SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Monthly DEC 2011 1 December 2011 This report is available online and can be FORECASTviewed together with research studies and Update Reports at www.securitycouncilreport.org. For daily insights by SCR on evolving Security Council actions please visit or subscribe to our recently launched “What’s In Blue” series at www.whatsinblue.org

Overview For December CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE Libya...... 1 Russia holds the presidency of the (UNAMI), by Special Representative Martin Status Update since our November Council in December, a month during Kobler, to be followed by consultations; Forecast...... 2 which typically there are a record num- n the UN Interim Security Force for Abyei ber of mandate renewals and scheduled (UNISFA), most likely by Hervé Ladsous, Sudan and South Sudan...... 6 briefings. Combined with the usual the head of DPKO; Sudan/Darfur...... 8 desire to wrap up the Council’s work n the experience chairing Council Somalia...... 10 before Christmas, December promises subsidiary bodies, by the outgoing Burundi...... 10 to be a very busy month. ambassadors: Ivan Barbalić (Bosnia and Central African Republic...... 12 Herzegovina), chair of the Informal Work- Debates will be held on the international Liberia...... 13 ing Group on Documentation and Other criminal tribunals for Rwanda (ICTR) Guinea-Bissau...... 15 Procedural Questions; Maria Luiza and the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) as Working Group on Conflict Preven- well as on Afghanistan. The tribunals’ Ribeiro Viotti (Brazil), chair of the DRC tion and Resolution in Africa...... 16 debate is likely to be preceded by and Côte d’Ivoire sanctions committees; Noel Nelson Messone (Gabon), chair of briefings of the respective tribunals’ UNDOF (Golan Heights)...... 17 the 1636 Committee (related to the presidents and chief prosecutors. The Iraq...... 19 assassination of the former Lebanese debate on Afghanistan is likely to Iran...... 21 Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri and 22 oth- feature a briefing by UNAMA’s head, Afghanistan...... 22 ers); Nawaf Salam (Lebanon), chair of Staffan de Mistura. the Liberia sanctions committee; and U. Cyprus...... 24 Several other briefings are expected on: Joy Ogwu (Nigeria), chair of the 1518 Security Council Subsidiary n Libya, by Special Representative Ian Committee (on Iraq) and of the Working Bodies...... 26 Martin, to be followed by consultations; Group on Peacekeeping Operations; International Criminal Tribunals.....26 n the UN Assistance Mission for Iraq >>page 2 Notable Dates...... 28

Libya Key Recent Developments had received its second briefing on Libya Fighting broke out, on 31 October, between from the Prosecutor of the International Expected Council Action the armed militia from the town of Zintan Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno Ocampo. The Council is likely to remain focused on and Tripoli Brigade. (Tripoli Brigade pro- Moreno-Ocampo said that his office will post-conflict Libya in December as the UN vided frontline troops during the taking of impartially investigate allegations of crimes Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) deploys Colonel Muammar Qaddafi’s Bab Al-Azizia committed by NATO and forces aligned to its full capacity. Ian Martin, the Special compound in Tripoli in late August.) On 13 with the NTC. Representative of the Secretary-General November, deadly clashes, lasting a few On 22 November, the ICC decided to termi- and head of UNSMIL, is expected to brief days, between armed groups from Zawiya nate its case against the late Colonel the Council. and Warshefana led to 13 reported deaths. Qaddafi following his death as Moreno Ambassador José Filipe Moraes Cabral On 19 November, Saif Al-Islam Qaddafi, Ocampo travelled to Tripoli to discuss (Portugal) and chair of the Libyan Sanctions Qaddafi’s son and onetime heir-apparent, arrangements with the NTC for the respec- Committee is also expected to brief was captured in southern Libya while trying tive trials of the two remaining indictees. the Council. to flee the country. Media reports, yet to be (The NTC has said it will try Saif Qaddafi in confirmed by the National Transitional Libya.) On 23 November, the ICC indicated The Council is expected to extend Council (NTC), indicate that Abdullah Al- that should Libya wish to prosecute UNSMIL’s mandate by three months in Senussi, former Intelligence Chief, was Qaddafi, the NTC would have to submit a a technical rollover prior to its expiry on arrested in a separate incident the following challenge to the admissibility of the case 16 December. day. Earlier, on 2 November, the Council >>page 4

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 1 Overview For December (continued) n Burundi, by the chief of the UN Office private meeting; and in Burundi (BNUB), Karin Lundgren, n Somalia, to be followed by consultations. n most likely on issues of concern, by the and the chair of the PBC country Briefings in consultations are expected to head of DPA, B. Lynn Pascoe. specific configuration, Ambassador be held on: Formal sessions are expected to adopt Paul Seger (Switzerland), to be followed n the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus resolutions on the: by consultations; (UNFICYP), by Special Representative n Renewal of the Liberia sanctions n Iran sanctions, by the sanctions commit- Lisa Buttenheim; n Renewal of the mandate of the operation tee chair, Ambassador Néstor Osorio n Liberia sanctions, by the sanctions in Libya (UNSMIL) (Colombia); committee chair, Ambassador Nawaf n Renewal of the operation in Cyprus n the UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Salam (Lebanon); (UNFICYP) the Central African Republic (BINUCA), n the UN Disengagement Observer Force n Renewal of the mandate of the office in by the Special Representative Margaret (UNDOF) in the Golan Heights, most Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS) Vogt, to be followed by consultations; likely by Edmond Mulet of DPKO. n Renewal of the mandate of the operation n the Libya sanctions, by the sanctions n Sudan sanctions, by the sanctions in Abyei (UNISFA) committee chair, Ambassador José committee chair, Ambassador Néstor n Renewal of the mandate of the operation Filipe Moraes Cabral (Portugal); to be Osorio (Colombia); in the Golan Heights (UNDOF) followed by consultations; n· Iraq-Kuwait missing persons and prop- n Extension of terms of judges of the ICTR n the Middle East, by the head of DPA, erty, by the High-Level Coordinator and possibly ICTY B. Lynn Pascoe, to be followed by consul- Gennady Tarasov; n Renewal of the mandate of the office in tations; n the work of the UN Regional Centre for Burundi (BNUB) n Sudan, by the ICC Prosecutor, Luis Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia n Possibly sanctions on Eritrea Moreno Ocampo, to be followed by a (UNRCCA) by its head, Miroslav Jenca;

Status Update since our November Forecast n Counter-terrorism: On 5 November, the responsibility in ensuring that the 28 Human Rights Law: The Role of the Council issued a press statement in November presidential and national Security Council—Past and Future”. which it condemned the 4 November assembly elections are both credible and n International Court of Justice: On 10 terrorist attacks, which killed or injured peaceful. On 21 November, Ambassador November, the Security Council, inde- numerous people in Damaturu and Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti (Brazil) briefed pendently from, but concurrently with, Potiskum, Nigeria (SC/10437). On 14 the Council as chair of the DRC Sanc- the General Assembly, elected four November, the chairs of the three tions Committee. On 29 November, the judges to the ICJ for nine-year terms, counter-terrorism committees—the 1267/ Council renewed the DRC sanctions beginning on 6 February 2012 (S/ 1989 Committee, the 1373 Committee regime and the mandate of the Group PV.6651, 6652, 6653, 6654 and 6655). and the 1540 Committee—briefed the of Experts for a period of 12 months Out of a list of eight candidates, the Council, followed by a debate (S/ (S/RES/2021). Council elected Giorgio Gaja (Italy); PV.6658). During the briefing, the chair of n Protection of Civilians: On 9 November, Hisashi Owada (Japan); Peter Tomka the 1540 Committee, Ambassador Baso the Council held its biannual debate on (Slovakia); and Xue Hanqin (China). Both Sangqu (South Africa), emphasised protection of civilians in armed conflict bodies failed to elect a fifth judge, as the importance of coordination and (S/PV.6650 and Resumption 1). It was Abdul G. Koroma (Sierra Leone) received cooperation among the three commit- chaired by Portuguese President Aníbal the required majority in the Council, while tees and their expert groups. Cavaco Silva and featured briefings by Julia Sebutinde (Uganda), received the n Democratic Republic of the Congo: On the Secretary-General, High Commis- required majority in the General Assem- 8 November, the Council was briefed by sioner for Human Rights Navanethem bly. On 22 November, the Council and Roger Meece, Special Representative of Pillay, Under-Secretary-General for the General Assembly convened again to the Secretary-General for the DRC and Humanitarian Affairs Catherine Bragg fill the fifth vacant spot on the ICJ. Yet, the head of MONUSCO, and Margot Wall- and Philip Spoerri, the Director for Council and the General Assembly failed ström, Special Representative of the International Law and Cooperation at to fill the fifth spot as the Council repeat- Secretary-General on Sexual Violence the International Committee of the Red edly elected Koroma and the General in Conflict, on the situation in the DRC Cross. In addition to Council members, Assembly continued to choose (S/PV.6649). Following the briefing, more than 25 member states partici- Sebutinde. A meeting for further balloting the Council issued a press statement pated. There was no outcome. In has yet to be scheduled. (SC/10441) expressing deep concern preparation of the debate, Portugal in n Israel/Palestine: On 11 November, the about the persistent high levels of cooperation with the Office for the Security Council’s standing Committee violence, especially sexual violence, and Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs on Admission of New Members transmit- human rights violations and abuses (OCHA) organised a workshop on 1 ted its report to the Security Council against civilians. The Council also November, entitled “Accountability and (S/2011/705) on Palestine’s application reiterated the DRC government’s primary Fact-Finding Mechanisms for Violations for UN membership. The report indicated of International Humanitarian Law and

2 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Status Update since our November Forecast (continued)

that the Committee had concluded its representatives from opposition parties International Peace and Security”. This work but was unable to reach a unani- and civil society.) was the first time that the Council mous recommendation. At press time, n Bosnia and Herzegovina: On 15 addressed these “new challenges” the Council had not taken any decision November, the Council was briefed (S/ together rather than as separate issues, on the application. On 21 November, PV.6659) by High Representative for under the rubric of maintenance of Robert Serry, UN Special Coordinator on Bosnia and Herzegovina Valentin Inzko international peace and security. The the Middle East Peace Process, briefed who reported that there was still a need Secretary General, as well as Portugal’s the Council (S/PV.6662). Serry reported for his office to remain in place, and that Foreign Minister Paulo Portas, Executive on recent diplomatic activity by the given the continued negative trends and Director of the UN Office on Drugs and Quartet to restart direct peace talks and political instability, it was essential for Crime (UNODC) Yuri Fedotov, UN High emphasised that without a credible EUFOR to remain in place. The Council Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) process the two-state solution could not met (S/PV.6661) again on 16 November António Guterres and Margaret Chan, be taken for granted. to authorise a one year extension of the Director-General of the World Health n LRA/UNOCA: On 14 November, the EUFOR’s mandate (S/RES/2019). On 3 Organisation (WHO) and other high-level Council heard a briefing (S/PV.6657) November, the Council received the participants, all briefed the Council. While from the Secretary-General’s Special most recent report on the implementa- there was general agreement that the Representative for Central Africa and tion of the peace agreement on Bosnia issues under consideration were salient, head of UNOCA, Abou Moussa, on the and Herzegovina (S/2011/682). there was disagreement about whether first report of the Secretary-General on n DPRK (North Korea): On 16 November, the Council was the appropriate forum to UNOCA (S/2011/704) and the report of the chair of the DPRK Sanctions Commit- deal with some of the issues, in particular the Secretary-General on the Lord’s tee (1718 Committee) Ambassador climate change. No action was taken. Resistance Army (LRA)-affected areas José Filipe Moraes Cabral (Portugal), n Yemen: On 28 November, Special (S/2011/693) pursuant to Security provided a regular briefing to Council Adviser Jamal Benomar and Philippe Council press statement. The Secretary- members in informal consultations. The Lazzarini of OCHA briefed Council General of the Economic Community of midterm report of the Panel of Experts, members in informal consultations on Central African States and the Perma- which supports the Committee, was sub- the situation in Yemen. (The briefing had nent Observer of the AU to the UN mitted to the Committee in November previously been scheduled for 21 also addressed the Council. Following and it will consider the report in a meeting November but was postponed due to the meeting, the Council adopted a in early December before it is presented political developments. On 23 Novem- presidential statement (S/PRST/2011/21) to the Council (prior to 12 December). ber, Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh demanding an immediate end to all n Timor-Leste: On 22 November, the signed the Gulf Cooperation Council attacks by the LRA, and commending Council held a debate on Timor-Leste (S/ (GCC) initiative agreeing to transfer the AU’s efforts to regionally engage the PV.6664). Timor-Leste’s Foreign Minister power within 30 days to Vice President LRA issue, including through its efforts Zacarias Albano da Costa participated in Abdrabuh Mansour Hadi.) After the brief- to establish a regional task force, a joint the debate as did seven other UN mem- ing, the Security Council issued a press operations centre and a joint coordina- bers at large. Ameerah Haq, the Special statement welcoming the signing of the tion mechanism. It further called on the Representative of the Secretary-General GCC initiative, supporting elections AU to promptly appoint a special envoy and head of UNMIT, briefed the Council within 90 days, urging all parties to reject for the LRA-affected areas (Francisco and introduced the Secretary-General’s violence and calling for humanitarian Caetano José Madeira was appointed as latest report. Haq said that next year’s access (SC/10460). Members of the the AU Special Envoy on the LRA on 23 elections were “widely expected to lead Council expect a further update on the November). The Council requested that to a peaceful transition to a new Govern- situation within 30 days. the Secretary-General keep it informed ment in Timor-Leste by the third quarter n Kosovo: The Council held a debate on on LRA-related developments in a single of 2012.” Noting that the overall trend in 29 November on the situation in Kosovo. report on the LRA and UNOCA, to be Timor-Leste was positive, Haq encour- The Council was briefed (S/PV.6670) submitted by 31 May 2012. aged international partners to show by the head of UNMIK, Farid Zarif, who n Myanmar: On 14 November, Council commitment to Timor-Leste by sending presented the most recent report of members were briefed in informal observers for the elections and providing the Secretary-General on Kosovo consultations by the Special Adviser to financial support. Albano da Costa said (S/2011/675), which covered the period the Secretary-General, Vijay Nambiar, on that there were positive signs that politi- of 16 July to 15 October. Both Serbian political developments and the launch of cal leaders on all sides in Timor-Leste Foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić and Enver a political transition open to the opposi- were committed to promoting peace Hoxhaj, Foreign Minister of Kosovo, par- tion, including to Aung San Suu Kyi’s and defending the democratic values of ticipated in the debate. Several Council party in Myanmar. (Nambiar had just liberty and tolerance. He said that that members expressed grave concern at returned from an early November visit to climate must continue to prevail as the violence in northern Kosovo in recent the country where he met with Aung San UNMIT draws down at the end of 2012. months, including the clashes on 28 Suu Kyi and several high-ranking govern- n New Challenges to International Peace November which resulted in the shooting ment officials, including Vice President U and Security: On 23 November, the and wounding of two NATO soldiers and Tin Aung Myint Oo, Foreign Minister U Council held a high-level briefing (S/ the injuring of more than 20 others. Wunna Maung Lwin, as well as with PV.6668) on a number of inter-related Council members called on both parties issues constituting “New Challenges to >>page 4

