SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Monthly NOV 2011 31 October 2011 This report is available online and can be FORECASTviewed together with research studies and Update Reports at www.securitycouncilreport.org. For daily insights by SCR on evolving Security Council actions please visit or subscribe to our recently launched “What’s In Blue” series at www.whatsinblue.org

Overview For November CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE Libya...... 1 Portugal will hold the presidency of the for Refugees, Antonio Guterres and the Security Council in November. Several Director General of the World Health Status Update since our October debates and briefings will be held. Organisation, Margaret Chan, have been Forecast...... 2 President Aníbal Cavaco Silva of Portu- invited as speakers. Other Council Sudan and South Sudan...... 5 gal is expected to chair the open debate members may also be represented at a Somalia...... 7 ministerial level. on protection of civilians in armed Eritrea...... 8 conflict. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, There will also be an open debate on Democratic Republic of High Commissioner for Human Rights Council working methods. the Congo...... 10 Navanethem Pillay and ICRC Director for Debates are furthermore expected on: International Law and Cooperation Philip LRA/UNOCA...... 11 n Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a Spoerri are the invited speakers for this briefing by High Representative Valen- Guinea-Bissau...... 12 open debate. tin Inzko; and Yemen...... 13 Portugal’s Foreign Minister Paulo Portas n Kosovo, with a briefing by Special Lebanon...... 14 will most likely preside over the debate Representative Farid Zarif. DPRK (North Korea)...... 15 on Timor-Leste, which will also include There will be several other briefings Timor-Leste...... 17 the participation of either the President in November: or Prime Minister of Timor-Leste. Spe- Kosovo...... 18 n on Libya, by the Prosecutor of the Bosnia and Herzegovina...... 19 cial Representative and the head of the International Criminal Court, Luis UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste Moreno Ocampo; Emerging Challenges...... 20 (UNMIT), Ameerah Haq, will also brief. n on Guinea-Bissau, most likely by the Peacekeeping...... 22 Portas will also likely preside over a high- head of the UN office there, UNIOG- Protection of Civilians...... 23 level briefing on new challenges to BIS, Joseph Mutaboba, and by the Counter-Terrorism...... 24 peace and security, to which the Secre- chair of the PBC country-specific Working Methods...... 25 tary-General, the Executive Director of configuration on Guinea-Bissau, UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Ambassador Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti International Court of Justice ...... 27 Yury Fedotov, the High Commissioner >>page 2 Notable Dates...... 28

On 23 October, the NTC leadership formally Libya Key Recent Developments Qaddafi was captured on 19 October and declared national liberation in Benghazi Expected Council Action killed later that day. On 20 October, the and its Chairman, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, called The Council is expected to remain focused Secretary-General reacted to Qaddafi’s for forgiveness and reconciliation. on post-conflict Libya in November as the death by calling on all sides in Libya to lay Martin briefed the Council on 26 October and UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) down their arms and work together. On the said that the NTC’s formal declaration of the deploys to its full capacity. The Council same day, Martin said in a videoconference liberation of Libya meant that the time had expects a number of briefings in November addressed to the media that if Qaddafi had come for the NTC to fulfil its pledges by: including Ian Martin, Special Representa- remained at large there would have been a n establishing an interim government within tive and head of UNSMIL; B. Lynn Pascoe, sense of insecurity. He added that a great 30 days; Under-Secretary-General for Political deal had to be done to bring a real sense of n adopting an electoral legislation and Affairs; and Luis Moreno Ocampo, the security to all sections of the Libyan com- setting up an electoral body in 90 days; Prosecutor of the International Criminal munity and territory. However, Martin noted and, Court (ICC). that UNSMIL remained committed to assist- n holding elections for the national con- ing the National Transitional Council (NTC), UNSMIL mandate expires in mid-December. gress in 240 days. which faced considerable challenges. >>page 4

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 1 Overview For November (continued)

of Brazil, to be followed by consultations; n on the UN operation in South Sudan, Anthony Banbury, to discuss a range of n on the situation in the DRC, by the head UNMISS, by Under-Secretary-General peace­keeping-related issues. of MONUSCO, the UN operation there, Hervé Ladsous or Special Representative Formal sessions will be needed to adopt Special Representative Roger Meece Hilde Johnson, or possibly both, to be resolutions on: and Special Representative on Sexual followed by consultations. n the authorisation of EUFOR, the Euro- Violence in Conflict Margot Wallström, to Briefings in consultations are expected on: pean force in Bosnia and Herzegovina; be followed by consultations; n Yemen, by Special Advisor Jamal Benomar; n the renewal of the DRC sanctions and the n on the work of the three counter- n DRC sanctions, by the chair of the mandate of its panel of experts; terrorism committees, Ambassador sanctions committee, Ambassador Maria n the renewal of anti-piracy measures in Peter Wittig of Germany (1267 Commit- Luiza Viotti of Brazil; Somalia; and tee), Ambassador Hardeep Singh Puri of n Somalia/Eritrea sanctions, by the chair n possibly additional sanctions against India (the CTC) and Ambassador Baso of the Sanctions Committee, Ambassa- Eritrea. Sangqu of South Africa (1540 Committee); dor Hardeep Singh Puri of India; n on the threats posed by the Lord’s The Council President, José Filipe Moraes n DPRK sanctions, by the chair of the Resistance Army and the work of the UN Cabral, will introduce the annual report of Sanctions Committee, Ambassador José the Security Council to the General Assem- Regional Office for Central Africa Filipe Moraes Cabral of Portugal; (UNOCA), by Special Representative bly in November. n Lebanon, on the implementation of Abou Moussa and Assistant Secretary- resolution 1701, by the DPA; and The Council will elect in November (concur- General for Political Affairs Taye-Brook n issues of concern, by the head of DPA, rently with the GA) five judges of the Zerihoun; B. Lynn Pascoe. International Court of Justice. n on the Middle East, by the DPA, to be The annual workshop with the five newly followed by consultations; Council members are also likely to hold elected Council members (Azerbaijan, n on Libya, by Special Representative Ian their periodic consultations with the head of Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan and Togo), Martin, to be followed by consultations; the Department for Peacekeeping Opera- organised by the mission of Finland, is and tions, Hervé Ladsous and the deputy head of the Department for Field Support, also expected in November.

Status Update since our October Forecast n Syria: On 4 October, China and Russia General’s most recent report on UNAMID underlined that SSR must take place within vetoed a draft resolution, sponsored by (S/2011/643). The permanent representa- the broad framework of the rule of law and France, Germany, Portugal and the UK, tive of Sudan, Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman, be cognisant of the issue of impunity. It which condemned the Syrian crackdown also participated in briefing. No formal noted that peacekeeping had evolved to on protestors (S/2011/612). Brazil, India, outcome resulted from the discussions. include peacebuilding tasks and that an Lebanon and South Africa abstained (S/ n Afghanistan: On 12 October, the Council increasing number of missions were PV.6627). The draft was circulated on 27 adopted resolution 2011 extending the mandated to support national SSR pro- September followed by several rounds of authorisation of ISAF until 13 October grammes. It also also emphasised the negotiations that substantially altered the 2012 (S/PV.6629). The resolution under- need to involve women and members of text. However, language on the Council’s lined the significance of the transition of civil society in the process and requested intent to consider further measures if the security responsibility to the Afghan gov- the Secretary-General to submit an update Syrian regime failed to implement the ernment by the end of 2014, looked report to the Council assessing the UN’s resolution’s provisions remained. There is forward to the phased extension of the support for SSR by early 2013. some sense among Council members that transition process and highlighted the n ICTR: On 14 October, the Council adopted if the situation continues to deteriorate need for a responsible transition and the resolution 2013, allowing Judge Bakhtiyar there may be a need to revisit the idea of long-term commitment of the international Tuzmukhamedov to work part-time and Council action. However, the Council community. It also welcomed the Endur- engage in another judicial occupation appears unlikely to take up Syria directly ing Partnership Declaration agreed upon while serving as judge on the Tribunal, until after the deadline set by the Arab by NATO and the Afghan Government in until 31 December 2011 (S/PV.6632). The League on 16 October for the Syrian November 2010. Council stressed that the authorisation is regime and opposition to meet in Cairo n Security Sector Reform: On 12 October, exceptional and shall not be considered as within 15 days. the Council held an open debate on secu- establishing a precedent. The resolution n UNAMID: On 11 October, the Council rity sector reform (SSR) in Africa, which came in response to a request by the Pres- issued a press statement (SC/10407) in included nearly 30 speakers (S/PV.6630). ident of the International Criminal Tribunal which it condemned the 10 October attack The presidential statement issued after the for Rwanda, Judge Khalida Rachid Khan, on UNAMID personnel, which resulted in debate underscored the role of SSR as a to allow Judge Tuzmukhamedov to com- the deaths of two peacekeepers and one cornerstone of peace and sustainable plete his duties at the Constitutional Court police advisor and the wounding of six development (S/PRST/2011/19). It empha- of the Russian Federation (S/2011/609). other members of the mission. On 25 sised that SSR was a long-term process n Haiti: On 14 October, the Council unani- September, Council members were which should be nationally owned and mously adopted resolution 2012, which briefed by Hervé Ladsous, Under-Secretary- reiterated the primary responsibility of extended MINUSTAH until 15 October General for Peackeeping Operations, and the country concerned to determine its 2012, with the intention of renewal (S/ held consultations on the Secretary- national approach. The statement also PV.6631). The Council recognised that the

2 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Status Update since our October Forecast (continued)

overall security situation in Haiti, while was made while the Secretary General members shared Ross’ concern at the lack fragile, had improved since 2010. Consist- was addressing an open debate, promoted of progress made by the parties to the con- ent with the recommendations in the by Nigeria, on the issue. Also briefing the flict and some were disappointed at the Secretary-General’s report on the mis- Council were representatives of Benin, the delay in the next round of informal talks. sion’s work (S/2011/540), the Council Economic Community of West African n Liberia: On 26 October, the Council decided to reduce the mission’s military States and the Gulf of Guinea Commission issued a press statement praising the strength by 1,600 personnel and by 1,150 (whose Secretariat, set up in 2006, is in peaceful and orderly conduct of the first formed police unit officers. The Council Luanda, Angola). All 15 council members round of presidential elections on 11 also recognised that Haiti had made “con- made statements. A draft resolution on the October (SC/10423). Sixteen candidates, siderable strides” since the January 2010 issue was circulated by Nigeria, but no including incumbent President Ellen earthquake, noting that the country had action was taken on it. Johnson Sirleaf, ran, and none got the experienced its first peaceful transition of n Security Council Elections: On 21 necessary 50 percent plus one of the total power from one democratically elected October, the General-Assembly voted votes to avoid a run-off. Sirleaf led with president to another from the opposition. Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan and 43.9 per cent of the votes, and will face the The Council strongly condemned the Togo to serve on the Security Council in runner-up, Winston A. Tubman, who won grave violations against children and the 2012-2013. On 24 October, Azerbaijan 32.7 per cent, on 8 November. The Coun- rape and other sexual abuse of women won the final seat for 2012-2013 term on cil urged “all Liberian stakeholders to and girls in the country. It also requested the 17th round of voting, after Slovenia, remain committed to the legitimate politi- the Secretary-General to continue to take which had contested the seat against cal process, exercise maximum restraint necessary measures to ensure full compli- Azerbaijan, withdrew its bid following the and work together to build confidence in ance of MINUSTAH personnel with the previous round. Azerbaijan, Guatemala, the electoral system.” The Council also UN’s zero-tolerance policy on sexual Morocco, Pakistan, and Togo will replace called on “international and national stake- exploitation and abuse. outgoing Council members Bosnia and holders, including civil society, to deploy n Côte d’Ivoire: On 17 October, Ambassa- Herzegovina, Brazil, Gabon, Lebanon as many electoral observers as possible, dor Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti, the Chair of and Nigeria. as invited by the Government of Liberia to the Security Council Committee on Côte n Middle East: On 24 October, the Council monitor the second round.” d’Ivoire, submitted the midterm report of held its quarterly open debate on the n Women, Peace and Security: On 28 the Group of Experts monitoring the imple- Middle East following a briefing by October, the Council held its annual open mentation of the sanctions regime on Under-Secretary-General for Political debate on women, peace and security Côte d’Ivoire. The report noted a number Affairs, B. Lynn Pascoe (S/PV.6636 and with “Women’s Participation and Role of violations relating to the embargo on resumption 1). The briefing focused on the in Conflict Prevention and Mediation” as arms and diamonds, as well as the travel diplomatic activity by the Quartet to break the theme. They adopted a presidential ban on selected individuals. The report the stalemate in the Israel/Palestine peace statement (S/PRST/2011/20) which under- noted that “large amounts of weapons and process and the recent prisoner swap lined the importance of the participation of ammunition” from the former regime of agreement between Israel and Hamas. women in conflict prevention and resolu- Laurent Gbagbo were unaccounted for, Other issues raised by member states tion efforts, including in the negotiation and that this situation has “important during the open debate included Israeli and implementation of peace agreements, national and regional implications.” It settlement activity and Palestine’s bid for as well as: international dialogues; contact noted that the security situation was “pre- UN membership. groups; engagement conferences and carious” ahead of legislative elections n Western Sahara: On 26 October, donor conferences in support of conflict slated for December but that “the ultimate Christopher Ross, the Secretary-General’s resolution; and stressed the importance of security and political stabilization of Côte Personal Envoy, briefed Council members creating enabling conditions for women’s d’Ivoire may depend on the timely holding on the recent developments. Ross’s participation during all stages of peace of free, democratic and transparent briefing noted that the last two rounds of processes and for countering negative legislative and municipal elections”. The informal talks (held between 5-7 June and societal attitudes regarding full and equal Council decided to maintain the sanctions 19-21 July respectively) between parties to participation of women in conflict resolu- regime unchanged. The sanctions are to the Western Sahara conflict-Morocco and tion and mediation. On 29 September the remain in effect until 30 April 2012. the Sahrawi national liberation movement, Secretary-General’s latest report on n Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea: On 19 the Polisario Front-had only partially been women, peace and security was published October, the Council was briefed by the successful. Moreover, Ross stated that the (S/2011/598). The report provided the Secretary-General on the piracy situation issue of Western Sahara could only be Council with an overview of the implemen- in the Gulf of Guinea (S/PV.6633). The resolved with the Council’s attention and tation of resolution 1325, including Secretary General announced the appoint- support and it was necessary to introduce information collected on one third of the ment of an assessment mission to examine new measures to break the current dead- indicators presented by the Secretary- the scope of the threat and the capacity lock. He added that the next round of General in his 2010 report as well as the of the Gulf of Guinea states to ensure informal talks was likely to take place in strategic framework requested by the maritime safety and security in the region. early 2012, i.e. after the parliamentary Council last October to guide UN imple- The assessment mission, to be deployed elections in Morocco that are set to be held mentation of 1325 over the next ten years. in November, is expected to make in late November. Ross also emphasised n Peacebuilding: At press time the Council recommendations on antipiracy, including the need for the Council to revisit MINUR- was expected to meeting on 31 October in the broader context of organised crime SO’s role as well as a requirement to to discuss Post-Conflict Peacebuilding. and drug trafficking. The announcement assess the human rights situation. Council

