Improved Hydrological Understanding of a Semi-Arid Subtropical Transboundary Basin Using Multiple Techniques – the Incomati River Basin
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Insights from the Kruger National Park, South Africa
Morphodynamic response of a dryland river to an extreme flood Morphodynamics of bedrock-influenced dryland rivers during extreme floods: Insights from the Kruger National Park, South Africa David Milan1,†, George Heritage2, Stephen Tooth3, and Neil Entwistle4 1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK 2AECOM, Exchange Court, 1 Dale Street, Liverpool, L2 2ET, UK 3 Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Llandinam Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, UK 4School of Environment and Life Sciences, Peel Building, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK ABSTRACT some subreaches, remnant islands and vege- the world’s population (United Nations, 2016). tation that survived the 2000 floods were re- Drylands are characterized by net annual mois- High-magnitude flood events are among moved during the smaller 2012 floods owing ture deficits resulting from low annual precipita- the world’s most widespread and signifi- to their wider exposure to flow. These find- tion and high potential evaporation, and typically cant natural hazards and play a key role in ings were synthesized to refine and extend a by strong climatic variability. Although precipi- shaping river channel–floodplain morphol- conceptual model of bedrock-influenced dry- tation regimes vary widely, many drylands are ogy and riparian ecology. Development of land river response that incorporates flood subject to extended dry periods and occasional conceptual and quantitative models for the sequencing, channel type, and sediment sup- intense rainfall events. Consequently, dryland response of bedrock-influenced dryland ply influences. In particular, with some cli- rivers are commonly defined by long periods rivers to such floods is of growing scientific mate change projections indicating the po- with very low or no flow, interspersed with in- and practical importance, but in many in- tential for future increases in the frequency frequent, short-lived, larger flows. -
Calibration of Rainfall-Runoff Models
ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA FACOLTA’ DI INGEGNERIA CORSO DI LAUREA IN INGEGNERIA PER L’AMBIENTE E IL TERRITORIO LS DIPARTIMENTO DICAM TESI DI LAUREA in Costruzioni Idrauliche e Protezione Idraulica del Territorio LS Calibration of rainfall-runoff models Candidato: Relatore: CARLO RIVERSO Ing. ALBERTO MONTANARI Correlatore: Ing. JAN SZOLGAY Anno Accademico 2010/2011 Sessione II Summary of contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................... 7 WATERSHEDS ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Classification of watersheds models ................................................................................. 13 1.1.1 Process based classification ....................................................................................... 14 1.1.2 Structure classification for black-box models ............................................................ 15 1.1.3 Space-scale based classification ................................................................................. 16 1.1.4 Land-use based classification ..................................................................................... 16 1.1.5 Model-use based classification .................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER 2 -
Large Hydro-Electricity and Hydro-Agricultural Schemes in Africa
FAO AQUASTAT Dams Africa – 070524 DAMS AND AGRICULTURE IN AFRICA Prepared by the AQUASTAT Programme May 2007 Water Development and Management Unit (NRLW) Land and Water Division (NRL) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Dams According to ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams), a large dam is a dam with the height of 15 m or more from the foundation. If dams are 5-15 metres high and have a reservoir volume of more than three million m3, they are also classified as large dams. Using this definition, there are more than 45 000 large dams around the world, almost half of them in China. Most of them were built in the 20th century to meet the constantly growing demand for water and electricity. Hydropower supplies 2.2% of the world’s energy and 19% of the world’s electricity needs and in 24 countries, including Brazil, Zambia and Norway, hydropower covers more than 90% of national electricity supply. Half of the world’s large dams were built exclusively or primarily for irrigation, and an estimated 30-40% of the 277 million hectares of irrigated lands worldwide rely on dams. As such, dams are estimated to contribute to 12-16% of world food production. Regional inventories include almost 1 300 large and medium-size dams in Africa, 40% of which are located in South Africa (517) (Figure 1). Most of these were constructed during the past 30 years, coinciding with rising demands for water from growing populations. Information on dam height is only available for about 600 dams and of these 550 dams have a height of more than 15 m. -