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 3 Status Update since our November Forecast (continued) to exercise restraint as they sought a northern Israel. Israel returned fire. approximately 25 states were on the peaceful resolution to the dispute. UNIFIL deployed extra patrols while the list of speakers. The focus during the (Officials from Belgrade and Pristina IDF went on full alert but at press time open debate was to have been the were to have met in Brussels for a new the situation had not escalated further implementation of presidential note round of talks on 30 November.) and there was no expected response 507, which is seen by many states as n Lebanon: On 29 November, Assistant from the Council to this incident. unsatisfactory. Several participants in Secretary-General for Political Affairs, n Working Methods: At press time the the open debate were expected to Oscar Fernández-Taranco, and Assis- Council was set to hold an open debate emphasise that improvement of Coun- tant Secretary-General for Peace- on 30 November on Security Council cil working methods was a separate ­keeping, Edmond Mulet, briefed Council working methods and the implementa- issue from Council enlargement and members in informal consultations on tion of last year’s presidential note that there was widespread agreement the Secretary-General’s most recent (S/2010/507). As chair of the Council’s for the need for further progress. Issues report on the implementation of resolution informal working group on working which participants were expected to 1701 (S/2011/715). The report portrayed methods, Bosnia and Herzegovina raise included greater Council open- the situation in southern Lebanon, was expected to provide a summary of ness through more public briefings where UNIFIL operates, as relatively the group’s work. As with the last open and debates, transparency, efficiency stable. However, early in the morning on debate on working methods in April and enhanced interaction with non- 29 November and subsequent to the 2010, there was considerable interest members and parties with a legitimate report’s distribution, four rockets were among UN members at large in stake in Council deliberations. launched from southern Lebanon into participating in the open debate and

will have 30 days to draw up an electoral requirements of elections in Libya. He Libya (continued) law, and polls are to be held within six concluded the briefing by highlighting the before Pre-Trial Chamber I as any “decision months. The congress will have 30 days to Secretary-General’s recommendation of on the admissibility of a case is under the approve the results of the election and to UNSMIL’s mandate renewal for another sole competence of the Judges of the ICC”. convene an elected parliament, formally three months. ending the transition period.) On 31 October, the NTC appointed Abdul On 11 November, President Mahamadou Rahim Keib as the new interim Prime Minis- The NTC announced a new cabinet for the Issoufou of Niger confirmed that Saadi ter. On 2 November, Secretary-General Ban provisional government on 22 November. Qaddafi, the late Qaddafi’s third son, had Ki-moon and Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, Most members of the new government took been granted asylum on humanitarian President of the General Assembly, made oath on 26 November. Ashour Bin Hayal grounds. The INTERPOL had issued a Red an unannounced visit to Tripoli. They met was named as the new Foreign Minister, Notice on 29 September to locate and arrest with senior NTC members, including whereas, Osama Al-Juwali, commander of Saadi Qaddafi, the first of its kind issued on Mustafa Abdul Jalil, the NTC’s chairperson. the Zintan forces who captured Saif Qad- the request of the Libyan transitional author- In their meetings, Ban discussed the forma- dafi, was appointed as the Defence Minister. ities. Earlier, on 8 November, a Tunisian tion of an inclusive interim government appeals court approved the extradition of On 31 October, the Council unanimously and pledged the UN’s continued support former Prime Minister Al-Baghdadi Al-Mah- adopted resolution 2017 on the non-prolif- to assist Libya. On 11 November, Ban moudi, who had entered Tunisia on 22 eration of arms, in particular Surface-to-Air briefed the Council on his visit to Tripoli. September. The NTC had requested the Missiles (SAMs) stolen from the arsenal of Tunisian government to return Al-Mahmoudi the former regime. The resolution also On 16 November, Mahmoud Jibril, former to Libya to be tried. (Saadi Qaddafi and NTC Prime Minister, said that there was a notes the threat from chemical weapons Al-Mahmoudi are not on the ICC arrest list.) dangerous political vacuum in Libya. Jibril stockpiles and other small arms. said the current timetable for drafting a On 13 November, Arab League Secretary- On 18 November, Libya was reinstated as a constitution by mid-2013 should be General Nabil Al-Arabi met with Jalil in member of the Human Rights Council replaced with a faster process. (According Tripoli and discussed means of supporting (HRC) after a ballot in the General Assem- to a timetable agreed by the NTC in August, Libya in a post-Qaddafi era. bly. (Libya is the only member of the HRC a transitional government is to organise the that has ever been suspended for human On 16 November, Jean Ping, Chairperson election of a 200-member assembly or rights violations.) of the AU Commission, issued an open “general national congress” within eight letter highlighting the AU’s efforts in resolv- months from liberation day, 23 October. Martin, in a briefing to the Council on 28 ing the Libyan crisis since its beginning in The NTC will step down once the congress November noted that security was an February 2011. Ping rejected reports that holds its first session. The congress will immediate challenge and that Libya’s the AU’s actions in Libya were motivated by then have up to 30 days to name a prime urgent need for liquid funds was directly a desire to protect the late Qaddafi. minister, whose newly formed government connected to the provision of security. will be put to a confidence vote and form a Martin also cited proliferation of SAMs and On 21 November, US Ambassador Susan commission to draw up a constitution. One other arms as a concern. He noted that on Rice visited Tripoli where she held meetings month later, the constitution will be put to a 20 November the NTC officially appointed with Jalil, Keib and Martin. referendum. If it is adopted, the congress an eight-member committee to study the

4 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org situation to the ICC and any referral- Human Rights-Related related trials. Developments Preventing the spread of sporadic violence SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT In a statement during the Human Rights between various armed rebel factions as Monthly Council’s 9 November open debate on well as divisions within the NTC before the Protection of Civilians in Armed Con- DEC 2011 the interim government is fully functional is FORECAST flict, the High Commissioner for Human an important issue for the Council. Rights, Navi Pillay, reported that her the regional implications of this threat and office had held initial discussions on The prevention of proliferation of heavy more specific language on Libya’s obliga- transitional justice with the new Libyan weaponry in a post-conflict Libya continues tions under international law. Interest from authorities and would continue its to be an issue for Council members. other Council members in highlighting the engagement through UNSMIL. Pillay proliferation of small arms and light weap- Minimising the impact of the recent conflict added that given the seriousness and ons as an issue of concern was also and its aftermath on the civilian population extent of the crimes committed in the included in the resolution. past, the need for protecting human and the delivery of humanitarian assis- rights in the administration of transitional tance are two further closely related issues Furthermore, Germany feels that the panel justice is colossal and pressing. The for the Council. of experts should report directly to the Security Council and not—as provided in High Commissioner also reported that Another issue is the need for the contin- resolution 2017—through the Sanctions the International Commission of Inquiry ued coordination of efforts of various Committee. Direct reporting, Germany indi- on Libya would continue to investigate stakeholders and other international cates, will preserve the independence of alleged violations by all sides until it bodies in supporting the NTC and the such panels. presents its final report to the Human interim government. Rights Council in March. An advance Most Council members seem content to team began work in Libya at the end of Options take a comfortable distance on the issue of October, with the Commission itself The Council’s options for UNSMIL could where the ICC indictees should be tried, scheduled to arrive in Libya in early be either extending UNSMIL’s mandate notwithstanding the fact that the ICC only December. Pillay also observed that through a technical rollover or adjusting became seized of the situation in Libya where basic human rights are trampled UNSMIL’s current mandate in accordance due to a Council referral. and peaceful demands for change are with the needs of the new interim govern- met by brutal violence, people are even- ment. In addition, the Council could continue Resolutions 1970 and 1973, as well as tually compelled to have recourse to to receive regular briefings on UNSMIL and the no-fly-zone, generated much heated rebellion against tyranny and oppression. the new interim government to keep debate amongst Council members. This abreast of the key developments in Libya. issue continues to be a source of conten- tion extending to other items on the agenda Developments in the Libya The Council, with regards to the ICC, could of the Council as some Council members Sanctions Committee request an up-to-date briefing from Moreno felt that other members, wrongly, took it Ocampo, or more pointedly but less likely, Resolution 2017 asks the Committee to upon themselves to use military force. Not- by reminding Libya of its obligations under work with the panel of experts and the withstanding these differences, the Council resolution 1970 and the Rome Statute of Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate is likely to focus on assisting the electoral the ICC. (CTED) and other UN bodies to assess process and the establishment of new threats and challenges created by the The Council could revisit any outstanding institutions given the recent developments. proliferation of arms from Libya and to sanctions imposed on Libya and alter these The UK is the lead country on Libya. provide the Council with proposals to by a new resolution(s) in due course. counter the threat. The Council could consider further mea- UN Documents The Committee is next expected to meet sures on weapons proliferation after its next Security Council Resolutions in December and the chair of the Com- briefing from the sanctions committee, in • S/RES/2017 (31 October 2011) mittee is expected to brief the Council particular on SAMs. discusses the non-proliferation of later in the month. Council Dynamics SAMs, Chemical weapons stockpiles During the P5 discussions concerning the and other small arms. Key Issues draft of resolution 2017, the situation in • S/RES/2016 (27 October 2011) lifted A key issue for the Council is its role in Libya was initially seen as a Chapter VII the no-fly zone and the provisions ensuring a transition from conflict to peace- matter by some P5 members. That was for the use of force for the protection building in Libya and preventing large-scale disputed by other P5 members, who of civilians. reprisals and killings in a post-conflict Libya. deemed Chapter VII inclusion unnecessary • S/RES/2009 (16 September 2011) Determining the role and timeframe for as it calls for sanctions in the case of non- authorised the deployment of UNSMIL UNSMIL and ensuring its full deployment as compliance of parties involved. Moreover, and partially lifted sanctions. well as effective functioning are key related the initial draft proposed by Russia, • S/RES/1973 (17 March 2011) issues for the Council expanded considerably to take stock of authorised all necessary measures to protect civilians in Libya and enforce Another key issue for the Council is its role inputs from various members, including the arms embargo, imposed a no-fly in the implementation of resolution 1970 language on the need to eliminate chemical zone, strengthened the sanctions with regards to its referral of the Libyan weapons stockpiles, greater emphasis on

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 5 meetings during the month. Council Between 30 October and 6 November, regime and established a panel members may likewise continue to nego- Hervé Ladsous, Under-Secretary-General of experts. tiate a draft statement that was circulated for Peacekeeping Operations, visited • S/RES/1970 (26 February 2011) in November that addresses the recent Sudan and South Sudan, making stops in referred the situation in Libya to the aerial bombings in Upper Nile and Unity Khartoum, Darfur, Abyei and Juba. Lad- ICC, imposed an arms embargo and states by Sudan and violations of the UN sous noted that while in Abyei he had been targeted sanctions and established a Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) status struck by the property damage that had sanctions committee. of forces agreement by South Sudan. It resulted from the SAF invasion earlier in the Security-General’s Report is unclear, however, if and when the year but was impressed by the progress • S/2011/727 (22 November 2011) was statement will be adopted. that had been made by UNISFA, which had an update report on UNSMIL. rebuilt the Banton bridge. The bridge Key Recent Developments should help facilitate the return of displaced Latest Meeting Record On 3 November, Sudanese Armed Forces persons and improve humanitarian access. • S/PV.6669 (28 November 2011) (SAF) seized Kurmuk in Blue Nile state, a stronghold of the rebel Sudan Peoples’ Media reports indicated that the SAF con- Other Relevant Facts Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N). ducted cross-border attacks on South Yasir Arman, the SPLM-N Secretary- Sudan’s Upper Nile and Unity states Chair of the Sanctions Committee General, vowed that the group would between 8 November and 11 November. Ambassador José Filipe Moraes Cabral continue to fight against the SAF, referring On 8 November, an aerial raid in Guffa in (Portugal) to the defeat as one battle in a larger war. Upper Nile state reportedly occurred. On 10 Sanctions Committee’s Panel of Experts November, the Yida refugee camp in Unity During November, Sudan and South Sudan • Youseif Fahed Ahmed Alserhan, state was bombed, with two bombs appar- submitted several letters to the Council Jordan (maritime) ently landing in the camp and two outside it. accusing each other of supporting rebel • Oumar Dièye Sidi, Niger (customs) On 10-11 November, fighting was reported On 4 Novem- groups on the other’s territory. in Manyo county in Upper Nile state, with • Simon Dilloway, UK (finance) ber, Sudan sent a letter to the president of personnel from UNMISS helping to evacu- • Theodore M. Murphy, US the Council in which it accused South ate the wounded. (humanitarian and regional) Sudan of supporting insurgents in Blue Nile • Giovanna Perri, Italy (finance) state. Among its accusations, the letter said On 10 November, Special Envoy for Sudan • Salim Raad, Lebanon that South Sudan continued to provide and South Sudan Haile Menkerios briefed (heavy weapons) rebels in Blue Nile with ammunition, tanks, the Council in closed consultations. Menke- • Savannah de Tessières, France mines, grenade launchers, anti-tank artil- rios focused his remarks on negotiations (small arms and light weapons) lery and troops. South Sudan submitted a on the unresolved Comprehensive Peace • Ahmed Zerhouni, Algeria (aviation) letter to the Council on 11 November in Agreement (CPA) issues and tensions Head of UNSMIL which it denied it was providing support to between the parties in Abyei, Blue Nile, and Ian Martin (UK) rebel groups in South Kordofan and Blue South Kordofan. Menkerios said that the Nile and accused Khartoum of “fighting a many unresolved CPA issues—including proxy war” against it by supporting rebel border demarcation, oil revenue-sharing, groups there. On 14 November, Sudan sent the status of Abyei and the popular consul- Sudan and South Sudan another letter to the Council claiming that tations in South Kordofan and Blue Nile the government of South Sudan had “facili- —remain a critical source of friction Expected Council Action tated and hosted” meetings in Juba and Yei between Sudan and South Sudan. He The Council expects to receive a briefing for representatives of several insurgent noted that both Sudanese and South and hold consultations in December on the groups, including the Justice and Equality Sudanese troops remained in Abyei, which most recent report of the Secretary-General Movement, the Sudan Liberation Move- made it difficult for UNISFA to conduct its on the UN Interim Security Force in Abyei ment-Mini Minawi, the Sudan Liberation mandated tasks, for the Misseriya tribe to (UNISFA), which was due on 27 November Movement-Abdul Wahid and the SPLM-N. undertake its annual migration and for but had not been officially released at press displaced individuals to return home. He The Council issued a press statement on the time. Hervé Ladsous, Under-Secretary- also said that both sides continued to situation in Abyei on 4 November. In the General for Peacekeeping Operations, is build up their military presence along their statement, the Council encouraged UNISFA expected to brief the Council. It is also pos- shared border and that the violence in to increase its patrols and air mobility. It also sible that Lt. General Tadesse Werede Blue Nile and South Kordofan could draw called on Sudan and South Sudan to with- Tesfay, the UNISFA Force Commander, will the two states into direct confrontation. brief as well via videoconferencing. The draw their forces from Abyei immediately Council is likely to renew the mandate of and without preconditions and to finalise On 11 November, the Council resumed the UNISFA, which expires on 27 December. the establishment of the Abyei Area Admin- briefing on Sudan and South Sudan, this istration. The Council further expressed its time in public. (It appears that some Council The fluid situation in many parts of Sudan willingness to consider additional mandated members requested that the briefing be and South Sudan, especially in regions tasks for UNISFA in the statement, including held in the open.) During the meeting, along their shared border, will be on the support for border-monitoring assistance. Ladsous read the remarks that Menkerios minds of Council members and may However, it urged the parties to honour had delivered the previous day. Ladsous prompt the Council to hold additional prior commitments concerning Abyei. also spoke about his recent visit to Sudan

