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Evaluation of the Status of Water Quality of the Great Usuthu River, Swaziland

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Evaluation of the Status of Water Quality of the Great Usuthu River, Swaziland UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF THE STATUS OF WATER QUALITY OF THE GREAT USUTHU RIVER, SWAZILAND BY THEMBEKA SANELE NKAMBULE MSc IWRM Thesis Harare July 2016 i UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING In collaboration with EVALUATION OF THE STATUS OF WATER QUALITY OF THE GREAT USUTHU RIVER, SWAZILAND By THEMBEKA SANELE NKAMBULE Supervisors: Eng. Z. Hoko (UZ-DCE) Prof. A.M. Manyatsi (UNISWA-ABE) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Integrated Water Resources Management at the University of Zimbabwe July 2016 i Evaluation of the Status of Water Quality of the Great Usuthu River, Swaziland DECLARATION I, Thembeka Sanele Nkambule state that this study is my own effort. The research project has never been submitted to any institution of higher education for any degree. Signature:………………………….. Date:…………………………. MSc IWRM 2015/16 Thesis by Thembeka S. Nkambule July 2016 I Evaluation of the Status of Water Quality of the Great Usuthu River, Swaziland ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researcher is appreciative to God for the support and guidance to carry out the research work. I would like to thank my sponsor Waternet, for making my study at the University of Zimbabwe possible. To my Supervisors, Eng. Z. Hoko (University of Zimbabwe) and Prof. A. M. Manyatsi (University of Swaziland), thank you for the guidance, patience and for fitting me to your schedules. Special thanks is also given to the Department of Water Affairs, Swaziland particularly to Mr. O. Ngwenya (Director), Mr. P. Simelane (Hydrologist), Ms. N. Ntshalintshali (Rural Water Supply), Ms. S. Mthimkhulu (Senior Water Engineer), Siphofaneni Irrigation District entity and Usuthu River Basin Authority for granting permission for the study to be carried out. Credit also goes to the Water Resources Branch (Department of Water Affairs, Government of Swaziland) for allowing me to use their laboratory, field equipment, laboratory technicians, guidance, practical training and water quality data. Special thanks go to the analytical team in particular: Mr. M. Dlamini (Chemist), Mr. F. Lukhele (Biologist), Mrs. V. Dlamini (Potable Water Analyst), Mr. E. Sikhakhane (Laboratory Technician), Mrs. M. Shongwe (Laboratory Technician), and Ms. N. Dlamini (Laboratory intern student). Without their support, data collection would have not been successful. Acknowledgements also go to the Swaziland Water Services Corporation Laboratory for chemical and microbial analysis of water samples. I would also like to acknowledge the Siphofaneni Irrigation District board members and staff for the unlimited support they offered during the study. Without the full support from the Siphofaneni Irrigation District, data collection during the course of the study would have not been successful. Siphofaneni Irrigation District entity provided the researcher with their vehicle, access to river gauging stations, GPS and an office which was used during the research period. Finally, I acknowledge my family, relatives and friends for their encouragement, love, support and patience during the study period. MSc IWRM 2015/16 Thesis by Thembeka S. Nkambule July 2016 II Evaluation of the Status of Water Quality of the Great Usuthu River, Swaziland DEDICATIONS This study is dedicated to my late father Mr. S.V. Nkambule, my mother Mrs. J.S. Nkambule, my brothers Dr. T.I. Nkambule, M.C. Nkambule, my sister, G.K. Nkambule, my son J.M. Nkambule and fiancé B.M. Msibi for their continuous unlimited support and believing in me. MSc IWRM 2015/16 Thesis by Thembeka S. Nkambule July 2016 III Evaluation of the Status of Water Quality of the Great Usuthu River, Swaziland CONTENTS DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... II DEDICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ III LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. VII LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................. IX ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... X CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 2 1.0. Background ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. Problem Statement .................................................................................................................. 4 1.2. Justification ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.4.1. General Objectives .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4.2. Specific Objectives .................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 6 2.1. Water quality status .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Physico-chemical and microbial water quality parameters influencing river water quality status .. 7 2.2.1. Temperature............................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.2. pH .............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.3. Total Alkalinity ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.4. Phosphorous .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.5. Dissolved Oxygen. .................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.6. Oxygen Demand. ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.7. Chloride ................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.8. Electrical Conductivity (EC). .................................................................................................. 10 2.2.9. Nitrates .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.10. Colour .................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.11. Total Hardness. ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.12. Total Coliforms. .................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.13. Escherichia Coli .................................................................................................................... 12 2.3. River water quality assessment. ..................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1. Indices of water quality ........................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1.1. DWQI – Dinius Water Quality Index ................................................................................... 15 2.3.2. Standards for water quality ...................................................................................................... 16 MSc IWRM 2015/16 Thesis by Thembeka S. Nkambule July 2016 IV Evaluation of the Status of Water Quality of the Great Usuthu River, Swaziland 2.3.3. Water quality models ............................................................................................................... 18 2.3.4. Multivariate analysis of river water quality data. .................................................................... 18 2.4. Pollution loads in rivers and their impacts ..................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREA........................................................................................................ 22 3.1. Location .......................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2. Population....................................................................................................................................... 22 3.3. Socio Economic Activities ............................................................................................................
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