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 3 Key Issues Libya (continued) humanitarian law. Her comments echoed Determining the role and timeframe for those of Georg Charpentier, the deputy Martin highlighted key areas of concern as: UNSMIL and ensuring its full deployment as head of UNSMIL, who had earlier visited n preparations for the elections; well as effective functioning are key issues both Misrata and the outskirts of Sirte as n establishment of public security; and for the Council. part of a humanitarian assessment mission. n non-proliferation of weapons, in particu- A related key issue for the Council is its role lar, Man Portable Air Defence Systems On 18 October, following a mission to in ensuring a transition from conflict to (MANPADS). Libya to assess the country’s human peacebuilding in Libya and preventing rights priorities, senior representatives On 6 October, a NATO meeting in Brussels large-scale revenge reprisals and killings in of the Office of the High Commissioner reiterated the commitment to protect Libyan post-Qaddafi Libya. civilians and NATO Secretary-General, for Human Rights (OHCHR) reported Anders Fogh Rasmussen, said that the their findings at a press conference in The prevention of proliferation of heavy organisation was close to completing its Geneva. OHCHR estimates that as weaponry in a post-conflict Libya may mission. On 21 October, Rasmussen said many as 7,000 people are being held in become an issue for Council members. that NATO had taken a preliminary decision detention in Libya, presenting the interim administration with one of its most press- Minimising the impact of the recent conflict to end its operation on 31 October. How- and its aftermath on the civilian population, in ever, he added that the organisation will ing and complex challenges. Describing existing conditions for the detainees as particular in Sirte and Bani Walid, and the continue to monitor the situation and would delivery of humanitarian assistance are two respond to threats to civilians, if needed. “a recipe for abuse,” OHCHR said there was no functioning police force and a further closely related issues for the Council. On 27 October, the Council adopted resolu- justice system had yet to be reestab- Another issue is the need for the continued tion 2016 terminating the provisions of lished. OHCHR said that the commission coordination of efforts of various stake- resolution 1973 allowing the use of force to of inquiry established by the Human holders and other international bodies protect civilians and ensuring the no-fly Rights Council will return to Libya in in supporting the NTC and the interim zone, effectively ending the authorisation November. On 25 October, Philippe government, when it is formed. for the NATO military operation in Libya on Kirsch, Chairperson of the Independent 31 October 2011. Commission of Inquiry in Libya (ICIL) Options urged the NTC to ensure that all detain- The Council’s options include: At press time, Council members were con- ees under their control were treated with n receiving regular briefings on UNSMIL sidering a second draft resolution dealing due respect for their human rights. and closely monitoring the role of the with the proliferation of arms, in particular Kirsch also asked the NTC to conduct NTC and the new government—when it MANPADS stolen from the arsenal of the impartial investigations into allegations is formed; late Qaddafi. of violations of the rights of the detain- n dealing with the proliferation of missing On 17 October, UK Foreign Minister William ees. The ICIL was established in weaponry, in particular MANPADS; Hague visited Tripoli and urged NTC February by the Human Rights Council. n revisiting other sanctions imposed on leaders to move more quickly towards Libya; and ending the civil war and forming an interim On 21 October, OHCHR called for a n revisiting UNSMIL’s mandate. probe into Qaddafi’s death to determine government. On 18 October, US Secretary Council Dynamics of State Hillary Clinton visited Tripoli to whether he was killed as a result of crossfire between loyalists and the NTC Some Council members feel that UNSMIL meet senior NTC leaders, seeking to status briefings should be kept separate cement US partnership with the NTC. forces or executed by the NTC after his capture. In an interview with the UN from the briefings on the status of resolu- On 20 October, the AU Peace and Security News Centre on 24 October, OHCHR tions 1970, 1973 and to some degree 2009. Council (PSC) issued a communiqué autho- spokesperson, Ravina Shamdasani, They believe this necessary to retain the rising the NTC to represent Libya in the AU welcomed reports that Libya will set up clear focus that two separate issues require. and its organs. The communiqué also an independent commission of inquiry However, other members find two different called for the establishment of an AU liaison into the circumstances surrounding briefings a duplication of effort. At present, office in Tripoli. More importantly, the com- Qaddafi’s death. the Council members have agreed to keep muniqué requested the Council to lift its the two briefings separate, albeit on the same day. no-fly zone and the ban on flights. Developments in the Libya Sanctions Committee During the discussions concerning the draft Human Rights-Related of resolution 2016 some Council members Developments Resolution 2016 does not impact the pro- felt that it was necessary to address the pro- ceedings of the Sanctions Committee. tection of civilians and the no-fly zone issues In a 10 October statement, Under- There have been no significant develop- soon after the formal declaration of liberation Secretary-General for Humanitarian ments in the Committee since the last by the NTC in a post-Qaddafi Libya, originally Affairs and UN Emergency Relief Coordi- reporting period. The Committee is next imposed in resolution 1973. It was felt that nator, Valerie Amos, expressed concern expected to meet in early December. NATO should not take a unilateral decision in about the impact on civilians of contin- continuing or halting its operations without ued fighting in and around Sirte. Amos the Council’s approval. Other members called on all parties to spare civilians felt that a resolution dealing with the and to comply with international afore mentioned issues needed to be more

4 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org comprehensive and had to take into consid- Sanctions Committee’s Panel of Experts eration the NTC’s requests and needs. However, this debate was further compli- Youseif Fahed Ahmed Alserhan, Jordan SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT cated due to the NTC’s mixed messages to (maritime) Monthly the Council that highlight an internal power Oumar Dièye Sidi, Niger (customs) struggle amongst its various elements. Simon Dilloway, UK (finance) NOV 2011 Theodore M. Murphy, US FORECAST UK is the lead country on Libya but resolu- (humanitarian and regional) tion 2016 was a UK-Russia collaboration. Giovanna Perri, Italy (finance) On 6 October, Hervé Ladsous, Under- Salim Raad, Lebanon (heavy weapons) Secretary-General for Peacekeeping UN Documents Savannah de Tessières, France Operations, briefed the Council on the situ- ation in Abyei. He stated that 900 additional Security Council Resolutions (small arms and light weapons) Ahmed Zerhouni, Algeria (aviation) troops would be deployed as part of UNISFA • S/RES/2016 (27 October 2011) lifted before the end of October, adding to the Head of UNSMIL the no-fly zone and the provisions nearly 1,800 troops already deployed. He for the use of force for the protection Ian Martin (UK) noted that since 23 August the mission of civilians. Commander for NATO Operations under had conducted numerous patrols and • S/RES/2009 (16 September 2011) Resolution 1973 air reconnaissance missions. He recom- authorised the deployment of UNSMIL Lt. Gen. Charles Bouchard (Canada) mended that the Council adjust the and partially lifted sanctions. mandate to provide a border-monitoring • S/RES/1973 (17 March 2011) support mechanism and added that four authorised all necessary measures utility helicopters and two fixed-wing aircraft to protect civilians in Libya and Sudan and South Sudan would also be required to help UNISFA enforce the arms embargo, imposed conduct this potential expansion of the a no-fly zone, strengthened the Expected Council Action mandate. However, Ladsous cautioned sanctions regime and established In November, the Council expects to receive that neither the Sudanese Armed Forces a panel of experts. a briefing and hold consultations on the Sec- (SAF) nor the South Sudanese army had • S/RES/1970 (26 February 2011) retary-General’s report on the UN Mission in withdrawn from Abyei. He added that both referred the situation in Libya to the South Sudan (UNMISS). The briefing may parties needed to withdraw troops from ICC, imposed an arms embargo and be provided by Hervé Ladsous, Head of the Abyei and establish a joint administration targeted sanctions and established Department of Peacekeeping Operations, or in order for UNISFA to successfully a sanctions committee. Hilde Johnson, Head of UNMISS, or possi- protect civilians. Security Council Meeting Records bly both. The Council may review the force level of the mission. If it decides to adjust the Representatives from Sudan and South • S/PV.6622 (26 September 2011) was force level, a resolution would be needed. Sudan briefed the Council after Ladsous. the latest briefing on Libya. Sudan’s permanent representative, Daffa- • S/PV.6620 (16 September 2011) was It is also possible that the Council may Alla Elhag Ali Osman, indicated that the SAF the Council meeting during which adjust the mandate of the UN Interim Secu- would withdraw from Abyei only when resolution 2009 was adopted. rity Force in Abyei (UNISFA) in November, UNISFA was fully deployed, in order to avoid • S/PV.6606 (30 August 2011) was the also through a resolution, to include a bor- a “security vacuum” in the region. Then the briefing on the situation in Libya. der monitoring support role. However, the acting permanent representative of South Security Council Letters timing of this remains unclear and may be Sudan, David Buom Choat, said that his deferred to a later date. (While the Council • S/2011/588 (19 September 2011) and country’s forces had withdrawn from Abyei, expects to receive the report of the Secre- S/2011/587 (16 September 2011) was contradicting Ladsous and the Secretary- tary-General on UNISFA in late November, an exchange of letters between the General’s recent report on UNISFA. it may not consider it until December.) Secretary-General and the Council In consultations following the briefing, noting the appointment of Ian Martin The ongoing violence in South Kordofan Ladsous reportedly said that South as the head of UNSMIL. and Blue Nile states will also likely be on the Sudanese troops had been spotted in • S/2011/578 (15 September 2011) was minds of Council members, and the Coun- Agok (a town in Abyei) as recently as two from the Secretary-General to the cil may decide to discuss both situations. days earlier. Concern also seems to have Council President forwarding the been expressed during the consultations NTC’s request for the UN’s assistance The mandates of UNISFA and UNMISS expire on 27 December 2011 and 8 July about the continuing violence in South in Libya. Kordofan and Blue Nile. • S/2011/542 (7 September 2011) was 2012, respectively. the Secretary-General’s letter to the Key Recent Developments On 8 October, South Sudan President Council President proposing the On 5 October, the UN Food and Agricultural Salva Kiir met with Sudan President Omar establishment of UNSMIL. Organization (FAO) warned of an impending al-Bashir in Khartoum. During a press con- food crisis in South Kordofan and Blue Nile ference, the two leaders pledged that Other Relevant Facts as a result of irregular rainfall and ongoing Sudan and South Sudan would resolve the issues separating them—for example, oil Chair of the Sanctions Committee violence. The FAO indicated that more than 235,000 people in these states are in need of sharing, border demarcation and the status Ambassador José Filipe Moraes Cabral assistance considering current assessments of Abyei—through negotiations, not war. (Portugal) of anticipated food availability. Al-Bashir said the parties have established

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 5 joint committees to resolve outstanding n adjusting the mandate of UNISFA to violence there. The HRC urged the Office security, economic and political issues incorporate a border-monitoring support of the High Commissioner for Human within a defined time period, although a role; Rights (OHCHR) to provide Sudan with precise deadline was not indicated. n maintaining the current mandate for the the necessary technical support and time being; or The Council again held consultations on training. It also renewed for one year the n issuing a statement calling on, and set- mandate of the UN independent expert UNISFA on 11 October. During the consulta- ting a firm deadline for, the parties to on the situation of human rights in the tions, it appears that Ladsous reiterated that adhere to their commitment to withdraw Sudan and requested the expert to sub- both Sudanese and South Sudanese troops troops from Abyei. had not withdrawn from Abyei. Ladsous also mit a report to the HRC for consideration discussed the status of UNISFA’s deploy- at its September 2012 session. Options with respect to UNMISS include: ment, noting that progress had been made n maintaining the current authorised force but cautioning that the rainy season had On technical assistance and capacity- level of up to 7,000 military personnel for interfered with efforts to expedite the deploy- building for South Sudan in the field of now and deferring a final determination ment. He also noted that UNISFA, which human rights, the HRC called upon the on the size of the force until January; or consists solely of Ethiopian troops, was in government to strengthen its coopera- n decreasing the force to 6,000 military the process of seconding staff officers from tion with UNMISS. It also invited the personnel, if the Secretariat indicates various nations to serve in the mission. (At OHCHR to identify and assess specific this would be sufficient. press time, it appeared that Council mem- areas of assistance towards the strength- Options with respect to Southern Kordofan bers were close to agreeing on a press ening of capacity-building for the and Blue Nile include: statement requesting the redeployment of promotion of respect for human rights. n requesting a briefing from OCHA on the Sudanese and South Sudanese forces from Key Issues humanitarian situation in Southern Kord- Abyei and calling on both parties to com- A key issue is how the Council can most ofan and Blue Nile; or plete the establishment of the Abyei Area effectively manage the many intercon- n holding an Arria-formula meeting with Administration.) nected political and security challenges NGOs and other actors with relevant On 13 October, al-Bashir announced that facing Sudan and South Sudan. A related information about the situation in South Sudan would adopt an Islamic constitution. issue is the impact that the apparent ongo- Kordofan and Blue Nile. In response, Rev. Ramadan Chan Liol, ing ill-will and lack of trust between the Council Dynamics general secretary of the Sudan Council of parties have on the Council’s efforts to help Many Council members have pointed to Churches, said that Sudan should allow for them manage these challenges. the need for the Council to develop a more religious diversity. Another key issue is whether the difficult holistic, strategic approach to the intracta- On 20 October, the AU Peace and Security security environment in Abyei will hinder ble challenges facing Sudan and South Council (PSC) renewed the mandate of the both the annual migration southward of the Sudan. Some members also appear to High-Level Implementation Panel on Sudan nomadic Misseriya tribe, expected to begin believe that a more effective balance of for an additional year. The PSC also agreed by early November, and the ability of incentives and disincentives could be to meet in November to discuss the situa- internally displaced persons from the established to induce both Sudan and tion in Sudan and South Sudan. Beforehand, Ngok-Dinka tribe to return to Abyei. (Ten- South Sudan to make progress in resolving the panel is expected to submit a report to sions between the Misseriya and the outstanding issues from the Compre- the PSC, which will likely serve as the basis Ngok-Dinka, aligned with Sudan and hensive Peace Agreement. There seems to of discussion. South Sudan respectively, have often be general agreement in the Council that led to violence, played out in the larger con- adjusting UNISFA’s mandate to include a Under resolution 1996, which established text of north-south fighting during the border monitoring support mechanism UNMISS on 9 July, the Council expressed Second Sudanese Civil war, as well as would be a positive step. However, con- its intention to review the force level after more recently.) cerns remain about the challenging security three months (October) and after six situation in Abyei. months (January) to determine whether or An important issue for the Council is how not conditions in South Sudan would it can best address the rapidly deteriorat- As the three missions in Sudan and South allow for a reduction of mandated military ing political, security, and humanitarian Sudan currently deploy nearly one-third of personnel from up to 7,000 to 6,000. situation in Blue Nile and South Kordofan. all UN uniformed personnel on the ground However, the Council was not briefed on A related issue for the Council is the (as of 30 September), and the situations in this issue in October. difficulty of obtaining timely, precise infor- South Kordofan, Blue Nile and Jonglei mation about the situation in Blue Nile and states are attracting the Council’s attention, Human Rights-Related South Kordofan. the P5 have called on the Military Staff Developments Committee to assist in a possible reconfigu- Options ration of forces and resources. During its 29 September debate on tech- Options with respect to UNISFA include: nical assistance for Sudan in the field of n receiving a briefing from the UNISFA The US is the lead country on South Sudan, human rights, the Human Rights Council force commander on the situation in as well as on issues pertaining to Sudan- (HRC) noted the humanitarian situation Abyei, the challenges facing the mission South Sudan relations and the situation in in the provinces of South Kordofan and and how the Council can assist in meet- Blue Nile and South Kordofan. Blue Nile and called upon all parties to ing those challenges; make every effort immediately to end the

6 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org UN Documents A briefing is also expected by the Sanctions Committee Chair, Ambassador Hardeep Security Council Resolutions Singh Puri (India), on the work of the Com- SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT • S/RES/1997 (11 July 2011) liquidated mittee. (Resolution 1844 calls for the Monthly UNMIS. Committee to report to the Council every • S/RES/1996 (8 July 2011) established 120 days.) NOV 2011FORECAST UNMISS. The anti-piracy provisions of resolution • S/RES/1990 (27 June 2011) estab- 1950 expire on 23 November and are likely preserve the integrity of Kenya …. in the lished UNISFA. to be renewed. The International Contact face of Al Shabaab terrorist military attacks Letters Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia is emanating from Somalia.” It also forwarded • S/2011/511 (10 August 2011) and scheduled to meet in New York on 17 a joint communiqué from the governments S/2011/510 (5 August 2011) were November under the chairmanship of The of Kenya and Somalia in which they agreed between the President of the Council Netherlands. to continue working together to stabilise and the Secretary-General on the Somalia, cooperate in undertaking security It is also possible that the Council will adopt UNISFA reconnaissance mission and military operations and also strengthen a resolution on Eritrea in response to the regarding border arrangements cooperation in other areas. findings of the latest report of the Monitor- in Abyei. ing Group for Somalia and Eritrea On 21 October, Al Shabaab claimed it had concerning Eritrean violations of the killed 70 AU peacekeepers in renewed Other Relevant Facts provisions of resolutions 1844 (concerning fierce fighting in Mogadishu. AMISOM, UNMISS: Special Representative of the Somalia) and 1907. For more details on however, said only ten had been killed while Secretary-General and Head of Mission this, please refer to a separate brief on two were missing. Hilde Frafjord Johnson (Norway) this issue. The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) UNMISS: Size and Duration Key Recent Developments reported on 18 October there had been a Maximum authorised strength: up to On 4 October, more than 70 people were marked decrease in the number of success- 7,000 military and 900 police killed and 150 injured in a suicide bombing ful attacks by Somali pirates. Only 24 Deployment as of 30 September: 5,677 in Mogadishu. The Islamist rebel group Al vessels had been hijacked this year com- total uniformed personnel Shabaab claimed responsibility and reiter- pared with 35 for the same period in 2010, Duration: 9 July to present; mandate ated earlier warnings that it would continue and the success rate had decreased from expires 9 July 2012 to carry out similar attacks in Mogadishu 28 to 12 percent. and also said that even more serious bomb- Special Envoy of the Secretary-General On 24 October, the Council adopted resolu- ings could be expected. The Council issued on Sudan and South Sudan tion 2015 calling for additional measures to a press statement that same day condemn- Haile Menkerios (South Africa) strengthen prosecution of Somali pirates. ing the attack “in the strongest terms.” UNISFA: Force Commander and Head of Among other things, the resolution reiter- Mission Following the bombing, the AU Mission in ated the request that Somalia adopt counter-piracy laws as soon as possible, Lt. Gen. Tadesse Werede Tesfay Somalia (AMISOM) and government forces urged other states that had not already (Ethiopia) launched a new offensive against Al Sha- baab, and on 10 October AMISOM declared done so to criminalise piracy under their UNISFA: Size, Composition and Duration that the rebel group had been driven out of domestic laws and called on all states to Maximum authorised strength: up to its last stronghold in Mogadishu. Mean- report to the Secretary-General by 31 4,200 military and 50 police while, Al Shabaab said its withdrawal was December on measures taken to ensure Deployment as of 30 September: 1,842 just a tactical move. prosecution and imprisonment of pirates. In total uniformed personnel addition, the Council said it would continue Troop contributor: Ethiopia On 14 October, Under-Secretary-General its consideration of the establishment of Duration: 27 June to present; mandate for Political Affairs, B. Lynn Pascoe, briefed specialised anti-piracy courts in Somalia expires 27 December Council members on recent developments and other states in the region with substan- in Somalia as part of his monthly horizon- tive international participation and support. scanning briefing. He emphasised the The Secretary-General is to report to the importance of continued involvement and Council within 90 days, after consulting with Somalia support from the international community to these states, on practical arrangements, ensure progress in the implementation of the including detailed implementation propos- Expected Council Action road map to end the transition in Somalia. als for the establishment of such courts. In November, the Emergency Relief Coordi- nator for Somalia is due to report to the On 16 October, Kenyan troops were At press time, Council members had just Council on implementation of the humani- reported to have crossed into southern received the Secretary-General’s two reports tarian exemption under resolution 1972 with Somalia. Kenya later confirmed it had on Somali piracy (as requested by resolu- regard to the asset-freeze provision of the launched the operation in response to a tion 1950) and on protection of Somali Somalia sanctions regime and on any series of kidnappings on its territory believed natural resources and waters (as requested impediments to the delivery of humanitar- to have been carried out by Al Shabaab. In by resolution 1976). A briefing on the reports ian assistance in Somalia. A briefing on the a 17 October letter Kenya informed the by Pascoe, to be followed by consultations, report is expected. Council that it had “been compelled to take was scheduled for 31 October. robust, targeted measures to protect and