6 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org and South Sudan. He said that he urged the Human Rights-Related parties to seek a peaceful solution to the Developments challenges dividing them but expressed SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT concern that the recent cross-border incur- Addressing the Council as part of the Monthly sions by Sudan in Unity and Upper Nile open debate on the Protection of Civil- heightened tensions between the two coun- ians in Armed Conflicts on 9 November, DEC 2011 FORECAST tries. He said that Sudan accused South High Commissioner for Human Rights Sudan of supporting rebels in Blue Nile and Navi Pillay reported that violent clashes honour prior agreements. Furthermore, the South Kordofan, while South Sudan in South Sudan between heavily armed lack of progress on resolving several core accused Sudan of supporting rebels in the communities and a resurgence of armed issues of the CPA—the status of Abyei, oil South. He noted that Sudanese President activity by rebel factions were undermin- wealth-sharing and border demarcation, Omar al-Bashir had indicated that the SAF ing the nation’s stability and posed a among others—seems to both reflect and would leave Abyei once the Abyei Area serious threat to civilians. She added exacerbate the distrust tainting the relation- Administration had been established. that in order to stop the cycle of violent ship between them. reprisals, the government needed more Hilde Johnson, head of UNMISS, briefed support to better control small arms and Options She said as well (via video-conferencing). prosecute serious violators. Pillay Options for the Council regarding the that UNMISS was in the process of confirm- furthermore referred to the Council’s renewal of UNISFA’s mandate include: ing the reported 8 November bombings in mandate last June requesting the Secre- n renewing the mandate of UNISFA without Guffa and Yafta in Upper Nile and the tary-General to ensure effective human changes; Office of the UN High Commissioner for rights monitoring of the situation in n adding border-monitoring support tasks Refugees (UNHCR) had confirmed that the Abyei. Pillay lamented that, despite her to the mandate; and SAF had bombed the Yida refugee camp in office’s repeated requests, access to n reiterating key messages from the 4 She also mentioned that Sudan Unity. Abyei had been denied. In the absence November press statement, including the People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) spokes- of UN human rights officials in Southern need for the parties to withdraw their person Philip Aguer had reported an attack Kordofan and Blue Nile State, effective forces from Abyei and establish the on 10-11 November on an SPLA base in monitoring was unachievable. Abyei Area Administration. Kuek in Upper Nile state that he alleged had left 18 dead and 73 wounded. Another option is for the Council to request Key Issues a briefing from Thabo Mbeki, the head of Representatives from Sudan and South A key issue is the fact that neither of the two the AU High-Level Implementation Panel, Sudan addressed the Council after John- parties has withdrawn its troops from Abyei, regarding progress on the negotiations son. Sudan’s permanent representative, in contravention of the 30 July agreement. about the creation of the Abyei Area Admin- Daffa-All Elhag Ali Osman, denied that (Sudan has indicated that it will withdraw its istration, as well as on other residual CPA Sudan had launched cross-border attacks forces from Abyei once the Abyei Area issues that the panel is helping to resolve. on South Sudan and noted the alliance Administration is formed, while South The Council may also consider requesting between rebel groups from Darfur, Blue Sudan has indicated that it is prepared to a briefing from Mbeki, Menkerios, Johnson, Nile and South Kordofan that had been redeploy its forces from the region if Sudan and Ibrahim Gambari, the head of UNAMID, South Sudan’s acting made at Kauda. does so without conditions.) in order to explore ideas for a more holistic permanent representative, David Buom approach to Sudan-South Sudan issues. Choat, said that his country was very A related key issue is whether displaced concerned about the deteriorating security persons returning to Abyei will hinder the An additional option for the Council is to situation along the Sudan-South Sudan annual migration of the Misseriya tribe request the Secretary-General to launch a border, while calling on Sudan to cease southward through Abyei. (The Misseriya fact-finding mission to conduct a thorough military activities in South Sudan. tribe is generally sympathetic to the investigation of the bombings in Upper Nile government in Khartoum, while many of the and Unity states, as well as the recent On 15 November, the Council held a brief- residents of Abyei who have been ground combat in Kuek, Upper Nile. ing followed by closed consultations on the displaced are supportive of South Sudan.) Secretary-General’s most recent report on This could potentially lead to violence, Council Dynamics UNMISS. During the briefing, Ladsous which could escalate due to the continuing It seems that Council members are confirmed that more than four bombs presence of forces from Sudan and South extremely concerned with the recent vio- were dropped on Guffa on 8 November. Sudan in the region. lence in the regions along the Sudan and He also said that four bombs were dropped South Sudan border. There are likewise on Yida on 10 November; according to A further key issue is the difficulty for fears among some Council members that eyewitnesses, they came from an Antonov Council members to obtain clear and timely violence like that which occurred in Unity information about the situation in the border plane flying from Sudan. While confirming and Upper Nile states in November could regions of Sudan and South Sudan. that fighting took place in Manyo county in draw the two parties back into war. There is Upper Nile, he could not confirm claims that Underlying Problems a sense among many Council members there had been incursions by ground forces It is becoming increasingly difficult for the that the Council needs to respond to the across the Sudan-South Sudan border. Council to address the complex and inter- incursions in these two areas. However, connected political and humanitarian some members of the Council seem to be challenges along the border of Sudan and concerned about what they perceive as a South Sudan given the tension between the lack of clarity regarding the information they parties and their apparent unwillingness to have been provided about these events. Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 7 Council members appear to be in favour of UNISFA: Size, Composition and Duration acceded to the Rome Statute. (Given the renewing the mandate of UNISFA. However, binding nature of resolution 1593, through Maximum authorised strength: up to it is not clear whether the renewal will include which the council referred the situation in 4,200 military and 50 police a border-monitoring support role for the Darfur to the ICC, adherence to the AU’s Deployment as of 31 October: 2,892 total mission. While there appears to be broad resolution in this instance contradicts Arti- uniformed personnel support on the Council for according the cle 103 of the UN Charter, which states that Troop contributor: Ethiopia mission with this additional role, there are member states’ obligations to the Charter Duration: 27 June to present; mandate differences of opinion regarding whether should override commitments to other expires 27 December the current situation on the ground would international agreements. It should also be allow for it. One perspective on the Council noted that in recent years, other states that is that it is important that a border monitor- are party to the Rome Statute, including ing support mechanism be in place as soon Sudan/Darfur Chad, Djibouti and Kenya, have failed to as possible to help curtail violence in the arrest Bashir when he was in their territory.) border regions. However, some members Expected Council Action The High Court of Kenya issued an arrest remain concerned that neither party has In December, the Council is scheduled to warrant for Bashir on 28 November in honoured their agreement to withdraw their receive a biannual briefing from the Prose- accordance with the ICC indictment. In troops from the region. Some members also cutor of the International Criminal Court response, the Sudanese government seem to believe that it will be difficult for (ICC), Luis Moreno Ocampo, on the court’s demanded that the Kenyan ambassador UNISFA to carry out a border-monitoring work in Sudan. The Prosecutor is expected depart Sudan within 72 hours. Moses support role until the mission is closer to full to deliver his report in a public meeting of Wetangula, Kenya’s Foreign Minister, has deployment. (As of 31 October, 2,812 troops the Council, followed by a private meeting. A expressed the Kenyan government’s inten- and 80 military observers had been briefing by the chair of the Sudan Sanctions tion to appeal the decision. deployed; the mission has a mandate for a Committee in consultations is also likely. maximum of 4,200 military personnel.) The chair of the Sudan Sanctions Commit- It is also possible that the wider political tee, which focuses on Darfur, last briefed UN Documents and security challenges in Darfur (and their the Council on 29 September. Concerns relationship to events unfolding in other Security Council Resolution appear to have been raised during the parts of Sudan) may be discussed as well. • S/RES/1990 (27 June 2011) meeting about the flow of arms and the established UNISFA. Key Recent Developments continued fighting in the region. Since the Ocampo last briefed the Council on the beginning of October, new appointments Meeting Record work of the ICC in Sudan on 8 June. During have been made to all five positions in the • S/PV.6656 (11 November 2011) was a that briefing, he noted that crimes against Committee’s panel of experts. briefing on the situation in Sudan and humanity and genocide had continued In October and November, there were South Sudan. unabated in Darfur, citing attacks on the two separate deadly attacks on personnel Letters Fur, Massalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups. of the AU/UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur He added that the current governor of • S/2011/714 (14 November 2011) and (UNAMID). On 10 October, two Rwandan Southern Kordofan, Ahmad Harun, who S/2011/691 (4 November 2011) were soldiers and a Senegalese police advisor has been indicted by the ICC, was a good letters from the permanent representa- were killed and five Rwandan troops and example of the consequences of ignoring tive of Sudan to the Council. one Gambian soldier were wounded when information about serious crimes, saying • S/2011/708 (11 November 2011) was they were ambushed by an unidentified that in the 1990s Harun used local militia to from the acting permanent representa- group while patrolling near a camp for inter- attack civilians in the Nuba Mountains in tive of South Sudan to the Council. nally displaced persons near El Fasher in South Kordofan and used the same tactics • S/2011/511 (9 August 2011) and north Darfur. On 6 November, one Sierra between 2003 and 2005 in Darfur. S/2011/510 (5 August 2011) were Leonean peacekeeper was killed and one between the President of the Council On 14 and 15 October, Sudanese President Sierra Leonean peacekeeper was wounded and the Secretary-General on the Omar al-Bashir visited Malawi for a summit when they were attacked while on patrol UNISFA reconnaissance mission of the Common Market for Eastern and near Nyala in south Darfur. regarding border arrangements in Abyei. Southern Africa. Although a State Party to Between 30 October and 6 November, Press Statement the Rome Statute of the ICC, Malawi refused Hervé Ladsous, Under-Secretary-General to apprehend Bashir, who has been • SC/10436 (4 November 2011) was a for Peacekeeping, visited Sudan and indicted by the court for war crimes, crimes Council press statement on Abyei. South Sudan, making stops in Khartoum, against humanity and genocide in Darfur. Darfur, Abyei and Juba. Ladsous’s visit to After the visit, in response to an ICC request Other Relevant Facts UNAMID was his first to a UN peacekeep- that Malawi explain its rationale for not ing mission as the head of the Department Special Envoy of the Secretary-General arresting Bashir, Malawi submitted a state- of Peacekeeping Operations. During his on Sudan and South Sudan ment in which it indicated that it could not trip to Darfur, he spoke with several local Haile Menkerios (South Africa) do so because it is a member of the AU, officials, civil society representatives and which has passed a resolution prohibiting UNISFA: Force Commander and UNAMID staff, emphasising that the peace Head of Mission the arrest of sitting heads of state from process in Darfur should be inclusive and countries, such as Sudan, that have not Lt. Gen. Tadesse Werede Tesfay be led by Darfurians. (Ethiopia)

8 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org On 11 November, the Justice and Equality Options Movement (JEM), the Sudan Liberation With respect to the ICC briefing, the Council Army-Abdul Wahid (SLA-AW), the Sudan could take up the wider challenges SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Liberation Army-Minni Minnawi (SLA-MM) concerning Darfur in the closed meeting Monthly and the Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Move- following the Prosecutor’s briefing. ment-North (SPLM-N) formed a military and Although unlikely, it could also remind all DEC 2011FORECAST political alliance called the Sudan Revolu- member states of the UN of the binding tionary Front (SRF). The primary aim of the nature of resolution 1593 whereby it referred SRF is to overthrow the government in the situation in Darfur to the ICC and Secretary-General’s Reports Khartoum, according to a joint communi- indicate that the Council will follow-up on • S/2011/643 (12 October 2011) was qué issued by the SRF on 11 November. any instance of non-compliance. the most recent quarterly report of the Secretary-General on UNAMID. On 15 and 16 November, the United States It could also issue a statement that: • S/2011/252 (15 April 2011) was Institute of Peace hosted a conference in n expresses concern with the formation of on implementation of the Darfur Washington, DC, to strategise on the way SRF and encourages the rebel groups Political Process. forward for the peace process in Darfur. that constitute the alliance to engage in Representatives of JEM, SLA-MM, and the peaceful dialogue with Khartoum; Meeting Records Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) n employs language signalling a more criti- • S/PV.6638 (25 October 2011) was the participated. (The LJM is the only one cal posture toward the rebel movements Council’s discussion of the Secretary- among these groups to sign the Doha that have not acceded to the DDPD; or General’s latest report on UNAMID. Document for Peace in Darfur [DDPD], n reiterates its support for the DDPD. • S/PV.6548 (8 June 2011) was the which provides a framework for the peace latest briefing by the ICC Prosecutor. With respect to the Sanctions Committee process in Darfur.) Other participants Other included US government officials and briefing, Council members could request • SC/10439 (8 November 2011) and members of Darfuri civil society. Although an update regarding the activities of the SC/10407 (11 October 2011) were invited, the government of Sudan declined newly constituted panel of experts. press statements condemning fatal to participate in the conference. Council Dynamics attacks on UNAMID peacekeepers. Key Issues Substantive differences exist within the • S/2011/466 (27 July 2011) contained An ongoing key issue is the how the Coun- Council regarding the ICC’s work in Darfur, the communiqué of the AU Peace cil’s unwillingness to act on requests by the especially between those members that and Security Council on UNAMID’s ICC Prosecutor to take measures against are parties to the Rome Statute and those mandate renewal. States Parties to the Rome Statute that do critical of the Court’s pursuit of Bashir. Upon • SC/10291 (23 June 2011) was the not adhere to their obligations erodes the entering the Council, South Africa publicly Council press statement on the effectiveness of the Court and the binding noted that it intended to seek an Article 16 Doha Peace Process. nature of the Council’s own Chapter VII deferral of the case against Bashir. resolutions. (While it has not done so in the Several Council members also seem to be Other Relevant Facts case of Bashir’s recent trip to Malawi, the focused on the need for the newly consti- UNAMID: Joint AU-UN Special ICC has in the past informed the Council of tuted panel of experts to fulfil their new Representative for Darfur Bashir’s trips to Kenya, Chad and Djibouti— responsibilities as effectively as possible. Ibrahim Gambari (Nigeria) all parties to the Rome Statute—without a response from the Council.) There also appears to be growing concern UNAMID: Force Commander among many Council members about the Lt. Gen. Patrick Nyamvumba (Rwanda) Another key issue is the need for the linkages between rebel groups in Darfur recently appointed members of the Sudan UNAMID: Size, Composition, Cost and the SPLM-N, and the implications of and Duration panel of experts to carry out their new those ties for the security situation in Sudan. responsibilities as effectively as possible. Maximum authorised strength: The UK is the lead country on Darfur. up to 19,555 military personnel, A further important issue is how the Council 3,772 police and 19 formed police units chooses to address the recent alliance UN Documents (total police 6,432) formed between several Darfur rebel Security Council Resolutions Main troop contributors: Nigeria, groups and the SPLM-N, formerly the north- Rwanda, Egypt, Ethiopia and Senegal • S/RES/2003 (29 July 2011) extended ern branch of the ruling party in South Military strength as of 31 October 2011: UNAMID’s mandate until 31 July 2012. Sudan. (The ties between rebel groups in 17,723 troops and 239 military observers • S/RES/1982 (17 May 2011) extended different parts of Sudan appear to confirm Police Strength as of 31 October 2011: the mandate of the Sudan sanctions the sentiment of many Council members 4,920 police personnel panel of experts until 19 February 2012. that there is a need for a holistic strategy Annual Budget: $1.69 billion • S/RES/1593 (31 March 2005) referred to address the interconnected challenges Duration: 31 July 2007 to present; the situation in Darfur to the Interna- facing Sudan and South Sudan.) mandate expires 31 July 2012 tional Criminal Court (ICC). • S/RES/1591 (29 March 2005) Sanctions Committee Chairman and S/RES/1556 (30 July 2004) Néstor Osorio (Colombia) imposed sanctions.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 9 Somalia Lazzarini of the Office for the Coordination appears the Kenyan operation has put the of Humanitarian Affairs.) TFG under additional pressure and taken Expected Council Action some of its focus away from the road map. On 22 November, the Council adopted Developments in Somalia are expected to While Council members recognise the resolution 2020 extending for another 12 be on Council members’ minds in Decem- importance of international material sup- months the authorisation to take action ber. The Secretary-General’s report is likely port, there is also a sense that much of what against piracy off the coast of Somalia first to be issued early in the month, to be fol- needs to be done depends less on financial established in 2008. lowed by a briefing. At press time, it seemed resources than on political will. unlikely there would be any outcome. In a 23 November meeting with the On the security situation, Council members Secretary-General’s Special Representa- Key Recent Developments do not see the intervention of Kenya as an tive for Children and Armed Conflict, Following Kenya’s military incursion into issue for the Council as long as it is done Radhika Coomaraswamy, the TFG recon- Somalia on 16 October, the prime ministers with the approval of the TFG and in compli- firmed its commitment to implement an of both countries confirmed in a joint com- ance with international humanitarian and action plan to end the use and recruitment muniqué on 31 October that the operation human rights law. While not openly sup- of child soldiers. was being carried out with the support of porting it, there appears to be a sense that and in close coordination with the Transi- Key Issues any measure that can increase the chances tional Federal Government (TFG) and A continuing key issue for the Council is the of defeating Al Shabaab is welcome. Coun- under the leadership of TFG forces. They timely implementation of the road map and cil members seem aware, however, that the also called for the AU Mission in Somalia whether additional international involve- situation may soon become an issue for the (AMISOM) to deploy troops into liberated ment and support is warranted to keep the Council if the AU decides to integrate areas in southern Somalia. Additionally, the process on track. Kenyan forces into AMISOM. communiqué stated that the TFG would The UK is the lead country on Somalia in seek the assistance of the International Another key issue is the security situation, the Council. Criminal Court to investigate crimes against the implications of the Kenyan operation, the possible involvement of Ethiopia and humanity committed by the Islamist rebel UN Documents group Al Shabaab. the risk of broader regional destabilisation. Security Council Resolution In November, there were reports from A further key issue is that AMISOM may • S/RES/2020 (22 November 2011) several sources that Ethiopian troops had soon reach its authorised strength of 12,000 renewed for a period of 12 months the entered into Somalia, but this was denied as deployment of additional troops from authorisation for international action by both governments. Djibouti seems imminent and integration of Kenyan troops into AMISOM is being against piracy off the coast of Somalia. The Intergovernmental Authority on Devel- discussed, and the Council may again be Latest Secretary-General’s Report opment welcomed the joint Kenya/TFG asked to raise the mission’s troop ceiling. • S/2011/549 (30 August 2011) operation on 25 November, called on Kenya to consider integrating its forces into Humanitarian access continues to be an Latest Meeting Record AMISOM and also called on Ethiopia to issue, in particular in light of Al Shabaab’s • S/PV.6646 (31 October 2011) was a support the ongoing military operations in recent decision to close down aid agencies. briefing on piracy by the Assistant Somalia. It additionally called on the Concerns have also been raised about the Secretary-General for Political Affairs. humanitarian impact of the military opera- Council “to enhance the mandate of Other AMISOM” and authorise a strength “appro- tions in the south. • S/2011/694 (9 November 2011) was priate for the consolidation of peace and Options the latest report by the Humanitarian security in Mogadishu and south and Main options for the Council include: Coordinator for Somalia. central Somalia and other secured areas.” n receiving Mahiga’s briefing, but taking no It also reiterated its request for a no-fly zone further action at this stage; and a naval blockade to restrict access to n adopting a statement that would among areas controlled by Al Shabaab. other things emphasise the importance Burundi of the road map, remind the TFG that On 28 November, Al Shabaab banned 16 Expected Council Action international aid organisations, including further international support will depend In December, the Council is expecting a several UN agencies, from operating in on its implementation, call for enhanced briefing on Burundi by the special represen- areas under its control. (While it had previ- international support, condemn Al tative of the Secretary-General and head of ously imposed restrictions, Al Shabaab had Shabaab’s recent decision to ban aid the UN Office in Burundi (BNUB), Karin not outright banned operations.) agencies, and stress the need to fight Landgren. The chair of the Burundi configu- impunity and ensure accountability; or ration of the Peacebuilding Commission On 16 November, the chair of the Sanctions n depending on developments and Committee for Somalia and Eritrea, Indian requests from the AU, reviewing (PBC), Swiss Permanent Representative Ambassador Hardeep Singh Puri, briefed AMISOM’s authorised troop level. Paul Seger, might also brief the Council. Council members in informal consultations The briefing will be followed by consultations. on the work of the Committee. (The Com- Council Dynamics The Council is likely to renew the BNUB’s mittee met on 9 November to discuss the There seems to be growing concern among mandate, which expires on 31 December. latest report of the Humanitarian Coordina- Council members about lack of progress in tor for Somalia and was briefed by Philippe the implementation of the road map. It

