There is a lack of equipment to effectively input the data as well as conduct analyses. The There is a lack of equipment to effectively input the data as well as conduct analyses. The current system requires additional equipment: current system requires additional equipment:  Five (5) Desktop Workstations for data input  Five (5) Desktop Workstations for data input  Three (3) Desktop Workstations for validation of data, summary statistics, and data  Three (3) Desktop Workstations for validation of data, summary statistics, and data assimilation assimilation  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One External Hard drive  One External Hard drive  One portable hard drive  One portable hard drive

3. Other Resources 3. Other Resources One of the major factors cited for inconsistent collection of high quality data is the lack of One of the major factors cited for inconsistent collection of high quality data is the lack of the resources listed below: the resources listed below:  Field offices and vehicles dedicated to meet the needs of data collection; this data  Field offices and vehicles dedicated to meet the needs of data collection; this data collection system requires on-going and intensive field visits. collection system requires on-going and intensive field visits.  Consistent funding for field trip expenses.  Consistent funding for field trip expenses.

仮 394 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6.1. Output from Workshop with the Staff of the Fishery Division 6.1. Output from Workshop with the Staff of the Fishery Division Brief Overview of the Workshop Brief Overview of the Workshop PCM and ID/OS workshop has been held on August 14, 2009, in a meeting room of the fisheries PCM and ID/OS workshop has been held on August 14, 2009, in a meeting room of the fisheries department. PCM workshop has been held separately for marine fisheries and aquaculture. The staff department. PCM workshop has been held separately for marine fisheries and aquaculture. The staff members from the head office and the aquaculture branch have taken part in the workshop. members from the head office and the aquaculture branch have taken part in the workshop. Problem Analysis Problem Analysis In the problem analysis of the aquaculture sector, “inadequate extension service” for small-scale In the problem analysis of the aquaculture sector, “inadequate extension service” for small-scale farmers was set as the core problem and was broken down to its root causes. According to the discussion, farmers was set as the core problem and was broken down to its root causes. According to the discussion, many of these root causes may be attributed to lack of clear aquacultural development policy and strategy. many of these root causes may be attributed to lack of clear aquacultural development policy and strategy. With regard to the marine fisheries sector, declining coastal resource seems the biggest concern. With regard to the marine fisheries sector, declining coastal resource seems the biggest concern. Unlike the aquaculture analysis, there is no single root cause for the problem. Therefore, to find a solution, Unlike the aquaculture analysis, there is no single root cause for the problem. Therefore, to find a solution, this issue has been analyzed from artisanal fishers’ perspective in terms of catch amount, price of fish and this issue has been analyzed from artisanal fishers’ perspective in terms of catch amount, price of fish and operation cost. The result shows the important issues related to resource depletion are “pollution by operation cost. The result shows the important issues related to resource depletion are “pollution by economic activity” and “illegal fishing” and “environmental impact”. economic activity” and “illegal fishing” and “environmental impact”. ID/OS Analysis ID/OS Analysis In the external analysis session, many community- related issues were addressed as negative factors In the external analysis session, many community- related issues were addressed as negative factors both in marine and aquaculture sectors. As community participation and capability are vital to succeed in both in marine and aquaculture sectors. As community participation and capability are vital to succeed in coastal resource management in many countries, there is a need for a strategy to improve these coastal resource management in many countries, there is a need for a strategy to improve these community related issues. Many environmental issues were also addressed. There are concerns of the community related issues. Many environmental issues were also addressed. There are concerns of the negative impact on fisheries by industry development, including the tourism industry. Water and negative impact on fisheries by industry development, including the tourism industry. Water and irrigation issues are also serious concerns for the aquaculture sector. There are also many issues, both irrigation issues are also serious concerns for the aquaculture sector. There are also many issues, both positive and negative, in relation to other government organizations. positive and negative, in relation to other government organizations. The internal analysis shows that the fisheries division has many weaknesses rather than in The internal analysis shows that the fisheries division has many weaknesses rather than in organization framework such as strategy, structure and human development. Like other countries, “input” organization framework such as strategy, structure and human development. Like other countries, “input” also has many weaknesses. However, the quality of the staff was addressed as a strength and output of the also has many weaknesses. However, the quality of the staff was addressed as a strength and output of the organization also strength. organization also strength. Other Information Other Information During the survey period of the JICA study team, two researchers from Cuba had been conducting a During the survey period of the JICA study team, two researchers from Cuba had been conducting a study for their stock enhancement program for lobster. They also participated in workshops and provided study for their stock enhancement program for lobster. They also participated in workshops and provided comments. comments. 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers Brief Overview of the Workshop Brief Overview of the Workshop A workshop with 21 small-scale fishers was held to assess the issues and their needs in Raetown on A workshop with 21 small-scale fishers was held to assess the issues and their needs in Raetown on the 13th of August 2009. An Interview survey was conducted in Hellshire, Port Henderson for coastal the 13th of August 2009. An Interview survey was conducted in Hellshire, Port Henderson for coastal fisheries and Hillrun, Bogwalk, Bowde, St. Thomas and Portland for small-scale aquaculture from the 11th fisheries and Hillrun, Bogwalk, Bowde, St. Thomas and Portland for small-scale aquaculture from the 11th to the 20th of August 2009. to the 20th of August 2009. Summary of the Community Summary of the Community Many small-scale fishers in the southern region of Jamaica live along the coastline and sometimes Many small-scale fishers in the southern region of Jamaica live along the coastline and sometimes form fishing villages. There are cooperatives in those fishing villages as well as landing sites. However, a form fishing villages. There are cooperatives in those fishing villages as well as landing sites. However, a cooperative’s function is usually limited to providing gear storage and selling fishing gear. Many fishers cooperative’s function is usually limited to providing gear storage and selling fishing gear. Many fishers are not members of a cooperative, with the exception of boat owners. Thus, fishing operations and are not members of a cooperative, with the exception of boat owners. Thus, fishing operations and marketing activities are mostly done individually and organized community activities are hardly observed. marketing activities are mostly done individually and organized community activities are hardly observed. Although Jamaica is famous for its tilapia culture, most production comes from large and middle Although Jamaica is famous for its tilapia culture, most production comes from large and middle scale farmers. However, the number of small-scale farmers is increasing. Those farmers are operating scale farmers. However, the number of small-scale farmers is increasing. Those farmers are operating individually with no community organization. individually with no community organization.

仮 395 Present Status of Local Fishery Present Status of Local Fishery In the southern region of Jamaica, there are two types of fishers. The first type is targeting coastal In the southern region of Jamaica, there are two types of fishers. The first type is targeting coastal fish especially yellowtail snapper using long line, gill net and fish pot. They have been able to identify fish especially yellowtail snapper using long line, gill net and fish pot. They have been able to identify fish catch trends for yellowtail snapper. According to their experience, the high season for the species is fish catch trends for yellowtail snapper. According to their experience, the high season for the species is July and the low season is January. The fishing area is relatively far from their landing site. In the past July and the low season is January. The fishing area is relatively far from their landing site. In the past fish were caught along the coastline. However, recently only few fish were caught, necessitating the fish were caught along the coastline. However, recently only few fish were caught, necessitating the fishing to occur 20 to 90 miles away from coastline, thus increasing their operation costs. As small-scale fishing to occur 20 to 90 miles away from coastline, thus increasing their operation costs. As small-scale fishers don't have access to various market channels, they usually sell their catch locally. According to fishers don't have access to various market channels, they usually sell their catch locally. According to fishers, Jamaicans prefer purchasing fish with both the head and tail still intact rather than a filleted fish. fishers, Jamaicans prefer purchasing fish with both the head and tail still intact rather than a filleted fish. Therefore the fishers focus more on snappers as opposed to large pelagic fish. Therefore the fishers focus more on snappers as opposed to large pelagic fish. The study teams interviewed scuba diving fishers who target lobster and coastal fish with spear guns. The study teams interviewed scuba diving fishers who target lobster and coastal fish with spear guns. According to their reported experience, the resource condition has worsened due to sewage as well as the According to their reported experience, the resource condition has worsened due to sewage as well as the anchoring of large vessels adversely affecting the environment. The fishers are also concerned about anchoring of large vessels adversely affecting the environment. The fishers are also concerned about restrictions imposed upon spear fishing Small-scale aquaculture farming is still in the development stage restrictions imposed upon spear fishing Small-scale aquaculture farming is still in the development stage and only a small number of people have operations. As of the survey period, three farmers out of four and only a small number of people have operations. As of the survey period, three farmers out of four have not yet gotten a harvest. However, many people seem interested in aquaculture as an alternative, have not yet gotten a harvest. However, many people seem interested in aquaculture as an alternative, especially after the recession of 2008. especially after the recession of 2008. Needs of Local Fishers Needs of Local Fishers Since the fishing ground is getting further away from the coastline, Fishers are requiring larger Since the fishing ground is getting further away from the coastline, Fishers are requiring larger vessels. This necessitates proper storage for gear and outboard engines to decrease theft as well as a wharf vessels. This necessitates proper storage for gear and outboard engines to decrease theft as well as a wharf for easier landing of the catch. Also the development of underutilized species will help the Fishers s to for easier landing of the catch. Also the development of underutilized species will help the Fishers s to alleviate impact on decreasing coastal species. Lobster fishers have addressed the need for artificial reef alleviate impact on decreasing coastal species. Lobster fishers have addressed the need for artificial reef deployment and support for cheap gear imports as their primary needs. deployment and support for cheap gear imports as their primary needs. Small-scale aquaculture farmers identified the need for more technical assistance since many lack Small-scale aquaculture farmers identified the need for more technical assistance since many lack basic experience. Finance is another big issue for current farmers and new recruits since they usually lack basic experience. Finance is another big issue for current farmers and new recruits since they usually lack sufficient capital. sufficient capital. 6.3. Key issues identified for coastal resources management in the Workshops 6.3. Key issues identified for coastal resources management in the Workshops In Jamaica, three key fishery-related issues were identified; namely 1) the development of pelagic In Jamaica, three key fishery-related issues were identified; namely 1) the development of pelagic fish, 2) integrated management of lobsters and 3) the development of a community extension service for fish, 2) integrated management of lobsters and 3) the development of a community extension service for small-scale aquaculture. small-scale aquaculture. The first issue reflects the pressure on coastal fish from many small scale fishers, despite the The first issue reflects the pressure on coastal fish from many small scale fishers, despite the obviously declining stock. To reduce such pressure on the species and secure fishers’ livelihood, obviously declining stock. To reduce such pressure on the species and secure fishers’ livelihood, diversification of fishing targets is vital. diversification of fishing targets is vital. The second issue has already been addressed by a Cuban researcher, and the study team proposes The second issue has already been addressed by a Cuban researcher, and the study team proposes the integration of the Cuban project with a JICA scheme in a synergistic manner. The Cuban project the integration of the Cuban project with a JICA scheme in a synergistic manner. The Cuban project involves five areas of focused improvement: 1) monitoring; 2) management plan; 3) capacity building; 4) involves five areas of focused improvement: 1) monitoring; 2) management plan; 3) capacity building; 4) integrated law enforcement; and 5) resource enhancement. integrated law enforcement; and 5) resource enhancement. The third issue is addressed through an aquaculture training program to improve small-scale The third issue is addressed through an aquaculture training program to improve small-scale aquaculture farming. The training comprises two different programs, the first of which targets domestic aquaculture farming. The training comprises two different programs, the first of which targets domestic small-scale farmers. The objective of the domestic training is to improve technique and knowledge of small-scale farmers. The objective of the domestic training is to improve technique and knowledge of small-scale farmers who are then able to be a community extension arm for small-scale aquaculture. The small-scale farmers who are then able to be a community extension arm for small-scale aquaculture. The other training is to be held regionally, with the objective of disseminating techniques in aquaculture to other training is to be held regionally, with the objective of disseminating techniques in aquaculture to other countries. other countries.

仮 396 RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Fishery)

Decrease income earning of fisheries

Poor support Reduction of infrastructure fishable (landing facility, resources gear , etc.)

Contamination of water by IUU Fishing sewage and waste

Destruction of Inadequate Poaching by Inadequate fishing penalties foreign vessels Policing practice/Dyna mite fishing

Inadequate Lack of Fishing culture Inadequate communication synergy and traditional Outdated resources, ｐ strategy/ between the practice often fishing laws ersonnel and public various sector perpetuated equipment awareness and sub sector even if 仮 397 ibl

Inadequate Poor access to capacity of Unorganized Illiterate fishes financing implementing fishers agencies

Too much Disorganized bureaucratic cooperative red tape support body

Lack of comprehensive fisheries management strategy and il i

Inadequate Lack of training political will

Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 39

RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Fishery)

Decrease income earning of fisheries

Poor support Reduction of infrastructure fishable (landing facility, resources gear , etc.)

Contamination of water by IUU Fishing sewage and waste

Destruction of Inadequate Poaching by Inadequate fishing penalties foreign vessels Policing practice/Dyna mite fishing

Inadequate Poor access to capacity of Unorganized Illiterate fishes financing implementing fishers agencies

Too much Disorganized bureaucratic cooperative red tape support body

Lack of comprehensive fisheries management strategy and il i

Inadequate Lack of training political will

Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 39 RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Aquaculture)

Inadequate extension service

Inadequate Inadequate unavailability of Inadequate Poor farm cooperation mileage poor Breeding Lack of record Inadequate Inadequate appropriate/mo Difficulty in marketing and practice such between allocation and Inadequate organization of problem for keeping of extension training dern Accessing distribution as over administration utility vehicles budget support fish farmers seed stock stakeholders officers interventions. equipment and finance mechanism stocking and extension to extension materials unit. officer

Lack of clear aquaculture Lack of Inadequate development collateral to financing policy and secure loan Policy strategy. 仮 398

Other problems

Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 40 Basic Question RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis) How can Fisheries Division improve sustainable Factors (Policy / Rule / Environment / Economy / Culture) management and development of fisheries sector? Water shortage in some area Opportunity High input cost Good climatic conditions for Climate change Sector conflict between fisheries and other sectors Out of Control Threat all year for aquaculture Demand better quality Product Roles and Function of stakeholders Fear of taxation makes fishers not clearly defined and farmers unwilling to Destructive fishing practice Rank Global trade unfair divulge data Increase Awareness toward Availability of good quality competition Close Proximity to Major environmental issues High rate of predial larceny and sufficient water for Contamination of water supply export market faced by farmers aquaculture Unavailability of packaging material for Unavailability of suitable land for Unavailability of suitable land for ornamental fish to export New fisheries bill and policy to Prone to natural disaster aquaculture aquaculture Technical barriers to Trade guide development of industry Pollution and destruction of marine fish Inadequate awareness of nursery area and habitat Destructive fishing practice invasive species Loan scheme available Competition between farmers Relatively free from Under and un-utilized species Controllable and tilapia importers fish diseases Inaccessibility of farm Fishers doesn't realize Unavailability of suitable materials locally Alien invasive species impacts importance of sustainability Fisheries brood stock for ornamental fish negatively Possible introduction of Division agriculture insurance JDF Coast guard: insufficient resources. Training institution: provide aqua Government: Provides rules 仮 399 Cooperative: collecting culture training. Enforcement agencies: not enough coordination with fisheries and regulations to control bargaining power division Training Institution: Syllabus is inadequate. partnership cooperation fishing practice JOFFA: Has Export association: ability to ability for Ministry : poor/slow support Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer and Fishers: increases their National Irrigation commission: Provide fund small scale fisheries and developmen for budgetary fisheries : Seem to have a top knowledge and awareness thanks to irrigation scheme that supply water to wish aquaculture extension services and training. production area t of Ministry : lack of internal down approach. Industry e.g. tourism: competition ornamental support. sidelining projects Ministry of Finance: limited Government: High Bureaucracy, Competent regulatory agency for marine space farmers Industry: Pollution and budget, lack of understanding take long time to enforce rule and Ministry: set policy and development Fish farmers: not willing to destruction of marine habitat for sustainable development regulation. of fisheries sector. adhere government guidelines Political directorate: Political Local NGOs: Advocacy, JFCU: interference/poor management plan Partnership JOFFA:Jamaica Ornamental Fish Fisher folks, Farmers: has good Stakeholders Financing entity: Collateral undermining Farmers Association: Institutional relationships both internal and organized requirement, high interest USA and EU FAO:help to facilitate policy and capacity low external certified exporters framework for development Cooperative union: May have JFCU: Inadequate hidden Agenda representation of island's Ministry of finance and Public sector: provide Fish farmers: not Farmers: Poor fishers and their issues waiver for importation of agriculture organized, poor cooperation with Aqua Jamaica fish cluster: Ability to funding for equipment management culture branch aquaculture development. Jamaica fish cluster: seems to have no interest of small scale Relations (Cooperation / Collaboration / Competition / Conflict) farmers. National Irrigation commission: Cost of irrigation is Poor management too high for small farmers. not all fish production area International NGOs: Ultra is adequately irrigated conservation views

Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 41

Basic Question RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis) How can Fisheries Division improve sustainable Factors (Policy / Rule / Environment / Economy / Culture) management and development of fisheries sector? Water shortage in some area Opportunity High input cost Good climatic conditions for Climate change Sector conflict between fisheries and other sectors Out of Control Threat all year for aquaculture Demand better quality Product Roles and Function of stakeholders Fear of taxation makes fishers not clearly defined and farmers unwilling to Destructive fishing practice Rank Global trade unfair divulge data Increase Awareness toward Availability of good quality competition Close Proximity to Major environmental issues High rate of predial larceny and sufficient water for Contamination of water supply export market faced by farmers aquaculture Unavailability of packaging material for Unavailability of suitable land for Unavailability of suitable land for ornamental fish to export New fisheries bill and policy to Prone to natural disaster aquaculture aquaculture Technical barriers to Trade guide development of industry Pollution and destruction of marine fish Inadequate awareness of nursery area and habitat Destructive fishing practice invasive species Loan scheme available Competition between farmers Relatively free from Under and un-utilized species Controllable and tilapia importers fish diseases Inaccessibility of farm Fishers doesn't realize Unavailability of suitable materials locally Alien invasive species impacts importance of sustainability Fisheries brood stock for ornamental fish negatively Possible introduction of Division agriculture insurance Training institution: provide aqua JDF Coast guard: insufficient resources. Government: Provides rules Cooperative: collecting culture training. Enforcement agencies: not enough coordination with fisheries and regulations to control bargaining power division Training Institution: Syllabus is inadequate. partnership cooperation fishing practice JOFFA: Has Export association: ability to ability for Ministry : poor/slow support Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer and Fishers: increases their National Irrigation commission: Provide fund small scale fisheries and developmen for budgetary fisheries : Seem to have a top knowledge and awareness thanks to irrigation scheme that supply water to wish aquaculture extension services and training. production area t of Ministry : lack of internal down approach. Industry e.g. tourism: competition ornamental support. sidelining projects Ministry of Finance: limited Government: High Bureaucracy, Competent regulatory agency for marine space farmers Industry: Pollution and budget, lack of understanding take long time to enforce rule and Ministry: set policy and development Fish farmers: not willing to destruction of marine habitat for sustainable development regulation. of fisheries sector. adhere government guidelines Political directorate: Political Local NGOs: Advocacy, JFCU: interference/poor management plan Partnership JOFFA:Jamaica Ornamental Fish Fisher folks, Farmers: has good Stakeholders Financing entity: Collateral undermining Farmers Association: Institutional relationships both internal and organized requirement, high interest USA and EU FAO:help to facilitate policy and capacity low external certified exporters framework for development Cooperative union: May have JFCU: Inadequate hidden Agenda representation of island's Ministry of finance and Public sector: provide Fish farmers: not Farmers: Poor fishers and their issues waiver for importation of agriculture organized, poor cooperation with Aqua Jamaica fish cluster: Ability to funding for equipment management culture branch aquaculture development. Jamaica fish cluster: seems to have no interest of small scale Relations (Cooperation / Collaboration / Competition / Conflict) farmers. National Irrigation commission: Cost of irrigation is Poor management too high for small farmers. not all fish production area International NGOs: Ultra is adequately irrigated conservation views

Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 41 RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis) Basic Question How can Fisheries Division improve sustainable management and development of fisheries sector? Input Limited or unavailable Dedicated/supportive productive resources technical staff Slow/poor budgetary Mission support Need facility Capital program budgeted improvement such as but not financed. Experienced/ brood stock, hatchery and knowledgeable staff other research related Fisheries Division Human Development Lack of adequate Structure Strategy equipment and facility. Fair work benefit good interpersonal Opportunity for comprehensive available relationships Staff unsure and feel Modernization of fisheries division development both technical and threatened by management skill. Organization is being Management readily accept modernization Efficient use of available resources transformed to ensure adequate advice from subordinates Legislation revised and new policy capacity to implement Some uncooperative/ developed. Opportunity for job placement dishonest workers Participatory decision making in Poor communication and mobility Activity program planned based on resource planning the implementation of among staffs availability not on strategy. 仮 400 technical programs Opportunity for training and Disgruntled staff, some Organizational structure is international/ regional/national inadequately trained. Work program not clearly outlined, Lack of co-operation between too hierarchical networking. administration and technical staff more ad hoc. CEO's role for transformation is not Strategy needs to be properly defined and No strategy for to ensure Lack of critical mass Poorly defined job well understood appropriate resource to be assigned transfer of new knowledge function gained by training Staff under paid Inadequate or lack of appropriate program High level of bureaucracy and low Inadequate institutional capacity to There needs wide scope of rate of accomplishment fully implement mandate internal and external capacity Important project and program are often building. curtailed due to changing priority Research and Develo pment Human resource requires wider Data collection Inadequate R&D activities and mix of skill/expertise. Inadequate communication with stakeholders Program facilities due to inappropriate public awareness not enough budget support Inaccessibility of fisheries data by Revenue generation by Successful training stakeholders on a regular basis fingerlings and advance fry programs sale Inadequate data collection, storage, analysis and dissemination of the info

Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 42

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis) Basic Question How can Fisheries Division improve sustainable management and development of fisheries sector? Input Limited or unavailable Dedicated/supportive productive resources technical staff Slow/poor budgetary Mission support Need facility Capital program budgeted improvement such as but not financed. Experienced/ brood stock, hatchery and knowledgeable staff other research related Fisheries Division Human Development Lack of adequate Structure Strategy equipment and facility. Fair work benefit good interpersonal Opportunity for comprehensive available relationships Staff unsure and feel Modernization of fisheries division development both technical and threatened by management skill. Organization is being Management readily accept modernization Efficient use of available resources transformed to ensure adequate advice from subordinates Legislation revised and new policy capacity to implement Some uncooperative/ developed. Opportunity for job placement dishonest workers Participatory decision making in Poor communication and mobility Activity program planned based on resource planning the implementation of among staffs availability not on strategy. technical programs Opportunity for training and Disgruntled staff, some Organizational structure is international/ regional/national inadequately trained. Work program not clearly outlined, Lack of co-operation between too hierarchical networking. administration and technical staff more ad hoc. CEO's role for transformation is not Strategy needs to be properly defined and No strategy for to ensure Lack of critical mass Poorly defined job well understood appropriate resource to be assigned transfer of new knowledge function gained by training Staff under paid Inadequate or lack of appropriate program High level of bureaucracy and low Inadequate institutional capacity to There needs wide scope of rate of accomplishment fully implement mandate internal and external capacity Important project and program are often building. curtailed due to changing priority Research and Develo pment Human resource requires wider Data collection Inadequate R&D activities and mix of skill/expertise. Inadequate communication with stakeholders Program facilities due to inappropriate public awareness not enough budget support Inaccessibility of fisheries data by Revenue generation by Successful training stakeholders on a regular basis fingerlings and advance fry programs sale Inadequate data collection, storage, analysis and dissemination of the info

Final Country Report for Jamaica – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 42 REFERENCES REFERENCES AIKEN, K.A. et al. Aquaculture in Jamaica. Naga, World Fish Centre Quarterly (Vol. 25, AIKEN, K.A. et al. Aquaculture in Jamaica. Naga, World Fish Centre Quarterly (Vol. 25, Nos. 3 and 4). July – Dec. 2002. Nos. 3 and 4). July – Dec. 2002. CFRAMP. Marine Fisheries Census of Jamaica (1998). Belize. 2001. CFRAMP. Marine Fisheries Census of Jamaica (1998). Belize. 2001. CRFM. Report of the first annual CRFM scientific meeting. 22-30 June 2004. Published by the CRFM. Report of the first annual CRFM scientific meeting. 22-30 June 2004. Published by the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. CRFM Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. CRFM Fishery Report No. 11. 318p. 2005. Fishery Report No. 11. 318p. 2005. CRFM. Report of the fourth annual CRFM scientific meeting. 10-20 June 2008. Published by CRFM. Report of the fourth annual CRFM scientific meeting. 10-20 June 2008. Published by the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. CRFM Fishery Volume 1, Suppl. 1, 82p. 2008. CRFM Fishery Volume 1, Suppl. 1, 82p. 2008. ESPEUT, Peter. A Socioeconomic Baseline Survey of Thirty Fishing Communities in Twelve ESPEUT, Peter. A Socioeconomic Baseline Survey of Thirty Fishing Communities in Twelve CARICOM Countries. Report of a survey conducted for the Caribbean Natural CARICOM Countries. Report of a survey conducted for the Caribbean Natural Resources Institute, (CANARI), Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, W.I., for the CARICOM Resources Institute, (CANARI), Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, W.I., for the CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme (CFRAMP), Belize Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme (CFRAMP), Belize City, Belize, C.A., 1994. City, Belize, C.A., 1994. ESPEUT, Peter. Towards the Spatial Distribution of Fishing Pressure in Jamaica. TNC. 2004. ESPEUT, Peter. Towards the Spatial Distribution of Fishing Pressure in Jamaica. TNC. 2004. ESPEUT, Peter and Sandra GRANT. An Economic and Social Analysis of Small-Scale Fisheries ESPEUT, Peter and Sandra GRANT. An Economic and Social Analysis of Small-Scale Fisheries in Jamaica. Rome: FAO. August 1990. in Jamaica. Rome: FAO. August 1990. FAO. Fisheries and aquaculture profile. Jamaica. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the FAO. Fisheries and aquaculture profile. Jamaica. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 2003. United Nations. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 2003. www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_JM/en www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_JM/en HADLEY, M., and S. SINGH-RENTON. A questionnaire study providing and overview of HADLEY, M., and S. SINGH-RENTON. A questionnaire study providing and overview of fisheries management priorities and the existing supporting technical framework fisheries management priorities and the existing supporting technical framework within 13 CRFM countries. CRFM Research Paper Collection. Volume 5. No, 2. within 13 CRFM countries. CRFM Research Paper Collection. Volume 5. No, 2. 39-143p. 2009. 39-143p. 2009. HALCROW, Sir William and Partners Ltd. Multi-sector Pre-Investment Program, South Coast HALCROW, Sir William and Partners Ltd. Multi-sector Pre-Investment Program, South Coast Sustainable Development Study Technical Supplement, Aquaculture. September Sustainable Development Study Technical Supplement, Aquaculture. September 1998. 1998. ICCAT. Report of the standing committee of research and statistics. Madrid Spain, September ICCAT. Report of the standing committee of research and statistics. Madrid Spain, September 29-October 3, 2008. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic 29-October 3, 2008. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. 2008 SCRS Report, 241p. 2008. Tunas. 2008 SCRS Report, 241p. 2008. JAMAICA. Draft Fisheries Bill. Fisheries Division. August 2008. JAMAICA. Draft Fisheries Bill. Fisheries Division. August 2008. JAMAICA. Draft Fisheries Policy. Fisheries Division. March 2004. JAMAICA. Draft Fisheries Policy. Fisheries Division. March 2004. JAMAICA. The Beach Control Act 1956. JAMAICA. The Beach Control Act 1956. JAMAICA. The Fishing Industry Act 1976. JAMAICA. The Fishing Industry Act 1976. JAMAICA. The Harbours Act. 1874. The Jamaica Harbours Act of 1874. 17p. JAMAICA. The Harbours Act. 1874. The Jamaica Harbours Act of 1874. 17p. JAMAICA. The Maritime Areas Act. 1996. The Jamaica Maritime Areas Act of 1975. 23p. JAMAICA. The Maritime Areas Act. 1996. The Jamaica Maritime Areas Act of 1975. 23p. JAMAICA. The Morant and Pedro Cays Act 1907. Morant and Pedro Cays Act. Jamaica. 3p. JAMAICA. The Morant and Pedro Cays Act 1907. Morant and Pedro Cays Act. Jamaica. 3p. JAMAICA. The Wildlife Protection Act 1945. JAMAICA. The Wildlife Protection Act 1945.

仮 401 JAMAICA FISH CLUSTER. Baseline Survey. 2008. JAMAICA FISH CLUSTER. Baseline Survey. 2008. MAHON, Robin, John NEILSON, Susan SINGH-RENTON, and Karl AIKEN. Subproject MAHON, Robin, John NEILSON, Susan SINGH-RENTON, and Karl AIKEN. Subproject Initiation Mission Report for Large Pelagic, Reef and Deep-Slope Fisheries Initiation Mission Report for Large Pelagic, Reef and Deep-Slope Fisheries Assessments. CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Assessments. CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme (CFRAMP) Fisheries Research Document. 1993. Programme (CFRAMP) Fisheries Research Document. 1993. MURRAY, A. Jamaica National Report. In Report of the Fourth Annual Scientific Meeting. MURRAY, A. Jamaica National Report. In Report of the Fourth Annual Scientific Meeting. Kingstown, St Vincent and the Grenadines. 10-20 June 2008. Caribbean Kingstown, St Vincent and the Grenadines. 10-20 June 2008. Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. CRFM Fishery Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. CRFM Fishery Report 2008, 76p. 2008. Report 2008, 76p. 2008. PIOJ. Economic and Social Survey Jamaica, 2006, Kingston: Planning Institute of Jamaica. PIOJ. Economic and Social Survey Jamaica, 2006, Kingston: Planning Institute of Jamaica. 2006. 2006. Van RIEL, Wesley B. Economic Study of the Jamaican Fishing Industry. Draft Report. January Van RIEL, Wesley B. Economic Study of the Jamaican Fishing Industry. Draft Report. January 2005. 2005.

仮 402 ANNEX 1 ANNEX 1 Key Elements of Strategy associated with the Draft Aquaculture Policy Key Elements of Strategy associated with the Draft Aquaculture Policy

1. Produce and regularly update aquaculture development strategies and plans, 1. Produce and regularly update aquaculture development strategies and plans, ensuring ecological sustaniability and compatability with shared user resourses ensuring ecological sustaniability and compatability with shared user resourses 2. Develop and implement a registration and licensing system for aquaculture to be 2. Develop and implement a registration and licensing system for aquaculture to be tied in with the management plauning process. (Registration and licensing of tied in with the management plauning process. (Registration and licensing of farmers and traders may be an effective means of combating praedlial larceny). farmers and traders may be an effective means of combating praedlial larceny). 3. Promote active participation of aquaculturists. their communitiesand 3. Promote active participation of aquaculturists. their communitiesand environmental organizations in the development of responsible aquaculture environmental organizations in the development of responsible aquaculture management practices. management practices. 4. Develop appropriate mechanisms to monitor the impacts of inputs used in 4. Develop appropriate mechanisms to monitor the impacts of inputs used in aquaculture: Establish effective procedures specific to aquaculture for undertaking aquaculture: Establish effective procedures specific to aquaculture for undertaking environmental assessment (EIAs) and monitoring with the aim of minimizing environmental assessment (EIAs) and monitoring with the aim of minimizing adverse ecological changes and related economic and social consequences adverse ecological changes and related economic and social consequences resulting from water extraction. land use. discharge of efflueiits. use of drugs and resulting from water extraction. land use. discharge of efflueiits. use of drugs and chemicals and other aquaeulture activities: Require that before registration an chemicals and other aquaeulture activities: Require that before registration an aquaculture farm should meet the applicable environmental standards. aquaculture farm should meet the applicable environmental standards. 5. Establish appropriate mechanisms, such as databases and infonnation networks, to 5. Establish appropriate mechanisms, such as databases and infonnation networks, to collect, share and disseminate data related to aquaculture activities in order to collect, share and disseminate data related to aquaculture activities in order to facilitate cooperation in planning for aqua culture development at the national facilitate cooperation in planning for aqua culture development at the national level: establish mandatory data reporting standards. level: establish mandatory data reporting standards. 6. Implement zoning of lands for aqua culture development plans and make 6. Implement zoning of lands for aqua culture development plans and make provisions for adequate water supply. provisions for adequate water supply. 7. Encourage aquaculture development particularly by fishermen who used to fish in 7. Encourage aquaculture development particularly by fishermen who used to fish in Zones 12 and 2. in order to relieve the fishing pressure on the reef fisheries. Zones 12 and 2. in order to relieve the fishing pressure on the reef fisheries. 8. Rresearch to limit bird predation. 8. Rresearch to limit bird predation. 9. Execute plans to culture native species e.g. mullet (Mugil spp.) 9. Execute plans to culture native species e.g. mullet (Mugil spp.) 10. Investigate possibilities for expansion of culture of Tilapia and other types of food 10. Investigate possibilities for expansion of culture of Tilapia and other types of food fish (carps. collosoina etc.) and ornamental fish, in keeping with marker fish (carps. collosoina etc.) and ornamental fish, in keeping with marker conditions. conditions. 11. Encourage the development of commercial oyster farming and Irish Moss culture, 11. Encourage the development of commercial oyster farming and Irish Moss culture, since the necessary research work has been done. since the necessary research work has been done. 12. Provide key role (research, extension services) in the growth of aquaculture hence 12. Provide key role (research, extension services) in the growth of aquaculture hence preventing monopolies. preventing monopolies. 13. Encourage aquaculture and marictilture research, in collaboration with scientific 13. Encourage aquaculture and marictilture research, in collaboration with scientific institutions and stakeholders. institutions and stakeholders. 14. Investigate subsidies and incentives and explore possibilities for an amicable 14. Investigate subsidies and incentives and explore possibilities for an amicable financing regime for aquaculture development financing regime for aquaculture development

仮 403 ANNEX 2 ANNEX 2

Critical Issues affecting the General Aquaculture Industry Critical Issues affecting the General Aquaculture Industry

Primary activities CRITICAL ISSUES Primary activities CRITICAL ISSUES

Seed Supply Insufficient and inconsistent supply; Farmers require 10- Seed Supply Insufficient and inconsistent supply; Farmers require 10- 15g while suppliers are only supplying 1g 15g while suppliers are only supplying 1g

Grow out Inefficient aquaculture practices which reduce production Grow out Inefficient aquaculture practices which reduce production capacity; Good management practices are capacity; Good management practices are needed extension and training would play needed extension and training would play a very important part in increasing a very important part in increasing productivity productivity Processing Limited processing and present mainly among the larger Processing Limited processing and present mainly among the larger farmers. There are three processing plants farmers. There are three processing plants which process aquaculture products. One which process aquaculture products. One of these is HACCP certified and approved of these is HACCP certified and approved to export to the European Union. to export to the European Union.

Most fish are sold live and are scaled and gutted upon Most fish are sold live and are scaled and gutted upon purchase. These conditions are unhygienic purchase. These conditions are unhygienic and need improvement. However, large and need improvement. However, large processing facilities exists processing facilities exists Market Aspects Marketing and distribution of aquaculture products is Market Aspects Marketing and distribution of aquaculture products is limited and largely concentrated around limited and largely concentrated around

the centres of production and in the major the centres of production and in the major cities. There is a need to improve the cities. There is a need to improve the marketing and distribution of the products marketing and distribution of the products so that they are more visible across the so that they are more visible across the island. The potential exists for satisfying island. The potential exists for satisfying a reasonable portion of the local market. a reasonable portion of the local market.

Marketing arrangement needs to be formalized. Marketing arrangement needs to be formalized. Presently, farmers complain about the Presently, farmers complain about the farm gate price they get from vendors. farm gate price they get from vendors.

Farmers need to work as a cooperative thus ensuring Farmers need to work as a cooperative thus ensuring more effective distribution of the products. more effective distribution of the products.

仮 404 A market study and marketing strategy were recently A market study and marketing strategy were recently devised through the Jamaica Fish Cluster devised through the Jamaica Fish Cluster to look at the scope of demand and to look at the scope of demand and strategies to effect better distribution of strategies to effect better distribution of the product. the product. Consumer acceptance Consumer acceptance of the red hybrid tilapia is Consumer acceptance Consumer acceptance of the red hybrid tilapia is improving; however, issues of off favor improving; however, issues of off favor

still persist. still persist.

Food Safety Post harvest practices need to be improved. Food Safety Post harvest practices need to be improved.

Support Activities CRITICAL ISSUES Support Activities CRITICAL ISSUES Social There needs to be better organization of fish farmers. Social There needs to be better organization of fish farmers. This will ensure that there is a collective This will ensure that there is a collective voice that can drive the further voice that can drive the further development of aquaculture and ensure development of aquaculture and ensure that greater priority is placed on that greater priority is placed on aquaculture development. aquaculture development.