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 7 current expectation seems to be that this Human Rights-Related Somalia sanctions regime. will be reached by early 2012.) Developments • S/RES/1950 (23 November 2010) Options renewed for a period of 12 months On 28 September, Shamsul Bari, UN Main options for the Council include: the antipiracy measures of previous Independent Expert on the situation of n adopting a resolution renewing the Council decisions. human rights in Somalia, briefed the anti-piracy provisions of resolution 1950 Human Rights Council (HRC) on his Latest Secretary-General’s Reports for another year and requesting a work there. Bari said he believed that the • S/2011/662 (25 October 2011) was follow-up to the Secretary-General’s famine was as much man-made as it was the latest report on Somali piracy. report on Somali natural resources, such natural. Unless the war in Somalia was • S/2011/661 (25 October 2011) was the as more robust investigations and brought to an end, such situations were report on protection of Somali natural international monitoring of illegal fishing likely to recur. Somalia’s representative resources and waters and alleged and dumping; told the HRC that a recent survey had illegal fishing and dumping as n adopting a statement to signal to Soma- indicated that 750,000 people in south- requested by resolution 1976. lia’s Transitional Federal Institutions that ern Somalia were at risk of death from the Council is closely monitoring imple- Latest Meeting Record starvation. He said that despite the chal- mentation of the road map and also to • S/PV.6614 (14 September 2011) lenges it was facing, the government call for enhanced international support was committed to the implementation of Other and express continuing concern about human rights but this would not be • S/2011/646 (17 October 2011) was the humanitarian situation; and accomplished overnight and could not a letter from Kenya informing the n issuing a separate press statement on the be achieved by Somalia alone. Council of its military operation Emergency Relief Coordinator’s report inside Somalia. expressing concern about the difficult Key Issues • SC/10402 (4 October 2011) was humanitarian access situation (which is A key issue for the Council in November is a Council press statement on expected to be addressed in the report). the renewal of the anti-piracy provisions of the 4 October suicide bombing resolution 1950, which authorises states Council Dynamics in Mogadishu. and regional organisations to enter Soma- Council members continue to follow the lia’s territorial waters and also take action situation in Somalia closely and appeared on land in Somalia to combat piracy. A to welcome the update provided by Pascoe related issue is whether any further mea- in his October horizon-scanning briefing. Eritrea sures should be considered, in particular While there is some concern about the with regard to any follow-up to the report on Expected Council Action implementation of the road map, most In November, it is possible that the Council protection of Somali natural resources members seem to think current progress is and waters. will adopt a resolution that would impose more or less as expected and that while additional sanctions on Eritrea. A second key issue is whether the humani- delays are already evident, the most impor- tarian exemption to the Somalia sanctions tant thing is that the process is moving in At press time, Council members were nego- regime is having any practical effects in the right direction. tiating a draft resolution proposed by Gabon terms of humanitarian access. and co-sponsored by Nigeria that would With regard to piracy, it seems the renewal subject a number of Eritrean entities to the Another key issue is the continuing security of the anti-piracy provisions of resolution targeted-sanctions provisions of resolutions threat from Al Shabaab and in particular its 1950 is expected to be fairly routine and no 1844 and 1907 and impose restrictions on impact on the planned expansion of the UN major changes are envisaged. It is possible, investments in the Eritrean mining industry presence in Mogadishu to facilitate interna- however, that the Council will call for some and on certain other financial transfers that tional support for the implementation of the follow-up action as recommended by the could be used by Eritrea for the purpose of road map. Secretary-General in his report on Somali destabilizing the Horn of Africa. This comes natural resources. in response to the findings of the latest A related issue is the political and security report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia implications of the Kenyan operation in The UK is the lead country on Somalia in the and Eritrea, which concluded that Eritrea southern Somalia. Council, while India chairs the Sanctions Committee and Russia has taken the lead had committed numerous violations of the A continuing key issue is the timely imple- on legal issues related to piracy. existing sanctions regime. mentation of the road map and whether Also, it appears that the Eritrean president stronger international involvement and UN Documents Isaias Afwerki has requested a meeting with support is warranted to keep the process Security Council Resolutions the Council. on track. A connected issue is the Council’s own role with regard to monitoring progress • S/RES/2015 (24 October 2011) called Key Recent Developments for additional measures to strengthen and whether it should request more In its June report, the Monitoring Group prosecution of Somali pirates and frequent reporting. concluded that: requested a report from the n Eritrea’s leadership committed multiple Also an issue is the need to accelerate Secretary-General within 90 days. violations of resolutions 1844 and 1907 in deployment of additional troops to AMI- • S/RES/1972 (17 March 2011) the period covered by the report; SOM. The mission is still 2,300 troops short extended for 16 months the n Eritrea had continued to provide training, of its authorised strength of 12,000. (The humanitarian exemption to the financial and logistical support to armed

8 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org opposition groups throughout the region, there was no conclusive evidence of any including Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia violations on its behalf. (including the Islamist rebel group Al SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Shabaab) and Sudan; On 15 August, Eritrea once again denied the accusations against it in another press Monthly n the government of Eritrea “conceived, planned, organised and directed” a failed release, drawing attention to its unresolved NOV 2011 border dispute with Ethiopia and calling FORECAST bomb attack against the AU summit in Addis Ababa in January 2011; and for diplomatic and political efforts to build trust and confidence among countries in sanctions under the provisions of resolu- n Eritrea had continued to engage in arms tions 1844 and 1907 relating to Eritrea; trafficking in violation of the arms embargo. the region. or The Monitoring Group recommended In a 7 October letter to the Council, Eritrea n taking no action at this stage. called on the Council to “reject Ethiopia’s among other things that the Council should Council Dynamics consider encouraging UN member states current hostile campaign” and immediately Behind-the-scenes discussions about to establish “rigorous due-diligence guide- lift all sanctions against it. It also announced possible additional sanctions against lines” for international financial institutions that it planned to present to the Sanctions Eritrea seem to have been going on since handling Eritrean funds as well as for Committee a comprehensive response to the Monitoring Group presented its report mining companies operating in the country the Monitoring Group’s report. (This has to the Council. Among Council members, with respect to payments made to the since been submitted to the Committee.) the US has been the most vocal in calling government of Eritrea. Key Issues for further action. In an interview in August, On 4 July, the Intergovernmental Authority A key issue for the Council is whether the Ambassador Susan Rice said the US was on Development (IGAD) issued a communi- Monitoring Group’s accusations against very concerned about Eritrea’s behaviour in qué condemning the activities of Eritrea and Eritrea are credible. If the answer is yes, the the region and was “very much interested in its role in “destabilizing the region by sup- key issue becomes whether imposing additional pressure and sanctions being porting extremists”, calling on the Council additional sanctions on Eritrea is the appro- applied on Eritrea”. It appears, however, “to take all appropriate measures” to put an priate response and in particular whether that the US and other members have been end to these activities and calling on both it will have a positive impact on the looking to African Council members for the AU and the Council to fully implement situation and lead to the desired change in leadership on this issue but that they initially the existing sanctions regimes and impose Eritrean behaviour. seemed reluctant to take it up. additional targeted sanctions. Another key issue is what impact the pro- It was only in mid-October that Gabon Meanwhile, Eritrea called for the lifting of posed resolution will have on the already very circulated its draft resolution. It had Nigeria sanctions against it and requested a meet- difficult humanitarian situation in Eritrea. as a co-sponsor, but not South Africa The initial rounds of negotiations have revealed ing with the Council to explain its position. In A further key issue is the fact that the substantive differences among Council response to this request, Eritrea was invited, Sanctions Committee has yet to designate members. While most members, with the along with IGAD members Ethiopia, Kenya, any individuals or entities for targeted exception of China and Russia, seem open Djibouti, Somalia, Uganda and IGAD repre- measures under the current sanctions on to consider further steps against Eritrea, sentatives, to an informal dialogue with Eritrea, in place since 2009. Council members on 19 July. Eritrea had they are also cautious about any measures, another opportunity to explain its position A final issue is whether to address other such as economic sanctions, which could on 22 July when its foreign minister met with factors exacerbating the situation in the have a negative impact on the Eritrean pop- the Somalia/Eritrea Sanctions Committee. region, such as Ethiopia’s noncompliance ulation. It appears that a majority of Council with the border-demarcation decision of the members considered the initial text pro- On 29 July, the Council extended the man- Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission posed by Gabon to be too strong, especially date of the Monitoring Group for another 12 (EEBC) and related Council resolutions. because of its focus on additional economic months. It made no changes to the sanc- sanctions. Council members therefore tions regime for Eritrea, but requested a Options made proposals to either delete or substan- separate report on Eritrea from the Monitor- Main options for the Council include: tially weaken the sanctions provisions and ing Group. n adopting a resolution imposing additional put more emphasis on political processes. sanctions on Eritrea; For its part, Eritrea continued to publicly n taking a more gradual approach by first Gabon circulated a revised text on 26 deny the Monitoring Group’s accusations. In adopting a statement warning Eritrea that October, which at the time of writing was a 3 August press statement, the Foreign Min- additional sanctions would be imposed expected to be discussed by Council istry denounced a draft Council resolution unless it changes its behaviour and call- members on 31 October. proposed by Ethiopia calling for additional ing for intensified diplomatic efforts to China abstained on resolution 1907, and it sanctions against Eritrea, claiming the pur- resolve outstanding issues in the region; remains to be seen whether it would sup- pose of this resolution was “to provide cover n re-engaging on the issue of the unre- port any action against Eritrea at this stage. to the illegal invasion and occupation of solved border dispute between Ethiopia sovereign Eritrean territories”. and Eritrea by explicitly addressing UN Documents In a 4 August letter to the Council, Eritrea Ethiopia’s noncompliance with the Security Council Resolutions submitted its “preliminary remarks” on the EEBC’s border-demarcation decision; Monitoring Group’s report. It refuted all the n moving in the Sanctions Committee to • S/RES/2002 (29 July 2011) extended findings of the report and maintained that make the first designations for targeted the mandate of the Monitoring Group

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 9 (Brazil), on the work of the Committee and detailed report focuses on armed groups for Eritrea and Somalia for another the annual report of its Group of Experts. operating in the DRC (including those year and requested for the first time that have undergone reintegration into the a separate report on Eritrea. The Committee will meet in November to Congolese army) and the flow of weapons • S/RES/1907 (23 December 2009) discuss the report as well. in the country. It also evaluates the imple- imposed an arms embargo and tar- mentation of its due-diligence guidelines geted sanctions on Eritrea. The Council is likely to renew the sanctions and makes suggestions to improve the • S/RES/1844 (20 November 2008) regime and the mandate of the Group of efficiency of the sanctions regime. imposed targeted sanctions relating Experts, which expire on 30 November 2011. MONUSCO’s mandate expires on 30 to the situation in Somalia. On 12 October, the DRC Sanctions Com- June 2012. Meeting Record mittee added Jamil Mukulu, a Ugandan national, to the sanctions list. The Commit- • S/PV.6254 (23 December 2009) was Key Recent Developments tee reasoned that Mukulu is the military the adoption of resolution 1907 with On 28 June, the Council unanimously leader of the Allied Democratic Forces explanations of vote, including by adopted resolution 1991, extending the (ADF), a foreign armed group operating in China, which abstained. mandate of MONUSCO for another 12 months. The resolution maintains the cur- the DRC. The listing request, first received Letters rent strength and priorities of MONUSCO by the Committee at the end of 2010, was • S/2011/623 (7 October 2011) was and authorises the force to continue to pro- made possible after several P5 members from Eritrea to the Council calling for a vide technical and logistical assistance for retracted holds placed on the listing. lifting of the sanctions against it. the upcoming national and local elections. • S/2011/617 (6 October 2011) was At a UN Information Service press briefing from Djibouti to the Council about the In a letter circulated to Council members on in Geneva on 7 October, a spokesperson escape of two Djiboutian prisoners of 20 September, the Secretary-General for the Office for the Coordination of war from an Eritrean prison. stated that MONUSCO’s lack of military Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said that five • S/2011/494 (4 August 2011) was from helicopters had become acute. He asked humanitarian staff working for an educa- Eritrea to the Council submitting its states to think “outside the box” about tional NGO in Malinde, South Kivu province, preliminary response to the report of new and innovative solutions. Following had been killed along with five other people. the Monitoring Group. the letter, the Council was updated by OCHA firmly condemned the killings. The • S/2011/434 (14 July 2011) was from the Department of Peacekeeping Opera- incident was one of the gravest in the Ethiopia to the Council transmitting tions on progress made with some UN DRC since April 2011, when six ICRC the 4 July IGAD Assembly of Heads of member states on pledges of helicopters to staff had been killed. The working condi- Government communiqué calling for the mission. tions for humanitarian workers have Council action against Eritrea. become increasingly difficult in North and On 17 October, the Council was briefed on • S/20101/433 (18 July 2011) was from South Kivu—this year alone there have MONUSCO via videoconference. The Dep- the Sanctions Committee chair trans- been 140 security incidents affecting uty Special Representative of the Secretary- mitting the Monitoring Group’s latest humanitarian workers. General, Leila Zerrougui, updated the report to the Council. Council on delays in the arrival and distribu- On 7 September, more than 960 prison- tion of ballot boxes and papers for the ers—including Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga, a upcoming elections. Meece told the Coun- former head of the Maï-Maï militia awaiting a Democratic Republic cil that MONUSCO was operating under the death sentence issued by a Congolese of the Congo assumption that the elections will still take military court for war crimes and crimes against humanity—escaped from a prison Expected Council Action place on time. He also reiterated that the in Katanga province. The mass prison break In November, the Council expects a briefing shortage of military helicopters was affect- was assisted by an organised armed attack on the Secretary-General’s latest report on ing its ability to implement its mandate. on the jail. So far about 230 prisoners have the UN Organisation Stabilisation Mission Presidential elections and elections for the been recaptured. in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 500-seat National Assembly are scheduled for 28 November. (MONUSCO), due by the end of October, On 14 October, US President Barack by Special Representative of the Secretary- Following the consultations, the Council Obama announced the deployment of 100 General Roger Meece. The Special released a press statement calling on armed military advisers—who will not Representative of the Secretary-General on MONUSCO to continue to support the engage in direct combat—to address the Sexual Violence in Conflict, Margot Wall- organisation and conduct of the forthcom- Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) problem. ström, is also expected to brief the Council. ing elections and to keep it updated. The Though the majority of forces will deploy The briefing will be followed by consulta- Council welcomed the commitment of in Uganda, some may deploy in the DRC tions. Though the Council does not currently some countries to provide the helicopters (for more see our UNOCA/LRA brief in plan to meet in the days surrounding the required for MONUSCO and encouraged this issue). upcoming elections, additional meetings these countries and the Secretariat to Key Issues may be scheduled if the situation on the finalise arrangements so that helicopters ground deteriorates. A key issue is keeping a close handle on deploy on the ground before the elections. developments regarding the upcoming The Council is also due to receive a briefing Though not released publicly at press time, elections. from the Chair of the Democratic Republic the Council received an advance copy On sanctions, an important issue is improv- of Congo (DRC) Sanctions Committee, of the Group of Experts’ final report. The Ambassador Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti ing the efficiency of the regime and its