Banner of Light V11 N26 20 September 1862
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Impact of Droughts and Floods
Compiled by th entre fo ev 10 ment Research Sou ern Africa for the Division of Early Warning an AT-IONS ENVIRON E United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA) UNEP Complex, Gigiri, Nairobi P.O. Box 30552, 00100, Kenya Tel: +254-20-7623785 Fax: + 254 -20- 7624309 Web: http://www.unep.org © UNEP, SARDC, 2009 ISB 978-92-807-2835-4 Information in this publication can be reproduced, used and shared, with full acknowledgement of the eo-publishers, SARDC and UNEP. Citation: CEDRISA, Droughts and Floods in Southern Africa: Environmental Change and Human Vulnerability, UNEP and SARDC, 2009 Cover and Text Design SARDC: Paul Wade and Tonely Ngwenya Print Coordination: DS Print Media, Johannesburg 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 List of Tables, Boxes, Graphs, Maps and Figures 4 ACKNOWLEDG EM ENTS 5 ACRONYMS 7 INTRODUCTION 9 Water Resources in Southern Africa 9 DROUGHTS AND FLOODS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA 13 Factors that Exacerbate Droughts and Floods 13 THE 2000-2003 DROUGHTS AND FLOODS 17 Malawi 17 Mozambique " 18 Swaziland 21 Zambia 23 Zimbabwe 25 IM PACT OF DROUGHTS AND FLOODS 31 Droughts 31 Floods 35 NATIONAL RESPONSES TO DROUGHTS AND FLOODS 39 Dealing with Droughts 39 Dealing with Floods 41 National, Regional and International Obligations 44 REFERENCES 47 3 List of Tables Table I Rainfall and Evaporation Statistics of some SADC Countries 10 Table 2 Mean Annual Runoff of Selected River Basins in Southern Africa 10 Table 3 Impact of Selected 2000-2003 Floods on Malawi's Socio-Economy 18 Table 4 Flood Incidences in -
Our Glorious AFS Itinerary Jun 17 Air Is
Our Glorious AFS Itinerary Jun 17 Air is so easy round-trip to Jo’burg (JNB)! Full details to come on this in AFS Trip Tips with info about flights, overnight options, packing, etc. We urge you to fly in a day early to arrive Jun 18. Full details to come on all air options, overnight options and packing in AFS trips tips. Day 1: Fri, Jun 19 Chisomo Safari Camp, Kruger Private Reserves Our land tour officially begins! We gather early morning at JNB Airport and fly an hour to Kruger. We arrive in time for lunch and a short rest before heading out on your first afternoon game drive. South Africa This vast country is undoubtedly one of the most culturally and geographically diverse places on earth. Fondly known by locals as the 'Rainbow Nation', South Africa has 11 official languages and its multicultural inhabitants are influenced by a fascinating mix of cultures. Discover the gourmet restaurants, impressive art scene, vibrant nightlife and beautiful beaches of Cape Town; enjoy a local braai (barbecue) in the Soweto Township; browse the bustling Indian markets in Durban; or sample some of the world’s finest wines at the myriad wine estates dotting the Cape Winelands. Some historical attractions to explore include the Zululand battlefields of KwaZulu-Natal, the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg and Robben Island, just off the coast of Cape Town. Above all else, its remarkably untamed wilderness with its astonishing range of wildlife roaming freely across massive unfenced game reserves such as the world-famous Kruger National Park. With all of this variety on offer, it is little wonder that South Africa has fast become Africa’s most popular tourist destination. -
Mozambique National Report Phase 1: Integrated Problem Analysis
Global Environment Facility GEF MSP Sub-Saharan Africa Project (GF/6010-0016): “Development and Protection of the Coastal and Marine Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa” MOZAMBIQUE NATIONAL REPORT PHASE 1: INTEGRATED PROBLEM ANALYSIS António Mubango Hoguane (National Coordinator), Helana Motta, Simeão Lopes and Zélia Menete March 2002 Disclaimer: The content of this document represents the position of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the views or official policies of the Government of Mozambique, ACOPS, IOC/UNESCO or UNEP. The components of the GEF MSP Sub-Saharan Africa Project (GF/6010-0016) "Development and Protection of the Coastal and Marine Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa" have been supported, in cash and kind, by GEF, UNEP, IOC-UNESCO, the GPA Coordination Office and ACOPS. Support has also been received from the Governments of Canada, The Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom and the USA, as well as the Governments of Côte d'Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa and Tanzania. Table of Contents Page Eexecutive Summary................................................................................................................................ i Mozambique Country Profile................................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1 1. Background............................................................................................................................1 1.1 The National Report...............................................................................................................1 -