In the 1980s it was proposed that a National Aquaculture In the 1980s it was proposed that a National Aquaculture Development Committee should be Development Committee should be established in order to guide policy as it established in order to guide policy as it relates to aquaculture development. relates to aquaculture development. Economic Financing; availability of loans with low interest rates, Economic Financing; availability of loans with low interest rates, reasonable repayment schedules and reasonable repayment schedules and collateral requirements. Start-up costs are collateral requirements. Start-up costs are high due to the capital intensive nature of high due to the capital intensive nature of aquaculture. Some farmers experience aquaculture. Some farmers experience limited cash flow during the crop cycle limited cash flow during the crop cycle which results in their inability to provide which results in their inability to provide sufficient feed to fish during the grow-out sufficient feed to fish during the grow-out cycle. This leads to the crop cycle being cycle. This leads to the crop cycle being longer than required. Increase earnings of longer than required. Increase earnings of small farmers small farmers

Human resources 90% of all farm laborers are literate Human resources 90% of all farm laborers are literate

Technology Development Limited due to financing Technology Development Limited due to financing

仮 405 Health Management Limited, however, Jamaica boast a disease free status Health Management Limited, however, Jamaica boast a disease free status

Feed and feed Management Sinking feed is available locally and the Aquaculture Feed and feed Management Sinking feed is available locally and the Aquaculture Branch provides extension services as it Branch provides extension services as it relates to feed management and increasing relates to feed management and increasing Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

仮 406 ANNEX 3 General Description of Tilapia Production Systems. ANNEX 3 General Description of Tilapia Production Systems. In Jamaica, the use of earth ponds predominates due to the relatively lower construction and In Jamaica, the use of earth ponds predominates due to the relatively lower construction and maintenance costs. At least 50 percent of these ponds are supplied by irrigation maintenance costs. At least 50 percent of these ponds are supplied by irrigation schemes. schemes. The most common system is still water ponds where water is only added to the ponds at the The most common system is still water ponds where water is only added to the ponds at the initial filling, and then again to make up for seepage and evaporation losses, initial filling, and then again to make up for seepage and evaporation losses, although sometimes greater flushing is required if water quality deteriorates or a although sometimes greater flushing is required if water quality deteriorates or a blue-green algae bloom develops. The stocking density of these ponds depends on blue-green algae bloom develops. The stocking density of these ponds depends on whether there is any supplementary aeration. Without aeration, final densities of whether there is any supplementary aeration. Without aeration, final densities of up to 4-5 tonnes/ha are possible. The use of aeration allows higher fish densities up to 4-5 tonnes/ha are possible. The use of aeration allows higher fish densities (approximately 10 tonnes/ha), whilst flowing water allows stocking densities to (approximately 10 tonnes/ha), whilst flowing water allows stocking densities to rise much higher (over 100 tonnes/ha). rise much higher (over 100 tonnes/ha). Tilapia farming occurs in three or more phases. The general model for Jamaica is that fish are Tilapia farming occurs in three or more phases. The general model for Jamaica is that fish are spawned in ponds with stocking densities of around 10 000-12 000 fish per ha. spawned in ponds with stocking densities of around 10 000-12 000 fish per ha. Fry are captured before they are 5 days old and transferred to concrete tanks. Fry are captured before they are 5 days old and transferred to concrete tanks. They remain in the tanks fed a diet containing methyl-testosterone (to produce They remain in the tanks fed a diet containing methyl-testosterone (to produce all-male fry) for about 28 days. Then they are transferred to nursery ponds where all-male fry) for about 28 days. Then they are transferred to nursery ponds where they remain for about 120 days. Stocking densities at this point are 100 000- they remain for about 120 days. Stocking densities at this point are 100 000- 150 000/ha for non-aerated to moderately aerated ponds. For flow-though ponds, 150 000/ha for non-aerated to moderately aerated ponds. For flow-though ponds, stocking densities can be over 600 000/ha. The final grow-out phase lasts between stocking densities can be over 600 000/ha. The final grow-out phase lasts between 90 and 180 days depending on the size of fish required. 90 and 180 days depending on the size of fish required. Grow-out itself is split into two phases with the stocking density reduced in the final phase to Grow-out itself is split into two phases with the stocking density reduced in the final phase to improve growth rates. Any smaller females (unsuccessful sex reversals) are improve growth rates. Any smaller females (unsuccessful sex reversals) are graded out at this point. For still water ponds without aeration, stocking densities graded out at this point. For still water ponds without aeration, stocking densities are in the region of 15 000/ha. This climbs depending on the use of aeration and are in the region of 15 000/ha. This climbs depending on the use of aeration and increase in water flow, through 60 000/ha to 200 000/ha. Aquaculture Jamaica, increase in water flow, through 60 000/ha to 200 000/ha. Aquaculture Jamaica, and a small number of other producers, have hatchery, nursery and grow-out and a small number of other producers, have hatchery, nursery and grow-out facilities. Many of the smaller producers buy fingerlings and only have grow-out facilities. Many of the smaller producers buy fingerlings and only have grow-out ponds. ponds. Fingerlings are sold at a range of 15 - 40 g. Individual pond cycles are therefore in the region of Fingerlings are sold at a range of 15 - 40 g. Individual pond cycles are therefore in the region of 100-150 days with a couple of weeks between each to dry and treat the pond with 100-150 days with a couple of weeks between each to dry and treat the pond with lime. This gives approximately 2.2-2.8 cycles per year. However, a whole cycle lime. This gives approximately 2.2-2.8 cycles per year. However, a whole cycle of tilapia (fry to harvest) is between 240 and 360 days depending on final harvest of tilapia (fry to harvest) is between 240 and 360 days depending on final harvest size, stocking density, feed quality and time of year (growth is slower during the size, stocking density, feed quality and time of year (growth is slower during the winter). Overall productivity cited by Aquaculture Jamaica was as follows: winter). Overall productivity cited by Aquaculture Jamaica was as follows:  Toll Gate site = 11.7 tonnes/ha pond area/year.  Toll Gate site = 11.7 tonnes/ha pond area/year.  Barton Isle site = 34.5 tonnes/ha pond area/year.  Barton Isle site = 34.5 tonnes/ha pond area/year.  Contract farmers = 10.5 tonnes/ha pond area/year.  Contract farmers = 10.5 tonnes/ha pond area/year. Most of the contract farms are supplied with 15 - 30 g fingerling fish from Aquaculture Jamaica. Most of the contract farms are supplied with 15 - 30 g fingerling fish from Aquaculture Jamaica. The higher production at Barton Isle is a reflection of the higher intensity of the The higher production at Barton Isle is a reflection of the higher intensity of the methods used. It is estimated that smaller farmers, perhaps without aeration, are methods used. It is estimated that smaller farmers, perhaps without aeration, are probably managing 5-6 tonnes/ha/yr. The normal harvest weight is between 3/4 probably managing 5-6 tonnes/ha/yr. The normal harvest weight is between 3/4 and 1 1/4 lbs (340-570 g), the larger sizes used for fillets. and 1 1/4 lbs (340-570 g), the larger sizes used for fillets.

仮 407

FINAL COUNTRY FINAL COUNTRY REPORT: REPORT: ST. KITTS & NEVIS ST. KITTS & NEVIS

October 2009 October 2009

仮 409 St. Kitts & Nevis St. Kitts & Nevis

Country Profile Country Profile Geographic coordinates 17o 20’ N, 62o 45’ W Geographic coordinates 17o 20’ N, 62o 45’ W Total area 261 sq km (Saint Kitts 168 sq km; Nevis 93 sq km) Total area 261 sq km (Saint Kitts 168 sq km; Nevis 93 sq km) Land area 261 sq km Land area 261 sq km Water area 20,400sq km Water area 20,400sq km Length of Coastline 135 km Length of Coastline 135 km Shelf Area 845 sq km Shelf Area 845 sq km Territorial Sea 12nm Territorial Sea 12nm Claimed EEZ 20,400 sq km Claimed EEZ 20,400 sq km Highest point (m) 1,156 m (Mount Liamuiga) Highest point (m) 1,156 m (Mount Liamuiga) Climate tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature Climate tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) variation; rainy season (May to November) Natural hazards hurricanes (July to October) Natural hazards hurricanes (July to October) Population 40,131 (July 2009 est.) Population 40,131 (July 2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 0.847% (2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 0.847% (2009 est.) Rate Rate Life Expectancy at birth total population: 73.2 years Life Expectancy at birth total population: 73.2 years Languages English Languages English Ethnic Mix predominantly black; some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese Ethnic Mix predominantly black; some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese Work force 18,170 (June 1995) Work force 18,170 (June 1995) Unemployment 4.5% (1997) Unemployment 4.5% (1997) GDP (PPP) $759.5 million (2008 est.) GDP (PPP) $759.5 million (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate 2.4% (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate 2.4% (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) $19,100 (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) $19,100 (2008 est.) Currency Unit East Caribbean dollars (XCD) US$1 = EC$2.7 Currency Unit East Caribbean dollars (XCD) US$1 = EC$2.7 Area of Mangrove Forests n/a Area of Mangrove Forests n/a Percent of Mangrove n/a Percent of Mangrove n/a Forests Protected Forests Protected Per Capita Food Supply * Per Capita Food Supply * from Fish/Fishery Products from Fish/Fishery Products (2000) (2000) Exports machinery, food, electronics, beverages, tobacco Exports machinery, food, electronics, beverages, tobacco Sources: CIA World Factbook – St. Kitts and Nevis (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – St. Kitts and Nevis Sources: CIA World Factbook – St. Kitts and Nevis (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – St. Kitts and Nevis

仮 411 Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations and Acronyms CARICOM Caribbean Community CARICOM Caribbean Community CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism EU European Union EU European Union FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAC Fisheries Advisory Committee FAC Fisheries Advisory Committee FD Fisheries Department FD Fisheries Department FMP Fisheries Management Plan FMP Fisheries Management Plan GEF Global Environmental Facility GEF Global Environmental Facility GOSKN Government of St. Kitts & Nevis GOSKN Government of St. Kitts & Nevis IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MPA Marine Protected Area MPA Marine Protected Area mt Metric Ton mt Metric Ton OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States SKN St. Kitts & Nevis SKN St. Kitts & Nevis TIP Trip Interview Program TIP Trip Interview Program TSV Taura Syndrome Virus TSV Taura Syndrome Virus UNDP United Nations Development Program UNDP United Nations Development Program

仮 412 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE # PAGE # 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 6 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 6 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 6 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 6 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources 11 Management of Fishery Resources 11 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management 13 Approaches to Fisheries Management 13 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues Related to participatory 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues Related to participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management and introduction of Approaches to Fisheries Management and introduction of Alternative Livelihoods 13 Alternative Livelihoods 13 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and Management Plans 14 Management Plans 14 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Management Objectives 16 Development Management Objectives 16 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 16 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 16 3.4 Catch and Effort 18 3.4 Catch and Effort 18 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4.1 Policy supporting Legislation Development Plans 21 4.1 Policy supporting Legislation Development Plans 21 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objective 21 and Development Objective 21 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 21 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 21 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 21 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 21 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 22 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 22 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement 22 Stock Enhancement 22 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 22 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 22 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 23 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 23 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 24 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 24 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 24 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 24 5.4 Information Dissemination 25 5.4 Information Dissemination 25 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information System 25 System 25 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department 27 6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department 27 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 28 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 28 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the Workshop 29 Workshop 29 REFERENCES 32 REFERENCES 32

仮 413 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

St. Kitts (or St. Christopher) and Nevis are two volcanic islands with steep mountainous St. Kitts (or St. Christopher) and Nevis are two volcanic islands with steep mountainous slopes. They are located to the east of the Virgin Islands, to the south and west of the Leeward slopes. They are located to the east of the Virgin Islands, to the south and west of the Leeward Islands of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, and to the south and east of Puerto Rico. Each island Islands of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, and to the south and east of Puerto Rico. Each island maintains a separate political identity, and as The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis they maintains a separate political identity, and as The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis they became an independent state in 1983. It is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), became an independent state in 1983. It is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Organization of Eastern Caribbean states (OECS), and the British Commonwealth of Nations. the Organization of Eastern Caribbean states (OECS), and the British Commonwealth of Nations. In 1998, a vote in Nevis in a referendum to separate from Saint Kitts fell short of the two-thirds In 1998, a vote in Nevis in a referendum to separate from Saint Kitts fell short of the two-thirds majority needed. Nevis continues in its efforts to separate from Saint Kitts. majority needed. Nevis continues in its efforts to separate from Saint Kitts. The fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis (SKN) are mainly artisanal and marine. Fishing operations The fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis (SKN) are mainly artisanal and marine. Fishing operations target demersal reef fish - with 80% of the registered vessels and 75% of fishers engaged in this target demersal reef fish - with 80% of the registered vessels and 75% of fishers engaged in this activity. In 2002 and 2006 Japan funded the Basseterre Fisheries Complex and the Old Road activity. In 2002 and 2006 Japan funded the Basseterre Fisheries Complex and the Old Road Fisheries Complex, which are expected to boost fisheries production; the following facilities Fisheries Complex, which are expected to boost fisheries production; the following facilities were established: a community fishery center building, a boatyard, a jetty, a slipway, an ice were established: a community fishery center building, a boatyard, a jetty, a slipway, an ice machine, lockers and other facilities. machine, lockers and other facilities. In St. Kitts, most fish are sold directly from fishing boats to consumers or vendors, while some is In St. Kitts, most fish are sold directly from fishing boats to consumers or vendors, while some is sold at the Basseterre and Old Road complexes., In Nevis, a small proportion is sold to the Nevis sold at the Basseterre and Old Road complexes., In Nevis, a small proportion is sold to the Nevis Fisherman’s Marketing and Supplies Cooperative. Much of the lobster and conch is exported or Fisherman’s Marketing and Supplies Cooperative. Much of the lobster and conch is exported or sold to local hotels and restaurants. sold to local hotels and restaurants. The majority of the catch consists of demersal species of the shallow reef and shelf areas. Target The majority of the catch consists of demersal species of the shallow reef and shelf areas. Target species include: hind (Serranidae), doctor fish/surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), triggerfish species include: hind (Serranidae), doctor fish/surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), triggerfish (Balistidae), grunts (Pomadasyidae), squirrelfish (Holocentridae), snappers (Lutjanidae), goatfish (Balistidae), grunts (Pomadasyidae), squirrelfish (Holocentridae), snappers (Lutjanidae), goatfish (Mullidae), parrotfish (Scaridae), and groupers (Serranidae). Conch (Strombus gigas) and the (Mullidae), parrotfish (Scaridae), and groupers (Serranidae). Conch (Strombus gigas) and the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) are also harvested. Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) are also harvested. Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 1 Development 1

仮 415 Deep slope species include snappers and groupers. Deep slope species include snappers and groupers. Inshore/coastal pelagics harvested in St. Kitts include gars (Belonidae), ballyhoo (Exocoetidae Inshore/coastal pelagics harvested in St. Kitts include gars (Belonidae), ballyhoo (Exocoetidae and Hemiramphus spp.), jacks (Selar crumenopthalmus and Caranx spp.), herrings (Clupea spp.), and Hemiramphus spp.), jacks (Selar crumenopthalmus and Caranx spp.), herrings (Clupea spp.), silversides (Atherinidae), anchovies (Engraulidae), needlefish (Belonidae) and small tunas. silversides (Atherinidae), anchovies (Engraulidae), needlefish (Belonidae) and small tunas. Despite accounting for only 10% of registered vessels and less than 3% of fishers, coastal Despite accounting for only 10% of registered vessels and less than 3% of fishers, coastal pelagics comprise approximately 40% of the landings each year. pelagics comprise approximately 40% of the landings each year. Large pelagics targeted in SKN include sharks, dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), tuna and Large pelagics targeted in SKN include sharks, dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), tuna and mackerels. Billfish (swordfish and marlin) are reported in the large pelagic fishery of SKN. mackerels. Billfish (swordfish and marlin) are reported in the large pelagic fishery of SKN. There is no local or foreign shrimp trawling in SKN. There is no local or foreign shrimp trawling in SKN. Demersal shallow reef and shelf fishes are caught by Antillean Z-traps or handlines, and Demersal shallow reef and shelf fishes are caught by Antillean Z-traps or handlines, and sometimes by spear guns. Antillean ‘Z” traps are more common in Nevis, while rectangular and sometimes by spear guns. Antillean ‘Z” traps are more common in Nevis, while rectangular and arrow traps are more numerous in St. Kitts. Many vessels deploy a combination of handlines and arrow traps are more numerous in St. Kitts. Many vessels deploy a combination of handlines and traps. Conch and a very small percentage of lobsters are harvested by scuba divers. Most lobsters traps. Conch and a very small percentage of lobsters are harvested by scuba divers. Most lobsters are caught with the same finfish traps which are baited. are caught with the same finfish traps which are baited. Deep slope species are caught with traps or handlines. Mesh size restrictions apply to traps used Deep slope species are caught with traps or handlines. Mesh size restrictions apply to traps used in this fishery, according to Fisheries Regulations, No. 11 of 1995. in this fishery, according to Fisheries Regulations, No. 11 of 1995. Coastal pelagics are caught mainly with seine nets, sometimes set from the beach, and Coastal pelagics are caught mainly with seine nets, sometimes set from the beach, and sometimes by gillnets. There are about six seine vessels employing traditional seining methods sometimes by gillnets. There are about six seine vessels employing traditional seining methods and operated mainly by older fishers. and operated mainly by older fishers. Trolling (sometimes referred to as towing) is used to catch large pelagics for both islands, Trolling (sometimes referred to as towing) is used to catch large pelagics for both islands, and it is the fastest growing technique in St. Kitts over the five years leading up to 2001. In St. and it is the fastest growing technique in St. Kitts over the five years leading up to 2001. In St. Kitts, trolling lines are usually of 80-100 lb test with a single hook. Mustard #4-#8 are used Kitts, trolling lines are usually of 80-100 lb test with a single hook. Mustard #4-#8 are used regularly. Artificial lures are sometimes used, especially for the tuna and mackerel species, but regularly. Artificial lures are sometimes used, especially for the tuna and mackerel species, but fishers prefer to use ballyhoo or flyingfish to catch dolphinfish. Live bait is sometimes used with fishers prefer to use ballyhoo or flyingfish to catch dolphinfish. Live bait is sometimes used with hand lines to catch tunas. FADs (fishing aggregating devices) have been deployed successfully hand lines to catch tunas. FADs (fishing aggregating devices) have been deployed successfully and have resulted in increased catches of large pelagics. and have resulted in increased catches of large pelagics. In 2001, the FAO reported that the fisheries sector comprised 331 registered fishing In 2001, the FAO reported that the fisheries sector comprised 331 registered fishing vessels (188 in St. Kitts and 143 in Nevis) and 613 registered fishers (263 in St. Kitts, and 350 in vessels (188 in St. Kitts and 143 in Nevis) and 613 registered fishers (263 in St. Kitts, and 350 in Nevis). The FAO (2000) reported general vessel information for St. Kitts: registered boasts are Nevis). The FAO (2000) reported general vessel information for St. Kitts: registered boasts are 10-30 feet long, with most (38%) between 16-20 feet, and about 7% over 25 feet. About 95% of 10-30 feet long, with most (38%) between 16-20 feet, and about 7% over 25 feet. About 95% of the fishing vessels use outboard motors ranging from single 15 hp to twin 150 hp motors. Forty- the fishing vessels use outboard motors ranging from single 15 hp to twin 150 hp motors. Forty- five percent of boats have a power rating from 40-48 hp, while 14% have a power unit of 75 hp five percent of boats have a power rating from 40-48 hp, while 14% have a power unit of 75 hp or more. or more. The shallow reef and slope fisheries occur in waters 9-180 m (5-100 fathoms). Trip duration is The shallow reef and slope fisheries occur in waters 9-180 m (5-100 fathoms). Trip duration is between 6-36 hours, typically including 1-4 crew members. Handliners set 4-12 hooks. For trap between 6-36 hours, typically including 1-4 crew members. Handliners set 4-12 hooks. For trap fisheries, the soak time is approximately 1-5 days. Crew size is reported as typically two persons. fisheries, the soak time is approximately 1-5 days. Crew size is reported as typically two persons. The quantity of traps carried by each vessel varies from 25-40. Inshore fisheries for coastal The quantity of traps carried by each vessel varies from 25-40. Inshore fisheries for coastal pelagics operate within 9 km (5 nm) from shore, although some vessels fish 27-31 km (15-20 pelagics operate within 9 km (5 nm) from shore, although some vessels fish 27-31 km (15-20 nm) offshore. Vessels are between 8-10 m in length, powered by one or two 40-65 hp outboard nm) offshore. Vessels are between 8-10 m in length, powered by one or two 40-65 hp outboard engines. Crew size varies from 5-8, although 50 persons can be involved in hauling in a beach engines. Crew size varies from 5-8, although 50 persons can be involved in hauling in a beach seine. Coastal pelagics are also caught by monofilament gillnets set in the near shore reef, rocks seine. Coastal pelagics are also caught by monofilament gillnets set in the near shore reef, rocks and reefs. Gillnets are 33-100 m in length and 3.3-5 m deep. and reefs. Gillnets are 33-100 m in length and 3.3-5 m deep. Nylon-constructed beach seines for coastal pelagics are 180-550 m long and 5-15 m deep. Seines Nylon-constructed beach seines for coastal pelagics are 180-550 m long and 5-15 m deep. Seines have a stretched mesh size of 2.54 cm (1 in). The seines are deployed before dawn and are pulled have a stretched mesh size of 2.54 cm (1 in). The seines are deployed before dawn and are pulled in by mid-day. in by mid-day.

Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 2 Development 2

仮 416 In St. Kitts, efforts to catch large pelagics are concentrated from January to June, but some catch In St. Kitts, efforts to catch large pelagics are concentrated from January to June, but some catch is reported from October to December, and fishers venture up to 56 km (35 miles) from home is reported from October to December, and fishers venture up to 56 km (35 miles) from home port to pursue these species. port to pursue these species. Most full-time fishers in SKN average about 3-4 trips per week. Most full-time fishers in SKN average about 3-4 trips per week. According to the CRFM website According to the CRFM website there are nineteen (19) fish landing St. Kitts Landing Sites there are nineteen (19) fish landing St. Kitts Landing Sites 1. Basse Terre East 1. Basse Terre East sites on the two islands – eleven 2. Basse Terre West sites on the two islands – eleven 2. Basse Terre West (11) on St. Kitts and eight (8) on 3. Old Road (11) on St. Kitts and eight (8) on 3. Old Road Nevis. The map on the right shows 4. Sandy Point Nevis. The map on the right shows 4. Sandy Point five (5) on St. Kitts and seven (7) 5. Dieppe Bay five (5) on St. Kitts and seven (7) 5. Dieppe Bay on Nevis. Data provided for 2009 on Nevis. Data provided for 2009 on the number of fishers and fishing on the number of fishers and fishing boats by landing site on St. Kitts boats by landing site on St. Kitts (see Table 1) gives us three (3) (see Table 1) gives us three (3) additional landing sites there. additional landing sites there. The CRFM web site advises that Fish Landing Sites The CRFM web site advises that Fish Landing Sites there were 350 fishers on St. Kitts there were 350 fishers on St. Kitts (about 46% full-time), and 300 on (about 46% full-time), and 300 on Nevis (about 70% full-time). Data Nevis (about 70% full-time). Data provided for 2009 on the number of provided for 2009 on the number of fishers by landing site on St. Kitts Nevis Landing Sites fishers by landing site on St. Kitts Nevis Landing Sites (see Table 1) indicates that there 6. Charlestown (see Table 1) indicates that there 6. Charlestown were 576 fishers on that island 7. Jessups were 576 fishers on that island 7. Jessups (about 33% full time). 8. Cotton Ground (about 33% full time). 8. Cotton Ground 9. Jones Bay 9. Jones Bay Whereas the laws of SKN require 10. New Castle Whereas the laws of SKN require 10. New Castle boats to be registered before they 11. Long Haul boats to be registered before they 11. Long Haul may be used for fishing, they do not 12. Indian Castle may be used for fishing, they do not 12. Indian Castle need a license to engage in fishing. need a license to engage in fishing. Fishers do not need to be either Fishers do not need to be either registered or licensed. registered or licensed. TABLE 1: TABLE 2: St. Kitts and Nevis has TABLE 1: TABLE 2: St. Kitts and Nevis has Number of Registered Fishers Number of Registered four (4) fisher’s Number of Registered Fishers Number of Registered four (4) fisher’s and Boats by Landing Site, Boats by Landing cooperatives (one on and Boats by Landing Site, Boats by Landing cooperatives (one on Nevis); and one fisher’s Nevis); and one fisher’s St. Kitts, 2008 Site, Nevis, 2008 association (not a legal St. Kitts, 2008 Site, Nevis, 2008 association (not a legal LOCATION BOATS FISHERS LOCATION BOATS entity). These are listed LOCATION BOATS FISHERS LOCATION BOATS entity). These are listed Basseterre East 104 156 Charlestown 41 below with the Basseterre East 104 156 Charlestown 41 below with the Basseterre West 22 86 Jessups 16 Basseterre West 22 86 Jessups 16 Boyds 10 15 Cotton Ground 5 approximate number of Boyds 10 15 Cotton Ground 5 approximate number of Dieppe Bay 31 72 Jones Bay 16 members. Dieppe Bay 31 72 Jones Bay 16 members. Sandy Point 27 54 Newcastle 22 Sandy Point 27 54 Newcastle 22 Conaree 9 28 Long Haul Bay 5 Conaree 9 28 Long Haul Bay 5 Old Road 17 53 Indian Castle 7 Old Road 17 53 Indian Castle 7 Frigate Bay 4 21 Frigate Bay 4 21 TOTAL 224 485 TOTAL 112 TOTAL 224 485 TOTAL 112

仮 417 TABLE 3: TABLE 3: FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS, LOCATIONS AND MEMBERS FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS, LOCATIONS AND MEMBERS Name of Organization Location Approx. Membership Name of Organization Location Approx. Membership 1 Basseterre Fishermen’s Association St. Kitts 25 1 Basseterre Fishermen’s Association St. Kitts 25 2 Sandy Point Fishermen’s Co-operative St. Kitts 22 2 Sandy Point Fishermen’s Co-operative St. Kitts 22 3 Dieppe Bay Fishing Co-operative St. Kitts 40 3 Dieppe Bay Fishing Co-operative St. Kitts 40 4 Old Road St. Kitts 22 4 Old Road St. Kitts 22 5 Nevis Fishermen’s Cooperative Nevis 60 5 Nevis Fishermen’s Cooperative Nevis 60 TOTAL MEMBERS 169 TOTAL MEMBERS 169 Source: SKN Fisheries Division (personal communication) Source: SKN Fisheries Division (personal communication) One can see that the fishers’ organizations are located in communities where there are relatively One can see that the fishers’ organizations are located in communities where there are relatively large numbers of fishers and boats; but one can also see that only a tiny fraction of the fishing large numbers of fishers and boats; but one can also see that only a tiny fraction of the fishing community join up. community join up.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN ST. KITTS AND NEVIS THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN ST. KITTS AND NEVIS Although the islands of Nevis and St. Kitts are federated into one unitary state, and although Although the islands of Nevis and St. Kitts are federated into one unitary state, and although fisheries falls within federal jurisdiction, the government of Nevis has assumed management fisheries falls within federal jurisdiction, the government of Nevis has assumed management authority over its local stakeholders while that of St. Kitts is under federal jurisdiction. The authority over its local stakeholders while that of St. Kitts is under federal jurisdiction. The Fisheries Departments, in the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Agriculture, are the Fisheries Departments, in the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Agriculture, are the fisheries management authorities in St. Kitts and Nevis respectively. The two Fisheries fisheries management authorities in St. Kitts and Nevis respectively. The two Fisheries Departments are responsible for all aspects of fisheries development and management in their Departments are responsible for all aspects of fisheries development and management in their separate islands. The Senior Fisheries Officer for St. Kitts is also the Chief Fisheries Officer for separate islands. The Senior Fisheries Officer for St. Kitts is also the Chief Fisheries Officer for the Federation, and in theory the Director of Fisheries of the Nevis Fisheries Department should the Federation, and in theory the Director of Fisheries of the Nevis Fisheries Department should report to him; but in practice they operate similar and with collaboration somewhat separately. A report to him; but in practice they operate similar and with collaboration somewhat separately. A separate organigram of each Department is attached. separate organigram of each Department is attached.

仮 418 STRUCTURE, DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES -- NEVIS STRUCTURE, DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES -- NEVIS

Director of Fisheries Clerk/Secretary Director of Fisheries Clerk/Secretary Administer Policy Administrative Officer Administer Policy Administrative Officer Information Development Vote Book Control Information Development Vote Book Control Secretarial Services Secretarial Services

Fisheries Development Officer Fisheries Development Officer Resource Assessment Resource Assessment Educational Programmes Educational Programmes Harvest Monitoring Harvest Monitoring Coastal Monitoring Coastal Monitoring

Fisheries Officer Fisheries Officer Data Management Data Management Extension & Training Extension & Training

Fisheries Trainee Fisheries Trainee Fisheries Trainee Fisheries Trainee Alex Percival Shawn Isles Alex Percival Shawn Isles Data Collection/Compiling Data Collection/Compiling Data Collection/Compiling Data Collection/Compiling

STRUCTURE, DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES, ST.KITTS STRUCTURE, DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES, ST.KITTS

SENIOR FISHERIES OFFICER SENIOR FISHERIES OFFICER

Admin./ Policy / Information Admin./ Policy / Information

Development, Data Management Development, Data Management DATA COLLECTORS/ DATA COLLECTORS/ FISHERIES ASSISTANT FISHERIES ASSISTANT

SECRETARY/RECEPTIONIST/ SECRETARY/RECEPTIONIST/ DATA COLLECTORS/ DATA COLLECTORS/ FISHERIES ASSISTANT FISHERIES ASSISTANT CLERK ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER Office CLERK ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER Office

management/ data imputer etc. management/ data imputer etc. DATA COLLECTORS/ DATA COLLECTORS/ FISHERIES ASSISTANT FISHERIES ASSISTANT

FISHERIES FISHERIES ENFORCEMENT ENFORCEMENT OFFICER MANAGER OFFICER MANAGER OFFICER ASSISTANT OFFICER ASSISTANT Extension and Extension and Fisheries Law Enforcement Basseterre and Old FISHERIES Fisheries Law Enforcement Basseterre and Old FISHERIES Training Road Fisheries OFFICER Training Road Fisheries OFFICER Complexes Complexes

仮 419 CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT MANAGEMENT COMPONENT

2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics The vast majority of the population of the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis live on the coast The vast majority of the population of the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis live on the coast since the interior of the islands is thickly forested and uninhabited. The major coastal settlements since the interior of the islands is thickly forested and uninhabited. The major coastal settlements in SKN with their populations as measured by the SKN 2001 Population Census are: in SKN with their populations as measured by the SKN 2001 Population Census are: TABLE 4: TABLE 4: POPULATIONS OF THE MAIN COASTAL SETTLEMENTS, POPULATIONS OF THE MAIN COASTAL SETTLEMENTS, ST. KITTS AND NEVIS, 2001 ST. KITTS AND NEVIS, 2001 ISLAND SETTLEMENT MALE FEMALE TOTAL ISLAND SETTLEMENT MALE FEMALE TOTAL St. Kitts Basseterre 6346 6905 13251 St. Kitts Basseterre 6346 6905 13251 St. Kitts Boyds 196 188 384 St. Kitts Boyds 196 188 384 St. Kitts Dieppe Bay 340 320 660 St. Kitts Dieppe Bay 340 320 660 St. Kitts Sandy Point 1610 1557 3167 St. Kitts Sandy Point 1610 1557 3167 St. Kitts Conaree 471 421 892 St. Kitts Conaree 471 421 892 St. Kitts Old Road 564 5559 1123 St. Kitts Old Road 564 5559 1123 St. Kitts Frigate Bay 153 169 322 St. Kitts Frigate Bay 153 169 322 Nevis Charlestown 883 907 1790 Nevis Charlestown 883 907 1790 Nevis Jessups 207 218 425 Nevis Jessups 207 218 425 Nevis Cotton Ground 238 250 488 Nevis Cotton Ground 238 250 488 Nevis Jones Bay 34 35 69 Nevis Jones Bay 34 35 69 Nevis Newcastle 84 89 173 Nevis Newcastle 84 89 173 Nevis Long Haul Bay Nevis Long Haul Bay Nevis Indian Castle 63 66 129 Nevis Indian Castle 63 66 129 Source: St. Kitts m& Nevis Department of Statistics, 2001 Population Census. Source: St. Kitts m& Nevis Department of Statistics, 2001 Population Census. The male populations of some of these coastal settlements are quite small, and when one The male populations of some of these coastal settlements are quite small, and when one compares the population data with the number of fishing boats in Table 4 above1, the importance compares the population data with the number of fishing boats in Table 4 above1, the importance of fishing to the local economy becomes apparent. of fishing to the local economy becomes apparent.

2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements POLICY POLICY The GOSKN has not chosen to prepare a National Fisheries Policy for St. Kitts and Nevis. The GOSKN has not chosen to prepare a National Fisheries Policy for St. Kitts and Nevis. One (1) Goal of Fisheries Management and eight (8) Objectives of Fisheries Management One (1) Goal of Fisheries Management and eight (8) Objectives of Fisheries Management are outlined therein; the goal is to: are outlined therein; the goal is to: Develop and increase the potential of marine living resources to meet human nutritional Develop and increase the potential of marine living resources to meet human nutritional needs, as well as social, economic, and development goals. needs, as well as social, economic, and development goals. The eight (8) Objectives of Fisheries Management are to: The eight (8) Objectives of Fisheries Management are to:

1 Each boat may have as many as four or five crew members, and each boat may supply three or more fish vendors; 1 Each boat may have as many as four or five crew members, and each boat may supply three or more fish vendors; and each player in the industry may support two or three other family members. and each player in the industry may support two or three other family members. Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 6 Development 6

仮 420 1) Ensure that the fishing industry is integrated into the policy and decision-making process 1) Ensure that the fishing industry is integrated into the policy and decision-making process concerning fisheries and coastal zone management. concerning fisheries and coastal zone management. 2) Take into account traditional knowledge and interests of local communities, small-scale 2) Take into account traditional knowledge and interests of local communities, small-scale artisanal fisheries and indigenous people in development and management programs. artisanal fisheries and indigenous people in development and management programs. 3) Maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the 3) Maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, maximum sustainable yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, taking into consideration relationships among species taking into consideration relationships among species 4) Promote the development and use of selective fishing gear and practises that minimize 4) Promote the development and use of selective fishing gear and practises that minimize waste in the catch of target species and minimize by-catch of non-target species. waste in the catch of target species and minimize by-catch of non-target species. 5) Ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities. 5) Ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities. 6) Preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive 6) Preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas, especially coral reef ecosystems, estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, and other areas, especially coral reef ecosystems, estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, and other spawning and nursery areas. spawning and nursery areas. 7) Promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resources. 7) Promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resources. 8) Cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks of 8) Cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks of commercial importance to Grenada. commercial importance to Grenada. The second policy objective states that it will “take into account” traditional knowledge and The second policy objective states that it will “take into account” traditional knowledge and interests of local communities, small-scale artisanal fisheries and indigenous people, but it does interests of local communities, small-scale artisanal fisheries and indigenous people, but it does not say that they will be consulted or that they will be able to participate in the process of not say that they will be consulted or that they will be able to participate in the process of fisheries management. fisheries management. The 2007 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis will be The 2007 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis will be approved following the process set out below: approved following the process set out below:

Fisheries Management Planning Process Fisheries Management Planning Process

FORMULATION/REVISION FORMULATION/REVISION

Fisheries Division Department formulates or revises Fisheries Division Department formulates or revises draft Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) draft Fisheries Management Plan (FMP)

APPRAISAL APPRAISAL Fishery Advisory Committee (FAC) appraises draft FMP(not yet constituted) Fishery Advisory Committee (FAC) appraises draft FMP(not yet constituted)

PUBLIC REVIEW PUBLIC REVIEW Draft FMP reviewed by persons involved in the fishing industry and other Draft FMP reviewed by persons involved in the fishing industry and other stakeholders stakeholders

APPROVAL APPROVAL Minister reviews the final draft and approves the FMP Minister reviews the final draft and approves the FMP

IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

Minister releases final FMP. Minister releases final FMP.

EVALUATION EVALUATION Periodic evaluation (at least once every five years) by Periodic evaluation (at least once every five years) by FD, FAC, other stakeholders, and feedback from the public FD, FAC, other stakeholders, and feedback from the public

仮 421 The planning process diagram indicates that there will be an opportunity for “persons The planning process diagram indicates that there will be an opportunity for “persons involved in the fishing industry and other stakeholders” to review the draft FMP at the same time as involved in the fishing industry and other stakeholders” to review the draft FMP at the same time as other members of the public before it goes to the Minister for approval. The fishers may other members of the public before it goes to the Minister for approval. The fishers may justifiably feel that because of their special position and involvement they should have their own justifiably feel that because of their special position and involvement they should have their own opportunity to give their comments. opportunity to give their comments. The 1996 FMP says very little about the involvement of the stakeholders in fisheries The 1996 FMP says very little about the involvement of the stakeholders in fisheries management planning. In the fishery-specific management plans “co-management management planning. In the fishery-specific management plans “co-management arrangements” is almost always proposed as a management option, but then in the action plan arrangements” is almost always proposed as a management option, but then in the action plan following it, no concrete action is proposed. The fishermen are almost always to “be educated”, following it, no concrete action is proposed. The fishermen are almost always to “be educated”, not involved in finding solutions. In one place the strategy proposed to combat overexploitation not involved in finding solutions. In one place the strategy proposed to combat overexploitation is to “Encourage implementation and co-management of proposed Marine Protected Areas”, and is to “Encourage implementation and co-management of proposed Marine Protected Areas”, and to “Institute local management authorities where appropriate”. This has been pursued but was not to “Institute local management authorities where appropriate”. This has been pursued but was not successful. successful. At the end of the section, the meaning of “co-management arrangements” is discussed thus: At the end of the section, the meaning of “co-management arrangements” is discussed thus: FISHERIES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FISHERIES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS OPTIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OPTIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Co-Management  By involving stakeholders  Difficult to set-up initially; Co-Management  By involving stakeholders  Difficult to set-up initially; Arrangements directly in management requires multi-sectoral Arrangements directly in management requires multi-sectoral encourages self-regulation cooperation and agreement. encourages self-regulation cooperation and agreement. and reduces government and reduces government expenditures on enforcement. expenditures on enforcement.

Source: Fisheries Division (1997) Source: Fisheries Division (1997) The adoption of “co-management arrangements” is discussed as one option among many. The The adoption of “co-management arrangements” is discussed as one option among many. The foreseen advantage is that it will be cost-saving, while the predicted disadvantage is that it will foreseen advantage is that it will be cost-saving, while the predicted disadvantage is that it will require difficult initial negotiations. No staffing or training preparations are recommended. require difficult initial negotiations. No staffing or training preparations are recommended. In summary, the 2007 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis In summary, the 2007 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis does not pay sufficient attention to the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing does not pay sufficient attention to the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. The 2007 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis proposes The 2007 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis proposes thirteen (13) objectives of fisheries management are proposed, as follows: thirteen (13) objectives of fisheries management are proposed, as follows:  To ensure that the fisheries sector is integrated into the policy and decision-making process  To ensure that the fisheries sector is integrated into the policy and decision-making process concerning fisheries and coastal zone management. concerning fisheries and coastal zone management.  To maximize the development of the fishery sector through efficient, well coordinated and cost  To maximize the development of the fishery sector through efficient, well coordinated and cost effective management, thereby creating viable employment and stable sources of income for the effective management, thereby creating viable employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the communities involved in fisheries related economic activities. fishers and the communities involved in fisheries related economic activities.  To maximize the amount of fish protein available for domestic consumption consistent with  To maximize the amount of fish protein available for domestic consumption consistent with sound resource management practices. sound resource management practices.  To develop the fishing industry in terms of modernization of fisheries infrastructure and use of  To develop the fishing industry in terms of modernization of fisheries infrastructure and use of appropriate fishing vessels, gear and methods. appropriate fishing vessels, gear and methods.  To maximize the value to the economy of St. Kitts and Nevis of the limited fisheries resources  To maximize the value to the economy of St. Kitts and Nevis of the limited fisheries resources exploited sustainably through cost effective harvesting, value added processing and expansion exploited sustainably through cost effective harvesting, value added processing and expansion and diversification of markets. and diversification of markets.  To take into account traditional knowledge and interests of local communities and small-scale  To take into account traditional knowledge and interests of local communities and small-scale artisanal fishers in development and management programmes. artisanal fishers in development and management programmes. Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 8 Development 8

仮 422 仮 422  To maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the optimal  To maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the optimal sustainable yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, taking into sustainable yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, taking into consideration the relationships among species. consideration the relationships among species.  To protect and restore any endangered or threatened marine species.  To protect and restore any endangered or threatened marine species.  To preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas,  To preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas, especially, sea grass beds, reefs and other spawning and nursery areas. especially, sea grass beds, reefs and other spawning and nursery areas.  To promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resource management and development.  To promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resource management and development.  To ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities.  To ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities.  To cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks.  To cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks.  To strengthen the capabilities of the governmental and related institutions to manage the fisheries  To strengthen the capabilities of the governmental and related institutions to manage the fisheries and to provide the policies and investment incentives to achieve the above mentioned objectives. and to provide the policies and investment incentives to achieve the above mentioned objectives. In terms of the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other In terms of the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources, the 2007draft Plan for Managing the stakeholders in the management of fishery resources, the 2007draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis does not show any improvement over the one a decade Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis does not show any improvement over the one a decade earlier. The “traditional knowledge and interests of local communities and small-scale artisanal fishers” earlier. The “traditional knowledge and interests of local communities and small-scale artisanal fishers” are to be taken “into account”, but participation is still not an objective. Interestingly, the last objective are to be taken “into account”, but participation is still not an objective. Interestingly, the last objective specifically seeks to “strengthen the capabilities” of the government “and related institutions” to manage specifically seeks to “strengthen the capabilities” of the government “and related institutions” to manage the fisheries, but there is no proposal to strengthen the capabilities of the stakeholders. the fisheries, but there is no proposal to strengthen the capabilities of the stakeholders. Like the 1996 FMP, the 2006 FMP says very little about the involvement of the stakeholders in Like the 1996 FMP, the 2006 FMP says very little about the involvement of the stakeholders in fisheries management planning. In the fishery-specific management plans “co-management fisheries management planning. In the fishery-specific management plans “co-management arrangements” as a fisheries management strategy option has been replaced with “participatory arrangements” as a fisheries management strategy option has been replaced with “participatory management”. However as before, in the action plan to realize it, no concrete participatory management”. However as before, in the action plan to realize it, no concrete participatory management is proposed. management is proposed. Action Plan for Coastal Pelagic Fishery Action Plan for Coastal Pelagic Fishery