10 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org capacity to address problems facing the • S/RES/1952 (29 Nov 2010) extended DRC, including overall insecurity in large the DRC sanctions and the mandate parts of the country, sexual violence and of the Group of Experts to 30 SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT illegal exploitation of natural resources. November 2011. Monthly Options Presidential Statement NOV 2011 Options for the Council include: • S/PRST/2011/11 (18 May 2011) FORECAST n renewing the sanctions regime and the focused on stabilisation efforts in The Secretary-General’s report was mandate of the Group of Experts for the DRC. another year while considering the expected by the end of October. Latest Secretary-General’s Report recommendations of their annual report; Also in November, the working group on n including provisions for the Group of • S/2011/298 (12 May 2011) protection of civilians may discuss the Experts to provide input for regional Security Council Meeting Record LRA in its meeting. cooperation, including through the UN • S/PV.6539 (18 May 2011) was the Regional Office for Central Africa debate on stabilisation in the DRC. Key Recent Developments (UNOCA) and with the LRA initiative On 30 September, the UN Office for under consideration by the AU; Security Council Press Statements the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs n issue a press statement following • SC/10414 (17 October 2011) was (OCHA) reported that the LRA has carried Meece’s briefing or issue a press state- on elections in the DRC. out 240 attacks so far this year, resulting in ment on the election process as the • SC/10410 (13 October 2011) was 130 deaths and 327 abductions, including situation develops; or on the listing of Mukulu by the DRC 113 children in the Central African Republic n monitor the election process but take no sanctions committee. (CAR), the Democratic Republic of the action unless extraordinary events occur Letter Congo (DRC) and South Sudan. An on the ground. estimated 440,000 civilians continue to • S/2011/589 (20 September 2011) was be displaced or living as refugees in the from the Secretary-General on the Council Dynamics affected areas. No major disagreement arose between shortage of helicopters in MONUSCO. Council members during the last renewal On 30 June and 1 July, at the summit of of sanctions and the Group of Experts’ Other Relevant Facts heads of state held in Malabo, Equatorial mandate (though later on there were some Special Representative of the Guinea, the AU requested its Peace and delays in appointing one member of the Secretary-General and Head of Mission Security Council (PSC) to authorise a pro- group). Several Council members are posal by the defence and security ministers Roger Meece (US) hoping that the current annual report— of CAR, DRC, Uganda and representatives which in their opinion is thorough and rich MONUSCO Force Commander from South Sudan (South Sudan became in evidence—will contribute to a consensus Lt. Gen. Chander Prakash (India) independent on 9 July) for a regional task in the Council regarding the renewal of the MONUSCO Size, Composition and force, joint operations centre and joint experts’ mandate. One issue that might Cost of Mission co-ordination mechanism to address the cause controversy is the implementation LRA issue. It also requested the UN and Strength as of 30 September 2011: of the due-diligence guidelines, insomuch other AU partners to support the initiative 16,819 troops, 741 military observers, as they bear on the interests of Council financially and logistically. 1,354 police, 978 international civilian members with private sector investments personnel, 2,822 local civilian staff and in the DRC. On 21 July, the Council was briefed by 591 UN volunteers Zerihoun on the LRA in a private meeting. The uncertainties of the election period and Approved budget (1 July 2011-30 June The permanent observer of the AU and the its aftermath lead several Council members 2012): $ 1.420 billion permanent representatives of CAR, DRC, to believe that significant changes in the Mission Duration South Sudan and Uganda were also in sanctions regime are unwarranted at 30 November 1999 to present: mandate attendance. Following the meeting, the this juncture. expires on 30 June 2012 Council released a press statement com- mending the efforts taken by the militaries Several Council members would like to of the CAR, DRC, South Sudan and Uganda maintain a “hands on” approach regarding to address the LRA threat and welcoming the November elections. They feel that the the recent AU initiative proposing a range of Council has an opportunity to show more LRA /UNOCA activities to address the problem. The commitment to its involvement in the DRC Expected Council Action Council also asked the Secretary-General compared to previous years. In November, the Council expects a briefing to report back to it in October on France is the lead country on the DRC. and consultations on the Secretary- LRA-related developments, including an General’s report on the Lord’s Resistance assessment of the threat posed by the UN Documents Army (LRA) by Assistant Secretary-General group and regional and UN efforts to for Political Affairs Tayé-Brook Zerihoun. address it. Security Council Resolutions The Council will also be briefed by the • S/RES/1991 (28 June 2011) extended Special Representative of the Secretary- On 27 September, the PSC released a press the mandate of MONUSCO until General and head of the UN Regional Office statement requesting the AU Commission 30 June 2012. for Central Africa (UNOCA), Abou Moussa, (the equivalent of the UN Secretariat) to on the work of that office. report to it on modalities for implementing

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 11 the mechanisms provided for in the AU Options Other Relevant Documents initiative. The PSC reiterated the Assem- Options for the Council include: bly’s request for UN support for the initiative. n issuing a press statement indicating its AU Decisions ongoing concerns and future intentions • PSC/PR/PS(CCXCV) (27 September On 14 October, US President Barack to keep a focus on the LRA issue; 2011) was a press statement by the Obama announced the deployment of 100 n requesting UNOCA to enhance coopera- PSC on the AU regional initiative on armed military advisers to address the LRA tion between the UN missions and the LRA. problem. American officials said that the information-sharing related to the LRA; • Assembly/AU/Dec.369(XVII) (30 majority of forces will deploy in Uganda and n addressing the information provided on June-1 July 2011) was a decision by that the advisers will not engage in direct the AU regional initiative and requesting the AU Assembly requesting the PSC combat, except in self-defence. The US the Secretary-General to report to the to authorise the LRA initiative. military has been providing intelligence and Council on its particulars as it unfolds; financial support to the Uganda People’s n urging better cooperation among coun- Defence Force (UPDF)—operating in CAR, tries in the region in prioritising protection the DRC and South Sudan as well as of civilians in LRA-affected areas; or Guinea-Bissau Uganda—for several years. n taking no action at this time. Expected Council Action On 22 September, the Ugandan constitu- Council Dynamics In November, Council members are tional court ruled that former LRA After not being officially addressed as a expected to consider the Secretary- commander Thomas Kwoyelo, charged standalone issue since November 2009, General’s report on the UN Integrated with 53 counts of murder and other crimes, the LRA was discussed during the presi- Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau is to be granted amnesty under the dency of Germany in July and, now, during (UNIOGBIS), which was to be submitted Ugandan Amnesty Act for those who have the presidency of Portugal. These and sev- by the end of October. The head of UNIOG- renounced rebellion. Kwoyelo was the first eral other Council members hope to BIS, Joseph Mutaboba, will likely brief the LRA commander to face trial in Uganda’s maintain the Council’s focus on the LRA Council. No Council action is expected in special war crimes court. With the excep- over time. November. The mandate of UNIOGBIS tion of the commanders indicted by the expires on 31 December. International Criminal Court, Kwoyelo joins It seems that the reportedly slow progress Kenneth Banya, Sam Kolo and others who of the AU initiative—and its expectations of Key Recent Developments have already been granted amnesty. the UN system and the Council in particu- On 28 June, the Council was briefed by lar—may impede the Council’s ability to Mutaboba and by the chair of the country’s On 18 August, Moussa briefed the Council consider concrete actions at this point. PBC configuration, Ambassador Maria via videoconference. In a press statement Council members are hoping that the LRA Luisa Viotti (Brazil). Viotti reported “positive issued after the meeting, the Council report and briefing will give them a better developments” in the fight against drug encouraged UNOCA to establish partner- idea of the AU’s intentions. Council mem- trafficking, including Guinea-Bissau’s ships with regional organisations in order to bers may be inclined to issue a press implementation of the West African Coast face regional challenges, such as the LRA. statement if the report is substantive. The Initiative by appointing the management The Council also requested UNOCA to content of the report may also effect board and the chair of the Transnational consider ways to assist states in Central whether and when further updates from Crime Unit. Africa, tackling issues such as security the Secretary-General are needed. sector reform and promoting human rights. As part of its rule of law and security sector reform assistance, UNIOGBIS for its Key Issues UN Documents part has since February provided technical A key issue for the Council is obtaining Selected Letters and financial support for the vetting and adequate information on the possible AU • S/2010/457 (30 August 2010) and certification of police and internal security initiative for a regional response to address S/2009/697 (11 December 2009) agencies. In September, the mission the LRA in order to identify the Council’s was an exchange of letters between opened the first of a planned one dozen best role in supporting or endorsing the Secretary-General and the “model police stations” slated to be inaugu- AU efforts. Security Council about the establish- rated in the next two years around the The Council may also consider what other ment of UNOCA. country. Funding comes from the Peace- steps can be taken to enhance existing Selected Press Statements building Commission, which in the coming months will disburse $16.8 million for peacekeeping missions in the region in • SC/10364 (18 August 2011) was on such police stations and also for courts, a response to the LRA. the role of UNOCA. judiciary training center, the pension • SC/10335 (21 July 2011) was on Another factor is the role that newly estab- fund for the armed forces and measures efforts to address the LRA issue. lished UNOCA can play in coordinating UN to address the problem of drug trafficking efforts on this issue. Meeting Record and unemployment. • S/PV.6601 (18 August 2011) was the Although the situation was not referred by But challenges remain in establishing the briefing by Moussa. the Security Council, a final issue is the pos- legitimacy of the state, the rule of law and sible interaction with the ICC as the arrest respect for civilian control of the security warrants against the top four commanders sector. The military is still seen to be the real of the LRA are still outstanding. power in the country, and there are con- cerns that key figures are part of the

12 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org international narcotics hub. There was con- Underlying Issues cern as well when Prime Minister Carlos Guinea-Bissau seems to have stumbled Gomes Jr. offered on 10 September to from one crisis to another since it gained SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT welcome Muammar Qaddafi “with open independence from Portugal in 1973 after Monthly arms” in Guinea-Bissau, even though there prolonged armed conflict. The bitterness of was an international arrest warrant out for the war of liberation was such that the new NOV 2011FORECAST the former Libyan leader. independent government, controlled by a revolutionary council, carried out reprisal On 29 September, the Secretary-General Meeting Records attacks on African soldiers who had fought and Prime Minister Gomes held talks in for the Portuguese. Thousands of these for- • S/PV.6569 (28 June 2011) New York on the implementation of a mer soldiers may have been massacred or • S/PV.6489 (25 February 2011) peacebuilding plan, including social and fled the country. To date, reconciliation and political reforms. The Secretary-General inclusive national dialogue as part of a Other Relevant Facts stressed the importance of inclusive politi- belated transitional justice effort remain key cal dialogue and reform of the security and Special Representative of the Secretary- underlying issues. justice sectors in Guinea-Bissau as key General and Head of UNIOGBIS issues in building peace in the country. Options Joseph Mutaboba (Rwanda) One option for the Council is to simply take Mutaboba met with Guinea-Bissau’s gen- Duration no action in November but rather adopt a eral prosecutor on 5 October and with the 1 January 2010 to present; mandate wait-and-see stance until the end of Decem- judiciary police director the following day. expires 31 December 2011 ber when UNIOGBIS’s mandate comes up The meetings were held to discuss ongoing for renewal. Chair of the Sierra Leone Configuration UN support for strengthening capacity of of the PBC national institutions to combat impunity and Another option is for the Council to issue Brazil maintain constitutional order, public secu- a presidential statement noting peace rity and the full respect for the rule of law. consolidation efforts made so far and sig- nalling the Council’s concern that this Human Rights-Related should remain on track. Yemen Developments Council Dynamics Expected Council Action On 12 September, the Prime Minister Guinea-Bissau is currently not a conten- The Council is expecting a briefing by Jamal and Mutaboba inaugurated the coun- tious item on the Council’s agenda, due in Benomar, Special Adviser to the Secretary- try’s first model police station. In his June large part to the evident fragility of the situa- General on Yemen. The briefing is required report on the situation in Guinea-Bissau, tion there, the widespread concern about by resolution 2014 adopted on 21 October. the Secretary-General had stressed that the country’s role as a major hub for global the construction of model police sta- narcotics and other illicit traffickers and a Key Recent Developments tions, together with the training of police more recent concern that without serious A wave of anti-government social protests officers to staff them, was an essential support from the international community in Yemen has been ongoing since 3 Febru- step in national efforts to restore author- it might be used as a base for pirates ary. To date, it has claimed over 200 lives ity and re-establish public security who have recently stepped up attacks on and has left more than 1,000 people conditions. He hoped that this develop- maritime traffic in the Gulf of Guinea. wounded. The Secretary-General appointed ment would “help break with past Benomar as his Special Adviser at the start Nigeria is the lead country on this issue in practice of frequent disregard for the rule of the year. the Council. of law and human rights”. On 19 April, the Council was first briefed on Yemen by Under-Secretary-General for Key Issues UN Documents Political Affairs B. Lynn Pascoe and The key issues for the Council correspond Security Council Resolution Benomar. On 24 June, members were to the UNIOGBIS’s strategic work plan and • S/RES/1949 (23 November 2010) again briefed by Benomar and issued a benchmarks set out in 2010. It appears that renewed the mandate of UNIOGBIS press statement expressing grave concern the most pressing of these are reform of the until 31 December 2011. at the deteriorating situation and welcomed security sector and entrenchment of the the mediation efforts by the Gulf Coopera- rule of law, as well as issues relating to illicit Secretary-General’s Report tion Council (GCC). trafficking, in particular child trafficking, • S/2011/370 (17 June 2011) covers drug trafficking and organised crime. major developments in Guinea-Bissau Benomar’s next briefing to the Council was from 15 February 2011. on 9 August. Later that day, in a press state- A related issue is continuing impunity, since • S/2011/73 (15 February 2011) covers ment, Council members expressed their senior army officers suspected of being major developments since 25 October concern at the serious deterioration of the involved in the assassinations of 2009 2010. situation urging all parties to move forward remain in powerful positions. Press Statements whilst acknowledging the importance of the A related issue down the line is to prepare • SC/10301 (28 June 2011) GCC initiative. (The GCC initiative calls for a for an eventual transition from UNIOGBIS to • SC/10184 (25 February 2011) peaceful transition of power from President a UN country team by combating impunity, Ali Abdullah Saleh to Vice President enhancing the legitimacy of civilian rule, Abdrabuh Mansour Hadi during an interim and ensuring civilian control of the military. period leading up to elections. The initiative

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 13 also provides immunity to Saleh and Council Dynamics Council members will also have in mind the his family.) Among Council members, there are differ- spill-over effects in Lebanon from the crisis ences between those who see the GCC in Syria. On 24 September, Council members initiative as the way forward and those who issued another press statement urging all Key Recent Developments believe a modified approach to the GCC sides to reject the violence that had erupted On 30 August, the Council adopted resolu- initiative may perhaps be warranted. on Saleh’s surprise return to Yemen the tion 2004, which renewed UNIFIL’s mandate previous day after undergoing surgery and During the discussions regarding the draft for a further year and requested the Secre- medical treatment in Saudi Arabia. Saleh of resolution 2014, some Council members tary-General to conduct a strategic review had sustained injuries as a result of an were concerned about possible sovereignty of the peacekeeping force by year’s end. explosion in his presidential compound on issues, as the resolution indirectly calls for a At press time, the Secretary-General’s next 3 June. head of state to leave power. However, report on the implementation of resolution Council members apparently deemed it On 21 October, the Council unanimously 1701 was due in mid-November and is necessary to send a signal regarding the adopted resolution 2014 with key elements expected to portray the situation in south- peaceful transfer of power in Yemen and felt focusing on the GCC initiative for a transfer ern Lebanon as relatively stable, except for comfortable with the language that places of power in Yemen, concern over the activi- a major incident on 26 July when a bomb an emphasis on support for the GCC initia- ties of Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula exploded on a road regularly travelled by tive, noting Saleh’s own stated intention to and the need for humanitarian assistance. UNIFIL, injuring six French peacekeepers honour the initiative. (a similar incident occurred in May). The On 24 October, Saleh responded to resolu- The UK has the lead in the Council on report is expected to lay out mitigating tion 2014 by saying, as he has done in the Yemen. security measures that have been imple- past, that he was ready to sit down with the mented since those incidents. The report opposition parties and their partners to dis- UN Documents is also expected to track ongoing issues cuss implementing the GCC initiative. Security Council Resolution such as Israeli-occupied northern Ghajar, demarcation of the Blue Line, Israeli over- Human Rights-Related • S/RES/2014 (21 October 2011) flights, security along the line of buoys and Developments endorsed the GCC initiative for a progress with the strategic dialogue peaceful transition of power. On 18 October, Rupert Colville, spokes- between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Security Council Press Statements person for the Office of the High Forces (LAF). • SC/10394 (24 September 2011) urged Commissioner for Human Rights On 27 October, Special Envoy Terje Rød- all parties to reject violence. (OHCHR) strongly condemned the Larsen briefed Council members on the • SC/10357 (9 August 2011) expressed reported killing of a number of peaceful Secretary-General’s 1559 report. The report concern at the worsening economic, protesters at the hands of security forces focused on recent Syrian incursions into humanitarian and security situations. in recent days. OHCHR has called for an Lebanon, ongoing challenges in disarming • SC/10296 (24 June 2011) expressed international, independent, transparent militias, the lack of progress in delineating grave concern at the deteriorating investigation, for accountability and for the Syrian-Lebanese border and develop- security and humanitarian situation. justice and has stated that all “those ments in the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. responsible for the hundreds of killings since the protest movement began in Other Relevant Facts On 6 October, Syrian troops crossed into Lebanon and killed a Syrian national. Leba- Yemen more than eight months ago Special Adviser to the Secretary-General must be prosecuted, regardless of rank on Yemen nese media reported a similar incident the or title.” following day. On 19 October there were Jamal Benomar (Morocco) clashes on the Lebanese border between Key Issues Syrian forces and Syrian civilians and army The key issue for the Council is to determine defectors reportedly fleeing to Lebanon. the actual impact of resolution 2014 and Lebanon The incident resulted in several deaths, but define its role in introducing a peaceful res- there were varying reports about the num- olution to the current crisis. Expected Council Action ber of casualties and whether the incident In late November, Council members are took place on Lebanese or Syrian territory. A further issue for the Council is its role in expected to hold consultations on the (There are approximately 3,000 Syrian ensuring the territorial integrity of Yemen Secretary-General’s report on the imple- refugees registered by UNHCR in Lebanon, and preventing any large-scale civil war. mentation of resolution 1701, which in but Lebanese officials estimate the number Options August 2006 called for a cessation of at 5,000.) The Council’s options include: hostilities between Hezbollah and Israel. On 27 October media reports indicate that n simply keeping abreast of the develop- Representatives from the Department of Syrian troops were mining an area near ments in Yemen and receiving regular Political Affairs and the Department of Peace- the Lebanese border apparently to stop briefings from the DPA; or keeping Operations will brief the Council. weapons smuggling into Syria. n issuing a statement encouraging Yemen’s No formal action is expected. The mandate key players, with the aid of the GCC, to Regarding the Special Tribunal, on 10 of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) continue to engage in dialogue. October Judge Sir David Baragwanath was expires on 31 August 2012. elected as its new president. (Former presi- dent, Judge Antonio Cassese, had resigned