10 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Key Recent Developments over his failure to stem a wave of deadly On 17 May, Landgren and Seger briefed the violence. According to media reports, all Council. Landgren told the Council that the ministers had signed an agreement last SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT situation in the country remained generally February to achieve certain objectives, Monthly calm and that new laws have been adopted short of which they will lose their jobs. The on the functioning of political parties and opposition has asserted that these are DEC 2011FORECAST also for non-parliamentary opposition cosmetic changes. parties. She reported that the government On 23 September, the Burundi configura- was preparing its second poverty-reduction January 2012. Some of the PBC’s areas tion of the PBC held a high-level event on strategy paper, which will incorporate ele- of focus in Burundi in the near future peacebuilding in Burundi. The Burundi ments of the strategic framework laid out by may include continued assistance for foreign minister, Augustin Msanze—since the PBC. But she also noted with concern the reintegration programs for ex- replaced by Laurent Kavakure—stated that, continuing instances of extrajudicial combatants, along with other groups although resolution 1959 officially trans- killings, corruption and Burundi’s lack of such as internally displaced people and formed and downsized the UN political self-sufficiency in food production caused unemployed youth, and assisting in mission in Burundi, the changes on the by land erosion. Seger stated that the broadening the donor base and devel- ground must become more visible. PBC’s engagement with Burundi will be oping new partnerships for Burundi. undertaken within the anticipated poverty- Developments in the reduction strategy paper produced by the Peacebuilding Commission Human Rights-Related Burundi government. In addition to socio- Developments economic issues, he listed corruption, The PBC has been implementing the On 30 September the Human Rights human rights and transitional justice as outcome document of the fifth and final Council (HRC) adopted a resolution in other priorities. review of the implementation of the Strategic Framework for Peacebuilding which it welcomed the government’s In July, Burundian President Pierre in Burundi, adopted on 21 April. The creation of an independent human rights Nkurunziza announced that a Truth and document identified peacebuilding commission but was not ready to termi- Reconciliation Commission (TRC) would be challenges in the political and institu- nate the mandate of the independent set up in early 2012 to probe decades of tional sphere and in the socioeconomic human rights expert for that country, as ethnic killings. He added that a special tribunal sphere in which the commission can had been proposed in the initial draft of to prosecute offenders would subsequently assist Burundi. The implementation of the resolution. But the HRC urged the be created as well. Both bodies are stipu- the outcome document was to coincide international community to increase its lated in the Arusha peace accords of 2000. with the Burundi government’s new technical and financial assistance in poverty-reduction strategy paper (PRSP support of Burundi’s efforts to promote Attacks against civilians and soldiers have II), which was to be completed last and protect human rights. reportedly intensified since the June 2010 summer but has yet to be finalised. elections, widely boycotted by the opposi- Key Issues tion for alleged fraud (EU observers have During the high-level event on peace- A key issue is assessing the progress of the reportedly said that the elections met inter- building in Burundi on 23 September transformation of the UN Integrated Office national norms). The worst attack yet came (held on the margins of the General in Burundi BINUB into BNUB and whether on 18 September, when heavily armed Assembly’s sixty-sixth session), the the new role for the UN in Burundi is suit- gunmen wearing military uniforms stormed Burundi foreign minister criticised what able for the evolving situation in the country. a bar in Gatumba, west of the capital he viewed as the PBC’s overemphasis Bujumbura, killing around 39 people and on the political sphere in its involvement Another issue is how to encourage a politi- wounding others. Burundian officials say in Burundi. He said that the PBC’s cal dialogue between the government and the attack was orchestrated by Agathon engagement with Burundi should focus the opposition and strengthen good gover- Rwasa, leader of the National Liberation on the socioeconomic sphere. nance, human rights and the rule of law in Forces (FNL), believed to be hiding in the the country. Democratic Republic of Congo since flee- The Burundi configuration paid a visit to ing Burundi at the time of the elections. Up Burundi from 31 October to 5 November, Options until now, the government had dismissed headed by Seger. While in Burundi, it met Options for the Council include: attacks as the work of “armed bandits”. with both vice presidents, the foreign n renewing BNUB’s mandate for 12 months; Proceedings have commenced against 21 minister at the time and other ministers. n renewing BNUB’s mandate for a shorter alleged perpetrators, who claim that police After the visit in Burundi, it met with the period and asking the Secretary-General violated procedure while investigating the current foreign minister, Kavakure, while for an assessment of progress achieved case. Following the defence’s charges of in Kigali, Rwanda, attending a post- in Burundi (less likely); widespread police misconduct, the case conflict peacebuilding conference. n encouraging the work of the PBC and was adjourned until 1 December. requesting the PBC to continue to The PBC plans to issue a report on the provide the Council with advice on On 7 November, President Nkurunziza visit and a meeting within the Burundi peacebuilding issues; and replaced six of 21 ministers in a reshuffle of configuration in the next couple of n stressing the importance of political his cabinet, including the interior minister months. It may also try to organise a reconciliation if the peacebuilding process donor conference in Bujumbura in is to be successful in the long run.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 11 Council Dynamics Central African Republic concern the recruitment and use of children Council members are expecting to receive by local militias and called on the govern- the first report on BNUB and the recom- Expected Council Action ment to reiterate its prohibition on the mendations therein, due by the end of The Council expects a briefing on the situa- recruitment and use of children. November. Several members would like to tion in the Central African Republic (CAR) Vogt, in a briefing to the Council on 7 July, have Seger participate in the Council’s by Margaret Vogt, the Secretary-General’s noted that CAR faced serious challenges closed consultations, in addition to his pos- Special Representative and head of the despite the progress made since the sible briefing. In recent years, the Council UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in establishment of BINUCA. She highlighted has used several formats, for example the CAR (BINUCA), in December. widespread extreme poverty, weak informal interactive dialogues, to facilitate national institutions, corruption, a high rate participation of non-members in Council BINUCA’s mandate expires on 31 Decem- of violent crime perpetrated by armed non-public deliberations. ber. The Council is likely to extend BINUCA’s mandate for another year by movements and brigands, human rights In recent years, Burundi has not been an issuing a presidential statement. violations and impunity as key issues. Vogt issue on which Council members have said she intended to establish a protection diverged greatly. Council members gener- Key Recent Developments unit within BINUCA to prevent the recruit- The overall security situation in CAR has ally view the security situation in Burundi as ment and use of child soldiers. Earlier, on remained volatile over the last several stable, while aware of its fragility due to the 1 July, the Fifth Committee approved months. Extreme poverty, violent crime and history of ethnic conflict. Much progress funding for BINUCA. armed clashes between local rebel groups, remains to be made on issues of rule of law, as well as attacks by foreign rebel elements, On 21 July, the Council issued a press state- the abundance of small arms, extrajudicial weak government institutions and human ment condemning the ongoing attacks by killings, political persecution, corruption rights violations, are some of the many the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and com- and property disputes, but Council mem- factors that have led to the ongoing instabil- mending the efforts being undertaken by bers note the progress, albeit slow at times, ity in CAR. the CAR military as well as other regional that has been achieved in Burundi, including militaries. Council members also requested the successful presidential election of June On 27 June, CAR President François the UN Regional Office for Central Africa 2010, the establishment of the independent Bozizé’s office announced that the (UNOCA) to engage with the AU on issues human rights commission and promulgation government had launched a disarmament related to countering the threat posed by the of several key pieces of legislation. operation in Bocaranga in the northwest. LRA. Pursuant to the press statement, the (The government has been engaged in a Council members see the new configura- Council received the Secretary-General’s disarmament process after peace accords tion of BNUB as a transition phase. Several 4 November report on LRA-affected areas. were signed with four rebel movements in members are of the view that the slow 2008, which was expected to lead to the inte- Abou Moussa, the Secretary-General’s progress in improving the political climate gration of an estimated 6,000 former fighters Special Representative and head of and enforcing the rule of law in the country into society.) In September, more than 50 UNOCA, briefed the Council on 18 August. does not support a downgrade in BNUB’s people were killed in armed fighting between Moussa described rebel groups, such as mandate or strength at present. Some rival ethnic groups from the Convention of the LRA and the militia led by Baba Ladde countries emphasise the importance of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP) and that moves between Chad and CAR, as taking into account the position of Burundi’s the Union of Democratic Forces for Unity primary cross-border threats. On 14 government and the need for benchmarks (UFDR) in Bria, CAR’s main diamond-mining October, US President Barack Obama for BNUB’s eventual withdrawal. region. The two groups have fought over it authorised the deployment of an estimated UN Documents for years. On 8 October, the CAR govern- 100 US soldiers to CAR to assist the ment announced that both CPJP and UFDR National Defence Force (NDF) in fighting Security Council Resolution had signed a ceasefire agreement. the LRA. The US troops’ reported role will • S/RES/1959 (16 December 2010) be to advise and train the NDF in the region. reconfigured BINUB into BNUB as of On 21 June, Zachary Muburi-Muita, head of Moussa presented the Secretary-General’s 1 January. the UN Office to the AU (UNOAU), briefed the Council. Muburi-Muita said he had report on the LRA to the Council on 14 Security Council Meeting Record intensified strategic-level consultations with November. Subsequently, the Council • S/PV.6538 (17 May 2011) was the AU on responding to the challenges to issued a presidential statement strongly the briefing by Landgren and longstanding peace efforts in CAR and condemning the LRA whilst commending Ambassador Seger. elsewhere. (UNOAU was set up by the the efforts undertaken by the CAR military Latest Secretary-General’s Report General Assembly on 1 July 2010 to build in addressing this issue. Moreover, the stronger ties between the UN and the AU Council welcomed BINUCA’s added focus • S/2010/608 (30 November 2010) and other subregional organisations.) on LRA-related issues in CAR. Other Vogt addressed the Peacebuilding • PBC/5/BDI/L.1 (21 April 2011) The Council’s Working Group on Children Commission (PBC), via teleconference on was the outcome of the fifth review and Armed Conflict issued a statement to 16 November, and said that political of the implementation of the all parties to the conflict on 22 June. This engagement and inclusive dialogue Strategic Framework for Peace- statement was in connection with the among conflict parties were crucial to building in Burundi. consideration of the Secretary-General’s second report on Children and Armed consolidating peace. She noted that the Conflict in CAR. It noted with serious disarmament process was encountering

12 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org shortfalls in funding. The PBC had met to Office of the High Commissioner for approve and adopt the draft conclusions Refugees and the Danish Refugee and recommendations of the second Council indicated acute hardship, as SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT biannual review of the Strategic Framework. well as a high incidence of child or Monthly On 15 July, Silvana Arbia, the Registrar of teenage marriages and the widespread DEC 2011 the International Criminal Court (ICC), use of child labour. FORECAST concluded a three-day visit during which she met with Prime Minister Faustin Key Issues Press Statement Archange Touadera as well as others. (The An overarching issue is the continuing vola- • SC/10335 (21 July 2011) was on government of CAR officially referred the tile security situation in CAR and the steps the LRA. situation to the ICC in December 2004; the the Council might take to mitigate this. ICC Prosecutor opened an investigation in Meeting Record May 2007.) The trial of Jean-Pierre Bemba An important current issue for the Council is • S/PV.6575 (7 July 2011) was Vogt’s began on 22 November 2010. Bemba, a the threat to stability posed by the LRA and briefing to the Council. determining how the Council can best former Vice President of the Democratic Secretary-General’s Report Republic of Congo is accused of a range address this in the context of its overall • S/2011/693 (4 November 2011) was of crimes allegedly committed by the approach to the LRA. on the LRA-affected areas pursuant to Movement for the Liberation of Congo A further issue is the need for progress on SC/10335. when his forces fought in an attempted security sector reform and good gover- coup in CAR between 2002 and 2003. PBC-Related Document nance, including establishing the rule of • PBC/5/CAF/L.1 (28 October 2011) On 10 November, the ICRC expressed its law-capacity in terms of moving forward contained the draft conclusions and concern over the impact on civilians of with the peacebuilding process and recommendations of the second bian- recent sporadic violence between armed proceeding with the disarmament, demo- nual review of the strategic framework groups in the northeast of CAR. Following bilisation and reintegration process. for peacebuilding in CAR. clashes between two armed groups in the Options city of Bria, the ICRC reminded the parties Other One option for the Council is to simply concerned of their obligation to spare • GA/AB/3994 (1July 2011) was a receive the briefing and issue a presidential civilians at all times. record of the Fifth Committee’s statement renewing BINUCA’s mandate approval of BINUCA’s budget. Radhika Coomaraswamy, Special Repre- for another year. sentative of the Secretary-General for An added option would be to raise the Children and Armed Conflict, visited CAR profile of the security situation in CAR in on 21 November. Coomaraswamy wit- the statement. The Council could also Liberia nessed the signing of the action plan for the call for steps to be taken in accordance release of child soldiers from the ranks of Expected Council Action with the recommendations in the PBC’s CPJP by Vogt, Tanya Chapuisat, the UN In December the Council is expected to latest review. Children’s Fund’s representative in CAR, renew both the sanctions regime on Liberia and Abdoulaye Hissene, CPJP president. Council Dynamics and the mandate of the panel of experts Council members seem to be in general monitoring the implementation of the sanc- Developments in the agreement on the need to support the tions for a period of four to six months. The Peacebuilding Commission peacebuilding process in CAR. Some mandate of the UN Mission in Liberia In a 7 July Council briefing, PBC CAR Council members take BINUCA’s settle- (UNMIL) expires on 30 September 2012. ment in the country and visits similar to country configuration chair, Ambassa- Key Recent Developments Coomaraswamy’s recent trip as signs of dor Jan Grauls (Belgium), said security On 16 September, the Council adopted progress. Council members, in recent sector reform would be one of the main resolution 2008 extending UNMIL’s man- times, have applied a wait-and-see priorities in the coming year. The PBC date until 30 September 2012. Resolution approach when discussing CAR; this is will launch relevant programmes as well 2008 also noted that the conduct of “free, unlikely to change unless Vogt’s briefing as focus on other issues, such as the fair and peaceful elections” would be a demands the Council to act otherwise. transparent management of natural “core benchmark for UNMIL’s future draw- resources, an important source of France is the lead country on CAR in down.” On 13 September, Ellen Margrethe revenues for the government. Grauls the Council. Løj, the Secretary-General’s Special Repre- also highlighted the dire conditions of sentative for Liberia, had briefed the Council women and children and called for a UN Documents on the latest developments in Liberia. Løj mechanism to monitor their situation. reported significant socioeconomic devel- Presidential Statements opment but noted that though the security Human Rights-Related • S/PRST/2011/21 (14 November 2011) situation remained stable, it was still fragile. Developments condemned the LRA’s role in the Central African region. Liberia held presidential elections on 11 A survey of displaced civilians near the • S/PRST/2010/26 (14 December 2010) October. Sixteen candidates ran and none town of Ndélé in the northeast carried extended the mandate of BINUCA got the necessary 50 percent-plus-one of out between May and September by the until 31 December 2011. the total vote to avoid a run-off. Incumbent President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf led with 43.9

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 13 percent of the vote. On 26 October the that country. The report noted the seizure of dismissed for alleged collusion in crimes, Council issued a press statement praising weapons by UN officials from mercenaries including armed robbery. The picture is the peaceful and orderly conduct of the returning from the Ivorian conflict. (The just as bleak for the 2,000-strong national first round, but the main opposition leader, Group of Experts on Côte d’Ivoire reported army, which has been put together by an Winston A. Tubman, who won 32.7 percent in October that large quantities of arms and American private security company, of the vote, announced that he was with- ammunition believed to have been acquired Dyncorp, with funding from the US State drawing from the run-off contest slated for by Gbagbo remain unaccounted for.) Department. Lacking experienced officers, 8 November, citing irregularities in the con- the army is led by personnel from Nigeria’s The panel’s report noted difficulties in mon- duct of the vote. A day before the election, armed forces. In the past two years, violent itoring the travel ban because of the lack of Tubman’s supporters clashed with the clashes were reported between the army “more comprehensive and standardised Liberian National Police (LNP), who opened and the police. Where national reconcilia- methodology for listing individuals and fire, killing at least one protester. The run-off tion is concerned, the recommendations of adding identifying” passport information polls were conducted on schedule, but the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, about those on the list. It reported obtaining turnout was predictably low due to the oppo- issued in 2009, were largely shelved, and passport information on only two of the 45 sition boycott and the pre-election violence. the Human Rights Commission remains individuals on the travel-ban list, one of Also, some of Sirleaf’s supporters saw no dysfunctional due to internal problems. whose passport expired in 2008. The report need to go to the polls since their candidate noted that Liberian customs and immigra- was bound to win anyway. In the event, Options tion officials did not appear to have the One option for the Council is a technical Sirleaf received 607,618 votes (or 90.7 per- travel-ban list, and the passport details, not roll-over of resolution 1961, which on 17 cent of the total cast) and was declared to mention the current location, of the non- December 2010 renewed for 12 months an re-elected for another six-year term. Liberians on the list are murky. The report arms embargo on Liberia and assets On 18 November, the Council issued a recommended the use of Interpol to alert freezes and travel bans on persons deemed statement praising the election as “free, fair law enforcement agencies worldwide to threatening to the country’s peace process and transparent”. The statement, however, “the individuals on the list but noted that as well as the mandate of the panel. deplored the electoral violence of 7 Novem- “relevant details to make this practicable A less likely option would be adopting a ber and welcomed the creation of a Special are available on only 31 of the 45 individuals resolution modifying some elements of Independent Commission of Inquiry to inves- on the list. The report says very little about the sanctions regime, in particular those tigate the incident. The statement called on the 22 individuals and 30 entities whose relating to the criteria for listing. Liberian leaders to “promote meaningful rec- assets are frozen, noting that it had begun onciliation and inclusive dialogue in order to to “follow up on information” in the panel’s Council Dynamics consolidate peace and advance Liberia’s archives on “possible assets linked” to Liberia recently became a mildly conten- democratic development.” these individuals and entities. In fact, some tious item on the Council’s agenda after prominent Liberians on the sanctions list European Council members—France, the The violent police reaction to opposition have been apparently co-opted by Presi- UK, Germany and Portugal—in September protesters came as a reminder of the dent Sirleaf’s government. They include raised issues relating to financing and serious gap in Liberian national capacity in Benoni Urey, who was a close associate of competing demands for peacekeeping matters of security. The UN police had to Taylor and was appointed mayor of the resources, citing UNMIL’s prolonged stay in intervene in force to stop further bloodshed. town of Careysburg by the government in Liberia. As a result, there were unexpect- Regarding sanctions, resolution 1961 in October 2009, who is on the UN assets- edly prolonged Council discussions before December 2010 demanded greater compli- freeze and travel-ban list. the adoption of a resolution renewing ance from the Liberian authorities, Key Issues UNMIL’s mandate. All Council members, particularly in respect to their obligations The immediate key issue for the Council is however, seem to agree about the need for concerning the freezing of assets belonging how to ensure effective implementation of the sanctions regime and the panel of to former President Charles Taylor as well as the sanctions regime as Liberia stabilises experts, in part because of the salience of those of his family and other individuals who following largely peaceful but not problem- the issues involved, in particular the illicit were associated with his regime. The resolu- free elections in November. movement of arms across the border tion also urged the Liberian government to between Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire. implement the recommendations of the A related issue is the fact that some of the The US is leading on Liberia in the Council. 2009 review team on the Kimberley Process, individuals listed under the assets freeze the international certification regime for have since joined the government and UN Documents rough diamonds meant for export. The the question whether their continuing review team had identified serious loopholes presence on the list enhances or dimin- Security Council Resolutions with respect to Liberia’s compliance with the ishes the effectiveness and credibility of • S/RES/2008 (16 September 2011) process’ requirements. the sanctions regime. extended the mandate of UNMIL until 30 September 2012. The panel of experts’ last report, submitted Underlying Issues • S/RES/1961 (17 December 2010) to the Council in June, reported “attempted Nearly eight years after UNMIL was renewed for 12 months an arms violations” of the arms embargo by individ- deployed, Liberian police capacity is still embargo on Liberia, assets freezes, uals and groups from Liberia, mainly an problematic. Police presence in rural Libe- and travel bans on selected individuals. estimated 4,500 mercenaries “hired and ria is negligible, and the UN still performs • S/RES/1521 (22 December 2003) deployed” by former Côte d’Ivoire Presi- important policing duties. Nearly 100 Libe- called for establishing the panel of dent Laurent Gbagbo during the conflict in rian police personnel have been summarily