Towards Improving the Assessment and Implementation of the Reserve
Towards improving the assessment and implementation of the Reserve: Real-time assessment and implementation of the Ecological Reserve Final report WRC project K8/881/2 March 2011 Sharon Pollard1 Stephen Mallory2 Edward Riddell3 Tendai Sawunyama2 1 Association for Water & Rural Development (AWARD) 2 Water for Africa (IWR Water Resources) 3 University of KwaZulu-Natal Water Research Commission Executive Summary When the Olifants River in north-east South Africa ceased flowing in 2005, widespread calls were made for an integrated focus on all of the easterly-flowing rivers of the lowveld of South Africa. These are the Luvuvhu, Letaba, Olifants, Sabie-Sand, Crocodile and Komati Rivers in Water Management Areas 2,4 and 5. Most of these rivers appeared to be deteriorating in terms of water quantity and quality despite the 1998 National Water Act (NWA). As most of the rivers flow through Kruger National Park (KNP) and all of them form part of international systems the implications of their degradation were profound and of international significance (Pollard and du Toit 2010). The aims of this study were to assess the state of compliance with the Ecological Reserve (ER) – as a benchmark for sustainability - in these rivers and some of their tributaries. It also explored the problems associated with an assessment of compliance. In short these include the lack of planning and integration of ER determination methods with operations and the difficulties associated with real-time predictions of ER requirements. These factors severely constrain planning, monitoring and the management action to mitigate non-compliance. In South Africa, the ER is defined as a function of the natural flow which, because the natural flow in a system is not known at any point in time, is creating problems with real-time implementation. -
Coping with Floods – the Experience of Mozambique1
1st WARFSA/WaterNet Symposium: Sustainable Use of Water Resources, Maputo, 1-2 November 2000 COPING WITH FLOODS – THE EXPERIENCE OF MOZAMBIQUE1 Álvaro CARMO VAZ Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University Director, CONSULTEC – Consultores Associados Lda. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A summary review is made of the major floods that have occurred in Mozambique since the Independence in 1975, describing the most important negative impacts and consequences. Various types of measures for flood mitigation are analysed, considering how they have been used in past floods and their potential for coping with floods in the future. These measures are grouped into structural (dams, levees, flooding areas, river training) and non-structural measures (flood zoning, flood management, flood warning systems, emergency plans, raising awareness, insurance). The paper briefly refers the need for adequate and comprehensive reports on past floods and some related research areas. 1 THE FLOOD PRONE RIVERS OF MOZAMBIQUE More than 50% of the Mozambican territory is part of international river basins – from South to North, the Maputo, Umbeluzi, Incomati, Limpopo, Save, Buzi, Pungoé, Zambezi and Rovuma, see figures 1 and 2. All these rivers have their flood plains inside Mozambique, with the exception of the Rovuma river that forms the border between this country and Tanzania. The largest basins are the Zambezi (1,200,000 Km2) and the Limpopo (412,000 Km2) and the smallest one is the Umbeluzi (5,600 Km2) with the others ranging from about 30,000 to 150,000 Km2. The climatic conditions of Mozambique indicate that the country is subject to various types of events that can originate floods: cyclones and tropical depressions from the Indian Ocean and cold fronts from the south. -
Girl About the Globe a Suggested Itinerary with All the Details