14 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org for health reasons and passed away on Regarding the Tribunal, there are no imme- 21 October after a long illness.) diate issues for the Council. (The Tribunal’s mandate expires in March 2012.) On 17 October, the Tribunal’s pre-trial judge SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT asked the trial chamber to determine if trial Options Monthly in absentia could be initiated. The trial The Council’s most likely option is to take no NOV 2011 chamber will hold a public hearing on this action, as has been the practice since April FORECAST issue on 11 November. (The Lebanese 2008 (the last time the Council issued a prosecutor general had previously reported presidential statement on resolution 1701). Secretary-General’s Reports to the Tribunal that Lebanese authorities • S/2011/648 (19 October 2011) was had failed to detain any of the four men Council Dynamics Council members agree that UNIFIL is an the latest report on resolution 1559. indicted in July for the 2005 assassination important stabilising factor between Israel • S/2011/406 (1 July 2011) was the of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq and Lebanon—especially in light of the latest report on resolution 1701. Hariri. The accused are all Hezbollah mem- current developments in Syria. However, Security Council Press Statements bers.) Trial activity is not anticipated before achieving a permanent ceasefire seems mid-2012. • SC/10341 (26 July 2011) and remote and Council members realise SC/10264 (27 May 2011) condemned Regarding funding of the Tribunal, Leba- that continued quiet in southern Lebanon the attacks on UNIFIL convoys. nese Prime Minister Najib Mikati and may be the only achievable goal in the Lebanese President Michel Suleiman both medium term. Other Relevant Facts made statements about Lebanon uphold- Most Council members agree that arms ing its international commitments, including Special Coordinator for Lebanon smuggling and disarmament remain key its contribution to the Tribunal (49 percent Vacant at press time concerns but seem to accept that progress of the budget). However, it seems the issue is only likely in the context of an inter- Special Envoy for the Implementation of funding continues to be problematic in of Security Council Resolution 1559 Lebanese dialogue and improvement on the Hezbollah-led government. On 24 the Israel-Syria track. (The Lebanese Terje Rød-Larsen (Norway) October, Hezbollah Secretary-General national dialogue process seems to have Hassan Nasrallah said that his party UNIFIL Force Commander stalled over the issue of Hezbollah’s arms— opposed funding the Tribunal. At press Maj. Gen. Alberto Asarta Cuevas (Spain) it last met in November 2010. The time, Lebanon had not yet paid its 2011 Israel-Syria peace track seems indefinitely Size and Composition of UNIFIL as of contribution, due by mid-November, nor 30 September 2011 postponed given the current Syrian crisis.) had Beirut agreed to the funding provision Authorised: 15,000 troops in its 2012 budget. Council members see the strategic review Current: 12,304 military personnel of UNIFIL requested in resolution 2004 to On 24 October, Nasrallah said that the Troop Contributors: Bangladesh, be in line with good peacekeeping practice situation in Syria was improving. He had Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, to optimise resources to tasks. previously called on Syrians to support Cambodia, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, El Salvador, France, FYR of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in May. Council members are supportive of the Macedonia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, UNIFIL-LAF strategic dialogue, which aims On 22 October, Tehran criticised Damascus Guatemala, Hungary, India, Indonesia, at moving forward tasks that UNIFIL can for its crackdown but discouraged interna- Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malaysia, transfer to the Lebanese Armed Forces, a tional intervention. A similar statement had Nepal, Nigeria, Portugal, Qatar, Republic key provision of resolution 1701. been made in September. of Korea, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovenia, Regarding the Tribunal, Council members Spain, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Turkey Analysts note that Hezbollah receives underscore the importance of the Tribunal’s much of its international support from Syria Duration independence and foresee no Council role and Iran. March 1978 to present; mandate expires in its activities. 31 August 2012 Key Issues A key issue for the Council is how to encour- France is the lead country on Lebanon in Cost the Council. age Israel and Lebanon to move from the 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012: $545.47 status quo—a fragile cessation of hostili- UN Documents million (A/C.5/65/19) ties—toward a ceasefire. But the current political climate in the region makes Security Council Resolutions progress seem more remote than ever. • S/RES/2004 (30 August 2011) renewed UNIFIL until 31 August 2012. DPRK (North Korea) Other issues include regular Israeli over- • S/RES/1757 (30 May 2007) estab- flights and its occupation of Ghajar in Expected Council Action lished the Special Tribunal for violation of resolution 1701 and the fact that As chair of the Democratic People’s Repub- Lebanon to investigate the February Hezbollah maintains significant military lic of Korea (DPRK) Sanctions Committee, 2005 assassination of former capacity in violation of resolutions 1559 Ambassador José Filipe Moraes Cabral Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri and 1701. (Portugal) is expected to brief the Council in and 22 others. informal consultations in November. On 10 • S/RES/1701 (11 August 2006) called The issue of Sheb’a Farms also remains June—in resolution 1985—the Council for a cessation of hostilities between frozen. extended the mandate of the panel of Hezbollah and Israel.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 15 experts that supports the Committee until differences” during what it described as a following up on the panel’s recommenda- 12 June 2012. The panel is scheduled to constructive meeting. But important issues tions, and the US and some elected provide the Committee with its midterm remained, it said, and the process would members have indicated that the unpub- report by 12 November. take time to see if the DPRK was prepared lished report contains useful information to undertake the “concrete” steps neces- that the broader UN membership would The November briefing is likely to be routine; sary to revive the six-party talks. find helpful. But the report’s publication no Council action is expected at this time. seems to remain a sensitive issue for other Key Issues permanent members. Key Recent Developments A key issue for the Sanctions Committee is On 28 and 29 July, US Special Envoy whether to implement some or all of the At the broader political level, several mem- Stephen Bosworth and DPRK Vice Foreign recommendations of the panel of experts’ ber states have emphasised that while the Minister Kim Kae-gwan held talks in New most recent report. The panel’s last report current bilateral talks are a step in the right York. The two-day discussions, which from May has not been made public, and direction, they are still exploratory. Prog- concerned the DPRK’s nuclear programme, some Council members have questioned ress will be assessed, they indicate, by the were the first meetings between the two its credibility and recommendations. DPRK demonstrating genuine willingness countries addressing the possibility of a to re-engage in the six-party talks process. return to the six-party talks process since A related issue for the Council is how to deal But there are divergent views among negotiations ended in December 2008. with any violations reported to the Sanc- Council members on the prerequisites for tions Committee. Council members are On 21 September, the DPRK’s chief nuclear the DPRK’s return to these talks. US policy unlikely to take measures that might envoy, Ri Yong-ho, and his counterpart has been that Pyongyang must halt its threaten potential political progress, but on from the Republic of Korea, Wi Sung-lac, uranium enrichment programme and the other hand they acknowledge that met in Beijing to discuss the revival of the permit international nuclear inspectors to they have binding obligations concerning six-party talks. (The process also involves return to the DPRK before talks can recom- violations of the sanctions regime. the US, China, Russia and Japan.) It was mence. Others, including Russia, favour the second time in two months that the two Underlying Problems an immediate return to the six-party talks envoys had met. Both countries described The Sanctions Committee has been dead- without preconditions. the discussions in Beijing as “constructive locked on several issues this year. Some China, Russia and the US—as the six-party and useful”. elected Council members in particular talks countries on the Council—are seem frustrated at the Committee’s inability the lead. On 24 August, during his first trip to Russia to take action and have expressed disap- since 2002, DPRK leader Kim Jong Il met pointment that there has been no agreement UN Documents with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. to publish the panel’s recent report. The discussions focused on nuclear disar- Security Council Resolutions mament, energy deals and economic aid. Options • S/RES/1985 (10 June 2011) extended The timing of Kim’s rare visit—as the DPRK Progress within the deadlocked Sanctions the mandate of the panel of experts undertakes steps to potentially restart the Committee will be difficult in November. that supports the DPRK Sanctions six-party talks—was noteworthy. One area that the committee could work Committee until 12 June 2012 and on—without touching on the more sensitive In mid-October, Under-Secretary-General asked the panel to provide its midterm issue of the sanctions regime—is providing and final reports to the Committee for Humanitarian Affairs Valerie Amos vis- more clarity on the definition of “luxury ited the DPRK to seek more freedom for aid a month before they are submitted goods”. In resolution 1718 (2006), the to the Council, in order to allow for agencies operating in the country. Severe Council decided that member states restrictions on the movement of foreigners a discussion. should not supply, sell or transfer luxury • S/RES/1874 (12 June 2009) condemned have recently been eased in some areas, goods to the DPRK, but no elaboration on allowing the World Food Programme to the DPRK’s 25 May 2009 underground their definition has been given. The nuclear test, expanded the existing arms carry out “random” visits with 24-hour notice Committee could aim to provide an Imple- to check how aid is used. embargo and authorised inspection of mentation Assistance Notice to give more cargoes to and from the DPRK, as well On 20 October, the US and the DPRK con- guidance to member states, without going as vessels on the high seas. It provided cluded three-day talks in Bangkok, during as far as compiling a list of such items. for the creation of a panel of experts to which the two sides agreed for the US to Another option for the Committee would assist the Committee. restart efforts to recover the remains of US be to review the list of entities, goods and • S/RES/1718 (14 October 2006) troops killed during the Korean War. Talks individuals subject to the sanctions mea- expressed grave concern over between the two countries stalled in 2005. sures imposed by resolution 1718. This list the DPRK’s nuclear test, imposed Recovering the remains was the only issue was last updated on 16 July 2009. sanctions and set up a sanctions on the agenda, although it is perhaps committee. another sign that both sides might be Council and Wider Dynamics willing to re-engage. The Council has renewed the panel of Other Relevant Facts experts’ mandate and is in agreement on Chairman of the Security Council On 24-25 October, an interagency team of the overall work of the Committee. But US officials—led by outgoing Special Envoy Committee established pursuant to some members have resisted publishing the resolution 1718 (2006) Bosworth—met with a DPRK delegation led panel’s recommendations, which include Ambassador José Filipe Moraes Cabral by Vice Foreign Minister Kim in Geneva. adding entities to the sanctions list. That (Portugal) The US said there was some “narrowing of does not preclude the Committee from

16 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Timor-Leste fourth is a political mission suggested by the Timor-Leste government. Expected Council Action Consultations will continue on these four SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT The Council is expected to hold a debate on options, allowing for the mission’s planned Monthly Timor-Leste in November, which Portugal’s withdrawal by the end of 2012. Several Foreign Minister Paulo Portas is expected NOV 2011 Council members have emphasised that FORECAST to chair. Timor-Leste is likely to be repre- consideration of these models should be in sented at a high level, with the president or close collaboration with the government of A related issue is the slow progress being prime minister likely to address the debate. Timor-Leste, which should continue to take made with respect to holding accountable Other concerned member states, including the lead on deciding the shape of its post- those in the PNTL who were allegedly those in the core group on Timor-Leste, UNMIT future. responsible for crimes and serious viola- may also request to participate. Special tions of human rights during the 2006 crisis. Representative of the Secretary-General in Ahead of next year’s elections, the main Timor-Leste, Ameerah Haq, is expected to political parties in Timor-Leste have been Options brief the Council. intensifying their internal activity. The two While no Council action is expected in major parties, known as CNRT and Fretilin, November, UNMIT’s mandate expires on In resolution 1969 of 24 February 2011, the held their national congresses in April/May 26 February, and the Council will be Council extended the mandate of the UN and August, respectively. expected to decide the duration of the Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) mission’s extension. There seems to be until 26 February 2012. It also requested the In resolution 65/297 of 30 June, the General consensus on the need for UNMIT’s pres- Secretary-General to provide update Assembly appropriated $196.1 million for ence beyond the scheduled election period reports to the Council by 15 October and 26 the maintenance of UNMIT from 1 July 2011 concluding in May 2012. But the Council is January 2012. No further Council action is until 30 June 2012. unlikely to extend the mission for another expected in November. full year. One option would be to extend Key Recent Developments Human Rights-Related UNMIT’s mandate for six months, until the The overall political and security situation in Developments end of August, with a possibility of further extension if required. Alternatively, the Timor-Leste has remained relatively calm in On 4 October the government, with Council could renew the mandate until 2011. There has been continued progress support from the UN Development the end of 2012. towards the consolidation of peace, stabil- Programme and Norway, launched a ity and development, according to the training programme for selected police Council and Wider Dynamics Secretary-General’s report of 14 October. officers. It is designed to increase aware- Concerning impunity for past crimes, some But there are isolated incidents of violent ness of Timor-Leste’s Discipline Decree member states have emphasised that unrest, including a stabbing on 14 August Law, which governs police conduct and Timor-Leste should do more to follow-up on that led to the burning of scores of houses. discipline, and to teach officers how to the recommendations of the Commission A key development was the handover of strengthen human rights principles. for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation. responsibilities on 27 March by the UN When they complete the training, the Other Council members have indicated that to the national police of Timor-Leste officers will serve as “discipline leaders” while past crimes should not be condoned, (Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste—PNTL) responsible for improving the respon- the issue of impunity needs to be addressed for the conduct and command of all siveness of the police to the rights in a manner that is forward-looking and police operations. This transition of full of citizens. consolidates the rebuilding process. operational control to the PNTL has Key Issues Brazil remains the lead country in the Coun- generally been smooth. It has not affected A key issue for the Council is the security cil, with five other members—Portugal, the the overall low rate of reported crimes, and situation and stability in Timor-Leste ahead US, the UK, France and South Africa—also the security situation in the country remains of next year’s elections and the subsequent part of the core group on Timor-Leste. Brazil generally stable. withdrawal of UNMIT. One prominent issue and Portugal seem to be wary about At a meeting on 2 February of the High- is the performance of the PNTL since it withdrawing UNMIT prematurely and have Level Committee on Transition hosted by assumed full operational command. In emphasised that decisions on the mission’s the President of Timor-Leste, the UN and particular, Council members will be briefed completion should take into account the the government agreed to develop a joint on the progress made in training PNTL needs of the Timor-Leste government. Some transition plan. Resolution 1969 later that officers in necessary skill-sets and the permanent members have indicated that it is month requested the Secretary-General to PNTL’s capacity to function effectively too early to consider the duration of UNMIT’s update the Council on plans concerning once UN police numbers have been renewal. If the situation on the ground the UN presence in Timor-Leste beyond substantially reduced. remains stable, it might be expected that the 2012 presidential and parliamentary some members will seek a withdrawal of A second issue concerns the promotion of elections. The joint transition plan of 19 UNMIT’s forces before December 2012 to human rights and justice. There are several September sets out four possible models reduce costs. But they suggest that such elements to this issue, one of which is for UN engagement after UNMIT’s with- considerations be guided by the situation on increasing capacity in the judiciary as drawal, the first three of which are based on the ground in February and—in particular— international judges fulfil their mandates experiences from other countries. The the country’s preparedness for the elections. and are replaced by local judges.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 17 deployment of Kosovo and EULEX staff at crime, including drug trafficking and the UN Documents the checkpoints. illegal trafficking of human organs, during Selected Security Council Resolutions his time as a Kosovo Liberation Army leader. On 26 and 27 September, ethnic Serbs • S/RES/1969 (24 February 2011) again clashed with KFOR troops who were On 11 October, the Secretary-General extended UNMIT until 26 February attempting to dismantle the barricades announced the appointment of Farid Zarif 2012. which blocked roads leading to the con- as the new head of UNMIK. • S/RES/1704 (25 August 2006) tested border points. Reports indicated that established UNMIT. 16 ethnic Serbs and 4 NATO peacekeepers Human Rights-Related Latest Secretary-General’s Report were injured and that NATO troops had Developments • S/2011/641 (14 October 2011) used tear gas and rubber bullets after pipe Following the death of a key witness in covers the period 8 January to bombs were thrown. There were reports that a war-crime case in Kosovo on 28 20 September 2011. NATO forces had fired live ammunition. September, the Office of the High Com- On 30 September, Serbia sent a letter to the missioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Other Relevant Facts Council requesting a UN investigation into expressed its concerns about witness UNMIT: Size and Composition the 27 September incident, in which “mem- protection in Kosovo and called for an Maximum authorised strength: up to bers of the International Security Force in independent witness- and victim-protec- 1,608 police and 34 military officers Kosovo acted in violation of the authority tion system to be put in place. OHCHR Size as of 30 September 2011: 1,191 given to their mission under Security Council said that only an effective and well- police and 33 military liaison officers resolution 1244”. resourced witness and victim protection system could help bring justice to Civilian staff as of 31 July 2011: 398 On 20 October, KFOR troops, attempting victims and end impunity for past viola- international and 894 local, 203 UN again to dismantle erected barricades, tions in Kosovo. Volunteers clashed with Serb protesters at two border International Stabilisation Force crossings in northern Kosovo. The Key Issues Size as of April 2011: approximately troops fired tear-gas canisters and used 475 troops A key issue for the Council is the role it can armoured vehicles during the confrontation. play in defusing the mounting tensions. Reports indicated that at least 22 people required treatment for tear-gas inhalation A related issue is how to respond to the and three required hospitalisation. Eight events of 27 September. Kosovo soldiers were also wounded, according A further issue is how Council members can to KFOR. Expected Council Action use the opportunity to reinforce the need for In November the Council is expecting the Council members met several times on parties to resolve all outstanding disputes UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) quarterly Kosovo after the border tensions erupted through dialogue. report, a briefing by the new Special Repre- in July: sentative and head of mission, Farid Zarif, Options n on 28 July, in consultations to hear a and a debate on the situation in Kosovo. One option is simply to receive the briefing briefing by the Secretariat on the initial and hold a debate, allowing each side to border incident after Serbia requested an No Council action on Kosovo is expected state its position. in November. open meeting of the Council; n on 14 September, in consultations to dis- Another option would be to adopt a state- Key Recent Developments cuss a request by Serbia that an urgent ment concerning the recent border events. In recent months, northern Kosovo has meeting with participation from the This may include condemning unilateral experienced heightened tensions after a Serbian government be held ahead of the actions and the use of force and encourag- border dispute erupted in late July. expiration of NATO’s mandate to control ing parties to resolve all outstanding issues, Violence and tensions began on 25 July the border posts; including customs and border concerns, after Kosovo police seized two border n on 15 September, to receive a briefing through negotiations. posts, Brnjak and Jarinje, along the frontier by the Secretariat with both Kosovo and Serbia present, followed by closed con- Council Dynamics with Serbia in order to try to enforce a newly Council members were divided on whether instituted trade embargo against Serbian sultations; and n on 28 September, at Russia’s request, to the recent increase in meetings on the products. One Kosovo police officer was situation in northern Kosovo has been killed in clashes with protesting ethnic Serbs. receive a briefing by the Secretariat on the events of 27 September. warranted. Russia generally strongly Following the incident, the NATO-led Kosovo supports Serbia’s requests for increased force (KFOR) brokered an agreement with A special investigative task force of EULEX Council engagement, while others, includ- Pristina to temporarily seize control over the has begun an investigation into the allega- ing the US, are reluctant to increase Council posts. When KFOR’s mandate to control the tions of organ trafficking in Kosovo activity on the issue. posts expired on 16 September, officials contained in a report by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. The Russia also supports the Serbian call for a from Kosovo and the EU rule-of-law mission UN investigation into the events of 27 (EULEX) took over the crossings. Ethnic allegations were initially presented by Council of Europe rapporteur Dick Marty, September, though this is likely to encoun- Serbs put up barricades on roads close to ter considerable resistance from other the border checkpoints in response to the who asserted that Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi had been involved in organised Council members.