Issues Action Implementation Resources Issues Action Implementation Resources Strategy Required Strategy Required

Inadequate Strengthen the Conduct a study to determine Funds needed for Inadequate Strengthen the Conduct a study to determine Funds needed for institutional capability institutional the institutional capability of training and activities institutional capability institutional the institutional capability of training and activities within fishers capability of the the fishers’ organisations to to strengthen fisher within fishers capability of the the fishers’ organisations to to strengthen fisher organizations to fishers’ sustain their economic organizations, DOF organizations to fishers’ sustain their economic organizations, DOF sustain their organisations to activities as well as to play as lead agency. sustain their organisations to activities as well as to play as lead agency. economic activities sustain their their role in advocacy. economic activities sustain their their role in advocacy. and represent their economic activities Based on the and represent their economic activities Based on the members at various as well as to play recommendations of the study members at various as well as to play recommendations of the study forums in the area of their role in develop and implement a plan forums in the area of their role in develop and implement a plan fisheries advocacy. aimed at strengthening fishers fisheries advocacy. aimed at strengthening fishers management and organisations. management and organisations. development. development. The role here foreseen for fishers organizations is to “represent their members at various forum The role here foreseen for fishers organizations is to “represent their members at various forum in the area of fisheries management and development” and “advocacy”, not participation in in the area of fisheries management and development” and “advocacy”, not participation in actual policy formation or management. Again, the actions proposed do not match the strategy of actual policy formation or management. Again, the actions proposed do not match the strategy of “participatory management”. “participatory management”. Hopefully the activities of this JICA-CRFM project will see advances in the area of the Hopefully the activities of this JICA-CRFM project will see advances in the area of the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. management of fishery resources. Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 9 Development 9

仮 423 LEGISLATION LEGISLATION The St. Christopher and Nevis Fisheries Act (1984) and Fisheries Regulations (1995) which are The St. Christopher and Nevis Fisheries Act (1984) and Fisheries Regulations (1995) which are based on the OECS harmonized legislation, govern the activities of both the Fisheries based on the OECS harmonized legislation, govern the activities of both the Fisheries Departments of Nevis and St. Kitts. Departments of Nevis and St. Kitts. With respect to community involvement in fisheries management the Fisheries Act calls for: With respect to community involvement in fisheries management the Fisheries Act calls for: Section 4: The Chief Fisheries Officer shall prepare and keep under review a Fisheries Section 4: The Chief Fisheries Officer shall prepare and keep under review a Fisheries Management and Development Plan. The Chief Fisheries Officer shall consult with Management and Development Plan. The Chief Fisheries Officer shall consult with the local fishermen, local authorities, other persons affected by the fishery plan and the local fishermen, local authorities, other persons affected by the fishery plan and with any Fishery Advisory Committee appointed under section 5. with any Fishery Advisory Committee appointed under section 5. Section 5: Minister may appoint a Fishery Advisory Committee to advise on the management Section 5: Minister may appoint a Fishery Advisory Committee to advise on the management and development of fisheries. It shall include the Chief Fisheries Officer and other and development of fisheries. It shall include the Chief Fisheries Officer and other such persons as the Minister may consider capable of advising on the management such persons as the Minister may consider capable of advising on the management and development of fisheries. and development of fisheries. Section 19: The Minister may designate an area as a local fisheries management area, and may Section 19: The Minister may designate an area as a local fisheries management area, and may designate any local authority, fishermen’s co-operative of fishermen’s association or designate any local authority, fishermen’s co-operative of fishermen’s association or appropriate body representing fishermen in the area as the Local Management appropriate body representing fishermen in the area as the Local Management Authority for that area. Where there is no appropriate body representing fishermen in Authority for that area. Where there is no appropriate body representing fishermen in the area, the Minister may promote the formation of such a body. the area, the Minister may promote the formation of such a body. Section 20: The Local Management Authority “may recommend by-laws to the Minister” Section 20: The Local Management Authority “may recommend by-laws to the Minister” regulating the conduct of fishing operations in the designated area. They must be regulating the conduct of fishing operations in the designated area. They must be approved by the Minister. [N.B. Other OECS jurisdictions have the wording “The approved by the Minister. [N.B. Other OECS jurisdictions have the wording “The Local Management Authority shall make by-laws” (emphasis mine). The SKN Local Management Authority shall make by-laws” (emphasis mine). The SKN Fisheries Act does not contemplate giving any such power to the LMA; they “may” Fisheries Act does not contemplate giving any such power to the LMA; they “may” only “recommend” by-laws to the minister]. only “recommend” by-laws to the minister]. Section 21: The Minister may declare a fishing priority area. Section 21: The Minister may declare a fishing priority area. Section 23: The Minister may declare a marine reserve. Section 23: The Minister may declare a marine reserve. Section 27: The Minister may designate from time to time such persons as he deems fit to be Section 27: The Minister may designate from time to time such persons as he deems fit to be authorized [enforcement] officers for the purpose of this Act authorized [enforcement] officers for the purpose of this Act The SKN Fisheries Act (1984) was passed a decade before the 1997 draft Plan for Managing The SKN Fisheries Act (1984) was passed a decade before the 1997 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis, yet it contains more provisions for community the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis, yet it contains more provisions for community participation in fisheries management than the FMP. The Act says that the CFO shall consult participation in fisheries management than the FMP. The Act says that the CFO shall consult with the local fishermen about the plan, not just take into account their traditional knowledge with the local fishermen about the plan, not just take into account their traditional knowledge and interests. Section 19 takes it further and allows local fishers’ organizations to actually and interests. Section 19 takes it further and allows local fishers’ organizations to actually manage a local fisheries management area, and Section 20 states that this local fishers’ manage a local fisheries management area, and Section 20 states that this local fishers’ organization may recommend by-laws regulating the conduct of fishing operations in the organization may recommend by-laws regulating the conduct of fishing operations in the designated area. This gives local fishers’ organizations real power, and not just the right to be designated area. This gives local fishers’ organizations real power, and not just the right to be consulted. These provisions are not being acted upon. consulted. These provisions are not being acted upon. The SKN Fisheries Regulations 1984 simply repeats the provision of the Act that the Minister The SKN Fisheries Regulations 1984 simply repeats the provision of the Act that the Minister may establish a Fisheries Advisory Committee: may establish a Fisheries Advisory Committee:

仮 424 In other OECS jurisdictions, the fisheries regulations determine the composition of the FAC, In other OECS jurisdictions, the fisheries regulations determine the composition of the FAC, name its chair, and state some of its functions. The extreme terseness of this regulation (and its name its chair, and state some of its functions. The extreme terseness of this regulation (and its redundancy) might lead one to conclude that there is no real interest in establishing an FAC. And redundancy) might lead one to conclude that there is no real interest in establishing an FAC. And indeed none has been formed. indeed none has been formed. The 1984 Fisheries Act and Regulations are clear that a local fishing license means a fishing The 1984 Fisheries Act and Regulations are clear that a local fishing license means a fishing vessel license and not a fisherman’s license. There is no mention in the 1984 Fisheries Act or vessel license and not a fisherman’s license. There is no mention in the 1984 Fisheries Act or Regulations of any requirement for fishers either to be registered or licensed. Regulations of any requirement for fishers either to be registered or licensed. The government of the Federation of SKN has declared neither any fishing priority area nor any The government of the Federation of SKN has declared neither any fishing priority area nor any marine reserve under the fisheries act. marine reserve under the fisheries act. Other fisheries-related legislation includes: Other fisheries-related legislation includes:  National Conservation and Environmental Protection Act (1987) - coastal zone management;  National Conservation and Environmental Protection Act (1987) - coastal zone management;  Maritime Areas Act (1984) - resources management within EEZ waters.  Maritime Areas Act (1984) - resources management within EEZ waters.  Zoning Ordinance (1991) - establishment of marine parks in Nevis.  Zoning Ordinance (1991) - establishment of marine parks in Nevis.

SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS While the concept of participation has been embraced by the SKN Fisheries Act (1984) While the concept of participation has been embraced by the SKN Fisheries Act (1984) and Fisheries Regulations 1984, its implementation lags far behind. The draft FMP does not and Fisheries Regulations 1984, its implementation lags far behind. The draft FMP does not reflect the approach of the legislation. The vast majority of SKN fishers are not members of an reflect the approach of the legislation. The vast majority of SKN fishers are not members of an association, and there is no formal mechanism for them to participate in fisheries management. association, and there is no formal mechanism for them to participate in fisheries management. Although the Minister may appoint a National Fisheries Advisory Board, he has not chosen to do Although the Minister may appoint a National Fisheries Advisory Board, he has not chosen to do so. There is no staff member at the Fisheries Departments trained in the formation and so. There is no staff member at the Fisheries Departments trained in the formation and strengthening of fishers’ organizations. Although the Act allows the Minister to create “local strengthening of fishers’ organizations. Although the Act allows the Minister to create “local fisheries management areas”, and to designate any fishermen’s association as the Local fisheries management areas”, and to designate any fishermen’s association as the Local Management Authority for that area, he has not chosen to do so. Management Authority for that area, he has not chosen to do so. In practice the FD has supported fishermen’s groups that are functional, providing assistance so In practice the FD has supported fishermen’s groups that are functional, providing assistance so that they do not become defunct. that they do not become defunct. There is much room for improvement in the provision of institutional support for fishers, fisher There is much room for improvement in the provision of institutional support for fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of fishery resources. fishery resources.

2.3 National Programs to promote the Involvement of Fishers, 2.3 National Programs to promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources The Fisheries Act (1984) and Fisheries Regulations (1984) specify that a Fisheries Advisory The Fisheries Act (1984) and Fisheries Regulations (1984) specify that a Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC) may be appointed by the Minister. The 1997 draft Plan for Managing the Committee (FAC) may be appointed by the Minister. The 1997 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis says this: Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis says this: According to the Act, establishment of an Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC) is optional and According to the Act, establishment of an Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC) is optional and the draft Regulations do not spell out the composition of an FAC. Both Permanent Secretaries the draft Regulations do not spell out the composition of an FAC. Both Permanent Secretaries recognize the need for a formal advisory mechanism but would prefer separate FACs for St. recognize the need for a formal advisory mechanism but would prefer separate FACs for St. Kitts and Nevis. Kitts and Nevis. Currently, most communications with the fishing industry are channeled through the Fisheries Currently, most communications with the fishing industry are channeled through the Fisheries Officers (St. Kitts) and the Fisheries Assistant (Nevis) on an informal basis or at meetings. The Officers (St. Kitts) and the Fisheries Assistant (Nevis) on an informal basis or at meetings. The four fishing cooperatives (3 in St. Kitts); 1 in Nevis) provide a focus for dealing with fishermen. four fishing cooperatives (3 in St. Kitts); 1 in Nevis) provide a focus for dealing with fishermen. In 1997 there was no thought of establishing a FAC, even though “Both Permanent Secretaries In 1997 there was no thought of establishing a FAC, even though “Both Permanent Secretaries recognize the need”. The FD will deal with the co-ops individually. This mechanism is going to recognize the need”. The FD will deal with the co-ops individually. This mechanism is going to Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 11 Development 11

仮 425 put the FD out of touch with the vast majority of fishers, as only a small number of them are put the FD out of touch with the vast majority of fishers, as only a small number of them are members of these organizations. This position remained exactly the same in the 2007 draft FMP: members of these organizations. This position remained exactly the same in the 2007 draft FMP: According to the Fishery Act, establishment of a Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC) is According to the Fishery Act, establishment of a Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC) is optional and the draft Regulations do not spell out the composition of an FAC. There is optional and the draft Regulations do not spell out the composition of an FAC. There is recognition of the need for formal advisory mechanisms in both St. Kitts and Nevis. recognition of the need for formal advisory mechanisms in both St. Kitts and Nevis. Currently, most communications with the fishing industry are channeled through the Senior Currently, most communications with the fishing industry are channeled through the Senior Fisheries Officers (St. Kitts) and the Director of Fisheries (Nevis) on an informal basis or at Fisheries Officers (St. Kitts) and the Director of Fisheries (Nevis) on an informal basis or at meetings. The four fishing cooperatives (3 in St. Kitts 1 in Nevis) provide a focus for dealing meetings. The four fishing cooperatives (3 in St. Kitts 1 in Nevis) provide a focus for dealing with fishermen. with fishermen. The establishment of a FAC is optional in the Act because that is the policy; should the policy The establishment of a FAC is optional in the Act because that is the policy; should the policy change, the Act could be easily amended to change the world from “may” to “shall”. change, the Act could be easily amended to change the world from “may” to “shall”. In March 2008 a National Consultation on The Draft Fisheries Management Plan for the In March 2008 a National Consultation on The Draft Fisheries Management Plan for the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts And Nevis was held in Nevis. According to the participants list, Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts And Nevis was held in Nevis. According to the participants list, thirty-three (33) persons were present, but only four (4) of them were fishers. In contrast, twenty- thirty-three (33) persons were present, but only four (4) of them were fishers. In contrast, twenty- five (25) of them were government employees. five (25) of them were government employees. Even with this skewed attendance, coming out of the consultation were the following Even with this skewed attendance, coming out of the consultation were the following recommendations (listed in the order they appear in the document): recommendations (listed in the order they appear in the document): Morning Session: Morning Session: 1. Licensing of fishermen 1. Licensing of fishermen 2. Fishers needs to be better organized to play a larger part in the process 2. Fishers needs to be better organized to play a larger part in the process 3. There needs to be an improvement in communication with stakeholders 3. There needs to be an improvement in communication with stakeholders 4. Urgency in developing the (FAC) Fisheries Advisory Committee 4. Urgency in developing the (FAC) Fisheries Advisory Committee 5. Currently a National Fisher folk Organization is being organized. This organization could form 5. Currently a National Fisher folk Organization is being organized. This organization could form part of the FAC part of the FAC Afternoon Session: Afternoon Session: 1. Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC) should be established as soon as possible 1. Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC) should be established as soon as possible 2. Need to establish the FAC 2. Need to establish the FAC 3. Need for better and more appropriate training programs 3. Need for better and more appropriate training programs 4. Fishers organizations needs better leadership 4. Fishers organizations needs better leadership 5. Fishers organizations needs to be better organized 5. Fishers organizations needs to be better organized 6. Fisheries laws needs to be updated 6. Fisheries laws needs to be updated In the wrap-up session some of the issues that were prominent were highlighted by participants. Some of In the wrap-up session some of the issues that were prominent were highlighted by participants. Some of these main issues were: these main issues were: (i) The need to establish a Fisheries Advisory Committee as soon as possible (i) The need to establish a Fisheries Advisory Committee as soon as possible (ii) The importance of Aquaculture and it should b included in the FMP (ii) The importance of Aquaculture and it should b included in the FMP (iii) The need for better organized Fishers organizations (iii) The need for better organized Fishers organizations (iv) the need to improve dialogue between Fisheries Officials and stake holders. (iv) the need to improve dialogue between Fisheries Officials and stake holders. These conclusions provide strong support for the programme areas of this JICA-CRFM project. These conclusions provide strong support for the programme areas of this JICA-CRFM project. On July 12 2007 at the conference room of the Sandy Point Fisheries Complex on St. On July 12 2007 at the conference room of the Sandy Point Fisheries Complex on St. Kitts, a National Consultation was held under the auspices of CRFM to launch a National Kitts, a National Consultation was held under the auspices of CRFM to launch a National Fisherfolk Organization in St. Kitts and Nevis. There were twelve participants: the Senior Fisherfolk Organization in St. Kitts and Nevis. There were twelve participants: the Senior Fisheries Officer (St. Kitts); a Fisheries Officer (Nevis); one fisheries extension officer serving Fisheries Officer (St. Kitts); a Fisheries Officer (Nevis); one fisheries extension officer serving fishers in Nevis and the other serving in St. Kitts; one representative each from three registered fishers in Nevis and the other serving in St. Kitts; one representative each from three registered fishers’ cooperatives of the Federation of SKN, three officers of the Cooperatives Division, fishers’ cooperatives of the Federation of SKN, three officers of the Cooperatives Division, including the Cooperatives Commissioner, and two representatives of the CRFM. including the Cooperatives Commissioner, and two representatives of the CRFM.

仮 426 The representatives from Nevis expressed some concern about the formation of one NFO for The representatives from Nevis expressed some concern about the formation of one NFO for both islands, noting that from past experience both islands tended to be unequally represented. both islands, noting that from past experience both islands tended to be unequally represented. Following on some discussion on this matter, it was agreed that there was strength and greater Following on some discussion on this matter, it was agreed that there was strength and greater opportunity in forming one NFO. As, such a national group would be in a position to represent opportunity in forming one NFO. As, such a national group would be in a position to represent its members at all levels on both islands of the Federation. Unity and solidarity was recognized its members at all levels on both islands of the Federation. Unity and solidarity was recognized as being critical to the success of the NFO. as being critical to the success of the NFO. The fishers decided among themselves to form a Steering Committee to take the process forward The fishers decided among themselves to form a Steering Committee to take the process forward to the realization of the National Fishermen's Association (NFO). They have been meeting, and to the realization of the National Fishermen's Association (NFO). They have been meeting, and report significant progress. report significant progress.

2.4 Effectiveness of National- and Community-Level Participatory 2.4 Effectiveness of National- and Community-Level Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management Approaches to Fisheries Management Since national and community-level participatory approaches to fisheries management Since national and community-level participatory approaches to fisheries management are at a rudimentary stage, they have not yet had the opportunity to be effective. There is scope are at a rudimentary stage, they have not yet had the opportunity to be effective. There is scope for deeper initiatives to be undertaken under the Master Plan being developed. for deeper initiatives to be undertaken under the Master Plan being developed.

仮 427 CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and Management Plans Management Plans There is no National Fisheries Policy for SKN. There is a 2007 draft Plan for Managing the There is no National Fisheries Policy for SKN. There is a 2007 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis. Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis. Fishery Management Plan (FMP) Fishery Management Plan (FMP) The Fisheries Act of 1984 requires the implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) The Fisheries Act of 1984 requires the implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) for the fisheries of SKN. Accordingly, the Fisheries Department completed a draft FMP for for the fisheries of SKN. Accordingly, the Fisheries Department completed a draft FMP for marine fisheries in April 2008. This draft document has been submitted to the Federal Cabinet marine fisheries in April 2008. This draft document has been submitted to the Federal Cabinet for Approval (Nevis Annual Report 2008). for Approval (Nevis Annual Report 2008). According to a recent survey conducted by Headley and Singh-Renton (2009), the most According to a recent survey conducted by Headley and Singh-Renton (2009), the most important management objectives of St Kitts and Nevis were: important management objectives of St Kitts and Nevis were: For the conch fishery: For the conch fishery:  To protect juvenile stocks;  To protect juvenile stocks; For the Lobster fishery: For the Lobster fishery:  To protect juvenile stocks;  To protect juvenile stocks;  To rebuild stock in depleted areas.  To rebuild stock in depleted areas. Small coastal pelagic fishery: Small coastal pelagic fishery:  Habitat recovery and conservation;  Habitat recovery and conservation; Large coastal pelagic fishery: Large coastal pelagic fishery:  To protect juvenile stocks;  To protect juvenile stocks;  To promote sustainable development of fisheries;  To promote sustainable development of fisheries;  To comply with international obligations.  To comply with international obligations. Management Policy Strategy Management Policy Strategy Although no information was provided on the level of compliance, the Fisheries Regulations of Although no information was provided on the level of compliance, the Fisheries Regulations of 1995 prescribed the following measures for: 1995 prescribed the following measures for: Coastal pelagics: Coastal pelagics:  Mesh size limit for beach seines and gillnets.  Mesh size limit for beach seines and gillnets. Lobster fishery: Lobster fishery:  Minimum-size limits:  Minimum-size limits:  Carapace length should be greater than 9.5cm;  Carapace length should be greater than 9.5cm;  Restriction on fishing gears: only catches by hand, loop, pot and trap are permitted;  Restriction on fishing gears: only catches by hand, loop, pot and trap are permitted;  Prohibition on taking berried or molting individuals;  Prohibition on taking berried or molting individuals;  Closed season;  Closed season; Conch fishery: Conch fishery: . Size restrictions: No take of immature animals, i.e. minimum shell length should be greater than . Size restrictions: No take of immature animals, i.e. minimum shell length should be greater than 18 cm; 18 cm; . Harvesting only flared lip conchs permitted. . Harvesting only flared lip conchs permitted. . Harvesting only conch whose weight is greater than 225 g (after removal of the digestive glands); . Harvesting only conch whose weight is greater than 225 g (after removal of the digestive glands); . Closed seasons. . Closed seasons.