Girl About The Globe A Suggested Itinerary with all the details... Swaziland The Kingdom of Swaziland has eluded mass tourism and its discreet and untouched attractions are delightful. Travelling distances are short so there is more time relaxing by water holes, spending time with the local people and exploring the stunning scenery. Swaziland is a safe and friendly place where people will welcome you with open arms. The Kingdom gives you a personalised and friendly experience and successfully does this with its charming and intimate reserves set away from the mass hubbub of tourism. Dates: Your choice Price £3,475 Price includes: All transfers to and in Africa Vehicle hire Vehicle zero excess and unlimited km Park entrance fees All accommodation & meals where shown Price excludes: Extra activities where indicated Food & some drink where shown Fuel for the vehicle Items of a personal nature Visas, personal insurance Tips and departure tax Useful information... Flights depart London, Heathrow Visas are given on arrival in Swaziland A valid passport with 6 months after the date of return is required Jabs and inoculations are needed for the trip so please consult your Doctor Sense Africa – 01275 877172 www.senseafrica.co.uk email: [email protected] Sense Africa Ltd, Registered in England and Wales, no 8007360 Suggested Itinerary Day1: Mlilwane You will be met at the airport, handed over your car and set on your way to adventure. Driving to Mlilwane is an easy journey and before arriving at your accommodation you can see that it is an Outdoor Lover’s Paradise. Mlilwane is Swaziland’s pioneer conservation area, a beautiful, secluded sanctuary situated in Swaziland’s “Valley of Heaven”, the Ezulwini Valley, with the huge Usutu Forest providing a dramatic backdrop stretching into the distant hills. -
The Hydropolitics of Southern Africa: the Case of the Zambezi River Basin As an Area of Potential Co-Operation Based on Allan's Concept of 'Virtual Water'
THE HYDROPOLITICS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA: THE CASE OF THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN AS AN AREA OF POTENTIAL CO-OPERATION BASED ON ALLAN'S CONCEPT OF 'VIRTUAL WATER' by ANTHONY RICHARD TURTON submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject INTERNATIONAL POLITICS at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR A KRIEK CO-SUPERVISOR: DR DJ KOTZE APRIL 1998 THE HYDROPOLITICS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA: THE CASE OF THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN AS AN AREA OF POTENTIAL CO-OPERATION BASED ON ALLAN'S CONCEPT OF 'VIRTUAL WATER' by ANTHONY RICHARD TURTON Summary Southern Africa generally has an arid climate and many hydrologists are predicting an increase in water scarcity over time. This research seeks to understand the implications of this in socio-political terms. The study is cross-disciplinary, examining how policy interventions can be used to solve the problem caused by the interaction between hydrology and demography. The conclusion is that water scarcity is not the actual problem, but is perceived as the problem by policy-makers. Instead, water scarcity is the manifestation of the problem, with root causes being a combination of climate change, population growth and misallocation of water within the economy due to a desire for national self-sufficiency in agriculture. The solution lies in the trade of products with a high water content, also known as 'virtual water'. Research on this specific issue is called for by the White Paper on Water Policy for South Africa. Key terms: SADC; Virtual water; Policy making; Water -
Phase 1 AIA / HIA Sabie Hydro Project, Hazyview
SPECIALIST REPORT PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL / HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED SABIE HYDRO POWER (PTY Ltd) PROJECT, ON PORTION 17 OF THE FARM TEVREDE 178 JT, HAZYVIEW, MPUMALANGA PROVINCE REPORT COMPILED FOR RHENGU ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MR. RALF KALWA P.O. Box 1046, MALELANE, 1320 Cell: 0824147088 / Fax: 0866858003 / e-mail: [email protected] SEPTEMBER 2016 ADANSONIA HERITAGE CONSULTANTS ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN PROFESSIONAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS C. VAN WYK ROWE E-MAIL: [email protected] Tel: 0828719553 / Fax: 0867151639 P.O. BOX 75, PILGRIM'S REST, 1290 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) regarding archaeological and other cultural heritage resources was conducted on the footprint for the proposed Sabie Hydro Power project next to the Sabie River near Hazyview. The study area is located on portion 17 of the farm TEVREDE 178JT, Hazyview. The farm is situated on topographical maps, 1:50 000, 2530 BB (SABIE) & 2531 AA (KIEPERSOL), which is in the Mpumalanga Province. The study area is situated on 2530 BB SABIE. This area falls under the jurisdiction of the Ehlanzeni District Municipality, and Thaba Chweu Local Municipality. The National Heritage Resources Act, no 25 (1999)(NHRA), protects all heritage resources, which are classified as national estate. The NHRA stipulates that any person who intends to undertake a development, is subjected to the provisions of the Act. The applicants (private landowner with some shareholders) in co-operation with Rhengu Environmental Services are requesting the establishment of a hydro facility on the Sabie River near Hazyview. There was a hydro facility on the farm approximately 40 years ago and the new one will follow more or less the same route and alignment.