18 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Russia also continues to support the was the General Assembly resolution Serbian request for the establishment of an welcoming EU-mediated talks ad hoc investigative mechanism by the between Serbia and Kosovo. SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Council into allegations of organ trafficking. • A/64/876 (27 July 2010) was the letter Monthly The US, while stressing the seriousness from Serbia to the Secretary-General of the allegations, maintains that EULEX, NOV 2011 outlining Serbia’s position concerning FORECAST and not the Council, is the appropriate the International Court of Justice (ICJ) authority to oversee investigations into advisory opinion. Organisation of the Islamic Conference, the allegations. • A/64/881 (26 July 2010) was the ICJ represented by Turkey.) In a communiqué, On the issue of the status of Kosovo, the advisory opinion on the accordance although welcoming the formation of the Council remains divided. with international law of the unilateral parliamentary assembly, the PIC steering declaration of independence by Kosovo. board expressed concern over the UN Documents continuing absence of state-level govern- ment, which is preventing Bosnia and Security Council Resolution Other Relevant Facts Herzegovina from fulfilling important obli- • S/RES/1244 (10 June 1999) autho- Special Representative of the Secretary-General gations and completing the objectives of rised NATO to secure and enforce the the 5+2 agenda. (The 5+2 agenda is Farid Zarif (Afghanistan) withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from composed of five objectives and two Kosovo and established UNMIK. UNMIK conditions to be met before the closure of Latest Secretary-General’s Report Size of mission: 418 personnel (146 inter- the Office of the High Representative • S/2011/514 (12 August 2011) national staff, 8 military staff, 28 UN (OHR). The objectives are: the resolution of volunteers and 236 local staff) state property, resolution of defence Meeting Records Cost: $44.915 million (1 July 2011-30 property, completion of the Brcko final • S/PV.6616 (15 September 2011) June 2012 budget) award, fiscal sustainability of the state and • S/PV.6604 (30 August 2011) entrenchment of the rule of law. The KFOR (NATO force) • S/PV.6534 (12 May 2011) conditions are to sign the Stabilisation Force commander: Maj. Gen. Erhard Letters and Association Agreement with the EU Drews (Germany) and to obtain a positive assessment of the • S/2011/604 (30 September 2011) was Size of mission: 6,240 troops (as of 5 situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina from from Serbia requesting a UN investi- October 2011) the PIC.) The communiqué also welcomed gation into the 27 September incident. the EU’s further strengthening of engage- • S/2011/575 (14 September 2011) was ment in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its from Russia requesting an emergency nomination of Peter Sorensen (Denmark) public meeting of the Council due to Bosnia and Herzegovina as the head of the EU delegation in Sarajevo. border tensions in northern Kosovo. The steering board also expressed serious • S/2011/574 (13 September 2011) was Expected Council Action concern about the lack of progress on the from Serbia requesting an urgent In November, the Council is expecting a fulfilment of the outstanding 5+2 agenda meeting of the Council due to border report from the High Representative for since its last meeting. The steering board is tensions in northern Kosovo. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Valentin Inzko scheduled to meet next on 30 November • S/2011/363 (14 June 2011) transmit- (Austria), on implementation of the 1995 and 1 December. ted the most recent report on the Dayton Peace Agreement. NATO force in Kosovo, KFOR, cover- A debate, with a briefing by Inzko, is In mid-August authorities in the Serb-domi- ing the period 1 January to 31 March. expected, and the Council is likely to reau- nated entity, Republika Srpska (RS), • S/2011/256 (19 April 2011) was from thorise EUFOR, the EU force in the country, announced they intend to re-open a liaison Serbia to the Secretary-General for another 12 months. EUFOR’s current office in the capital, Sarajevo, by the end of requesting the creation of an ad-hoc mandate expires on 18 November. this year, a move that is being viewed by mechanism to conduct a criminal opposition parties both in RS and in the investigation into allegations of traf- Key Recent Developments Bosniak and Bosnian Croat-dominated ficking of human organs in Kosovo. Bosnia and Herzegovina continues without Federation as an attempt to further under- Other a state-level government, over a year after mine state institutions and to prolong the the October 2010 general elections were • OSCE PA Resolution AS (11) Res 18 E current political deadlock. RS President held, as the appointment of political leaders (9 July) recommended the establish- Milorad Dodik indicated the office will in the Council of Ministers remains stalled. ment of closer co-operation and more challenge several ongoing legal processes deemed unfavourable to the entity. efficient actions by the institutions of The country formed a parliamentary the OSCE-participating states in com- assembly in June, eight months after On 1 September, Peter Sørensen, took up bating illicit trade in human organs. the elections. the post of EU special representative • PACE Resolution 1782 (25 January (EUSR) for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Previ- Members of the Peace Implementation 2011) was on investigating allegations ously, the EUSR and OHR posts were held Council (PIC) met in Sarajevo on 6 and 7 of inhumane treatment of people simultaneously by Inzko. Under the new July. (The PIC’s steering board comprises and illicit trafficking in human organs arrangement Sorensen is tasked with Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, in Kosovo. assisting the country move forward towards • A/64/L.65/Rev.1 (8 September 2010) Russia, the UK, the US, the EU presidency, the European Commission and the

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 19 EU membership while Inzko will focus developments in the domestic political Useful Additional Sources on monitoring the implementation of the realm, some Council members feel there is Statement by the Steering Board of the Dayton Agreement. little role for the Council at this time. Peace Implementation Council, 3 October 2011. The Council was last briefed by Inzko on the Council members have divergent views situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 on the Office of the High Representative. Peace Implementation Council Steering May. At that time, Inzko said that with politi- Russia feels that there should be a focus on Board Communiqué, 7 July 2011. cal parties employing zero-sum politics, closing the office as soon as the outstand- state-level legislative processes were at a ing objectives and conditions set by the Declaration by the PIC Steering Board standstill, and the country was facing the PIC steering board in February 2008 are on the five objectives and two conditions most serious and most direct challenges met. Other Council members, such as the for the closure of the OHR, 27 February 2008. to the Dayton-Paris Peace Agreement since US and the UK, are more supportive of it was signed over 15 years ago. keeping the Office of the High Representa- tive open and are cautious about a Emerging Challenges Human Rights-Related premature closure. Developments Expected Council Action UN Documents In November the Council is expected to The International Federation of Red Security Council Resolution hold a high-level briefing on a range of Cross and Red Crescent Societies mutually reinforcing and interlinked issues • S/RES/1948 (18 November 2010) reported on 31 August on activities to that Council members view as emerging reauthorised EUFOR until 18 promote human rights, prevention of challenges to international peace and November 2011. discrimination and promotion of social security. These are likely to include threats • S/RES/1869 (25 March 2009) wel- inclusion of minorities in Bosnia and posed by the HIV/AIDS and other global comed and agreed to the designation Herzegovina. These include the popula- health pandemics; transnational organised of Valentin Inzko as high representa- tion movement programme, which crime; the effects of climate change, includ- tive for Bosnia and Herzegovina by places significant attention on Roma ing drought and desertification leading to the PIC steering board. minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina as mass population movements and related • S/RES/1575 (22 November 2004) one of the most vulnerable groups. The disruptions; and drug and human traffick- established EUFOR. programme seeks to obtain first-hand ing. The Foreign Minister of Portugal Paulo information on the current situation of Latest Meeting Record Portas, the UN High Commissioner on the Roma in order to develop an appro- • S/PV.6529 (9 May 2011) Refugees, the Director General of the World priate response involving the national Selected Letters Health Organization and the Executive Red Cross society and regional Red Director of the UN Office on Drugs and Cross societies. • S/2011/283 (3 May 2011) was from the Crime (UNODC) are expected to brief the Secretary-General transmitting the Council. Ministerial-level participation by Key Issues most recent report of the high repre- other Council members is possible. A key issue for the Council is that, due to the sentative on the implementation of the political uncertainty, there has been little or peace agreement from 16 October A presidential statement is the likely outcome. no recent progress toward meeting the 2010-20 April 2011. Key Recent Developments outstanding conditions of the 5+2 agenda. • S/2010/656 (10 December 2010) was For more than a decade now, the Council from the Secretary-General conveying The implications of the possible legal has devoted considerable attention to the the report on the activities of EUFOR challenges coming from Republika Srpska evolving nature of threats to international from 1 June to 31 August 2010. for the overall political and security situation peace and security. In several resolutions • S/2010/235 (14 May 2010) was from in Bosnia and Herzegovina constitute a and statements, the Council has highlighted the Secretary-General transmitting related issue. issues such as the effects of climate the most recent report of the High change, the proliferation of small arms and Options Representative on the implementation light weapons, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, One likely option for the Council is to adopt of the Dayton Peace Agreement. transnational organised crime, piracy and a resolution renewing the mandate of the • S/2010/51 (28 January 2010) was from drug and human trafficking as constituting EUFOR without making any substantive Turkey transmitting “Conclusions on threats to international peace and security. changes. developments in Bosnia and Herze- In 2011 in particular, the Council has been govina” from the second meeting of quite consistent in its focus on several key Another option is to highlight the urgent the political directors of the South-East emerging challenges. need for unity and functionality of the gov- European Cooperation Process. ernment and to discourage the continual On 11 February, it held an open debate, pursuit of narrow ethnic goals by some Other promoted by Brazil, on the interdependence actors. • S/1995/999 and annexes (21 Novem- ber 1995) was the General Framework between security and development. The Council Dynamics Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and debate built on previous related discus- Several Council members—in particular Herzegovina and Annexes, signed in sions, including one in September 2010 Russia, the US and the European nations— Dayton, Ohio in the US. organised by Turkey, on ensuring that the are interested in following developments Council continues to play an effective role in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, in a changing global environment of given that any progress is contingent upon emerging new threats.

20 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org On 7 June, the Council held a high-level rising sea-levels may carry security implica- debate on HIV/AIDS, organised by Gabon, tions for low-lying island states. under the agenda item “maintenance of SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT international peace and security”. The In its presidential statement on 23 Septem- Monthly debate led to the adoption of resolution ber 2010, the Council emphasised the 1983, requesting the Secretary-General “to mutually reinforcing and interlinked nature NOV 2011 of the root causes and drivers of conflicts FORECAST consider HIV-related needs of people living with, affected by, and vulnerable to HIV, and the need to address these problems including women and girls, in his activities in a concerted way by taking account of pronounced with respect to the Council’s pertinent to the prevention and resolution of the combined effects of development, discussions of climate change. But it conflict, the maintenance of international human rights, peace, security and certain appears that several Council members see peace and security, the prevention and environmental factors. The statement also these challenges as so profound that only response to sexual violence related to recognised that “successful accomplish- concerted Security Council action can conflict and post-conflict peacebuilding”. ment of this task requires a continuous establish the tools for seriously tackling process of reflection and adaptation of its them before their full impact on international An earlier debate on this topic had likely practices in preventive diplomacy, peace- peace and security becomes manifest. been a defining moment in the Council’s making, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding.” changing view of what constitutes threats to While the salience of these emerging international peace and security. In January Key Issues challenges to international peace and The key issue for the Council is how to 2000, under the presidency of the US, the security is generally not disputed, there is devise a concerted strategy in order to be Council held an open debate on HIV/AIDS considerable contention with respect to the able to play a mitigating or preventive role in the context of international peace and Council’s role in addressing them. In the 20 on the range of challenges to international security. Chaired by then-US Vice President July open debate, for example, the US, peace and security. Al Gore, the debate featured 26 non-Council France, the UK, Germany, Portugal, Gabon and Lebanon all stressed a conflict-preven- members, the Secretary General, the Presi- A related issue is to place these emerging tion role for the Council in addressing the dent of the World Bank, the Administrator challenges in one broad category with the threats posed by climate change. Russia, of the UN Development Programme and aim of creating a process or mechanism for China and India, however, insisted that the the Executive Director of the Joint UN sustained observation and follow-up. Programme on HIV/AIDS. It was the first Council is ill-suited to play any meaningful time that a medical issue was placed on the Underlying Issues role. This has also been the position of Council’s agenda as affecting international Concerns about encroachment on issues South Africa and Nigeria, reflecting that of peace and security and, six months later, considered as the territory of other UN the AU. Other issues, including HIV/AIDS the Council adopted resolution 1308 under organs have often accompanied the and transnational organised crime—within the agenda item “the responsibility of the Council’s venturing into issues outside of certain regions or country-specific situa- Security Council in the maintenance of what constituted international peace and tions—are likely to be less contentious for international peace and security: HIV/AIDS security at the time of the creation of the UN. Council members. and international peacekeeping operations”. Reasserting the Council’s primary respon- The resolution noted that the HIV/AIDS sibility for taking action on all threats to UN Documents pandemic was exacerbated by conditions international peace and security will be an Security Council Resolutions underlying issue. of violence and instability and stressed that, • S/RES/1308 (2000) (17 July 2000) if unchecked, the pandemic might pose a Council Options was on HIV/AIDS and international risk to global stability and security. The Council could: peacekeeping operations. On 24 June, also during Gabon’s presi- n take no action; • S/RES/1983 (2011) (7 June 2011) dency, the Council was briefed on the n issue a presidential statement on the was on the impact of the HIV/AIDS growing threat of transnational crime, need for a concerted and sustained focus epidemic on international peace including drug and human trafficking, in on these issues by the Council; or and security. West Africa. Addressing the Council, Yury n adopt a resolution or a presidential Presidential Statements statement setting up a working group Fedotov, Executive Director of UNODC, • S/PRST/2011/4 (11 February 2011) composed of Council members which called the international drug problem a was on the interdependence between would monitor and follow up on the threat to international peace and security development and international peace. implementation of any Council decisions in West Africa and stressed the need to • S/PRST/2011/15 (20 July 2011) was and actions on these issues in a coordi- bolster regional capacity and strengthen on the impact of climate change on nated manner. international cooperation to confront it. international peace and security. On 20 July, Germany presided over an Council Dynamics Meeting Record open debate on the impact of climate Forging consensus on decisive Council • S/PV.6587 and resumption was the change on the maintenance of international action on most of the issues to be addressed record of discussions on the impact of peace and security. In addition to Council has at times proven difficult because some climate change on international peace members, 47 member states not currently members over the years have argued that and security. on the Council participated in the debate. specialised UN agencies or programmes or The outcome was a presidential statement the General Assembly are better placed to expressing Council members’ concern that handle them. This has been particularly