14 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org experts as part of a sanctions regime. Mutaboba noted that drug trafficking and organised crime “remain a constant threat Latest Secretary-General’s Report to the fragile stability” that Guinea-Bissau SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT • S/2011/497 (1 August 2011) has enjoyed for the past 18 months, adding Monthly Meeting Record that the “efficient combat against drug trafficking continues to be hampered by DEC 2011 • S/PV.6619 (16 September 2011) was FORECAST a variety of internal and external political the transcript of the Council’s discus- and technical factors.” This seems to be a sions on UNMIL. reversal of the upbeat assessment Viotti Human Rights-Related made on 28 June, when she reported Developments Other Relevant Facts “positive developments” in the fight against The Special Representative of the UNMIL Special Representative of the drug trafficking, including Guinea-Bissau’s Secretary-General for Guinea-Bissau, Secretary-General implementation of the West African Coast Joseph Mutaboba, told the Council on 3 Ellen Margrethe Løj (Denmark) Initiative by appointing the management November that the investigations into board and the chair of the Transnational UNMIL Force Commander the 2009 political assassinations, Crime Unit (TCU). Mutaboba reported that Maj. Gen. Muhammad Khalid (Pakistan) including that of President João Bernardo there was still a lack of “reliable data on Vieira, remained to be concluded, Chairman of the Sanctions Committee the actual quantities of drugs that transit suggesting larger problems with justice- Nawaf Salam (Lebanon) through” Guinea-Bissau. sector reform in the country. On 12 Panel of Experts on Liberia As part of its rule-of-law and security-sector September, the Prime Minister and Christian Dietrich (US), finance and reform assistance, UNIOGBIS has since Mutaboba inaugurated the country’s first coordinator; Caspar Fithen (UK), February provided technical and financial model police station. In his June report natural resources; and Augusta Muchai support for the vetting and certification of on the situation in Guinea-Bissau, the (Kenya), arms police and internal security agencies. In Secretary-General had stressed that the September, the mission opened the first construction of model police stations, of a planned one dozen “model police sta- together with the training of police offi- Guinea-Bissau tions” slated to be inaugurated in the next cers to staff them, was an essential step two years around the country. Funding in national efforts to restore authority and Expected Council Action comes from the PBC, which in the coming re-establish public security conditions. In December, the Council is expected to months will disburse $16.8 million for He hoped that this development would renew the mandate of the UN Integrated such police stations and also for courts, a “help break with past practice of fre- Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau judiciary-training centre, the pension fund quent disregard for the rule of law and (UNIOGBIS), which expires on 31 Decem- for the armed forces and measures to human rights.” ber, by adopting a new resolution extending address the problem of drug trafficking. the mandate for 12 months. Serious challenges remain in establishing Key Issues Key Recent Developments the legitimacy of the state, the rule of law The key issues for the Council correspond and respect for civilian control of the On 3 November, the Council discussed the with the UNIOGBIS strategic work plan and security sector. The military is still seen to Secretary-General’s latest report on benchmarks set out in 2010. It appears that be the real power in the country, and there UNIOGBIS, which was submitted on 21 the most pressing of these are reform of the are concerns that key figures are part of the October. The Council was briefed by the security sector and entrenchment of the international narcotics hub. Inter-commu- Secretary-General’s Special Representa- rule of law, as well as issues relating to illicit nity violence over access to land in June tive for Guinea-Bissau, Joseph Mutaboba; trafficking, in particular child trafficking, led to the death of two people. Ambassador Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti drug trafficking and organised crime. A (Brazil), the chair of the Guinea-Bissau During the November briefing, Embaló related issue is continuing impunity, since configuration of the Peacebuilding Com- noted that her government lacks the senior army officers suspected of being mission (PBC); and Maria Helena Nosoline technical and financial capacity to ensure involved in the 2009 assassinations remain Embalo, Guinea-Bissau’s Minister of Econ- the rule of law but that the government is in powerful positions. omy, Planning and Regional Integration. moving forward with its justice sector A related issue down the line is to prepare reform, including prison system reform, Mutaboba reported a series of peaceful for an eventual transition from UNIOGBIS to strengthening criminal justice legislation demonstrations by the opposition against a UN country team by combating impunity, and tackling transnational crime. the government over its perceived lack of enhancing the legitimacy of civilian rule action on serious human rights and rule of On 29 September, the Secretary-General and ensuring civilian control of the military. law-related issues, including the assassina- and Prime Minister Gomes held talks in Underlying Issues tion of top political figures in 2009. The New York on the implementation of a Since it gained independence from Portu- demonstrators called for the dismissal of peacebuilding plan, including social and gal after a bloody and prolonged armed Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior, whom political reforms. The Secretary-General struggle, Guinea-Bissau has been subject they blame for stalling the investigations stressed the importance of inclusive politi- to political upheavals and even normative into the killings, and condemned President cal dialogue and reform of the security and collapse. Unlike its neighbours, it is largely Malam Bacai Sanhá for not heeding justice sectors as key issues in building resourced-starved, and it did not inherit their call to dismiss the Prime Minister. peace in the country. functioning political institutions from

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 15 n on 3 May, on “UN Security Council and AU Portugal at independence. Worse, the 25 October 2010. bitterness of the war of liberation was such Peace and Security Council Cooperation”; that the newly independent government, Press Statements n on 13 July, on “Early Warning Tools and controlled by a revolutionary council, exe- • SC/10301 (28 June 2011) Indicators to Assess the Risk of Election- cuted thousands of African soldiers who • SC/10184 (25 February 2011) Related Violence in Africa”; n on 28 September, on “The Root Causes had fought for the Portuguese. Thousands Selected Meeting Records fled the country as a result. To date, Guinea of Conflict in Africa: New and Emerging • S/PV.6648 (3 November 2011) Bissau’s diaspora population, in West Challenges to Peace and Security”; and • S/PV.6569 (28 June 2011) Africa and Europe, remains a key factor in n on 21 November, in an interactive session • S/PV.6489 (25 February 2011) the country’s charged political climate, on “Recent lessons learned in African and reconciliation and inclusive national conflict prevention and resolution: Other Relevant Facts dialogue as part of a belated transitional Coordinating response and supporting justice effort remain key underlying issues. Special Representative of the Secretary- local capacity”. General and Head of UNIOGBIS Options The 3 May discussion, on cooperation Joseph Mutaboba (Rwanda) Options for the Council include: between the Council and the AU Peace and n renewing UNIOGBIS’ mandate for 12 Duration Security Council (PSC), was particularly months but make reporting requirements 1 January 2010 to present; mandate remarkable, since it represented the first to the Council more frequent, such as expires 31 December 2011 time that the 15 members of the PSC, which sits at the AU headquarters in Addis Ababa, every four or six months; Chair of the Guinea-Bissau n renewing the mandate for 12 months and Configuration of the PBC were invited by the Council in New York maintaining the same reporting require- to dialogue with Council members in the Brazil ment as previously—once a year; context of the working group. Rather than n adding language expressing its intention focusing heavily on procedural matters as to closely monitor implementation of out- in previous years, the May meeting between standing issues identified in resolution Working Group on the two Councils resulted in a substantive 1949; or discussion and a communiqué on issues Conflict Prevention and such as Libya, Côte d’Ivoire, Sudan, and n deciding to establish a panel of experts Resolution in Africa to assist the Council on emerging threats Somalia, perhaps in part as a result of the in West Africa. Expected Council Action preparatory groundwork that had been In December, the Council is expected to done by the working group. (For more Council Dynamics receive the annual report of the Ad-hoc details, please see our 3 June Update Though Guinea-Bissau is currently not a Working Group on Conflict Prevention and Report on Visit of Security Council Delega- contentious item on the Council’s agenda, Resolution in Africa. It will then likely renew tion to Africa.) some members are likely to insist on the mandate of the working group, which Two additional meetings, which are likely to changing the reporting period for UNIOG- expires on 31 December, through a note BIS from 12 months to six months. This is in explore the relationship between peace by the president of the Council. No other and justice in Africa and lessons learnt large part because of the apparent fluidity Council action is expected. of the situation in the country, and the from African countries emerging from fact that unlike in other thematic situations, Key Recent Developments conflict, have been planned before the end only elected Council members have led In January, South Africa replaced Uganda of the year. on it. (Nigeria, which currently leads on as chair of the Ad-hoc Working Group on Key Issues Guinea-Bissau, is leaving the Council Conflict Prevention and Resolution in Africa. One key issue is how to ensure that the in December.) (Established on 1 March 2002 to monitor discussions in the working group directly the implementation of recommendations inform and strengthen the Council’s work UN Documents outlined in previous Council decisions in Africa. The 3 May meeting was promising regarding conflict prevention and resolution Security Council Resolutions in this respect, helping to provide a spring- in Africa as well as to propose recommen- • S/RES/1949 (23 November 2010) board for the Council’s deliberations with dations on the enhancement of cooperation renewed the mandate of UNIOGBIS the PSC in Addis Ababa this year. between the Security Council and key UN until 31 December 2011. agencies dealing with Africa, the working Another key issue is how to generate less • S/RES/1876 (26 June 2009) extended group has always been chaired by an formal and more spontaneous interactive the mandate of UNIOGBIS until 31 African Council member.) discussion in the working group. December 2009. Secretary-General’s Reports The working group has met six times so far A further important and related issue is gen- in 2011, including an interactive session on erating enhanced interest among Council • S/2011/655 (21 October 2011) covers 21 November: members in the working group’s activities. major developments in Guinea-Bissau n on 11 March, on “Consultations on the since June. proposed activities of the Ad Hoc Work- Options • S/2011/370 (17 June 2011) covers ing Group for 2011”; The most likely option for the Council is to major developments in Guinea-Bissau renew the mandate of the working group. n on 31 March, on “Enhancing the role of from 15 February to June. the Ad-hoc Working Group on Conflict Moving forward, options for the working • S/2011/73 (15 February 2011) Resolution in Africa”; group’s activities could include: covers major developments since

16 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org n focusing on country-specific cases in to utilise preventive diplomacy tools Africa that appear at risk of lapsing, or within the UN system. relapsing, into conflict, in keeping with a SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT recommendation made in the Secretary- Secretary-General’s Reports Monthly General’s 7 June 2001 report on the • S/2011/552 (26 August 2011) was the prevention of armed conflict; Secretary-General’s report on preven- DEC 2011 n tive diplomacy. FORECAST using the working group as a secretariat for the annual meeting between the • S/2010/514 (14 October 2010) was on Key Recent Developments Council and the PSC, thus building on support to AU peacekeeping opera- The forthcoming report is expected to state this year’s 3 May meeting; or tions authorised by the UN. that the ceasefire was maintained and n inviting permanent representatives of • S/2001/574 (7 June 2001) was a the situation was generally quiet. It is also PSC countries and regional and subre- report on prevention of armed conflict. anticipated to highlight continuing Syrian gional organisations to participate in Other restrictions on UNDOF’s access to carry out interactive discussions with working • S/PV.6409 (22 October 2010) was the its monitoring tasks in the area of limitation group diplomats about relevant develop- debate on support for AU peacekeeping. on the Syrian side. It seems these restric- ments in Africa. • S/PV.6360 (16 July 2010) was an tions are related to the current unrest in Council Dynamics open debate on “optimising the use of Syria and have been on-going since April. Although lingering concerns remain about preventive diplomacy tools: prospects In the previous reporting period restrictions the implications of conflict prevention on and challenges in Africa.” occurred in the southern sector. However, national sovereignty, most members of • S/2010/654 (21 December 2010) was the restrictions now seem to have spread, the Council, including especially African the presidential note extending the affecting the southern and central sectors. members, strongly support the Council’s work of the working group until 31 (In a 20 June letter to the Council, Syria renewed interest in, and engagement with, December 2011. expressed concern that the June UNDOF conflict prevention in Africa over the past • S/2002/207 (1 March 2002) outlined report referenced the internal Syrian situation.) couple of years. There are several reasons the terms of reference and mandate The report is also expected to inform the for the interest, including notably growing for the working group. Council that UNDOF’s investigation into the concerns about the human and economic 15 May events—when Israeli forces killed impact of conflict and the perceived Other Relevant Facts four civilians on the border between Syria overstretch and high financial cost of UN Chairs of the Working Group and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights peace operations, especially in Africa. South Africa (January 2011-Present) —has been concluded, confirming informa- In this respect, most members of the Uganda (January 2009 – December tion included in the previous UNDOF report. Council appear to recognise that effective 2010) UNDOF also completed an operational conflict prevention is more cost-effective South Africa (January 2008 – December assessment as requested in resolution than peacekeeping, and most importantly, 2008) 1994 and is expected to report that it saves lives. Congo (January 2006-December 2007) is appropriately configured in terms of South Africa has worked hard to revitalise Benin (January 2005-December 2005) structure and troop levels. However, the working group as chair this year. While Angola (January 2003-December 2004) improvements to infrastructure and equip- it has had some successes, there is Mauritius (March 2002-December 2002) ment would be beneficial. nonetheless a sense among some mem- The continued escalation of the Syrian bers that the working group could be government’s suppression of public pro- feeding more directly into the Council’s tests since mid-March—with an estimated work on Africa. Additionally, some Council UNDOF (Golan Heights) death toll that now exceeds 3,500—has led members appear to believe that the discus- Expected Council Action to mounting international and regional sions in the working group could be more The Council is expected to extend for six pressure on Syria. interactive and more strategic in nature. months the mandate of the UN Disengage- On 3 August, the Council held a debate on UN Documents ment Observer Force (UNDOF), established in May 1974 to monitor the ceasefire Syria and adopted a presidential statement Security Council Resolution between Israel and Syria. expressing concern over the deteriorating situation there. In a rare procedural move, • S/RES/1625 (14 September 2005) was Assistant Secretary-General for Peace- Lebanon disassociated itself from the state- a declaration on the Council’s role in keeping Edmond Mulet is expected to brief ment after its adoption. conflict prevention. Council members in consultations on Presidential Statements the Secretary-General’s UNDOF report. On 4 October, China and Russia vetoed a • S/PRST/2011/18 (22 September 2011) UNDOF’s mandate expires on 31 December. draft resolution—sponsored by France, was on preventive diplomacy. Germany, Portugal and the UK—that It is unclear whether the current situation in • S/PRST/2010/21 (22 October 2010) condemned the Syrian crackdown on Syria might lead the Council to strengthen was on assistance to AU peacekeeping. protestors. Brazil, India, Lebanon and language in the resolution or whether its • S/PRST/2010/14 (16 July 2010) South Africa abstained. consideration of the observer force will be requested the Secretary-General to essentially technical. On 9 November, during the Council’s open submit recommendations on how best debate on protection of civilians, High Com- missioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay said