仮 428 Legislation Legislation The “St. Kitts and Nevis Fisheries Act No 4 of 1984” is the major law that addresses the The “St. Kitts and Nevis Fisheries Act No 4 of 1984” is the major law that addresses the development and management of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related development and management of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related activities in SKN. This Act provides an institutional framework for the management, planning activities in SKN. This Act provides an institutional framework for the management, planning and development of fishery resources in SKN. This Act was amended in 1992 to include and development of fishery resources in SKN. This Act was amended in 1992 to include provisions of the harmonized OES legislation. This Act generally gives the Minister responsible provisions of the harmonized OES legislation. This Act generally gives the Minister responsible for Fisheries the authority to create fisheries regulations, and thus provides provisions for: for Fisheries the authority to create fisheries regulations, and thus provides provisions for: (1) Creating fisheries management and development plans; (1) Creating fisheries management and development plans; (2) Creating and enforcing fishing regulations; (2) Creating and enforcing fishing regulations; (3) Licensing of local and foreign fishing vessels; (3) Licensing of local and foreign fishing vessels; (4) Regulating the processing of fishing products; (4) Regulating the processing of fishing products; (5) Regulating the exportation of fishing products; (5) Regulating the exportation of fishing products; (6) Regulating scientific/research and testing operations; (6) Regulating scientific/research and testing operations; (7) Preserving marine resources by creating management and priority areas, and by establishing marine (7) Preserving marine resources by creating management and priority areas, and by establishing marine reserves; reserves; (8) Appointing a Chief Fisheries Officer and such other Fisheries Officers and Officers; (8) Appointing a Chief Fisheries Officer and such other Fisheries Officers and Officers; (9) Creating a Fishery Advisory Committee; (9) Creating a Fishery Advisory Committee; (10) Entering into arrangement/agreements dealing with access or otherwise in regard to fisheries matters. (10) Entering into arrangement/agreements dealing with access or otherwise in regard to fisheries matters. Under this framework, the “Fisheries Regulations, 1995” were created. These regulations Under this framework, the “Fisheries Regulations, 1995” were created. These regulations address issues dealing with safety equipment; the construction, registration and inspection of address issues dealing with safety equipment; the construction, registration and inspection of local and foreign fishing vessels; registration and licensing of commercial fishermen; registration local and foreign fishing vessels; registration and licensing of commercial fishermen; registration and licensing of processing establishment; creation of conservation measures regarding the and licensing of processing establishment; creation of conservation measures regarding the protection of marine species, including lobsters and conchs. protection of marine species, including lobsters and conchs. The Fisheries Act of 1984 and its 1992 amendment recommend that the Chief Fisheries Officers The Fisheries Act of 1984 and its 1992 amendment recommend that the Chief Fisheries Officers “prepare and keep under review a plan for the management and development of fisheries in the “prepare and keep under review a plan for the management and development of fisheries in the fishery waters.” In 2008 stakeholders in the fishery development met in Nevis at the Red Cross fishery waters.” In 2008 stakeholders in the fishery development met in Nevis at the Red Cross Center to develop a draft Fisheries Management Plan for St Kitts and Nevis. This draft was Center to develop a draft Fisheries Management Plan for St Kitts and Nevis. This draft was completed in April 2008 and submitted to the Federal Cabinet for Approval (Nevis Annual completed in April 2008 and submitted to the Federal Cabinet for Approval (Nevis Annual Report 2008). Report 2008). Also, note that fisheries management in SKN is done separately by the fisheries departments of Also, note that fisheries management in SKN is done separately by the fisheries departments of each island. The Federation of St Kitts and Nevis has also enacted other fisheries-related Acts each island. The Federation of St Kitts and Nevis has also enacted other fisheries-related Acts such as: such as: . The National Conservation and Environment Act of 1997 that addresses coastal zone . The National Conservation and Environment Act of 1997 that addresses coastal zone management; management; . The Maritime Act of 1984 that addresses resources management within the EEZ; . The Maritime Act of 1984 that addresses resources management within the EEZ; . The Zoning Ordinance Act of 1991 that establish marine parks in Nevis. . The Zoning Ordinance Act of 1991 that establish marine parks in Nevis. Enforcement of Regulations Enforcement of Regulations The main agency involved in the enforcement of fisheries regulations in SKN is the Security The main agency involved in the enforcement of fisheries regulations in SKN is the Security Forces of St. Kitts and Nevis. Forces of St. Kitts and Nevis. Level of enforcement Level of enforcement  Poor coastal surveillance;  Poor coastal surveillance;  Problem: Inadequate surveillance, monitoring and law enforcement, likely due to limited  Problem: Inadequate surveillance, monitoring and law enforcement, likely due to limited human and financial resources. human and financial resources. Level of compliance Level of compliance The level of compliance cannot be assessed because the Fisheries Departments did not return the The level of compliance cannot be assessed because the Fisheries Departments did not return the “Information Request Sheet” for this Baseline Survey. “Information Request Sheet” for this Baseline Survey.

仮 429 3.2 Fishery Development Status regarding stated Policy Goals and 3.2 Fishery Development Status regarding stated Policy Goals and Development and Management Objectives Development and Management Objectives It is generally considered that coastal pelagics are under-exploited in SKN, so these resources It is generally considered that coastal pelagics are under-exploited in SKN, so these resources need to be further developed. Assuming healthy stocks, the Fisheries Divisions Department of need to be further developed. Assuming healthy stocks, the Fisheries Divisions Department of SKN seek to encourage new participation into the small pelagic fishery, while increasing the use SKN seek to encourage new participation into the small pelagic fishery, while increasing the use of FADs in the large pelagic fishery (CRFM 2008). However, there has been no true assessment of FADs in the large pelagic fishery (CRFM 2008). However, there has been no true assessment of these marine resources to evaluate their fishable biomass. Therefore, it would be important to of these marine resources to evaluate their fishable biomass. Therefore, it would be important to develop some pilot surveys to determine the extent to which these fisheries can be further develop some pilot surveys to determine the extent to which these fisheries can be further developed. developed. Because the contribution of fisheries to the economy has been increasing, SKN has Because the contribution of fisheries to the economy has been increasing, SKN has achieved some of its development goals, but with much negative impact on the coastal marine achieved some of its development goals, but with much negative impact on the coastal marine environment. Many habitats need to be restored. Further, SKN has to protect the stocks of its environment. Many habitats need to be restored. Further, SKN has to protect the stocks of its most two important fisheries: lobster and conch; these seem to have been over-exploited; plans most two important fisheries: lobster and conch; these seem to have been over-exploited; plans for their successful recovery should be encouraged and supported. Particularly, research on for their successful recovery should be encouraged and supported. Particularly, research on determining biological and fishing limit reference points for the sustainable exploitation of these determining biological and fishing limit reference points for the sustainable exploitation of these fisheries are a good short-term research project to be done in the context of this study. fisheries are a good short-term research project to be done in the context of this study.

仮 430 Notes Notes *: These species are pelagic species but information is required on their status *: These species are pelagic species but information is required on their status ?: No data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery ?: No data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available Stock Status Stock Status The overall status of coastal pelagic stocks is uncertain because of their regional The overall status of coastal pelagic stocks is uncertain because of their regional dynamics. It is generally believed that most stocks are moderately exploited and their local dynamics. It is generally believed that most stocks are moderately exploited and their local exploitation is usually assumed to be sustainable. Indeed in their 2008 national report to CRFM, exploitation is usually assumed to be sustainable. Indeed in their 2008 national report to CRFM, the main of objectives of the Fisheries Departments of SKN were to encourage new participants the main of objectives of the Fisheries Departments of SKN were to encourage new participants into the small coastal pelagic fishery and to increase the use of FADs in harvesting of the large into the small coastal pelagic fishery and to increase the use of FADs in harvesting of the large pelagic fishes (CRFM 2008). However, more formal studies need to be conducted to better pelagic fishes (CRFM 2008). However, more formal studies need to be conducted to better understand the dynamics of these populations and to assess their level of abundance. understand the dynamics of these populations and to assess their level of abundance. Furthermore, catch of large pelagic species in the Atlantic are commonly monitored by the Furthermore, catch of large pelagic species in the Atlantic are commonly monitored by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT 2008). In 2004 the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT 2008). In 2004 the CRFM conducted an evaluation of the wahoo stock in the eastern Caribbean. This evaluation of CRFM conducted an evaluation of the wahoo stock in the eastern Caribbean. This evaluation of the stock determined that wahoo catches were sustainable in the region (CRFM, 2005). the stock determined that wahoo catches were sustainable in the region (CRFM, 2005). Regarding the lobster and conch fisheries the main of objective of the Fisheries Divisions of Regarding the lobster and conch fisheries the main of objective of the Fisheries Divisions of SKN is to promote the recovery of these stocks (CRFM 2008). Thus, it seems that both stocks SKN is to promote the recovery of these stocks (CRFM 2008). Thus, it seems that both stocks have been over-exploited, but no background documents were provided on any assessment of have been over-exploited, but no background documents were provided on any assessment of these stocks. Hence we cannot further elaborate on their overall status. these stocks. Hence we cannot further elaborate on their overall status. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Fishery landings are primarily sold fresh at landings sites, directly from boats, except for the Fishery landings are primarily sold fresh at landings sites, directly from boats, except for the main fish markets in Basseterre and in Charlestown. Table 6 shows trends in total market value main fish markets in Basseterre and in Charlestown. Table 6 shows trends in total market value of wahoo, dolphinfish, jacks, lobster, and conch produced in SKN from 2002 to 2006. Total of wahoo, dolphinfish, jacks, lobster, and conch produced in SKN from 2002 to 2006. Total value of these four group of fishing products has increased over this period of time, averaging value of these four group of fishing products has increased over this period of time, averaging EC$1.733,924annually. Lobster and conch were the two most valuable species over this period EC$1.733,924annually. Lobster and conch were the two most valuable species over this period of time, yielding on average EC$738,329 and EC$594,584 respectively (Table 6). of time, yielding on average EC$738,329 and EC$594,584 respectively (Table 6). Table 6: Table 6: Market Value (EC$) of Wahoo, Dolphinfish, Jacks, Conch and Lobster Market Value (EC$) of Wahoo, Dolphinfish, Jacks, Conch and Lobster St. Kitts and Nevis, 2002-2006 St. Kitts and Nevis, 2002-2006 Species Year Species Year 2002 2003 20040 2005 2006 2002 2003 20040 2005 2006 Wahoo 99,050.00 83,250.00 121,450.00 157,300.00 90,420.00 Wahoo 99,050.00 83,250.00 121,450.00 157,300.00 90,420.00 Dolphin fish 135,650.00 196,000.00 161,800.00 121,950.00 133,155.00 Dolphin fish 135,650.00 196,000.00 161,800.00 121,950.00 133,155.00 Jacks (Selar E.) 154,890.00 81,025.00 195,720.00 96,075.00 177,320.00 Jacks (Selar E.) 154,890.00 81,025.00 195,720.00 96,075.00 177,320.00 Conch 581,790.00 664,265.00 463,575.00 390,810.00 872,480.00 Conch 581,790.00 664,265.00 463,575.00 390,810.00 872,480.00 Lobster 484,250.00 816,650.00 848,045.00 854,220.00 688,480.00 Lobster 484,250.00 816,650.00 848,045.00 854,220.00 688,480.00 Total 1,455,630.00 1,841,190.00 1,790,590.00 1,620,355.00 1,961,855.00 Total 1,455,630.00 1,841,190.00 1,790,590.00 1,620,355.00 1,961,855.00 Source: Fisheries Department records. Source: Fisheries Department records. Conch is the primary export species of St. Kitts and Nevis. In 2008, it contributed nearly Conch is the primary export species of St. Kitts and Nevis. In 2008, it contributed nearly EC$1,670,783 to the economy of the Federation. Table 7 shows monthly value of 2008 conch EC$1,670,783 to the economy of the Federation. Table 7 shows monthly value of 2008 conch and lobster exports to foreign markets. A small quantity of other shellfish were also exported, but and lobster exports to foreign markets. A small quantity of other shellfish were also exported, but with no significant contribution to the economy. with no significant contribution to the economy. St. Kitts and Nevis remains a major importer of processed fish products. The Federation imports St. Kitts and Nevis remains a major importer of processed fish products. The Federation imports fish products from countries from mostly Caribbean, North America, Europe and Asia. In 2005 fish products from countries from mostly Caribbean, North America, Europe and Asia. In 2005

仮 431 and 2006 St. Kitts and Nevis processed fish importation from these regions was value to and 2006 St. Kitts and Nevis processed fish importation from these regions was value to EC$2,896,650 and EC$3,849,777 respectively. EC$2,896,650 and EC$3,849,777 respectively.

Table 7: Table 7: Value (EC$) of Conch and Lobster Exports, St. Kitts and Nevis, 2008 Value (EC$) of Conch and Lobster Exports, St. Kitts and Nevis, 2008 Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Value(EC $) Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Value(EC $) EC $ EC $ Conch 12855 7555 700 7920 375 420 5140 11095 6980 26645 27900 15720 123305$ 1,670,782.75 Conch 12855 7555 700 7920 375 420 5140 11095 6980 26645 27900 15720 123305$ 1,670,782.75 Lobster 10 15 30 - 30 15 - 60 210 25 10 25 430 $ 6,450.00 Lobster 10 15 30 - 30 15 - 60 210 25 10 25 430 $ 6,450.00 TOTAL 12865 7570 730 7920 405 435 5140 11155 7190 26670 27910 15745 123735$ 1,677,232.75 TOTAL 12865 7570 730 7920 405 435 5140 11155 7190 26670 27910 15745 123735$ 1,677,232.75 Source: Fisheries Department records. Source: Fisheries Department records. The Contribution of Fisheries to the Economy of St. Kitts and Nevis The Contribution of Fisheries to the Economy of St. Kitts and Nevis Since 2000, the contribution of Fisheries to total GDP has steadily increased and ranges from Since 2000, the contribution of Fisheries to total GDP has steadily increased and ranges from 1.29% in 2000 to 1.86% in 2006 (Table 8). In 2005 the Fisheries GDP was estimated to be 1.29% in 2000 to 1.86% in 2006 (Table 8). In 2005 the Fisheries GDP was estimated to be US$3.8 million, which represented 31.67% of 2005 Agriculture GDP (US$12 million) (FAO US$3.8 million, which represented 31.67% of 2005 Agriculture GDP (US$12 million) (FAO 2006). 2006). Table 8: Table 8: Contribution (%)* of the Fisheries Sector to the GDP of St Kitts and Nevis Contribution (%)* of the Fisheries Sector to the GDP of St Kitts and Nevis Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 % GDP 1.29 1.43 1.55 1.41.731.861.86 % GDP 1.29 1.43 1.55 1.41.731.861.86 Source: *CRFM (2008) Source: *CRFM (2008)

3.4 Catch and Effort 3.4 Catch and Effort Landing Sites Landing Sites There are eight (8) landing sites in St Kitts: Basseterre East, Basterre West, Sandy Point, Old There are eight (8) landing sites in St Kitts: Basseterre East, Basterre West, Sandy Point, Old Road and Dieppe Bay, Boyds, Conarre, and Frigate Bay. There are seven landing sites in Nevis. Road and Dieppe Bay, Boyds, Conarre, and Frigate Bay. There are seven landing sites in Nevis. Charlestown is the major landing site, harboring most boats (41) and receiving 90% of the conch Charlestown is the major landing site, harboring most boats (41) and receiving 90% of the conch catch. catch. Effort Data Effort Data Five hundred seventy six (576) fishermen are involved in the St Kitts fisheries, but only 190 are Five hundred seventy six (576) fishermen are involved in the St Kitts fisheries, but only 190 are full time workers; 351 boats operate on this island, from which 110 were involved in catching full time workers; 351 boats operate on this island, from which 110 were involved in catching pelagic fishes (Table 9). pelagic fishes (Table 9). One hundred and twelve (112) boats land their catches on Nevis. Most of these boats land their One hundred and twelve (112) boats land their catches on Nevis. Most of these boats land their catch in Charlestown. catch in Charlestown. Table 9: Table 9: Number of boat by fishery type of St Kitts Number of boat by fishery type of St Kitts Fishery Type # Boats Fishery Type # Boats Coastal pelagics 10 Coastal pelagics 10 Conch 7 Conch 7 Coral Reef 223 Coral Reef 223 Reef/offshore pelagics 101 Reef/offshore pelagics 101 Total 341 Total 341