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 21 Peacekeeping processes, including elections and refer- n asking the Working Group on Peace- enda, to unfold in a safe environment; keeping to produce case studies that Expected Council Action n helping to build local police and military explore best practices and lessons In November, the Council is expected to capacity; learned regarding the role of peackeep- hold consultations on peacekeeping that n fighting organised crime; ers as early peacebuilders; and will include briefings from Hervé Ladsous, n helping to restore infrastructure; and n using the discussion as a springboard for Head of the Department of Peacekeeping n providing logistical support to other part- how to engage meaningfully with the Operations (DPKO), and a high-level official ners conducting peacebuilding activities. g7+ group of nations on integrating from the Department of Field Support peacebuilding activities into peacekeep- Key Issues (DFS). The role of peacekeepers in early ing missions. (It should be noted that A key issue for the Council is taking the peacebuilding will likely be the focus of the most of the members of this group— discussions during November’s consulta- meeting. No formal outcome is anticipated. which was formed to prevent conflict and tions—as well as during these periodic improve conditions in fragile and post- Key Recent Developments consultations more broadly—beyond what conflict states through more productive Earlier this year, DPKO/DFS prepared a has already been covered and possibly ini- north-south and south-south collabora- strategy for peacekeepers entitled “The tiating a dialogue on the concrete impact tions—consists of many countries on the Contribution of United Nations Peacekeep- they could have on specific cases. Council’s agenda, including Afghanistan, ing to Early Peacebuilding: A DPKO/DFS An important and related issue is whether Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Strategy for Peackeepers”. The strategy the DPKO/DFS strategy will be discussed in Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, has been circulated to the Special Committee the consultations and how elements of it Haiti, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, on Peacekeeping Operations (C34) and the can be incorporated into the way the Coun- Southern Sudan and Timor-Leste.) Peacebuilding Commission Organisational cil crafts mandates for peace operations. Committee. It is designed to offer guidance Council Dynamics to UN peacekeepers with respect to priori- A key issue is ensuring that adequate funds There is broad agreement in the Council tising, sequencing and planning early for peacekeeping exist so that peacekeep- about the linkages between peacekeeping peacebuilding activities. The strategy ers have the resources to effectively conduct and peacebuilding, a theme highlighted by underscores the importance of prioritising peacebuilding tasks. The high cost of UN most Council members during the peace- activities that foster security, promote the peacekeeping is of particular concern to keeping debate in August. Many Council political goals of the mission and nurture some Council members in the context of members believe that peacekeeping opera- the peace process. It also notes the the difficult global financial environment. tions need to form a solid foundation for importance of developing key national (While the UN peacekeeping budget longer-term economic and social develop- capacities and emphasises that the appro- declined this year, it has moved upward ment. However, there appear to be priate sequencing of activities depends on significantly over the past several years. differences in the Council regarding how the context. Additionally, the complexity of tasks extensively engaged peacekeepers should required of peacekeepers remains a be in peacebuilding activities. For example, On 26 August, during the Indian presidency, significant operational challenge, as shown Russia has said that peacekeepers should the Council held a debate on UN peace- in UN peace operations in the DRC, Sudan, only perform early recovery and initial keeping operations. At the meeting, it South Sudan, Côte d’Ivoire and elsewhere.) peacebuilding tasks, while others, such as adopted a presidential statement in which it Lebanon, seem to have a more expansive committed to enhanced consideration Another important issue is how peacebuild- view of the role of peacekeepers as early of early peacebuilding activities in the ing activities conducted in the context of peacebuilders. mandates and structure of peacekeeping peacekeeping missions spark recovery operations. Additionally, the statement without undermining the development of Some members, notably India, believe noted the importance of incorporating the national capacities. that peacekeeping operations are often expertise and experience of mission per- not equipped with adequate resources sonnel into peacebuilding strategies. A related issue is how to promote coordina- to implement increasingly complex tion and coherence among the host mandates, including, for example, early On 27 July, during the German presidency, government and local non-governmental peacebuilding tasks. the Council received a briefing from force actors, UN peacekeepers and other commanders from the AU-UN Hybrid international actors engaged in peacebuild- UN Documents Operation in Darfur, the UN Organisation ing activities. Security Council Resolution Stablisation Mission in the DRC, the UN Interim Force in Lebanon and the UN Mis- Options • S/RES/1327 (13 November 2000) sion in Liberia (UNMIL). During the meeting, One option is for the Council to engage with adopted the decisions and Maj. Gen. Muhammad Khalid, the force the Secretariat in consultations without any recommendations of the report of the commander of UNMIL, underscored the outcome at this time. Panel on UN Peace Operations. role of military personnel in peacekeeping Other possible options include: Presidential Statements operations as early peacebuilders. In par- n requesting in a statement more detailed • S/PRST/2011/17 (26 August 2011) ticular, he enumerated the various ways in information from the Secretariat on the expressed the Council’s commitment which the military elements of a mission can challenges of implementing mandated to enhanced consideration of early contribute to early peacebuilding, including peacebuilding tasks in the context of peacebuilding activities in the man- inter alia: peacekeeping operations and strategies dates and structure of peacekeeping n providing security to enable political for addressing those challenges; operations.

22 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org • S/PRST/2011/4 (11 February 2011) an open debate on protection of civilians noted the importance of considering on 10 May. It featured briefings by Under- peacebuilding activities from the early Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT planning and implementation stages Valerie Amos, then-Under-Secretary- Monthly of peacekeeping operations. General for Peacekeeping Operations Alain • S/PRST/2010/2 (12 February 2010) Le Roy and Assistant Secretary-General for NOV 2011FORECAST focused on peacekeeping exit and Human Rights Ivan Šimonović. It took place with the ongoing crises in Libya and Syria transition strategies. to strengthen protection of civilians in as well as recent developments in Côte Meeting Records Somalia and South Sudan. d’Ivoire as important backdrops and many • S/PV.6603 and Resumption 1 (26 speakers referred to these situations in On 12 July, the Security Council held an August 2011) was the council’s most their statements. open debate on children and armed conflict recent debate on peacekeeping. and adopted resolution 1998, which Amos focused in particular on the crises in • S/PV.6592 (27 July 2011) was a expanded the listing criteria in the Côte d’Ivoire and Libya, but also expressed Council debate that included briefings Secretary-General’s reports on children concern about the situation of civilians in by several force commanders. and armed conflict to include parties to Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the • S/PV.6479 (11 February 2011) conflict that attack or threaten schools and Congo (DRC)—including the threat posed was the Council debate on the hospitals. The Council also expressed its by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)— interdependence between security intention when establishing, modifying or Sudan, Colombia, Gaza, Afghanistan, and development. renewing relevant sanctions regimes to Bahrain, Yemen and Syria. She empha- • S/PV.6389 (23 September 2010) was consider including listing criteria that would sised that implementation of the Council the Council summit meeting on peace target parties to armed conflict who violate decision on Libya “must be exclusively lim- and security. international law relating to the protection ited to promoting and ensuring the Other of children. protection of civilians” and reiterated that • Statement by the g7+ (10 April 2010) the Council must be “comprehensive and On 28 October, the Council held its annual in Dili, East Timor. consistent in its approach and consider all debate on women, peace and security. It situations requiring attention”. In addition, adopted a presidential statement focusing she called for an investigation as a on women’s participation in conflict preven- follow-up to a recent report of the tion, management and resolution in which Protection of Civilians Secretary-General’s panel of experts on it reiterated its condemnation of all viola- Expected Council Action accountability in Sri Lanka. tions of applicable international law committed against women and girls in In November, the Council is scheduled to Le Roy highlighted in particular significant situations of armed conflict. It also called on hold its biannual open debate on protection developments relating to protection man- member states to bring to justice those of civilians in armed conflict. The Secretary- dates in peacekeeping operations since responsible for such violations. General, High Commissioner for Human the previous thematic debate, including in Rights Navanethem Pillayand Philip Spoerri, the General Assembly’s Special Committee The Council’s informal expert group on Director for International Law and Coopera- on Peacekeeping Operations. He said the protection of civilians has met seven times tion at the International Committee of the Secretariat had finalised the framework for since the May open debate. It was briefed Red Cross, are expected to speak. drafting comprehensive protection strate- by OCHA on South Sudan (in preparation The debate will be chaired by Aníbal Cavaco gies as well as protection-training modules for the establishment of a new mission Silva, the president of Portugal, which holds and would soon consult with troop-contrib- there), DRC, Côte d’Ivoire, Darfur, Iraq, the Council presidency in November. In uting countries on protection of civilians Somalia and Afghanistan. preparation for the debate, Portugal will resource requirements. (These consulta- tions are now ongoing.) No more meetings are scheduled this year, co-host a workshop on 1 November but it is possible there will be a special with the Office for the Coordination of Šimonović said the denial of human rights briefing in November on the LRA in connec- Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), entitled was among the root causes of violent con- tion with the Council’s consideration of the “Accountability and Fact-Finding Mecha- flict. With regard to Libya, he highlighted the Secretary-General’s upcoming report on nisms for Violations of International important role of the commission of inquiry this issue. Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: established by the Human Rights Council. The Role of the Security Council—Past and He also called for the prevention of further Key Issues A key issue for the debate in November, as Future” and has invited Council members violence in Syria and announced that the suggested by Portugal, is how best to to address ways to enhance accountability Office of the High Commissioner for Human promote accountability for violations of in their statements. Rights was preparing to send a mission international humanitarian law. This was there to investigate allegations of violations No outcome from the debate is expected. one of the five key challenges identified by of international human rights law. Further- the Secretary-General in his 2009 and 2010 The Secretary-General’s next report on more, Šimonović welcomed the report on reports on protection of civilians. (The other protection of civilians is due in May 2012. Sri Lanka also referred to by Amos and four were: enhancing compliance with inter- urged the Sri Lanka government to imple- Key Recent Developments national law by parties to conflict, enhancing ment its recommendations. He emphasised The Council most recently discussed such compliance by non-state armed the importance of ensuring accountability protection of civilians as a thematic issue in groups, strengthening protection of civilians in Côte d’Ivoire and the DRC and the need

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 23 by UN peacekeeping and other missions accountability and which tools are most occurs unless the Committee decides oth- and improving humanitarian access.) appropriate in different situations, there erwise by consensus. If there is an absence seems to be general consensus that of consensus, a Committee member may A further key issue for the Council is the the issue merits further consideration by request the chair to refer the issue to the continued implementation of the existing the Council. Security Council proper. In such cases, the normative framework on protection of civil- person or entity would be delisted unless The UK is the lead country in the Council on ians in general, including its most recent the Council decides otherwise within a protection of civilians and chairs the infor- decision, resolution 1894. A related issue is further 60 days. how to ensure that the Council is compre- mal expert group. hensive and consistent in its approach to CTC protection challenges. A further related UN Documents On 28 September, the CTC held a special issue is how to make sure thematic princi- Security Council Resolutions meeting to commemorate the tenth anni- ples are translated into actual protection on versary of its creation through the adoption • S/RES/1998 (12 July 2011) was on the ground. of resolution 1373. The outcome document children and armed conflict. from the meeting, inter alia: Another key issue, which is closely linked to • S/RES/1894 (11 November 2009) n noted the relationship between terrorism was the most recent resolution on the promotion of accountability, is whether and other transnational threats, including protection of civilians. there is a need to enhance the Council’s money laundering, drug trafficking, monitoring and oversight in the area of Presidential Statements arms trafficking, organised crime, and protection of civilians and specifically • S/PRST/2011/20 (28 October 2011) the illegal movement of weapons of whether the Council should provide more was a statement on women, peace mass destruction; detailed guidance to the Secretary-General and security. n expressed concern with the use of new on reporting requirements or benchmarks • S/PRST/2010/25 (22 November 2010) technologies, including the internet, by and indicators. contained an updated aide-mémoire terrorists to conduct their activities; and A related issue is the Council’s own working on protection of civilians. n emphasised the role of international and regional organisations in developing a methods and the tools at its disposal, such Latest Secretary-General’s Report as the informal expert group on protection, stronger understanding of the dangers • S/2010/579 (11 November 2010) and whether these can be improved. posed by terrorism and in facilitating Latest Meeting Record cooperation internationally with respect Options • S/PV.6531 and Res.1 (10 May 2011) to counter-terrorism. The main option for the Council in Novem- ber is to hold a debate with a special focus Also in September, the Counter-Terrorism on accountability for violations of interna- Executive Directorate (CTED) assessed tional humanitarian and human rights law Counter-Terrorism global counter-terrorism efforts with respect and for Council members to address some to implementation of resolution 1373 key issues highlighted by Portugal, such as Expected Council Action through a Global Implementation Survey. mechanisms for ensuring individual crimi- In November, the chairs of the counter- The survey pointed to ongoing counter-ter- nal responsibility, fact-finding mechanisms terrorism-related committees—the 1267/ rorism challenges, including the ability of and reparation mechanisms for victims 1989 Committee, the Counter-Terrorism terrorists to exploit porous borders, and the and the Council’s role. Committee (CTC), and the 1540 Committee use of the internet to raise funds and gain —are expected to brief the Council. No recruits. The report also highlighted devel- A further option would be to adopt a presi- Council outcome is anticipated. opment activities, education, human rights dential statement addressing these issues and social integration as key elements in and reconfirming the Council’s commit- Key Recent Developments terrorism prevention. ment to the promotion of accountability. 1267/1989 Committee 1540 Committee Council Dynamics On 17 June, the Council adopted resolu- On 20 April, the Council adopted resolution Council members seem to share the senti- tions 1988 and 1989, which split the 1977, extending the mandate of the 1540 ment that differences over the interpretation sanctions regime established under resolu- Committee for an additional ten years. On and implementation of the protection man- tion 1267 into two separate regimes 17 June, in accordance with the resolution, date of resolution 1973 on Libya have had a covering the Afghanistan Taliban (resolu- the 1540 chair submitted the work plan for significant impact on the Council’s dealing tion 1988) and Al-Qaida (resolution 1989). the Committee for 1 June 2011 to 31 May with protection of civilians issues in other Under resolution 1989, the former 1267 2012, highlighting five priority areas: country-specific situations, the most recent Committee, now called the 1267/1989 n monitoring and national implementation; case being Syria. The general climate for Committee, will focus exclusively on Al- n assistance (to member states); protection issues is seen as difficult, and Qaida. Additionally, through the resolution, n cooperation with other Council counter- there seems to be little appetite for pushing the Ombudsperson (whose mandate was terrorism committees and with the thematic agenda through further created in 2009 through resolution 1904) international organisations; Council action at this stage. is now empowered to make delisting n media outreach and transparency; and n resources and administration. Portugal’s initiative with regard to account- recommendations to the Committee. ability appears to have been well received Resolution 1989 also mandates that within The Committee was mandated by resolu- by other Council members.While they have 60 days of a delisting request by a member tion 1810 (2008) to produce a report on different views on the best way to address state or by the Ombudsperson, delisting compliance with resolution 1540 by April

24 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 2011. This report has not been published as that civil society should play in counter- of this writing. terrorism efforts of the CTC and CTED.