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 17 that military defections seem to be increas- to Council members is whether they should On 23 November, the Commission of ing and could raise the risk of civil war in recalibrate their thinking about UNDOF Inquiry released its report on allegations Syria. Media reports indicate that the and the stalemated peace track, given of international human rights violations rebel Syrian Free Army, based in Turkey, the current political upheaval in Syria in in Syria as requested by the Human established a military council on 16 Novem- particular and the region in general. Rights Council in August. The report ber with the stated aim of ousting Syrian documents patterns of summary Divisions in the Council over the wider President Bashar al-Assad. There have execution, arbitrary arrest, enforced dis- Syrian situation may make any change in been recent media reports of clashes appearance, torture including sexual the Council’s approach to UNDOF difficult. between Syrian security forces and defec- violence, and violations of children’s Lebanon, for its own domestic political tors from the Syrian military. rights. The Syrian government did not reasons, is likely to be uneasy about any On 12 November, the Arab League decided respond to the Commission’s request innovations on Syria in the Council or any to suspend Syria after it failed to implement for access. deviation from past practices vis-à-vis the its commitments under the Arab League UNDOF renewal. initiative, in particular allowing an observer At press time, the Human Rights Council The US has the lead on UNDOF in the mission in key cities across Syria. On 19 was expected to hold another special Council. However, the concern about intro- November, the Arab League rejected a session on Syria on Friday, 2 December, ducing the larger Syrian political situation Syrian proposal to substantially reduce to consider a draft resolution supporting into UNDOF discussions remains and it is the number of observers from 500 to the Arab League’s efforts, condemning possible that Russia may table its own, approximately 40. On 27 November, the the continued and systemic gross more technical draft as it did in June. Arab League imposed economic sanctions violations of human rights in Syria which may amount to crimes against humanity on Syria and a travel ban on senior Syrian During the June UNDOF renewal, two and warrant the attention of the ICC, officials to compel the country to comply draft resolutions were circulated—the first and recommending the General with the initiative it had agreed to on by the US and a later one by Russia. The Assembly consider the Commission of 2 November. US draft included extensive references to Inquiry’s report and submit it to the the political situation in Syria, while the The Arab League’s decision to suspend Security Council. Syria sparked attacks by regime supporters Russian draft contained the simple techni- cal language used in past resolutions on several embassies in Syria. The Council Key Issues condemned the attacks in a press state- renewing UNDOF. After negotiation, there A key issue is whether the crisis in Syria was agreement to combine the texts and ment on 15 November. On 12 July the is excessively affecting UNDOF’s ability Council condemned similar attacks carried reference the events that occurred in to operate. out against the French and US embassies, UNDOF’s area of operations but not mention the anti-government demonstra- also in a press statement. A related issue is whether and how to reflect tions. Additionally, the Council dispensed on the wider political context in the Coun- On 21 November, UN Special Coordinator with the traditional accompanying presi- cil’s consideration of the UNDOF renewal. Robert Serry told the Council that, given the dential statement and incorporated the challenging context, there was no progress The issue from previous years of whether statement’s usual language about the wider on the Israel-Syria peace track. (The last to adjust the mandate renewal cycle from tensions in the region into the resolution. attempt at talks was mediated by Turkey, six to 12 months is unlikely to foster atten- (At press time, no presidential statement which suspended its efforts after Israeli tion in December. was envisioned for December either.) incursions into Gaza in December 2008. It is unlikely that the Council members who Previously, the last attempt was in 2000.) Options One option is a simple rollover of UNDOF’s in the past seemed interested in a one-year Human Rights-Related mandate for six months. mandate period will renew that push. There Developments seems to be greater impetus to keep the A second, more proactive option, is for Israel-Syria track under more regular review On 22 November the UN General stronger language in the renewal resolution in light of the Syrian crisis and its potential Assembly’s Third Committee adopted reflecting: for regional impact. a resolution condemning human n the deteriorating situation in Syria which rights violations in Syria and drawing is affecting UNDOF’s ability to operate; UN Documents attention to the Arab League initiative on and Security Council Resolutions Syria. The resolution had 61 co-spon- n underscoring the changing regional sors and was adopted with 122 votes. dynamic’s impact on the Israel-Syria • S/RES/1994 (30 June 2011) renewed There were 41 abstentions (including peace track. UNDOF until 31 December 2011. Russia and China) and 13 negative • S/RES/350 (31 May 1974) established votes. No Arab country, other than Syria, Another option is to request the Secretary- UNDOF. voted against the resolution, three Arab General to provide more regular and • S/RES/338 (22 October 1973) called countries abstained (Algeria, Lebanon in-depth reporting. for a ceasefire and comprehensive and Yemen) and one was not present for Council Dynamics peace. the vote (Iraq). There is consensus that UNDOF remains • S/RES/242 (22 November 1967) useful in the absence of a peace agreement called for the withdrawal of Israeli between Israel and Syria. What is less clear forces from the occupied territories.

18 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Security Council Presidential Statements requested a fact-finding mission • S/PRST/2011/16 (3 August 2011) to Syria. expressed concern over the deterio- SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT rating situation in Syria. Other Relevant Facts Monthly • S/PRST/2010/30 (22 December 2010) UNDOF Force Commander DEC 2011 was the last statement following a FORECAST Maj. Gen. Natalio C. Ecarma (Philippines) renewal of UNDOF. No presidential statement was adopted following the Size and Composition of Mission (Germany) as his Special Representative June 2011 renewal for the first time (31 October 2011) and head of UNAMI. On 8 October, Kobler since 1976. • 1,040 troops assisted by 76 military arrived in Baghdad to take up his duties and observers of the UN Truce Supervision met with Iraqi Foreign Minister Hoshyar Security Council Press Statement Organisation’s Observer Group Golan Zebari on 9 October. On 11 October, Kobler • SC/10448 (15 November 2011) and • Troop contributors: Austria, Canada, reiterated UNAMI’s commitment to assist- SC/10321 (12 July 2011) condemned Croatia, India, Japan and the Philippines ing Iraq in a meeting with President Jalal attacks against diplomatic premises Approved Budget Talabani. On 16 October, Kobler expressed in Syria. his gratitude to Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri Al- 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012: $50.5 Security Council Letter Maliki for the support provided to UNAMI. million (A/C.5/65/19) • S/2011/375 (20 June 2011) was from The Department of Political Affairs included Syria expressing concern that the Iraq in its September monthly briefing by June 2011 UNDOF report referenced Under-Secretary-General, B. Lynn Pascoe, the internal Syrian situation. Iraq on new or ongoing issues of concern. Security Council Meeting Records Pascoe briefed the Council on the latest Expected Council Action political developments, the appointment of • S/PV.6662 (21 November 2011) was A briefing by Martin Kobler, Special Kobler as well as UNAMI’s new security the regular monthly briefing on the Representative and head of the UN Assis- arrangements ahead of the withdrawal of Middle East. tance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) is envisaged the remaining US troops by the end of 2011. • S/PV.6650 and res. 1 (9 November in December. 2011) was an open debate on On 23 September, President Talabani, in an The funding for the activities of Gennady protection of civilians. address to the General Assembly, stressed Tarasov, the high-level coordinator who • S/PV.6627 (4 October 2011) was the that Iraq had succeeded in getting rid of advises the Security Council on the Iraq- veto of the draft resolution on Syria sanctions and restrictions imposed as a Kuwait missing persons and property issue, (S/2011/612) by Russia and China. consequence of the invasion of Kuwait by is due to expire by the end of December. • S/PV.6598 (3 August 2011) was a the Saddam Hussein regime. Talabani also It is expected that the Council will receive debate on the Syrian situation. said that Iraqi security forces had proved a report on the issue and a briefing from • S/PV.6572 (30 June 2011) was the that they were capable of providing security. most recent UNDOF renewal. the high-level coordinator. The Council is likely to extend the coordinator’s Secretary-General’s Report In a letter addressed to the President of activities before the end of the month the Council dated 15 November, Hamid • S/2011/748 (30 November 2011) was through a press statement. Al-Bayati, Permanent Representative of Iraq the most recent UNDOF report. to the UN, reported that the Iraqi The mandate of UNAMI expires on 31 General Assembly Government had implemented the recom- July 2012. • GA/SHC/4033 (22 November 2011) mendations contained in the Secretary- was a press release on the adoption of Key Recent Developments General’s report of June 2011 by forming a a resolution by the General Assem- At press time, the Council was due to committee to coordinate the efforts relating bly’s Third Committee condemning receive the Secretary-General’s regular to Kuwaiti national archives. Moreover, the human rights violations in Syria. report on UNAMI. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Iraq had informed the Kuwaiti Embassy in Baghdad Human Rights Council On 19 July, Special Representative of of the existence of 136 microfilm cassettes • A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1 (23 November the Secretary-General and head of UNAMI, including the official archives of Kuwait 2011) was the report of the commis- Ad Melkert, (whose term ended in August) Today, the official Kuwaiti newspaper. sion of inquiry as requested in August. told the Council in a briefing that there were • A/HRC/RES/S-17/1 (23 August 2011) grounds for “cautious optimism” should a On 17 November, the 34th session of the requested an independent interna- determined Iraqi leadership and a stronger Tripartite Commission, composed of repre- tional commission of inquiry to regional cooperation with Iraq prevail. On sentatives of Iraq, Kuwait and the 1990-1991 investigate all alleged violations of 28 July, the Council unanimously agreed Coalition (the US, the UK, France and Saudi international human rights law since to extend UNAMI’s mandate for another Arabia) was held in Geneva under the March 2011. year. The resolution also called on Iraq to auspices of the International Committee of • A/HRC/18/53 (15 September 2011) continue its ongoing cooperation with the Red Cross (ICRC). Members of the was the follow-up report of the Kuwait and meet its outstanding interna- Tripartite Commission agreed to further fact-finding mission requested in April. tional obligations on that issue. improve the process of gathering informa- • A/HRC/RES/S-16/1 (29 April 2011) tion on the whereabouts of hundreds of On 4 August, the Secretary-General missing people and to establish a firm plan announced his intention to appoint Kobler

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 19 of action for future excavations in both Iraq Key Issues as well as the significant social unrest over and Kuwait. (The Tripartite Commission A key issue for the Council will be to revisit the provision of government services that and its Technical Sub-Committee were the issue of security provision for UNAMI has been apparent during the last several established under the auspices of the personnel, especially in light of the potential months. Members are also aware of ICRC in 1991 and 1994 respectively. Their effect that the US military withdrawal may UNAMI’s expanding security needs in light role is to ascertain the fate of missing have on the dynamics on the ground. of the US withdrawal. military and civilian personnel of the 1990- Many Council members feel that it is impor- 1991 Gulf War.) Another key issue for the Council is assessing the level of contribution that tant for Iraq to make further efforts to fulfil its The UN Compensation Commission UNAMI makes to the stability of Iraq and obligations to Kuwait. (UNCC) approved the payment of whether UNAMI’s composition ought to The US is the lead country on Iraq issues in $1,038,375,281 to Kuwait for distribution to be modified in order to better address the general, and the UK is the lead on Iraq/ eight successful candidates. To date, the challenges it faces. Kuwait issues. UNCC has made available $34.3 billion. An additional key issue before the Council Violent incidents continued to occur during is whether an extension of the high-level UN Documents the past months. On 27 July, Melkert, coordinator’s activities would help resolve Security Council Resolution during an interview with the UN radio in the issue of missing Kuwaiti persons and • S/RES/2001 (28 July 2011) extended New York, said that the security situation property. UNAMI’s mandate until 31 July 2012. in Iraq remained unpredictable and that for many Iraqis life was still very troublesome. Underlying Problems Secretary-General’s Report On 15 August, a series of bombings report- Significant sectarian and political divisions • S/2011/435 (7 July 2011) was the edly killed 80 people and wounded up to continue to adversely affect Iraq. In addi- latest UNAMI report. 300 others. On 18 August, the Council tion, key ministerial posts such as that of Letters issued a press statement strongly con- defence and interior have been unfilled for demning these bombings. On 25 months and different political blocs remain • S/2011/721 (15 November 2011) was September, the acting head of UNAMI and divided over power sharing. from Al-Bayati to the President of the Deputy Special Representative, Jerzy Council updating him on the formation Options of an Iraqi coordinating committee to Skuratowicz, strongly condemned the ter- One option for the Council is to simply rorist attacks that reportedly killed 15 deal with Kuwaiti national archives. receive the briefings on UNAMI and the • S/2011/503 (8 August 2011) and people and injured more than 100 in Iraq/Kuwait issues. Kerbala earlier that day. S/2011/502 (4 August 2011) was an n Regarding UNAMI, another option would exchange of letters between regarding On 21 October, US President Barack be issuing a presidential or press state- the appointment of Martin Kobler Obama announced that all US troops would ment that could include all or some of the as Special Representative and head be withdrawn by the end of the year, as following elements: of UNAMI. established by the Status of Forces Agree- n acknowledgement of the increasing • S/2011/478 and S/2011/477 (26 July ment approved by the Iraqi parliament and security needs of UNAMI (and the related 2011) was an exchange of letters the Bush Administration in late 2008. increased cost) and the persistent regarding funding in support of violence impacting on Iraqi civilians with Tarasov’s activities. On 19 October, Turkish forces launched some reference to the protection of air and ground operations in Iraq’s northern civilians; and Press Statements Qandil mountains to retaliate against an n urging Iraq to finalise its government for- • SC/10362 (18 August 2011) earlier attack by the Kurdistan Workers’ mation by filling all vacant ministerial posts; condemned terrorist attacks on Party (PKK) that reportedly killed 26 of n on Iraq/Kuwait issues the Council could 15 August in Iraq. its soldiers. issue a press or presidential statement: • SC/10289 (22 June 2011) expressed n reiterating the importance for Iraq to the Council’s intention to continue Human Rights-Related make progress on resolving outstanding funding for the activities of the high- Developments issues related to Kuwait (including bor- level coordinator for missing Kuwaiti On 8 August, a joint UNAMI-Office of the ders, missing persons and property); persons and property. UN High Commissioner for Human n extending the activities of the high-level Other Rights report noted that “the human coordinator for an additional six months • S/AC.51/2011/6 (3 October 2011) was rights situation throughout Iraq remains or longer; and the Working Group on Children and fragile.” On 12 September, the UN Edu- n reaffirming previously agreed language Armed Conflict’s report stating conclu- cational, Scientific and Cultural and reiterating the need to resolve out- sions on children and armed conflict Organization Director-General, Irina standing issues between Iraq and Kuwait in Iraq. Bokova, called for an investigation into before the removal of any further Chapter the killing of Hadi Al-Mahdi, an outspo- VII measures imposed during the regime Other Relevant Facts ken radio journalist in Iraq. Al-Mahdi’s of Saddam Hussein. body was found on 8 September after he Special Representative of the Council and Wider Dynamics was shot in his home in Baghdad. Secretary-General in Iraq Council members remain concerned about Martin Kobler (Germany) the overall security situation in the country,

20 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Secretary-General’s High-Level which to conduct hydrodynamic experi- Coordinator for Iraq/Kuwait Missing ments with high explosives and nuclear Persons and Property material, which are “strong indicators of SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Gennady Tarasov (Russia) possible weapon development”; Monthly n was working on a project to secure a source of uranium “suitable for use in an DEC 2011FORECAST undisclosed enrichment programme”; n had been provided with nuclear explo- Iran to an attempted assassination plot that sive design information more advanced the US said constituted a serious threat to Expected Council Action than previously identified; international peace and security. The letter Ambassador Néstor Osorio (Colombia), n conducted computer modelling studies stated that the US had recently disrupted chair of the Iran Sanctions Committee (1737 of designs for a missile warhead; and a conspiracy to assassinate the Saudi Committee), is expected to provide the n had developed fast-acting detonators, an ambassador to the US and carry out follow- Council in December with a regularly integral part of a programme to develop on attacks, which were “conceived, scheduled 90-day briefing. The briefing is an implosion-type nuclear device, whose sponsored and directed by elements of the likely to be routine; the floor will then be civilian or conventional military applica- government of Iran.” One of the suspects in opened to other Council members. tions were limited. the alleged plot, a dual US-Iranian citizen, is Resolution 1984 of 9 June extended the At the IAEA Board of Governors meeting in in US custody and has pleaded not guilty; mandate of the 1737 Committee’s panel Vienna on 17 November, the five states that the other remains at large. of experts for a further year. It requested are permanent Council members, along On 18 November, the General Assembly that the panel submit a midterm report with Germany (which together comprise passed a resolution deploring the alleged (which has already been sent to the Com- the “E3+3” lead group on Iran), agreed plot to kill the Saudi ambassador (106 votes mittee) to the Council by 9 December. No on a draft resolution about Iran’s nuclear in favour, 9 against and 40 abstentions). Council action is expected following the programme. The resolution, which was regular briefing. described as a compromise text between In its own written response to the allega- Key Recent Developments western states and Russia and China, was tions in a letter to the Secretary-General of On 8 November, the IAEA Director General’s adopted by the 35-member board on 18 11 October, Iran denied any involvement most recent report on Iran’s nuclear pro- November (with only Cuba and Ecuador in the alleged attack and rejected the gramme (“Implementation of the NPT voting against and Indonesia abstaining). allegations, citing a lack of evidence. The resolution expressed “deep and Safeguards Agreement and relevant On 21 November, the US, the UK and provisions of Security Council resolutions”) increasing concern about the unresolved issues regarding the Iranian nuclear pro- Canada announced that they would became publicly available. The IAEA Board impose new sanctions on Iran, targeting its of Governors discussed the report in Vienna gramme, including those which need to be clarified to exclude the existence of possi- petrochemical, oil and gas industries. In on 17-18 November. announcing the new sanctions, US ble military dimensions.” It also urged Iran The IAEA’s previous report of 2 September “once again to comply fully and without President Barack Obama said that the US had noted that Iran continued to not delay with its obligations under relevant was also designating 11 individuals and implement a number of its obligations resolutions” of the Council. The text entities for their role in assisting Iran’s under the Safeguards Agreement and was requested that the Director General include nuclear programme. The US also identified not providing the necessary cooperation an assessment of the implementation of the Iran as a jurisdiction of “primary money laundering concern”. Without formally with the IAEA. The latest report went further resolution in his progress report to the and catalogued evidence indicating that March 2012 meeting of the Board. sanctioning it, the US for the first time also there was a “credible” case that Iran identified the country’s entire banking had “carried out activities relevant to the On 2 November, IAEA Director General sector, including the Central Bank of Iran, Yukiya Amano wrote to the president of as a “threat to governments or financial development of a nuclear explosive device.” While the report did not categorically state Iran’s Atomic Energy Organisation institutions that do business” with it. that Iran was developing nuclear weapons, proposing to send a high-level team to Iran (Following an agreement on 22 November, it said it had “serious concerns regarding to clarify the issues outlined in the most EU foreign ministers were expected to possible military dimensions to Iran’s recent report. formally approve sanctions on 1 December on approximately 200 Iranian firms, individ- nuclear programme.” Iran has repeatedly said that its nuclear uals and organisations.) The report includes a 12-page annex programme is for the peaceful purpose of documenting evidence from “a wide variety providing energy. In a letter following the Also on 21 November, the General Assem- of independent sources”, including ten report’s publication, Iran’s ambassador to bly’s Third Committee approved a draft member states as well as the IAEA’s own the IAEA said that the Director General resolution expressing deep concern at should not politicise the “technical organi- serious recurring human rights violations investigators. The report says that the IAEA had obtained information indicating sation” by bias and a selective approach. in Iran. The draft text, which is expected that Iran: Iran also called the IAEA’s report “unprofes- to be formally adopted by the General sional, unbalanced” and “illegal”. Assembly in December, was approved by a n conducted computer modelling studies vote of 86 in favour to 32 against, with 59 of nuclear explosions in 2008 and 2009; In other developments, on 11 October the abstentions. The draft “country-specific” n built a large containment vessel, beginning US permanent representative wrote to resolution on Iran, which has been spon- in 2000, at the Parchin military complex in the Secretary-General bringing his attention sored annually by Canada since 2003,