仮 432 The trolling fishery operates mostly offshore, up to 50 nm. The crew usually comprises two (2) The trolling fishery operates mostly offshore, up to 50 nm. The crew usually comprises two (2) people, who use 16-40 ft-long vessels powered by two outboard engines (40-250 hp). Fishing people, who use 16-40 ft-long vessels powered by two outboard engines (40-250 hp). Fishing trips typically start after dawn and may last until the late afternoon, depending on distance trips typically start after dawn and may last until the late afternoon, depending on distance travelled, weather conditions, and catch level. Trolling lines are usually 80-100lb test with a travelled, weather conditions, and catch level. Trolling lines are usually 80-100lb test with a single hook. Mustard #4, and-#8 are used frequently. Artificial lures are commonly used to fish single hook. Mustard #4, and-#8 are used frequently. Artificial lures are commonly used to fish for tunas and mackerel. However, in the case of dolphinfish fishermen usually favor the use of for tunas and mackerel. However, in the case of dolphinfish fishermen usually favor the use of flyingfish or ballyhoo as bait (Heyliger 2009). Also, note that since the 1980’s several Fish flyingfish or ballyhoo as bait (Heyliger 2009). Also, note that since the 1980’s several Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) have been employed in St. Kitts and Nevis waters to enhance the Aggregating Devices (FAD) have been employed in St. Kitts and Nevis waters to enhance the productivity of the pelagic fishery (Heyliger 2009). productivity of the pelagic fishery (Heyliger 2009). The main gear used for fishing small coastal pelagic is the beach seine, which may The main gear used for fishing small coastal pelagic is the beach seine, which may measure 100 to 300 fathoms in length and 3 to 6 fathoms in depth. Seines are constructed with measure 100 to 300 fathoms in length and 3 to 6 fathoms in depth. Seines are constructed with nylon twine, and have a mesh size of 1 inch diagonal stretched. Fishing trips usually begins nylon twine, and have a mesh size of 1 inch diagonal stretched. Fishing trips usually begins before dawn and end at midday. Fishing operations are usually conducted with a crew of five (5) before dawn and end at midday. Fishing operations are usually conducted with a crew of five (5) fishers, using 23-30 ft boats powered by one or two outboard engines. However, sometimes fishers, using 23-30 ft boats powered by one or two outboard engines. However, sometimes groups as large as fifty (50) fishers may be involved in hauling the nets ashore. Gillnets are also groups as large as fifty (50) fishers may be involved in hauling the nets ashore. Gillnets are also used in shallow and rocky areas. Gillnets are made of filaments, and have 2.5 to 4 inch mesh used in shallow and rocky areas. Gillnets are made of filaments, and have 2.5 to 4 inch mesh diagonal stretched. These nets may range from 100 to 300 feet, with a depth of 10 to 15 feet. diagonal stretched. These nets may range from 100 to 300 feet, with a depth of 10 to 15 feet. The conch fishery involves vessels ranging from 16 to 20 feet and powered by 40 to 65 hp The conch fishery involves vessels ranging from 16 to 20 feet and powered by 40 to 65 hp engines. The fishery is exploited by divers that use SCUBA in deep water areas, whereas free engines. The fishery is exploited by divers that use SCUBA in deep water areas, whereas free divers exploit lobster in the shallow water areas divers exploit lobster in the shallow water areas Catch Data Catch Data Table 10 shows the temporal trends in landings for the most important coastal pelagic Table 10 shows the temporal trends in landings for the most important coastal pelagic fish caught by the artisanal fishery from 2002 to 2008 in SKN. Dolphin fish are the top pelagic fish caught by the artisanal fishery from 2002 to 2008 in SKN. Dolphin fish are the top pelagic species landed during this period, averaging 24,341.43 lbs per landing. The scads are the second species landed during this period, averaging 24,341.43 lbs per landing. The scads are the second highest species landed, with an average of 21,089.28 lbs. Landings of wahoo, the third most highest species landed, with an average of 21,089.28 lbs. Landings of wahoo, the third most landed pelagic species, ranged from 8,220 lbs to 19600 lbs from 2002 to 2007. However, in 2008 landed pelagic species, ranged from 8,220 lbs to 19600 lbs from 2002 to 2007. However, in 2008 the total catch of wahoo increased by more than 3-fold compared to the maximum value landed the total catch of wahoo increased by more than 3-fold compared to the maximum value landed during the 2002-2007 period (Table 10). during the 2002-2007 period (Table 10). Landings of queen conch and spiny lobsters have increased steadily from 2002 and 2008. In Landings of queen conch and spiny lobsters have increased steadily from 2002 and 2008. In terms of fishery production, conch and lobster are the most important species in SKN, with terms of fishery production, conch and lobster are the most important species in SKN, with average annual landing of 157,650 lbs and 105,715 lbs respectively (Table 10). average annual landing of 157,650 lbs and 105,715 lbs respectively (Table 10). Table 10: Table 10: Estimated Landings (lbs) for Wahoo, Dolphinfish, Jacks, Conch, Lobster Estimated Landings (lbs) for Wahoo, Dolphinfish, Jacks, Conch, Lobster St. Kitts and Nevis, 2002-2008 St. Kitts and Nevis, 2002-2008 Species Year Species Year 2002 2003 20040 2005 2006 2007 2008 2002 2003 20040 2005 2006 2007 2008 Wahoo 9905 8325 12145 15730 8220 9690 64015 Wahoo 9905 8325 12145 15730 8220 9690 64015 Dolphin fish 13565 19600 16180 12195 12105 11550 85195 Dolphin fish 13565 19600 16180 12195 12105 11550 85195 Jacks (Selar E) 25815 11575 27960 13725 22165 16275 30110 Jacks (Selar E) 25815 11575 27960 13725 22165 16275 30110 Conch 96965 94895 66225 55830 109060 128800 551775 Conch 96965 94895 66225 55830 109060 128800 551775 Lobster 48425 81665 77095 71185 52960 38675 370005 Lobster 48425 81665 77095 71185 52960 38675 370005 Source: Fisheries Department records. Source: Fisheries Department records. Technology Improvement & Extension Programs Technology Improvement & Extension Programs A major objective of the Fisheries Departments of SKN is to increase use of FADs in the A major objective of the Fisheries Departments of SKN is to increase use of FADs in the large pelagic fishery. Hence, they intend to continue its development program started in the large pelagic fishery. Hence, they intend to continue its development program started in the 1980s. 1980s.

仮 433 Rationale: it is generally considered that the large pelagic fishery resource is under-exploited; Rationale: it is generally considered that the large pelagic fishery resource is under-exploited; the 1980s program has started to bear fruit because a number of fishers are now deploying FADs, the 1980s program has started to bear fruit because a number of fishers are now deploying FADs, and thus have made large investments. However, recent tropical storms have caused the and thus have made large investments. However, recent tropical storms have caused the destruction of many FADs, and fishermen are often unable to replace them. destruction of many FADs, and fishermen are often unable to replace them. Strategy: Efforts should be made to source more financial support to continue the investment in Strategy: Efforts should be made to source more financial support to continue the investment in FAD development; and to get better technology and increase knowledge on techniques of FAD development; and to get better technology and increase knowledge on techniques of mooring to limit future loss due to bad weather conditions; mooring to limit future loss due to bad weather conditions;

Technical and scientific assistances in the following areas: Technical and scientific assistances in the following areas:

 Extension of methodology of fisheries;  Extension of methodology of fisheries;  Stock assessment of pelagic fishes;  Stock assessment of pelagic fishes;  Management and governance of pelagic fisheries;  Management and governance of pelagic fisheries;  Socio-economic survey on the pelagic fishery.  Socio-economic survey on the pelagic fishery.

Financial assistance needed: Financial assistance needed:  To support development of more FADs;  To support development of more FADs;  To support training and extension program on methodology of fisheries;  To support training and extension program on methodology of fisheries;  To support socio-economic studies;  To support socio-economic studies;

Technical and Research Capabilities of the Fisheries Departments Technical and Research Capabilities of the Fisheries Departments An assessment of the technical and research capability of the Fisheries Department An assessment of the technical and research capability of the Fisheries Department cannot be made because the country liaison officer did not fill out and return the “Information cannot be made because the country liaison officer did not fill out and return the “Information Request Sheet”; and we did not have the opportunity to visit this Department personally. Request Sheet”; and we did not have the opportunity to visit this Department personally. However, based on the survey conducted by Hadley and Sing-Renton (2009), the highest priority However, based on the survey conducted by Hadley and Sing-Renton (2009), the highest priority identified by the Senior Fisheries Officer regarding the conch fishery was to determine: “how identified by the Senior Fisheries Officer regarding the conch fishery was to determine: “how efficient are marine reserves in enhancing the spawning stock biomass.” We believe this research efficient are marine reserves in enhancing the spawning stock biomass.” We believe this research question is relevant and has not yet been yet clearly answered in other parts of the world, question is relevant and has not yet been yet clearly answered in other parts of the world, particularly regarding the management of pelagic fish. Thus, in the context of this survey, it particularly regarding the management of pelagic fish. Thus, in the context of this survey, it would be worthwhile to commit funds to develop preliminary and long-term research on this would be worthwhile to commit funds to develop preliminary and long-term research on this topic. topic.

仮 434 CHAPTER 4: AQ UACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 4: AQ UACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 2 2 COMPONENT COMPONENT

4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, Development Plans 4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, Development Plans Policy and Supporting Legislation Policy and Supporting Legislation There is no National Fisheries Policy for SKN. There is a 2007 draft Plan for There is no National Fisheries Policy for SKN. There is a 2007 draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis. There is no Aquaculture Policy for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis. There is no Aquaculture Policy for SKN. SKN. The Department of Fisheries has been mandated by the Ministry of Agriculture to develop The Department of Fisheries has been mandated by the Ministry of Agriculture to develop projects for aquaculture. The process is still in its infancy. projects for aquaculture. The process is still in its infancy. The Fisheries Act (1984) was amended in 1992 to incorporate provisions of the OECS The Fisheries Act (1984) was amended in 1992 to incorporate provisions of the OECS harmonized legislation. The Minister responsible for fisheries is given the authority to create new harmonized legislation. The Minister responsible for fisheries is given the authority to create new regulations for the management of fisheries as and when necessary. Outside of this, there is no regulations for the management of fisheries as and when necessary. Outside of this, there is no Policy or legislation specific to the Aquaculture sector. Policy or legislation specific to the Aquaculture sector. Other fisheries-related legislation: Other fisheries-related legislation:  National Conservation and Environmental Protection Act (1987), addressing coastal zone  National Conservation and Environmental Protection Act (1987), addressing coastal zone management. management.  Maritime Areas Act (1984), for resources management within EEZ waters.  Maritime Areas Act (1984), for resources management within EEZ waters.  Zoning Ordinance (1991), establishing marine parks in Nevis.  Zoning Ordinance (1991), establishing marine parks in Nevis. Institutional Support for Aquaculture in St.Kitts and Nevis Institutional Support for Aquaculture in St.Kitts and Nevis There can be no comment here as thee was no response to requests for information. There can be no comment here as thee was no response to requests for information.

4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objectives and Development Objectives The Chief Fisheries Officer has the responsibility to formulate a development plan. It would The Chief Fisheries Officer has the responsibility to formulate a development plan. It would appear that lack of natural resources, the small size of local market, and the adequacy of the appear that lack of natural resources, the small size of local market, and the adequacy of the marine catch to support seafood requirements, places aquaculture on the back burner. marine catch to support seafood requirements, places aquaculture on the back burner.

4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics

The fact that tilapia are caught from local dams and ponds suggests that there is a local palate for The fact that tilapia are caught from local dams and ponds suggests that there is a local palate for same.(Nevis only) same.(Nevis only)

4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species The Aquaculture Subsector The Aquaculture Subsector Over the last two decades aquaculture has been thought of as a supplemental provider of Over the last two decades aquaculture has been thought of as a supplemental provider of fresh fish for the country. A number of attempts have been made at developing viable systems in fresh fish for the country. A number of attempts have been made at developing viable systems in both islands. both islands.

2 Please note that there was no response to Request for Information or to follow up phone calls to CFO; hence the 2 Please note that there was no response to Request for Information or to follow up phone calls to CFO; hence the Country Profile is based on Desk Top study only. Country Profile is based on Desk Top study only.

仮 435

Fresh Water Fresh Water On Nevis, attempts were made with assistance from the OAS to develop a tilapia project. On Nevis, attempts were made with assistance from the OAS to develop a tilapia project. However, this venture encountered a number of challenges, both financial and technical. In spite However, this venture encountered a number of challenges, both financial and technical. In spite of the challenges, one of the project’s main objectives was achieved. This was the awareness in of the challenges, one of the project’s main objectives was achieved. This was the awareness in the local population of the potential for aquaculture. This was evident as a number of persons the local population of the potential for aquaculture. This was evident as a number of persons expressed their interest in starting their own backyard production. One of those persons was the expressed their interest in starting their own backyard production. One of those persons was the former Premier of Nevis. Today concerns are being raised by the Fisheries Department, since a former Premier of Nevis. Today concerns are being raised by the Fisheries Department, since a number of ponds/water catchments that were stocked with tilapia are being harvested number of ponds/water catchments that were stocked with tilapia are being harvested indiscriminately by locals. indiscriminately by locals. Aquaculture still does not make any contribution to the national statistics of fish production. Aquaculture still does not make any contribution to the national statistics of fish production. Marine Aquaculture Marine Aquaculture Currently there is only one aquaculture project. This project is privately owned and the Currently there is only one aquaculture project. This project is privately owned and the owner is experimenting with the growing of tilapia in ponds near the ocean, using seawater. owner is experimenting with the growing of tilapia in ponds near the ocean, using seawater. In Saint Kitts, a marine shrimp farm was attempted using a natural salt pond. This encountered a In Saint Kitts, a marine shrimp farm was attempted using a natural salt pond. This encountered a number of technical problems and the venture was later abandoned. The farm produced a small number of technical problems and the venture was later abandoned. The farm produced a small amount of the shrimp that was marketed locally. amount of the shrimp that was marketed locally.

4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category High cost of production and limited natural resources are real and insurmountable issues. High cost of production and limited natural resources are real and insurmountable issues.

4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement Stock Enhancement The aquaculture technology available in SKN is tilapia culture, which is in private hands. The aquaculture technology available in SKN is tilapia culture, which is in private hands.

4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries There is no aquaculture unit or staffing dedicated to same, and technical and institutional There is no aquaculture unit or staffing dedicated to same, and technical and institutional capacity are weak if not absent. capacity are weak if not absent.

仮 436 CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT

5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents According to the Draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis According to the Draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of St. Kitts and Nevis (2007), the major objectives for fisheries management are: (2007), the major objectives for fisheries management are: • To ensure that the fisheries sector is integrated into the policy and decision making process concerning • To ensure that the fisheries sector is integrated into the policy and decision making process concerning fisheries and coastal zone management. fisheries and coastal zone management. • To maximize the development of the fishery sector through efficient, well coordinated and cost effective • To maximize the development of the fishery sector through efficient, well coordinated and cost effective management, thereby creating viable employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the management, thereby creating viable employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the communities involved in fisheries related economic activities. communities involved in fisheries related economic activities. • To maximize the amount of fish protein available for domestic consumption consistent with sound resource • To maximize the amount of fish protein available for domestic consumption consistent with sound resource management practices. management practices. • To develop the fishing industry in terms of modernisation of fisheries infrastructure and use of appropriate • To develop the fishing industry in terms of modernisation of fisheries infrastructure and use of appropriate fishing vessels, gear and methods. fishing vessels, gear and methods. • To maximize the value to the economy of St. Kitts and Nevis of the limited fisheries resources exploited • To maximize the value to the economy of St. Kitts and Nevis of the limited fisheries resources exploited sustainably through cost effective harvesting, value added processing and expansion and diversification of sustainably through cost effective harvesting, value added processing and expansion and diversification of markets. markets. • To take into account traditional knowledge and interests of local communities and small scale artisanal • To take into account traditional knowledge and interests of local communities and small scale artisanal fishers in development and management programmes. fishers in development and management programmes. • To maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the optimal sustainable • To maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the optimal sustainable yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, taking into consideration the yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, taking into consideration the relationships among species. relationships among species. • To protect and restore any endangered or threatened marine species. • To protect and restore any endangered or threatened marine species. • To preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas, especially, • To preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas, especially, seagrass beds, reefs and other spawning and nursery areas. seagrass beds, reefs and other spawning and nursery areas. • To promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resource management and development. • To promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resource management and development. • To ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities. • To ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities. • To cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks. • To cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks. • To strengthen the capabilities of the governmental and related institutions to manage the fisheries and to • To strengthen the capabilities of the governmental and related institutions to manage the fisheries and to provide the policies and investment incentives to achieve the above mentioned objectives. provide the policies and investment incentives to achieve the above mentioned objectives. The objectives for the management of fisheries comprise “...scientific research with The objectives for the management of fisheries comprise “...scientific research with respect to fisheries resource management and development”. Though not explicit, the respect to fisheries resource management and development”. Though not explicit, the requirement for an effective and comprehensive fisheries information system would be integral requirement for an effective and comprehensive fisheries information system would be integral in meeting this objective. in meeting this objective. This document also states that: This document also states that: “The departments of Fisheries in both islands use the same method of data collection “The departments of Fisheries in both islands use the same method of data collection and analysis which is based upon the Caricom region data systems CARIFIS” and analysis which is based upon the Caricom region data systems CARIFIS” Though the intent of the FDs is as stated above, the reality is that the FIS is not at the Though the intent of the FDs is as stated above, the reality is that the FIS is not at the standard to become the regional data system. standard to become the regional data system. There is currently no policy or documented data management plan that is used to guide There is currently no policy or documented data management plan that is used to guide the Fisheries Information System (FIS). There are some general understandings of the process the Fisheries Information System (FIS). There are some general understandings of the process but it does leave room for misinterpretations and subjectivity, which may lead to inconsistencies. but it does leave room for misinterpretations and subjectivity, which may lead to inconsistencies. Access to data by persons and agencies other than the FDs is at the discretion of the Chief Access to data by persons and agencies other than the FDs is at the discretion of the Chief Fisheries Officers of St Kitts and Nevis, but there are no formal set of criteria to evaluate the Fisheries Officers of St Kitts and Nevis, but there are no formal set of criteria to evaluate the request for information. request for information.

仮 437 5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation 5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation The marine capture fisheries of SKN are artisanal, and comprise a Coastal Pelagics The marine capture fisheries of SKN are artisanal, and comprise a Coastal Pelagics Fishery, an Offshore Pelagic Fishery, the Reef and Bank/ Deep Slope Fishery, a Lobster Fishery Fishery, an Offshore Pelagic Fishery, the Reef and Bank/ Deep Slope Fishery, a Lobster Fishery and a Conch Fishery. There Marine Turtle Fishery, but on a very small scale. and a Conch Fishery. There Marine Turtle Fishery, but on a very small scale. There are five (5) major landing sites in St. Kitts and three (3) major landing sites in There are five (5) major landing sites in St. Kitts and three (3) major landing sites in Nevis. Data is collected from all these sites, in addition to four (4) smaller landing sites in Nevis. Nevis. Data is collected from all these sites, in addition to four (4) smaller landing sites in Nevis. CPUE data exists only for the period 1995-present, and there are no significant temporal data CPUE data exists only for the period 1995-present, and there are no significant temporal data gaps. gaps. In St. Kitts, data is collected by two (2) Fisheries Assistants, three (3) days per week. In St. Kitts, data is collected by two (2) Fisheries Assistants, three (3) days per week. Frequency of sampling is based on the activity of the fishermen. These persons also validate their Frequency of sampling is based on the activity of the fishermen. These persons also validate their own data sheets and input this data into the system. A third Fisheries Assistant would check the own data sheets and input this data into the system. A third Fisheries Assistant would check the data once it is in the system, and a further check is done by the Senior Fisheries Officer at the data once it is in the system, and a further check is done by the Senior Fisheries Officer at the point where the quarterly summary statistics are produced. In the case of Nevis, one Fisheries point where the quarterly summary statistics are produced. In the case of Nevis, one Fisheries Assistant collects the data and inputs this data into the system. Therefore, the system of Assistant collects the data and inputs this data into the system. Therefore, the system of validation of data for both islands is not adequate. It was reported that data is inputted into the validation of data for both islands is not adequate. It was reported that data is inputted into the system within one week of collection. system within one week of collection. In Nevis, there are two (2) data collectors on staff, one of whom is a fisheries assistant. In Nevis, there are two (2) data collectors on staff, one of whom is a fisheries assistant. No validation of the data occurs at data entry or post-entry. No validation of the data occurs at data entry or post-entry. Very rarely, biological data is collected and this has been project-based in the past. In Very rarely, biological data is collected and this has been project-based in the past. In Nevis, biological data on conch as well as recreational data are captured on an ad-hoc basis. Nevis, biological data on conch as well as recreational data are captured on an ad-hoc basis.