Key Issues Council members appear to share broad SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT A key issue is whether splitting the 1267 support for the 1540 Committee’s role in Monthly sanctions regime into two separate regimes assisting member states in implementing NOV 2011 covering the Afghanistan Taliban and measures related to resolution 1540. FORECAST Al-Qaida will facilitate the reconciliation pro- Historically, joint briefings by the chairs of cess in Afghanistan. Ambassador Peter Wittig (Germany): the counter-terrorism committees, held 1267/1989 Committee Another key issue is what impact civil since 2005, have attracted broad attention society may have on the work of the CTC among member states and were often and CTED, especially considering differ- followed by open debates. It is unclear if ing perspectives on this issue among this will be the case in November. Working Methods Council members. UN Documents Expected Council Action Regarding the 1540 committee, a key issue Security Council Resolutions The Council is expected to hold an open is whether country visits—such as the one debate on Security Council working meth- • S/RES/1989 (17 June 2011) empow- the US hosted in September—will develop ods in November. No formal Council action ered the ombudsperson to make into a more regular practice and whether is expected, but the debate will inform the delisting recommendations to the such trips would strengthen the Commit- work of the Council’s Informal Working 1267/1989 Committee. tee’s work. Group on Documentation and Other Proce- • S/RES/1988 (17 June 2011) estab- dural Questions, which is chaired by Bosnia Options lished a new committee to focus and Herzegovina until the end of 2011. Options for the Council include: specifically on Taliban-related entries. n listening to the briefings and taking no • S/RES/1977 (20 April 2011) renewed Background action at this time; the mandate of the 1540 Committee This month’s open debate will be the fourth n adopting a press statement that encour- for ten years. on Council working methods. The first took ages the work of the Ombudsperson and • S/RES/1963 (20 December 2010) place in December 1994, followed by highlights the importance of terrorism extended the mandate of CTED debates in 2008 and 2010. The April 2010 prevention through means outlined in the until 31 December 2013. debate was a full-day meeting of the Coun- Global Implementation Survey, such as • S/RES/1904 (17 December 2009) cil that included 38 UN members at large. development activities, education, human renewed the mandate of the 1267 rights and social integration; or Committee Monitoring Team, created In 2006, while serving on the Council, Japan n offering informal briefings to member an Office of the Ombudsperson for was appointed chair of the Informal Work- states more regularly to enhance under- 18 months and included significant ing Group for a full year. (Prior to that, the standing of the committees, maintain changes to the administration of the chairmanship had rotated each month in support for their respective resolutions 1267 regime. line with the Council presidency. This devel- and enhance compliance with reporting • S/RES/1540 (28 April 2004) estab- opment is considered one reason for the requirements. lished the 1540 Committee and its increase in focus and continuity on the issue in recent years.) Japan produced an Council and Wider Dynamics mandate. • S/RES/1373 (28 September 2001) extensive presidential note, a document Concerning the 1267/1989 Committee, one capturing all major Council practices and sentiment in the Council is that it would be established the CTC and its mandate. • S/RES/1267 (15 October 1999) understandings related to working methods helpful to list individuals, groups and enti- as of July 2006 (S/2006/507). In 2007 Slova- ties with ties to both Al Qaeda and the established the Al-Qaida and Taliban Committee and its mandate. kia chaired the Working Group and Panama Taliban on the 1267/1989 list and on the continued the work as chair in 2008. (For 1988 Committee list. However, several Latest Joint Meeting Record details please refer to our October 2007 members appear to believe that if such dual • S/PV.6536 (16 May 2011) Special Research Report, Security Council listings occur, they should only be done in Other Transparency, Legitimacy and Effective- exceptional cases when the linkages to ness: Efforts to Reform Council Working • Outcome document for special both Al Qaida and the Taliban are particu- Methods 1993-2007; the 12 August 2008 meeting of the CTC commemorating larly strong. Update Report on Security Council Working the adoption of resolution 1373 and Methods; and the 30 March 2010 Special Regarding the CTC and CTED, there are the establishment of the Committee Research Report, Security Council Working differing perspectives on the Council (28 September 2011). regarding the level of engagement these Methods—A Work in Progress?) entities should have with civil society. Many Other Relevant Facts In 2009 and 2010, upon its return to the Council members believe that civil society Committee Chairs Council, Japan again chaired the Council’s has an integral role to play in collaborating Informal Working Group. Prior to the open Ambassador Hardeep Singh Puri with these bodies to combat terrorism, debate in April 2010, Japan circulated a (India): CTC helping to promote transparency and concept paper on the implementation of the Ambassador Baso Sangqu ensuring that human rights and the rule of measures set out in the annex to S/2006/507 (South Africa): 1540 Committee law are upheld. Other Council members, reviewing recent Council practices. The however, are more sceptical of the role

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 25 concept paper suggested three issues for the meetings were better focused and Issues of importance that non-Council further discussion: more concise.) members are likely to address include: n transparency; n making interactions with troop-contribut- Some speakers contested Russia’s asser- n interaction and dialogue with non-mem- ing countries more meaningful, in line bers; and tion that the Council’s working methods with those understandings incorporated were for the Council alone to decide. New n efficiency. in S/2010/507; Zealand noted that the Council had the The concept paper suggested that the n encouraging the Council to hold more Council had made progress in these areas ability to make binding decisions on all public meetings; members. The suggestion that the Council but that more could be done. It noted that n increasing both the frequency of, and the broader UN membership took “great alone should decide its working methods the types of formats used for, informal interest” in the working methods of the was no more legitimate, it contended, than interactions with non-members; and arguing that citizens had no valid interest Council and welcomed practical sugges- n disseminating draft Council documents tions for how to improve them further. in the proceedings of the legislatures that sooner to non-members. they elect. During the open debate, Turkey—echoing Council and Wider Dynamics the sentiments of many elected members— On 26 July 2010, following extensive Coun- Some permanent members have long affirmed that “the Council belongs to us cil consultations led by Japan, the Council asserted that the Council has exclusive all—not only to the 15 but to the entire agreed on an updated version of practices responsibility to dictate its own working United Nations membership.” It further and understandings related to the Council’s methods; this was reinforced during the April stated that the Council should not be working methods. This was published as a 2010 open debate. This dichotomy between seen through a permanent-versus-elected note by the president (S/2010/507) and the positions of the five permanent members members divide as all states had collective superseded all existing notes on working and the now-188 members at large has been responsibility for international peace and methods. The updated note, which con- the traditional divide on improving working security. Several non-permanent members tained 13 areas relating to Council practices, methods. But since 2006, there have been acknowledged that small but effective further developed and expanded upon the signs that some of the P5 have sought to measures had already been taken to 2006 document, including an additional streamline the work of the Council and improve the openness of the Council, section on “Security Council missions”. The increase efficiency. Both the UK and France including increased transparency of 2010 note added that, as a general rule, have been praised for promoting working- sanctions committees. But they called for the purpose of initial remarks or ad hoc methods improvements, particularly related further openness as well as a greater briefings delivered by members of the to information-sharing and the Council’s balance between public and private meetings, Secretariat was to supplement and update interactions with troop-contributing countries. including more Arria Formula meetings. written reports of the Secretary-General But France has also asserted that to be Australia asserted that the basic mind-set of (and not merely to restate them). It also most effective in dealing with the challenges the Council should be one of “active clarified aspects pertaining to the Council’s of each situation, a flexible approach is accountability and deliberate transparency”. seizure list, added a reference to the Coun- cil’s maintaining regular communication required, which does not lend itself to for- Several permanent members noted that with the Peacebuilding Commission and mal codification. The US has said that improvements in the Council’s working set out four guidelines for what should be measures have been taken to improve the methods had been made. France, affirming included in the introduction of the Council’s Council’s performance but has also encour- what proponents of increased transparency annual report. aged more non-members to participate in had argued, said “effectiveness is by no Council meetings open to them and take means opposed to openness, quite the Of the updates to the 2006 note, there are a better advantage of other avenues created contrary”. It also recognised that wide inter- limited number of additions that might be by the Council to facilitate interaction with action was essential to formulate Council seen as less positive by those seeking members at large. action and noted that timelier and more greater transparency in the Council. One is Among the UN membership at large, the substantive interaction had already begun. the limitation on attendance at Council con- sultations. In particular, paragraph 21 Small Five, comprised of Costa Rica, Jor- Other permanent members seemed to be specifically excludes the Office of the dan, Liechtenstein, Singapore and more cautious in their approach. Russia Spokesperson for the Secretary-General Switzerland, has taken a particularly active said it welcomed the opportunity to hear from consultations, unless otherwise approach to working methods. They have the views of the wider UN membership on decided by the Council. sought to separate the issue from that of the working methods, but it reminded Council enlargement questions, asserting participants that decisions on the matter Key Issues that the Council’s efficiency, credibility A key issue for the Council is the extent to were ultimately to be taken only by Council and transparency can be better enhanced which Note S/2010/507 has been imple- members. On the issue of greater participa- by the further implementation of agreed mented. Increasing the participation of tion of non-Council members, Russia noted practices on working methods. elected Council members in early delibera- that there had been low attendance at the tions of resolutions may also be an issue for Several non-Council members are again meetings that involved troop-contributing Council members. likely to express some frustrations during countries. (Other non-Council members the open debate that progress in many had previously cited the lengthy and Areas of focus are again likely to centre on areas towards greater transparency and formulaic nature of these meetings as transparency of the Council’s work, its inter- openness still needs to be made. Several a contributing factor and had suggested action with non-members and its efficiency. elected Council members have lamented that attendance levels would increase if the lack of progress on improving working

26 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org methods since the publication of S/2010/507 Mansour Tall (Senegal), Peter Tomka and have expressed hope—if not opti- (Slovakia) and Xue Hanqin (China). mism—that November’s open debate will Of the eight candidates, four candidates— SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT re-focus the Council on continued improve- Koroma, Owada, Tomka and Xue—are Monthly ments in its practices. current members of the Court. (At the expiry NOV 2011 UN Documents of their terms in office, judges may be FORECAST re-elected.) Gaja has served as an ad-hoc Security Council Documents judge in two ICJ cases. either organ, a new vote on all the candi- • S/2010/507 (26 July 2010) was a dates will be held. (It is theoretically possible presidential note incorporating and Background on the ICJ in the Security Council for all of the candi- developing existing notes on working The ICJ is one of the UN’s six principal dates to get eight votes on the first ballot if methods following work undertaken organs. All UN member states are parties the votes are evenly spread.) by Japan as chair of the Informal to the ICJ Statute, which is an annex to When five candidates (and no more) have Working Group on Documentation the UN Charter. The ICJ is the only interna- an absolute majority in either body, the and Other Procedural Issues. tional court of a universal character with president of that body will notify the other • S/2010/165 (1 April 2010) was the general jurisdiction. (For more background president of the outcome. Officially, the concept paper for the 22 April 2010 information on the Court, see our October results are kept confidential by each presi- debate on working methods. Monthly Forecast.) dent and are disclosed only to members of • S/2006/507 (19 July 2006) was a Election Process the second body after their own voting is presidential note containing the The ICJ consists of 15 judges elected for a concluded. In the event that the five candi- outcome of the six months of work of term of nine years each by the General dates elected by one are not the same as the Informal Working Group in 2006. Assembly and the Council. Five seats fall those elected by the other, both bodies will Security Council Meeting Records vacant every three years. Appointed judges proceed (independently) to new balloting to • S/PV.6300 and resumption 1 (22 April should be persons of high moral character fill the unresolved seats. As before, the 2010) was the third open debate on who possess the qualifications required in results of each body will be compared only working methods. their respective countries for appointment after the required number of candidates has • S/PV.5968 and resumption 1 (27 to the highest judicial offices or are jurists of achieved an absolute majority in each. This August 2008) was the second open recognised competence in international process will continue for three meetings, at debate on working methods. law. Though judges are to be independent, which point if all vacant positions are still • S/PV.3483 (16 December 1994) no two nationals from the same state can not filled, the Council and the General was the first open debate on hold office at the same time and electors Assembly may decide to convene a confer- working methods. should ensure that the “main forms of ence of six members (three from each) to civilization and of the principal legal systems” recommend a candidate for the respective of the world are represented. acceptance by the General Assembly and Security Council. International Court of Under article 10 of the ICJ Statute, those Justice Elections candidates who obtain an absolute majority Political Dynamic Expected Council Action (that is, more than 50 percent) of votes in Permanent members of the Council have The Security Council and General Assem- both the General Assembly and in the no legal entitlement to permanent repre- bly will both hold elections for the Council are elected. A candidate must sentation on the ICJ. However, judges from International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the therefore obtain 97 votes in the General the P5 are usually present on the Court. same day in November. Five judges will be Assembly and eight votes in the Council. This may favour the election of the Chinese elected to the ICJ for nine-year terms, start- No distinction is made between the votes of candidate in the upcoming ballot. Regional ing on 6 February 2012. permanent and non-permanent members considerations are also likely to play a role, of the Council. posing a challenge for candidates from the The Statute of the ICJ, in article 8, provides same geographical region. that, “The General Assembly and the Each elector may vote for five candidates Security Council shall proceed indepen- on the first ballot. If the number of candi- UN Documents dently of one another to elect the members dates obtaining an absolute majority is less Documents by the Secretary-General of the Court.” than five on the first ballot, a second ballot for the remaining positions will be held and • S/2011/454 (26 July 2011) contained The process is intended to limit the possibil- balloting will continue until five candidates the curricula vitae of candidates ity that the vote’s outcome in one organ have obtained the required majority. On nominated as judges. might influence the vote in the other. the second and (if necessary) subsequent • S/2011/453 (26 July 2011) listed ballots, each elector may vote for five candi- the vacancies on the Court and the Candidates dates, less the number of candidates who candidates for those positions. In this election, eight candidates are have already achieved an absolute majority. • S/2011/452 (26 July 2011) set out the contesting five positions. The candidates This procedure applies in both the General procedure for ICJ elections. are: Giorgio Gaja (Italy), Tsvetana Assembly and the Council. If more than the Kamenova (Bulgaria), Abdul G. Koroma required number of candidates obtain an (Sierra Leone), Hisashi Owada (Japan), absolute majority on the same ballot in Julia Sebutinde (Uganda), El Hadji

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 21st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 27 Notable Dates for November SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT STAFF Report Due Reports for Consideration in November Requesting Document Bruno Stagno, Executive Director Joanna Weschler, Deputy Executive Director 21 October SG report on MONUSCO (DRC) S/RES/1991 and Director of Research 23 October SG report on UNIOGBIS (Guinea-Bissau) S/RES/1949 Amanda Roberts, Coordinating Editor & 31 October SG report on UNMIK (Kosovo) S/RES/1244 Research Analyst 3 November Bosnia and Herzegovina High Representative report S/RES/1948 Shamala Kandiah, Senior Research Analyst 4 November SG report on UNOCA (Central Africa) SC/10335 Lansana Gberie, Research Analyst Zeeshan Hashmi, Research Analyst 8 November SG report on UNMISS (South Sudan) S/RES/1996 Troy Prince, Research Analyst 9 November Report of the Humanitarian Aid Coordinator for Somalia S/RES/1972 Paul Romita, Research Analyst 10 November SG report on EUFOR (Bosnia and Herzegovina) S/RES/1948 Astrid Forberg Ryan, Research Analyst mid November SG report on 1701 (Lebanon) S/RES/2004 Eran Sthoeger, Research Analyst 27 November SG report on UNISFA (Abyei) S/RES/1990 Nick Walbridge, Research Analyst Tim Caughley, Research Consultant Mandate Expiry in November 2011 Relevant Document Dahlia Morched, Research Assistant 18 November EUFOR (Bosnia and Herzegovina) S/RES/1948 Amali Tower, Research Assistant 23 November Somalia Anti-Piracy measures expire S/RES/1950 Robbin VanNewkirk, Publications Coordinator 30 November DRC sanctions and Groups of Experts mandate expires S/RES/1952 Maritza Tenerelli, Administrative Assistant

Other Important Dates in November2011 Security Council Report is supported by the 1 November In preparation for the November open debate on Protection of Governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Liechtenstein, Civilians, Portugal and OCHA will co-host a workshop in NY on Luxembourg, Norway, Singapore and accountability and fact-finding mechanisms for violations of Switzerland, the John D. and Catherine T. international humanitarian law and human rights law. MacArthur Foundation, International Devel- 9 November The Council will hold an open debate on the Protection of Civilians. opment Research Centre and the William 10 November The Council and the General Assembly will elect five judges to the ICJ. and Flora Hewlett Foundation. It is incorpo- 11 November The Committee on Admission of New Members is expected to send rated as a not for profit Organisation and operates in affiliation with the School of a report of Committee members’ views on Palestine’s application for International and Public Affairs at Columbia admission as a UN member to the Security Council. University in New York. 15-16 November The US Institute of Peace, at the request of the US State Department, is scheduled to host a high-level workshop on implementation of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD). 17 November Meeting in NY of the International Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia under the chairmanship of The Netherlands. 28 November Legislative and Presidential elections are expected in the DRC. 30 November The Council will hold an open debate on Working Methods. Briefings are expected by: • Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay and ICRC Director Philip Spoerri on Protection of Civilians. • Head of DPA B. Lynn Pascoe on the Middle East and for the monthly DPA briefing. • Special Advisor Jamal Benomar, on Yemen. • Under-Secretary-General Hervé Ladsous and a high-level official from DFS on Peacekeeping, • ICC Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo and Special Representative Ian Martin, on Libya. • Special Representative Joseph Mutaboba, on Guinea-Bissau. • Special Representatives Roger Meece and Margot Wallström, on the DRC. • Special Representative Abou Moussa and Assistant Secretary-General Taye-Brook Zerihoun, on UNOCA and the LRA. • Under-Secretary-General Hervé Ladsous or Special Representative Hilde Johnson, or possibly both, on South Sudan. • Special Representative Ameerah Haq, on Timor-Leste. • Special Representative Farid Zarif, on Kosovo. • High Representative Valentin Inzko, on Bosnia and Herzegovina. • Chair of Guinea-Bissau’s PBC Configuration, Ambassador Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti. • Chairs of the 1267/1989, CTC and 1540 Committees. • Chair of the Somalia/Eritrea Sanctions Committee, Ambassador Hardeep Singh Puri. • UNODC Executive Director Yury Fedotov, UN High Commissioner on Refugees Antonio Guterres, WHO Director General Margaret Chan and Foreign Minister of Portugal Paulo Portas, on Emerging Challenges.

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