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 21 received six more votes in favour than in Key Issues financial and oil and gas sectors, should 2010 and eight fewer against. The core issue for the Council is how to be considered. On the other hand, Russia most effectively address Iran’s continuing and China responded to the IAEA report On 29 November, the UK Embassy in Teh- refusal to implement its obligations under by saying that they would oppose attempts ran was attacked by protesters resulting in previous Council resolutions and ensure to impose further sanctions on Iran in the serious damage; another UK diplomatic cooperation with the IAEA. An important Council. Russia indicated that additional compound in northern Tehran—known as issue for the Council is whether taking sanctions would be seen in the international Qolhak Garden—was also damaged. In a further action against Iran is likely to community as an “instrument for regime press statement issued later in the same encourage engagement or whether change in Iran”, while China said that the day (SC/10463), the President of the Coun- further attempts at dialogue with Tehran IAEA should be more “objective”. cil condemned the attacks “in the strongest would be more likely to result in the terms”. On 30 November, UK Foreign Sec- desired cooperation. UN Documents retary William Hague announced that the government had closed its Embassy in Options Security Council Resolutions Tehran. He said that Iran had been informed One option for the Council would be to • S/RES/1984 (9 June 2011) extended that the UK required the immediate closure impose further sanctions on Iran. But that the mandate of the panel of experts of the Iranian Embassy and that all its diplo- option has been dismissed by Russia that supports the Iran Sanctions matic staff members must leave the UK and China. (The Council has adopted Committee for one year. within the next 48 hours. four sets of measures sanctioning Iran: • S/RES/1929 (9 June 2010) imposed resolutions 1737 [2006], 1747 [2007], 1803 a fourth round of sanctions on Iran. Human Rights-Related [2008] and 1929 [2010]. Resolution 1929, • S/RES/1887 (24 September 2009) Developments of 9 June 2010, expanded the arms reaffirmed previous resolutions related On 19 October the new special rappor- embargo and tightened restrictions to Iran’s nuclear activities. teur on the human rights situation in against Iran. The Council took several • S/RES/1835 (27 September 2008) Iran, Ahmed Shaheed, briefed the Third months to negotiate the text, and it was reaffirmed commitment to a Committee of the General Assembly on ultimately approved by a vote of 12 in negotiated solution within the E3+3 his efforts to establish a dialogue with favour to two against—Brazil and Turkey— dual-track framework and called the country. Noting that the Iranian with one abstention—Lebanon.) upon Iran to comply with previous authorities had not yet agreed for him Council resolutions. Another option for the Council would be to visit, Shaheed remarked that • S/RES/1803 (3 March 2008) reiterated waiting until the IAEA’s Director General is engagement by Iran could serve to existing measures against Iran and next due to provide a progress report on lessen the potential for politicisation imposed additional ones. Iran before considering further action. about which the government had repeat- • S/RES/1747 (24 March 2007) estab- lished a ban on Iran’s arms exports edly complained. “However,” he added, A further option would be to request the and added names to the list of people “insufficient cooperation will only con- Committee to make additional designations and entities subject to assets freeze. tinue to heighten the concern of the of individuals or entities to be subject to • S/RES/1737 (23 December 2006) international community and will reduce the sanctions regime. the potential for a positive and construc- banned trade with Iran of certain tive dialogue” on human rights issues. Council Dynamics items related to nuclear activities Several Council members, as with many in and weapon-delivery systems, On 2 November, the UN’s Human Rights the international community, continue to imposed an asset freeze on certain Committee, in its concluding observa- have grave suspicions about Tehran’s persons and entities and established tions on the third periodic report of Iran, nuclear programme and distrust its inten- a sanctions committee. said that the government should estab- tions. Reactions to the publication of the Latest IAEA Reports lish a full, impartial and independent IAEA’s report on 8 November, however, • GOV/2011/65 (8 November 2011) investigation into allegations of killings, highlighted the divergent views in the Coun- • GOV/2011/54 (2 September 2011) torture and other ill-treatment during and cil on addressing Iran’s continuing nuclear following the 12 June 2009 presidential programme. While there seems to be Latest IAEA Resolution elections and prosecute those officials consensus in the Council that Iran’s • GOV/2011/69 (18 November 2011) found responsible. The Committee cooperation with the IAEA is insufficient added that Iran should ensure that an and there is concern over its development inquiry was opened in each case of of a possible nuclear weapons programme, alleged torture and cruel, inhuman or some Council members consider imposing Afghanistan degrading treatment in detention further sanctions on Iran unhelpful. China facilities, that effective reparation was and Russia have emphasised the need for Expected Council Action The Council is expected to receive a granted to every victim, that no one was further diplomatic engagement. briefing from Staffan de Mistura, the Head coerced into testifying against him-or of UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan herself or into confessing guilt and In response to the IAEA’s report, France, (UNAMA), on the Secretary-General’s quar- that no such “confession” was accepted Germany and the US called for stronger terly report on UNAMA and hold a debate as evidence in court. sanctions against Iran, and the UK said that if Tehran did not enter serious negotiations on Afghanistan. No outcome is anticipated. on its programme then additional mea- (While resolution 1974 requests the sures, including sanctions against Iran’s Secretary-General to “conduct a compre- hensive review of UNAMA’s mandated 22 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org activities and the United Nations’ support days the US Central Intelligence Agency in Afghanistan” by the end of 2011, it stop drone attacks into Afghanistan from appears that this review will be completed the Shamsi air base in Pakistan. SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT in early 2012, closer to the time that the On 2 November, Afghanistan and Turkey Monthly Council considers renewing the mission’s hosted a high-level conference in Istanbul mandate, which expires on 23 March 2012.) DEC 2011 to discuss strategies for promoting security FORECAST Key Recent Developments and cooperation in Afghanistan and the The security situation throughout neighbouring region. Among the partici- negotiate a military role for the US in Afghanistan remained volatile in recent pants were representatives of 12 states Afghanistan after 2014, as well as his weeks. Several attacks resulted in high that are near Afghanistan and multilateral demands for an end to night time raids and numbers of civilian casualties. On 31 organisations including the EU, NATO, and foreign control of detention centres. The October, insurgents launched an attack the UN. A document, referred to as the resolution also supported efforts to engage on a facility of the UN High Commissioner Istanbul Protocol, was agreed at the insurgents in peace talks. In response to the for Refugees (UNHCR) in Kandahar, claim- conference in which participants, inter-alia: resolution, Zabiullah Mujahid, a Taliban ing the lives of three UN security guards n expressed support for the national spokesman, reiterated Taliban demands and two security contractors. On 6 reconciliation process in Afghanistan; that foreign militaries leave Afghanistan and November, a suicide bomber, reportedly n reiterated their determination to help called the participants in the jirga “servants from the Taliban, killed eight people exiting Afghanistan to combat terrorism; of the invaders of our country”. a mosque in northern Afghanistan’s n expressed their commitment to cooper- On 27 November, Karzai announced the Baghlan province, including five civilians ate with Afghanistan and regional and “second tranche” of areas where security and three commanders from the anti- international actors to counter the illegal will be transferred to Afghan forces from Taliban arbakai militias, who appear to production, consumption and trade of NATO, primarily in the west and north of the have been targeted by the bomber. On 8 drugs; and country. It is anticipated that the transfer, November, insurgents detonated a road- n delineated various ways to promote edu- which is expected to cover areas possess- side bomb in western Afghanistan in cational, cultural and economic progress ing approximately half of Afghanistan’s Badghis province, killing 11 people, includ- in Afghanistan and the region. population, will occur in early 2012. ing six children, and wounding three Participants at the Istanbul conference also traveling in a police truck. It appears that the Human Rights-Related agreed to hold a follow-up meeting in June bomb’s intended target was the police; Developments 2012 in Kabul at the ministerial level. however, only two of the 11 killed were Addressing the Council on 9 November police. (The 6 and 8 November attacks On 15 November, the International Contact during the open debate on the protec- occurred despite a 4 November statement Group on Afghanistan met in Astana, tion of civilians in armed conflict, UN from Taliban leader Mullah Omar marking Kazakhstan. Thirty-nine countries—as well High Commissioner for Human Rights the Islamic Eid holiday, in which he called as regional bodies such as the EU, NATO Navi Pillay said she was concerned on his followers to take care not to harm and the Organisation of Islamic Coopera- that the number of civilians killed in civilians.) Also on 8 November, NATO and tion—attended the meeting and discussed Afghanistan was increasing in a climate Afghan forces killed approximately 70 insur- preparations for the Bonn Conference, characterised by a lack of accountability gents who had attacked military bases in which is scheduled for 5 December and will for serious violations of international law. the Barmal district of Paktika province in focus on international political and eco- Pillay said that in the first half of 2011, eastern Afghanistan. NATO helicopter nomic engagement in Afghanistan, both UNAMA’s Human Rights Unit tracked a strikes targeting Taliban planting roadside after 2014, the currently projected date for 15 percent increase in conflict-related bombs in Kandahar province resulted in the withdrawal of foreign troops, and during civilian deaths, 80 percent of which was the deaths of two insurgents and six the transition period preceding it. attributed to anti-government forces. children on 23 November. Afghan President, Hamid Karzai, convened Pillay also drew the Council’s attention On 26 November, NATO aircraft reportedly a loya jirga, a gathering of tribal and to a report by the human rights unit providing close air support to ground community leaders, in Kabul from 16 to 20 documenting the systematic torture of troops engaged in combat with insurgents November. During the jirga, Karzai dis- suspected insurgents in many National bombed two Pakistani military bases in cussed negotiations with the US on security Security Directorate and police deten- the Mohmand region along the northwest arrangements moving forward. He said that tion facilities. border with Afghanistan. A high-level inves- a strategic partnership with the US could tigation has been planned by NATO to include some form of US military presence Key Issues determine the causes of the strikes, which in Afghanistan after 2014, although the One key issue is how to generate momen- resulted in the deaths of 24 Pakistani nature and extent of this presence is still tum in support of the Afghan-based soldiers, and to help prevent similar under negotiation. Karzai also strongly reconciliation process, which suffered a incidents from occurring in the future. In asserted Afghanistan’s sovereignty, saying setback as a result of the assassination of response to the cross-border incident, that night time raids by NATO needed to former President Burhanuddin Rabbani Pakistan has closed two NATO supply end and that control of detention centres in September. routes into Afghanistan, including one should be transferred to Afghan authorities. through which NATO obtains approximately At the conclusion of the jirga, the approxi- A related issue is whether insurgent attacks 40 percent of its supplies in Afghanistan. mately 2,000 participants adopted a leading to civilian casualties following Pakistan also requested that within 15 resolution endorsing Karzai’s efforts to Omar’s admonition against harming

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 23 civilians signals increased fragmentation challenges facing Afghanistan and the international civilians, 1,672 local within the Taliban and what that might mean broader region. civilians, 12 military observers, 3 police, for the national reconciliation process 76 UN volunteers moving forward. Council Dynamics There is general agreement in the Council Duration: 28 March 2002 to present; A further key issue is how well Afghan on the importance of helping Afghanistan mandate expires on 23 March 2012 security forces will perform as International to promote national reconciliation, security ISAF Military Commander Security Assistance Force (ISAF) countries and economic growth. Several Council Gen. John R. Allen (US) draw down their troop levels and Afghani- members have noted that it is important Senior Civilian Representative stan assumes greater responsibility for its during the security transition period for own security. Afghanistan to strengthen its institutional Ambassador Simon Gass (UK) capacity, notably with respect to security, ISAF: Size, Composition and Duration An important issue is whether the governance and the rule of law. discussions at the Istanbul Conference Total strength (as of 18 October 2011): and the resulting protocol can provide a In spite of agreement on many issues, dif- about 130,638 troops; 28 Provincial springboard for enhanced cooperation and ferent Council members tend to emphasise Reconstruction Teams coordination among Afghanistan and different challenges facing Afghanistan Contributors of military personnel: regional actors in addressing relevant and the broader region. For example, 48 NATO and non-NATO countries security, political, economic and other issues. Russia has underscored the threat to inter- Current top contributors: US, UK, national peace and security posed by Germany, France and Italy Another key issue is what actions the drug production and trafficking from Duration: 20 December 2001 to present; Afghan government will take in response Afghanistan, while India has expressed mandate expires on 13 October 2012 to two recent UNAMA reports produced in the perspective that the drawdown of conjunction with the Office of the High foreign troops should not be linked to a Commissioner for Human Rights: strict timetable but rather should be n the October report, “Treatment of determined by the situation on the ground. Cyprus Conflict-Related Detainees in Afghan Custody”, documenting detailed evi- Pakistan’s entrance into the Council in Expected Council Action dence of torture and abuse of detainees 2012 will add the perspective of another In December, the Council is expected to by the Afghan National Police and influential regional actor—in addition to renew the mandate of the UN Peacekeep- the National Directorate of Security in China, Russia and India—to the Council’s ing Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) for another six months. The Secretary-General is due to numerous detention facilities across deliberations on Afghanistan. Afghanistan; and submit a report by 1 December and a brief- Germany is the lead country on Afghanistan. ing by the Special Representative of the n the November report, “A Long Way to Go: Implementation of the Elimination Secretary-General and Head of Mission, UN Documents of Violence against Women Law in Lisa Buttenheim, is expected before the Afghanistan”, which argues that the Security Council Resolutions renewal of the mandate. It appears unlikely that the Council’s decision will differ signifi- August 2009 law regarding the elimina- • S/RES/1974 (22 March 2011) cantly from resolution 1986, which was the tion of violence against women has not renewed UNAMA’s mandate until last mandate renewal. UNFICYP’s current been widely applied. 23 March 2012. mandate expires on 15 December. • S/RES/1943 (13 October 2010) A related issue is whether and how the extended ISAF’s mandate until Council will address the human rights A new report on the good offices mission of 13 October 2011. the Secretary-General to Cyprus is not violations raised in the report. • S/RES/1401 (28 March 2002) expected until after a new round of tripartite Options created UNAMA. talks between the Greek Cypriot and Options for the Council include: Latest Secretary-General’s Report Turkish Cypriot leaders and the Secretary- n taking no action at the current time; General scheduled for January, but the • S/2011/590 (21 September 2011) n adopting a statement that expresses report on UNFICYP is likely to mention concern about the recent violence and Other similar talks that occurred in October. The reiterates support for the national recon- • A/RES/66/13 (21 November 2011) was last report of the Secretary-General on his ciliation process; the most recent General Assembly mission of good offices was submitted on n incorporating in the statement language resolution on Afghanistan. 8 August. that calls on the Afghanistan government • S/PV.6625 (29 September 2011) is to strengthen human rights standards in the record of the September debate Key Recent Developments In resolution 1986 adopted on 13 June, the the treatment of detainees and empha- on Afghanistan. sises the need to make progress in Council reiterated its call for the Greek applying the law on the elimination of Other Relevant Facts Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot leaders to violence against women, in light of the “intensify the momentum of negotiations” Special Representative of the Secretary- and “improve the public atmosphere in findings of the recent UNAMA reports; General and UNAMA’s Head of Mission and which the negotiations are proceeding.” Staffan de Mistura (Sweden) n adding in a statement language welcom- On 7 July, in Geneva, the Secretary- ing the Istanbul Protocol and encouraging UNAMA: Size, Composition and Duration General held another meeting with the enhanced regional cooperation on the Strength (as of 31 October 2011): 415 Greek Cypriot President, Dimitris