5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation The Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives is the sole The Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Cooperatives is the sole agency responsible for the fisheries database. In St. Kitts, there is one (1) dedicated desktop agency responsible for the fisheries database. In St. Kitts, there is one (1) dedicated desktop computer for the FIS, and data is inputted from time to time on other computers and transferred computer for the FIS, and data is inputted from time to time on other computers and transferred to this machine. There is an external hard drive that is used for periodic back-up which is kept at to this machine. There is an external hard drive that is used for periodic back-up which is kept at the same workstation though this is not recommended. There are no off-site back-ups of the data. the same workstation though this is not recommended. There are no off-site back-ups of the data. In Nevis, there is one (1) desktop computer which is not dedicated to the FIS. There is no back- In Nevis, there is one (1) desktop computer which is not dedicated to the FIS. There is no back- up system. up system. Microsoft Excel® is used for data input and storage. CARIFIS is not being used to enter and Microsoft Excel® is used for data input and storage. CARIFIS is not being used to enter and store data due to lack of skills among the officers. They are more comfortable with Microsoft store data due to lack of skills among the officers. They are more comfortable with Microsoft Excel®. Some data is updated periodically in CARIFIS, but this is a small subset of the data. The Excel®. Some data is updated periodically in CARIFIS, but this is a small subset of the data. The information in CARIFIS is also not contiguous as data during the registration process is not information in CARIFIS is also not contiguous as data during the registration process is not collected in its entirety. Reluctance of fishers to provide information during the registration collected in its entirety. Reluctance of fishers to provide information during the registration process was cited as the main reason. process was cited as the main reason. A need for a census for all fishers has been acknowledged in order to rationalize and update A need for a census for all fishers has been acknowledged in order to rationalize and update the fisher and vessel dataset. the fisher and vessel dataset. Summary statistics are performed on the data in-house, and periodically, data is taken to Summary statistics are performed on the data in-house, and periodically, data is taken to CRFM Scientific Meetings for stock assessments to be undertaken. CRFM Scientific Meetings for stock assessments to be undertaken.

仮 438 5.4 Information Dissemination 5.4 Information Dissemination Quarterly Summaries and Annual Reports are done currently on the data gathered. The Quarterly Summaries and Annual Reports are done currently on the data gathered. The agencies who request information on a regular basis are: the FAO, ICCAT (very little data), the agencies who request information on a regular basis are: the FAO, ICCAT (very little data), the Statistics Department in the Ministry of Sustainable Development, the Central Bank, Customs Statistics Department in the Ministry of Sustainable Development, the Central Bank, Customs and Coast Guard, Maritime Affairs Department and the Ministry of Information. and Coast Guard, Maritime Affairs Department and the Ministry of Information. The link between the fisheries data and the management objectives is not present. The link between the fisheries data and the management objectives is not present. Currently, the information is not used to guide quotas, licenses etc. Currently, the information is not used to guide quotas, licenses etc. Stakeholder involvement has been recognized as vital to fisheries management, however Stakeholder involvement has been recognized as vital to fisheries management, however it is not done. This needs to be improved, and would assist greatly in improving the cooperation it is not done. This needs to be improved, and would assist greatly in improving the cooperation of fishers to provide meaningful information. of fishers to provide meaningful information.

5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information Systems 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information Systems 1. Human Resources 1. Human Resources The number of staff members in the SKN Fisheries Department is reasonably adequate to The number of staff members in the SKN Fisheries Department is reasonably adequate to effectively collect and manage the national fisheries data. Due to the political situation between effectively collect and manage the national fisheries data. Due to the political situation between Nevis and St. Kitts, it is not advisable to combine some of the duties. Currently, there are two Nevis and St. Kitts, it is not advisable to combine some of the duties. Currently, there are two separate FDs. The table below summaries the current situation, and recommends the optimal separate FDs. The table below summaries the current situation, and recommends the optimal staff complement. staff complement.

Position Current Staff Recommended Staff Gap Training Position Current Staff Recommended Staff Gap Training Complement Complement Required** Complement Complement Required** Data Manager-Administrator 0 2 2 Yes Data Manager-Administrator 0 2 2 Yes (one for St. Kitts and (one for St. Kitts and one for Nevis) one for Nevis) Data Collectors* 4 4 0 Yes Data Collectors* 4 4 0 Yes (2 for St. Kitts and 2 for (2 for St. Kitts and 2 for Nevis) Nevis) Data Input Clerks 0 2 2 Yes Data Input Clerks 0 2 2 Yes (2 for St. Kitts and 2 for (2 for St. Kitts and 2 for Nevis) Nevis) Fisheries Statistician 0 1 1 Yes Fisheries Statistician 0 1 1 Yes (to serve both St. Kitts (to serve both St. Kitts and Nevis) and Nevis) Total 4 9 5 Total 4 9 5 * some of these data collectors can be based at selected field locations based on logistics and level of fishing at the sites to ensure efficiency. * some of these data collectors can be based at selected field locations based on logistics and level of fishing at the sites to ensure efficiency. **Training is required also in CARIFIS and it is necessary for this training to be conducted in-house with real data after gaps in the computer **Training is required also in CARIFIS and it is necessary for this training to be conducted in-house with real data after gaps in the computer infrastructure are dealt with (as outlined below). infrastructure are dealt with (as outlined below). 2. Equipment 2. Equipment There is a lack of equipment to effectively input, store and manage the fisheries data. There is a lack of equipment to effectively input, store and manage the fisheries data. Though some equipment is available for use, these are not dedicated to the Fisheries Information Though some equipment is available for use, these are not dedicated to the Fisheries Information System. As a result, this will have implications for safety of data as well as access to the data. System. As a result, this will have implications for safety of data as well as access to the data. The system requires the minimum technology listed below: The system requires the minimum technology listed below:

仮 439 St. Kitts: St. Kitts:  One (1) dedicated Desktop Workstation for data input  One (1) dedicated Desktop Workstation for data input  One (1) Desktop Workstation for validation of data, summary statistics, and data  One (1) Desktop Workstation for validation of data, summary statistics, and data assimilation assimilation  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One (1) external hard drive (desktop)  One (1) external hard drive (desktop)  One (1) external hard drive (portable) that can be kept off-site  One (1) external hard drive (portable) that can be kept off-site

Nevis: Nevis:  One (1) dedicated Desktop Workstation for data input  One (1) dedicated Desktop Workstation for data input  One (1) Desktop Workstation for validation of data, summary statistics, and data  One (1) Desktop Workstation for validation of data, summary statistics, and data assimilation assimilation  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One (1) external hard drive (desktop)  One (1) external hard drive (desktop)  One (1) external hard drive (portable) that can be kept off-site  One (1) external hard drive (portable) that can be kept off-site

仮 440 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6.1. Output from the Workshop with the Staff of the Fishery Division 6.1. Output from the Workshop with the Staff of the Fishery Division Brief Overview of the Workshop Brief Overview of the Workshop The workshop was held at the conference room of the Division of Fisheries on the 22nd of September The workshop was held at the conference room of the Division of Fisheries on the 22nd of September 2009, in which the Chief Fisheries Officer and five staff participated. The basic question (theme) was 2009, in which the Chief Fisheries Officer and five staff participated. The basic question (theme) was discussed among the participants and decided as follows: “How can DMRF improve the sustainable discussed among the participants and decided as follows: “How can DMRF improve the sustainable management and development of the fisheries sector?” management and development of the fisheries sector?” Three tools, Environmental Scan, IOM (Integrated Organization Model) and SOR (Strategic Three tools, Environmental Scan, IOM (Integrated Organization Model) and SOR (Strategic Orientation) were used for the analysis. Orientation) were used for the analysis. Problem Analysis Problem Analysis No significant problem emerged. This indicates that the income level of fishers is relatively high or No significant problem emerged. This indicates that the income level of fishers is relatively high or adequate for survival at least, because the resource level of major target species is currently sufficient adequate for survival at least, because the resource level of major target species is currently sufficient enough to support fishers’ income level. However, most of the coastal resources seem to be in decline. It enough to support fishers’ income level. However, most of the coastal resources seem to be in decline. It is thus essential to maintain the resource level of major target species to sustain this income level. is thus essential to maintain the resource level of major target species to sustain this income level. ID/OS analysis ID/OS analysis The ID/OS method was applied to the workshop in the Fisheries Division. The workshop analyzed The ID/OS method was applied to the workshop in the Fisheries Division. The workshop analyzed external and internal factors (problems, conditions, potential and so on) regarding the basic question, external and internal factors (problems, conditions, potential and so on) regarding the basic question, "how fisheries division can improve sustainable management and development of fisheries sector" for the "how fisheries division can improve sustainable management and development of fisheries sector" for the Fisheries Division. Ten opportunities and 13 threats were identified; whereupon the following five Fisheries Division. Ten opportunities and 13 threats were identified; whereupon the following five external factors were selected as the key factors by the participants. external factors were selected as the key factors by the participants. The potential for targeting underutilized species The potential for targeting underutilized species Collaboration with international and external agencies (FAO, JICA) Collaboration with international and external agencies (FAO, JICA) A good working relationship with SKNCG, Customs A good working relationship with SKNCG, Customs The import of fish and fish products and underselling local fish The import of fish and fish products and underselling local fish The over exploitation of certain species of fish (e.g., parrotfish) The over exploitation of certain species of fish (e.g., parrotfish) In the same way, 8 strengths and 13 weaknesses were identified in the internal factors and then the In the same way, 8 strengths and 13 weaknesses were identified in the internal factors and then the following 5 strengths and 5 weaknesses were respectively selected as the key internal factors by the following 5 strengths and 5 weaknesses were respectively selected as the key internal factors by the participant. participant. (Strengths) (Strengths) Existing fisheries management plan Existing fisheries management plan Some dedicated staff Some dedicated staff Collaboration in research with Ross University of veterinary medicine Collaboration in research with Ross University of veterinary medicine BFC providing fresh fish daily to consumers BFC providing fresh fish daily to consumers A fairly well developed data collection and analysis system A fairly well developed data collection and analysis system (Weaknesses) (Weaknesses) Inadequate law enforcement ability Inadequate law enforcement ability Insufficient personnel engaged in fisheries extension Insufficient personnel engaged in fisheries extension Insufficient qualified staff Insufficient qualified staff The need for a formal system to interact with stakeholders The need for a formal system to interact with stakeholders Lack of funds for maintenance of facilities Lack of funds for maintenance of facilities Three external factors were then identified as indications of Strategic Options, which relate to the Three external factors were then identified as indications of Strategic Options, which relate to the CRFM/JICA project. CRFM/JICA project. Collaboration with international and external agencies (FAO, JICA) Collaboration with international and external agencies (FAO, JICA) The potential for targeting underutilized species The potential for targeting underutilized species The over exploitation of certain species of fish (e.g., parrotfish) The over exploitation of certain species of fish (e.g., parrotfish)

仮 441 Most of the important strengths can be utilized to realize the strategic options. However most of the Most of the important strengths can be utilized to realize the strategic options. However most of the important weaknesses can also be obstacles to realizing the strategy as well. Such weaknesses would be important weaknesses can also be obstacles to realizing the strategy as well. Such weaknesses would be overcome, if the Department of Fisheries were to act with the CRMF/JICA project. overcome, if the Department of Fisheries were to act with the CRMF/JICA project. 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers Brief Overview of the Workshop Brief Overview of the Workshop The workshop was held at 5 fishing communities as shown in Table 11.The characteristics of The workshop was held at 5 fishing communities as shown in Table 11.The characteristics of communities held at were shown in Table 12. communities held at were shown in Table 12. Table 11: Locations and dates of the workshop Table 11: Locations and dates of the workshop Name of Fishing community Date of Workshop and/or Interview Name of Fishing community Date of Workshop and/or Interview Basseterre 21st September 2009 Basseterre 21st September 2009 Old Road Bay 22nd September 2009 Old Road Bay 22nd September 2009 Dieppe Bay 23rd September 2009 Dieppe Bay 23rd September 2009 Sandy Point 23rd September 2009 Sandy Point 23rd September 2009 Conaree Beach 23rd September 2009 Conaree Beach 23rd September 2009

Table 12: Summary of the Community Table 12: Summary of the Community Name of Fishing Community Location of the Community Number of Fishing Name of Fishing Community Location of the Community Number of Fishing Boats Boats Basseterre S of St. Kitts 30 boats Basseterre S of St. Kitts 30 boats Old Road Bay SW of St. Kitts 10 boats Old Road Bay SW of St. Kitts 10 boats Dieppe Bay NW of St. Kitts 28 boats Dieppe Bay NW of St. Kitts 28 boats Sandy Point W of St. Kitts 7 boats Sandy Point W of St. Kitts 7 boats Conaree Beach SE of St. Kitts Aquaculture site Conaree Beach SE of St. Kitts Aquaculture site

Present Status of Local Fishery Present Status of Local Fishery Most fishers are engaged in coastal fishing through the use of pot, seine net, and diving. The Most fishers are engaged in coastal fishing through the use of pot, seine net, and diving. The economic status of the coastal fishers is relatively stable due to strong demand from the tourism sector, economic status of the coastal fishers is relatively stable due to strong demand from the tourism sector, although the resource level of coastal species has been gradually decreasing. although the resource level of coastal species has been gradually decreasing. Several fishers are engaged in offshore pelagic fishing and some deploy FADs by themselves. Their Several fishers are engaged in offshore pelagic fishing and some deploy FADs by themselves. Their catch is larger than with coastal fishing, and thus has the potential to shift part of the fishing effort from catch is larger than with coastal fishing, and thus has the potential to shift part of the fishing effort from coastal resources to offshore pelagic resources. coastal resources to offshore pelagic resources. Needs of Local Fishers Needs of Local Fishers Fishers engaged in offshore pelagic fishing are determined to introduce FADs, because those fishers Fishers engaged in offshore pelagic fishing are determined to introduce FADs, because those fishers who already utilize FADs have shown them the effectiveness of offshore pelagic fishing. However, they who already utilize FADs have shown them the effectiveness of offshore pelagic fishing. However, they lack the proper techniques to assemble and deploy them. It is necessary to provide them for the purpose of lack the proper techniques to assemble and deploy them. It is necessary to provide them for the purpose of easing the fishing effort on coastal resources. easing the fishing effort on coastal resources.

仮 442 6.3. Key issues in coastal fishery identified in the Workshops 6.3. Key issues in coastal fishery identified in the Workshops In workshops with the staff of the Fisheries Department and with local fishers, four ideas were In workshops with the staff of the Fisheries Department and with local fishers, four ideas were identified as key fishery-related issues namely, "Pelagic fish resource management and sustainable identified as key fishery-related issues namely, "Pelagic fish resource management and sustainable development"; "Community-based resource management"; and "Sustainable aquaculture development". development"; "Community-based resource management"; and "Sustainable aquaculture development". The development of offshore pelagic resources is important for the purpose of reducing the fishing The development of offshore pelagic resources is important for the purpose of reducing the fishing effort on coastal resources. Dolphin fish was identified as one of the key resources to be maintained for effort on coastal resources. Dolphin fish was identified as one of the key resources to be maintained for this purpose, for which enhancing the departmental research activities is vital. this purpose, for which enhancing the departmental research activities is vital. Coastal resources like lobster, conch and reef fish are decreasing and must be maintained by Coastal resources like lobster, conch and reef fish are decreasing and must be maintained by introducing community-based resource management activities, including value-added marketing by introducing community-based resource management activities, including value-added marketing by strengthening the linkage with tourism. Stock enhancement activities for lobster and conch must also be strengthening the linkage with tourism. Stock enhancement activities for lobster and conch must also be additionally considered. additionally considered. There is some potential for small-scale tilapia pond culture in Conaree Beach, because the SAPPER There is some potential for small-scale tilapia pond culture in Conaree Beach, because the SAPPER project can produce juveniles. Filamentous green algae, which is a suitable natural food for tilapia, was project can produce juveniles. Filamentous green algae, which is a suitable natural food for tilapia, was found in the small pond of the site. There is also some potential to develop an area of Conaree Beach as a found in the small pond of the site. There is also some potential to develop an area of Conaree Beach as a fish pond. fish pond.

仮 443 RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis)

External Factor Analysis in Department of Fisheries, St. Kitts (Sep. 22, 2009) Factors (Regulation / Environment / Economy / Basic Question Outside fishing vessels How can DOF improve sustainable fishing in our waters management and development of Importation of fish and fisheries sector? fish products and underselling local fish Potential for targeting Scientific 2 underutilized species 1 estimation of fish stock Out of More persons Fisher disregard Control The over exploitation of interested in fishing to some laws certain species of fish and policies e.g Parrot Fish 1 Exporting more fishery products to include value Controllable Greater potential for 仮 444 expansion of fisheries Marketing of fish industry through fish within the region products Department and outside of Fisheries Good working relationship Needs for more with SKNCG , customs stakeholder involvement No access SCHS- 3 indecision making agreements with neighbors -local Collaboration with Fishers not fishers arrested International and external cooperating Lack of joint fully Not enough agencies FAO JICA 2 approach to fish cooperation with marketing in the Staff training by Min of Finance - region MOF fully Govt. Japan and Inadequate other agencies understand DOF Opportunity monitoring of reality coastal areas Threat Rank

Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan:Actors Sustainable (Cooperation Use of Fisheries Resources / Collaboration for Coastal Com /munity Competition Development / 30

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis)

External Factor Analysis in Department of Fisheries, St. Kitts (Sep. 22, 2009) Factors (Regulation / Environment / Economy / Basic Question Outside fishing vessels How can DOF improve sustainable fishing in our waters management and development of Importation of fish and fisheries sector? fish products and underselling local fish Potential for targeting Scientific 2 underutilized species 1 estimation of fish stock Out of More persons Fisher disregard Control The over exploitation of interested in fishing to some laws certain species of fish and policies e.g Parrot Fish 1 Exporting more fishery products to include value Controllable Greater potential for expansion of fisheries Marketing of fish industry through fish within the region products Department and outside of Fisheries Good working relationship Needs for more with SKNCG , customs stakeholder involvement No access SCHS- 3 indecision making agreements with neighbors -local Collaboration with Fishers not fishers arrested International and external cooperating Lack of joint fully Not enough agencies FAO JICA 2 approach to fish cooperation with marketing in the Staff training by Min of Finance - region MOF fully Govt. Japan and Inadequate other agencies understand DOF Opportunity monitoring of reality coastal areas Threat Rank

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis)

Internal Factor Analysis in Department of Fisheries, St. Kitts (Sep. 22, 2009) Basic Question How can DOF improve sustainable management and development of Input fisheries sector? Lack of funds for Inadequate Mission maintenance of financing for facilities 5 projects A clearly defined Department of Fisheries mission statement Human Development Opportunities for staff Not enough development through courses qualified Staff Strategy Research and 3 workshop etc, provided by external agencies such as Existing fisheries Development management plan Research into the potential of FAO, JICA CRFM 仮 445 1 mollusk aquaculture Structure Collaboration in research Need to establish R&D Need for formal with Ross University of unit in Dept system to interact vet medicine 3 with stakeholders 4 Department need to develop and Insufficient extension unit in aquaculture personnel doing fisheries extension Some dedicated staff Need further 2 2 education for fishers Inability to execute a proper on the rules and monitoring surveillance regulations BFC provides Fairly well +monitoring system Strengths fresh fish daily to developed data Educating more fishermen Inadequate law consumers collection and on the type of species that enforcement ability 4 Weakness analysis system 5 they are catch with the use 1 Opportunity for fishers to Upgrade of legislations Rank dispose of catch (BFC) to deal with current Incapable of coastal inadequacies in surveillance fisheries laws. Output Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 31

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis)

Internal Factor Analysis in Department of Fisheries, St. Kitts (Sep. 22, 2009) Basic Question How can DOF improve sustainable management and development of Input fisheries sector? Lack of funds for Inadequate Mission maintenance of financing for facilities 5 projects A clearly defined Department of Fisheries mission statement Human Development Opportunities for staff Not enough development through courses qualified Staff Strategy Research and 3 workshop etc, provided by external agencies such as Existing fisheries Development management plan Research into the potential of FAO, JICA CRFM 1 mollusk aquaculture Structure Collaboration in research Need to establish R&D Need for formal with Ross University of unit in Dept system to interact vet medicine 3 with stakeholders 4 Department need to develop and Insufficient extension unit in aquaculture personnel doing fisheries extension Some dedicated staff Need further 2 2 education for fishers Inability to execute a proper on the rules and monitoring surveillance regulations BFC provides Fairly well +monitoring system Strengths fresh fish daily to developed data Educating more fishermen Inadequate law consumers collection and on the type of species that enforcement ability 4 Weakness analysis system 5 they are catch with the use 1 Opportunity for fishers to Upgrade of legislations Rank dispose of catch (BFC) to deal with current Incapable of coastal inadequacies in surveillance fisheries laws. Output Final Country Report for St. Kitts & Nevis – Formulation of Master Plan: Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 31

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