24 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Christofias, and the Turkish Cypriot leader, On 15 November, US company Noble Dervis Eroglu. (This was the Secretary- Energy announced that exploratory drilling General’s third such meeting since had found that the coastal waters of Cyprus SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT November 2010.) He reported after the could yield 3 to 9 trillion cubic feet of natural Monthly meeting that he had discussed with the gas. Turkey has indicated that continued leaders the need to significantly intensify exploration by Cyprus could harm reunifi- DEC 2011FORECAST the negotiations and had offered enhanced cation talks, while Christofias has argued it UN involvement. He described the could be an incentive as revenues from the (This has been an issue also in past atmosphere as “quite positive”. find would be shared by both sides in a UNFICYP negotiations.) There are also reunified Cyprus. In his August report to the Council on the differences over the implications of a failure status of negotiations, the Secretary- Cyprus will serve as the president of the by the parties to make any substantive General indicated that “time was not on EU in the second half of 2012. progress by January. the side of a settlement” and that Cypriots From certain quarters on the Council there on both sides were losing faith in the Key Issues The main issue for the Council in December is a sense that the talks in January will need process. He also expressed concern that is the renewal of UNFICYP’s mandate and to show true progress in order to warrant “the talks were beginning to drift” and how, if at all, the status of the reunification continued Council attention on Cyprus. described progress as “sluggish”. Overall, talks should impact the reconfiguration of Without such progress, according to this the report conveyed a sense of urgency the mission and its eventual exit strategy. view, the discussion will need to focus on and underlined the need for the leaders winding down UNFICYP and developing an of the two sides to reach a solution soon. A related issue is how the Council can most exit strategy. The Secretary-General’s Special Adviser effectively promote speedier and more on Cyprus, Alexander Downer, briefed substantive progress in the negotiations. Other Council members, however, are Council members on the report in informal adamantly against imposing any timeframe consultations on 7 September. Options or timetable on the process currently under- Main options for the Council include: way or in any other way applying pressure On 30 and 31 October, the Secretary- n renewing the mandate of UNFICYP at to what are perceived to be delicate and General held another meeting with its current configuration for another sensitive negotiations. (This is also the Christofias and Eroglu at the Greentree six months; Greek Cypriot position.) These members Estate in Manhasset outside New York. n including new language reflecting the believe whatever action is taken in the There were substantive discussions on outcome of the talks held in October to Council must not damage the current pro- four core issues: governance and power- encourage progress in the negotiations cess and that ultimately a solution on the sharing, in particular focusing on the issue leading up to the meeting with the island is the responsibility of the two sides of the executive (i.e. the presidency); prop- Secretary-General scheduled for involved. The Council, they argue, must be erty; territory; and citizenship. (The talks January; or sensitive to this reality and act accordingly. focus on seven main issues; substantive n including additional language to increase convergence has so far been reported on the sense of urgency surrounding the The UK has the lead on Cyprus in the EU matters, the economy and internal issue by emphasising that the process Council. Draft resolutions on UNFICYP aspects of security.) cannot be indefinite, renewing the are normally agreed between the P5 mandate for only three months and before being presented to the ten elected The Secretary-General described the talks Council members. as “positive, productive and vigorous,” and establishing the January tripartite meet- ing and the report thereon as an important expressed confidence that a settlement UN Documents could be achieved. He said he had invited benchmark for the re-consideration of the two leaders to meet with him again in further UN involvement. Security Council Resolution January and by then expected all “internal Council Dynamics • S/RES/1986 (13 June 2011) renewed aspects” of the Cyprus problem to be Only a few key Council members seem to UNFICYP’s mandate until 15 December. resolved. This should be followed by a follow the Cyprus issue with any close Secretary-General’s Reports multilateral conference shortly thereafter. interest. Among these, there continues to • S/2011/498 (8 August 2011) was on Downer briefed Council members on the be a split between those leaning towards the status of the reunification talks. Manhasset meeting in informal consulta- the Greek Cypriots, such as Russia and to • S/2011/332 (31 May 2011) was the tions on 4 November. some extent France, and those, including most recent UNFICYP report. On 16 November, Buttenheim announced the UK, more sympathetic to the Turkish • S/2011/112 (4 March 2011) was on the that Christofias and Eroglu had agreed on Cypriot side. good-offices mission in Cyprus. a schedule of meetings leading up to the While Council members seem to agree January meeting with the Secretary- that the next round of tripartite talks on Other Relevant Facts General. She said the two leaders planned Cyprus scheduled for January will be an Special Representative of the Secretary- to meet roughly once a week, and in some important next step, views differ on the General and Head of UNFICYP cases might meet twice. Buttenheim also implications for UNFICYP and further UN Lisa M. Buttenheim (USA) said the UN would hold discussions with involvement. In particular there are divisions UNFICYP: Force Commander the leaders separately as this was a formula over the quality and quantity of pressure they had found to be useful at the October that should be applied to both sides of Maj. Gen. Chao Liu (China) meeting in Manhasset. the Cyprus dispute in the coming months.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 25 UNFICYP: Size, Composition, the course of implementing their mandates. appearance in the Council and continue Cost and Duration Chairpersons have also tried to assess the to discuss practical arrangements for practical effects the regimes imposed by the International Residual Mechanism for Strength (as of 31 October 2011): some subsidiary bodies may have had on Criminal Tribunals. 856 military personnel, 66 police, 41 the situations they were established to international civilian personnel and address. At times, some have taken the Key Recent Developments 112 local civilian staff On 7 September, the Secretary-General opportunity to assess the working methods Troop contributors: Argentina, Austria, requested that the Council reappoint the and end products of the subsidiary bodies Brazil, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Hungary, current ICTR prosecutor, Hassan Bubacar they chaired, as well as an assessment of Paraguay, Peru, Serbia, Slovakia and Jallow, to a new four-year term in accor- their mandates and suggestions for their the UK dance with the tribunals’ statutes. A similar modification and improvement. Annual Budget: $58 million letter requesting the reappointment of Duration: 4 March 1964 to present; The briefing sessions have also provided Serge Brammertz as prosecutor of the ICTY mandate expires 15 December a forum for the chairs to share with the was sent to the Council on 13 September. Council forward-looking suggestions, On 14 September, the Council adopted based on conclusions drawn from their resolution 2006, reappointing Jallow as experience. Indeed, some have used the ICTR prosecutor for a new term with effect Security Council forum to make recommendations for from 15 September until no later than 31 Subsidiary Bodies adjusting the mandate and working meth- December 2014. On the same day, the ods of the subsidiary bodies they have Expected Council Action Council adopted resolution 2007, reap- chaired, as well as the resources allotted to In December, the Council is expected to be pointing Brammertz as ICTY prosecutor for the different bodies. Chairpersons have briefed by the chairpersons of subsidiary a new term with effect from 1 January 2012 also stressed that these recommendations bodies whose countries will be finishing until no later than 31 December 2014. Both were aimed, in their own perspective, at their term on the Council. resolutions appointed the prosecutors for enhancing the effectiveness and legitimacy three-year terms, notwithstanding the Ambassador Ivan Barbalić (Bosnia and of the Council’s subsidiary bodies. Herzegovina) will brief the Council on the four-year term stipulated in both tribunals’ working group on documentation and other UN Documents statutes, thus creating an exception to the procedural questions. statutes. (Resolution 1966 set out 31 Security Council Meeting Records of December 2014 as the day for the tribunals Briefings by Outgoing Subsidiary Ambassador Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti (Bra- to complete their work.) Body Chairs zil) will brief the Council on the Council committee established pursuant to resolu- • S/PV.6457 (20 December 2010) On 11 November, the two presidents of tion 1533 (2004) concerning the Democratic • S/PV.6238 (14 December 2009) the tribunals presented their annual reports Republic of the Congo and the Council • S/PV.6043 (15 December 2008) to the General Assembly. ICTY President committee established pursuant to resolu- • S/PV.5806 (17 December 2007) Patrick Robinson told the Assembly that tion 1572 (2004) concerning Côte d’Ivoire. • S/PV.5601 (20 December 2006) staff attrition was hampering the ability of • S/PV.5332 (19 December 2005) the tribunal to complete its work. In particu- Ambassador Noël Nelson Messone • S/PV.5106 (22 December 2004) lar, he suggested that in order to replace (Gabon) will brief the Council on the Coun- • S/PV.4888 (22 December 2003) critical staff, the tribunal be given a waiver cil committee established pursuant to • S/PV.4673 (18 December 2002) from UN regulations that stipulate that resolution 1636 (2005) concerning Lebanon. interns must wait six months after the completion of their posts before applying Ambassador Nawaf Salam (Lebanon) will for professional posts at the tribunal. brief the Council on the Council committee International established pursuant to resolution 1521 Criminal Tribunals ICTR President Khalida Rachid Khan spoke (2003) concerning Liberia. of similar concerns and stressed that nine Expected Council Action fugitives remain at large. She called on all Ambassador U. Joy Ogwu (Nigeria) will In December the presidents and prosecu- states, especially in the Great Lakes region brief the Council on the Council committee tors of the International Criminal Tribunal for and Kenya in particular, to intensify their established pursuant to resolution 1518 the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the Inter- cooperation with the ICTR in apprehending (2003) concerning Iraq and on the working national Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda the fugitives. group on peacekeeping. (ICTR) are expected to brief the Council. At press time, Council members have The meeting may be followed by a press If the tribunals’ presidents submit technical received advanced copies of the latest ICTY statement. requests relating to the extension of judges’ and ICTR reports.. The ICTY report elabo- Council Dynamics mandates, the Council might adopt a reso- rates on the current status of pending cases In an annual practice dating back to 2002, lution for each tribunal responding to the and their estimated end dates. It stipulates chairpersons of subsidiary bodies reflect, in requests. Currently, a resolution is expected that some appeals are not likely to be con- their personal capacity, on the work of the on the extension of ICTR judges terms. cluded by 31 December 2014. The report also elaborates on the office of the subsidiary bodies that they have chaired. In The working group on international tribu- prosecutor’s efforts to support its regional the past, chairpersons have briefed the nals may also hear a briefing from the counterparts in taking over responsibility for Council on the key developments and presidents and prosecutors prior to their achievements of the subsidiary bodies in prosecuting war crimes cases. It expresses

26 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org concern about the level of effective inter- previously ICTY President from March 2003 state cooperation in the region regarding to November 2005. prosecution of war crimes. The report SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT highlights the case of Radovan Stanković, Key Issues The immediate issue for the Council will be Monthly who escaped from prison in May 2007 while the possible requests from the tribunals’ serving a 20-year prison sentence imposed DEC 2011 presidents relating to the extension of FORECAST by a court in Bosnia and Herzegovina. judges’ mandates and other procedural Notwithstanding the prosecutor’s repeated issues that may arise. requests, Bosnia and Herzegovina has Security Council Letters not taken satisfactory measures to appre- Another issue is the continuing work of the • S/2011/716 (15 November 2011) hend Stanković. working group on tribunals on practical transmitted the latest report of the arrangements for the residual mechanism. ICTY to the Council. The ICTR report stipulates that despite • S/2011/659 (20 October 2011) was continued staffing challenges, the Tribunal Options from the Secretary-General on the remains at or is close to completion of all Options for the Council include: nominees for the judges’ roster of the trial work as projected by mid-2012. The n adopting technical resolutions for each residual mechanism. last appeals heard by the Tribunal are tribunal responding to possible requests • S/2011/566 (13 September 2011) expected to be delivered by 2014. The submitted by the presidents; and was from the Secretary-General to report stresses once again the lack of n laying out solutions or options the Secre- reappoint Brammertz as prosecutor success in finding host countries for the tariat should employ to address the of the ICTY. five acquitted persons who remain in the staffing issues. • S/2011/561 (7 September 2011) was safe houses in Arusha under the Tribunal’s from the Secretary-General to reap- Council Dynamics protection. As cooperation of UN member point Jallow as prosecutor of the ICTR. states with the Tribunal does not extend to At press time, the Council had yet to receive the relocation of acquitted persons, the requests from the tribunals to extend judges Security Council Meetings report requests the assistance of the terms on the tribunals. Only if such requests • S/PV.6613 (14 September 2011) was Security Council in finding a sustainable are out of the ordinary, such as a request the meeting in which resolution 2007 solution to this issue. requiring an amendment to a tribunal’s was adopted. statute or creating an exception to it, will • S/PV.6612 (14 September 2011) was On 20 October, the Secretary-General sent they require substantive discussion in the the meeting in which resolution 2006 the Council a list of judicial nominees on the working group. was adopted. roster of the residual mechanism. On 16 • S/PV.6545 (6 June 2011) was the lat- Council members submitted comments on November, the Council sent a letter to the est Council briefing by the presidents the rules of procedure in writing and orally General Assembly with 36 nominees. In and prosecutors of the ICTY and ICTR. accordance with the statute of the mecha- during the meeting of the working group. Other Documents nism, the General Assembly will elect It is possible that the rules will be further 25 judges to the roster. discussed in the working group, possibly • S/2011/473 (31 July 2011) and when it convenes to meet the presidents S/2011/472 (29 July 2011) were the The working group met on 13 September and prosecutors of the tribunals (this meet- annual reports of the presidents of and 31 October to discuss the draft rules of ing is also an opportunity for the working the ICTY and ICTR submitted to the procedure and evidence for the residual group to address any procedural requests Security Council and the General mechanism, prepared by the UN Office by the tribunals). The rules of procedure will Assembly. of Legal Affairs and jointly revised by the then go back to the tribunals to be finalised. • S/2011/317 (12 May 2011) and tribunals. During the 31 October meeting, According to the statute of the residual S/2011/316 (12 May 2011) were the Robert Young, the legal adviser of the ICRC, mechanism, the Council may alter the final reports from the ICTR and ICTY, addressed the working group. Young version of the rules of procedure if it so respectively, on implementation of requested that the rules of procedure chooses. Based on the comments received their completion strategies. include a rule on the confidentiality of so far, it seems unlikely that Council documents and evidence obtained by members will deem it necessary to take Other Relevant Facts the ICRC. According to the rule, such action to amend the final version of the rules ICTY documents and evidence would not be of procedure when received. subject to disclosure. Some Council Two accused awaiting trial, 16 on trial members were supportive of the rule while UN Documents and 20 at the appeals stage others viewed it as inconsequential, as Security Council Resolutions ICTR confidentiality is undisputedly accepted Nine accused at large, of which 3 are in the jurisprudence of both tribunals, • S/RES/2007 (14 September 2011) considered high-ranking despite its not being included in their reappointed Brammertz as prosecutor One accused awaiting trial, 5 on trial and rules of procedure. of the ICTY. • S/RES/2006 (14 September 2011) 18 at the appeals stage On 17 November, Judge Theodor Meron reappointed Jallow as prosecutor of succeeded Robinson as president of the the ICTR. ICTY for a two-year term. Having served as • S/RES/1966 (22 December 2010) a judge at the ICTY since 2001, Meron was established the residual mechanism.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 27 Notable Dates for December SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT STAFF Report Due Reports for Consideration in December Requesting Document Bruno Stagno, Executive Director Joanna Weschler, Deputy Executive Director 25 November SG report on UNAMI (Iraq) S/RES/2001 and Director of Research 27 November SG report on UNISFA (Abyei) S/RES/1990 Amanda Roberts, Coordinating Editor & 30 November SG report on BNUB (Burundi) S/RES/1959 Research Analyst 30 November SG report on UNDOF (Golan Heights) S/RES/1994 Shamala Kandiah, What’s in Blue Editor and Senior Research Analyst 1 December SG report on BINUCA (CAR) S/PRST/2010/26 Lansana Gberie, Research Analyst 1 December SG report on UNFICYP (Cyprus) S/RES/1986 Zeeshan Hashmi, Research Analyst 1 December ICTR/ICTY annual reports and completion strategies S/RES/1534 Troy Prince, Research Analyst S/RES/1931 Paul Romita, Research Analyst 6 December SG report on Somalia S/RES/2010 Astrid Forberg Ryan, Research Analyst 9 December Iran Sanctions Committee Panel of S/RES/1984 Eran Sthoeger, Research Analyst Experts’ mid-term report Nick Walbridge, Research Analyst Tim Caughley, Research Consultant 10 December Iraq/Kuwait missing persons and property report S/RES/1284 Dahlia Morched, Research Assistant 14 December SG report on UNAMA (Afghanistan) S/RES/1974 Amali Tower, Research Assistant mid December Ad Hoc Working Group on Conflict Resolution S/2010/654 Robbin VanNewkirk, Publications Coordinator in Africa annual report Maritza Tenerelli, Administrative Assistant Mandate Expiry in December 2011 Relevant Document Security Council Report is supported by 15 December UNFICYP (Cyprus) S/RES/1986 the Governments of Australia, Belgium, 16 December UNSMIL (Libya) S/RES/2009 Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Kuwait, 16 December Liberia Sanctions and Panel of Experts S/RES/1961 Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Norway, Singa- pore, Sweden and Switzerland, the John D. 27 December UNISFA (Abyei) S/RES/1990 and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, 31 December BNUB (Burundi) S/RES/1959 International Development Research Centre 31 December UNDOF (Golan Heights) S/RES/1994 and the William and Flora Hewlett Founda- 31 December UNIOGBIS (Guinea-Bissau) S/RES/1949 tion. It is incorporated as a not for profit 31 December BINUCA (CAR) S/PRST/2010/26 Organisation and operates in affiliation with 31 December Ad Hoc Working Group on Conflict Resolution in Africa S/2010/654 the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University in New York. Other Important Dates in December 2011 5 December The Bonn Conference on Afghanistan is scheduled. end of December The funding for the activities of the High-Level Coordinator on Iraq-Kuwait missing persons and property is due to expire. Briefings are expected by: • Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Hervé Ladsous and possibly UNISFA head Lt. General Tadesse Werede Tesfay, on Sudan and South Sudan • Prosecutor of the ICC, Luis Moreno Ocampo on Sudan/Darfur and Chair of the Sudan Sanctions Committee Ambassador Néstor Osorio (Colombia) • Special Representative Ian Martin and Chair of the Libyan Sanctions Committee Ambassador José Filipe Morães Cabral (Portugal), on Libya • Special Representative Staffan de Mistura, on Afghanistan • Special Representative Margaret Vogt, on CAR • Special Representative Lisa Buttenheim, on Cyprus • Special Representative Martin Kobler, on Iraq and High-Level Coordinator Gennady Tarasov on Iraq/Kuwait • Special Representative Karin Landgren and the Chair of the Burundi configuration of the PBC, Ambassador Paul Seger (Switzerland), on Burundi • Special Representative Miroslav Jenca on UNRCCA • Chair of the Iran Sanctions Committee Ambassador Néstor Osorio (Colombia) • Chair of the Liberia Sanctions Committee Ambassador Nawaf Salam (Lebanon) • The presidents and prosecutors of the ICTY and ICTR • Chairpersons of subsidiary bodies whose countries are finishing their term on the Council • Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs B. Lynn Pascoe on the Middle East • Assistant-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Edmond Mulet, on UNDOF (Golan Heights)

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28 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org