Insights from the Kruger National Park, South Africa

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Insights from the Kruger National Park, South Africa Morphodynamic response of a dryland river to an extreme flood Morphodynamics of bedrock-influenced dryland rivers during extreme floods: Insights from the Kruger National Park, South Africa David Milan1,†, George Heritage2, Stephen Tooth3, and Neil Entwistle4 1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK 2AECOM, Exchange Court, 1 Dale Street, Liverpool, L2 2ET, UK 3 Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Llandinam Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, UK 4School of Environment and Life Sciences, Peel Building, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK ABSTRACT some subreaches, remnant islands and vege- the world’s population (United Nations, 2016). tation that survived the 2000 floods were re- Drylands are characterized by net annual mois- High-magnitude flood events are among moved during the smaller 2012 floods owing ture deficits resulting from low annual precipita- the world’s most widespread and signifi- to their wider exposure to flow. These find- tion and high potential evaporation, and typically cant natural hazards and play a key role in ings were synthesized to refine and extend a by strong climatic variability. Although precipi- shaping river channel–floodplain morphol- conceptual model of bedrock-influenced dry- tation regimes vary widely, many drylands are ogy and riparian ecology. Development of land river response that incorporates flood subject to extended dry periods and occasional conceptual and quantitative models for the sequencing, channel type, and sediment sup- intense rainfall events. Consequently, dryland response of bedrock-influenced dryland ply influences. In particular, with some cli- rivers are commonly defined by long periods rivers to such floods is of growing scientific mate change projections indicating the po- with very low or no flow, interspersed with in- and practical importance, but in many in- tential for future increases in the frequency frequent, short-lived, larger flows. On any given stances, modeling efforts are hampered by a of cyclone-generated extreme floods in east- river, this results in a high ratio of large to small paucity of relevant field data. Here, we com- ern southern Africa, the Sabie and other flows (McDermott and Pilgrim, 1983), resulting bined extensive aerial and field data with Kruger National Park rivers may experience in highly skewed flood frequency distributions, hydraulic modeling to document erosion, additional sediment stripping and vegetation and regional and relative flood frequency curves deposition, and vegetation changes that have removal. Over time, such rivers may transi- that are usually steep, as the slopes are typically occurred during two successive, cyclone- tion to a more bedrock-dominated state, established by a few, very large floods (Tooth, driven, extreme floods along a 50-km-long with significant implications for ecological 2000). Some of these very large floods may be reach of the bedrock-influenced Sabie River structure and function and associated eco- of sufficient magnitude or impact to be termed in the Kruger National Park, eastern South system services. These findings contribute to “extreme” (e.g., Gupta, 2000) or “catastrophic” Africa. Aerial light detection and ranging an improved analysis of the Kruger National (e.g., Thompson and Croke, 2013). ( LiDAR) data and photography obtained Park rivers in particular, but also to growing For many dryland rivers, highly variable flow after extreme floods in 2000 and 2012 (dis- appreciation of the global diversity of dry- regimes are key to their morphological devel- charges >4000 m3 s–1) were used to generate land rivers and the relative and synergistic opment (e.g., Tooth and Nanson, 2011; Tooth, digital elevation models (DEMs) and provide impacts of extreme floods. 2013) as well as the maintenance of important the boundary conditions for hydraulic mod- riparian habitats (e.g., van Coller et al., 2000; eling (flow shear stresses for three discharges INTRODUCTION Kingsford, 2006; Parsons et al., 2006; Strom- up to 5000 m3 s–1). For the Sabie River study berg et al., 2007; Sandercock et al., 2007; Jaeger reach as a whole, DEM differencing revealed In an era characterized by rapid environmen- et al., 2017). In some physiographic settings, that the 2012 floods resulted in net erosion tal change and variability, increasing research variable flow regimes and diverse riparian of ~1,219,000 m3 (~53 mm m–2). At the sub- attention is being directed to the role of extreme vegetation assemblages combine with limited reach scale, however, more complex spatial hydroclimatic events such as storm rainfall, sediment supplies and heterogeneous bedrock patterns of erosion, deposition, and vegeta- flooding, and drought in the shaping of Earth’s morphologies to produce dryland river morphol- tion change occurred, as largely controlled surface. High-magnitude floods are among the ogies and dynamics that differ markedly from by differences in channel type (e.g., degree of world’s most significant natural hazards, and fully alluvial rivers, particularly those in humid bedrock and alluvial exposure) and changing they play a key role in the shaping of riparian temperate regions (van Niekerk et al., 1995; hydraulic conditions (shear stresses widely environments across a wide range of physio- Heritage et al., 1999, 2001; Wohl and Achyu- >1000 N m–2 across the river around peak graphic and hydroclimatic zones (Woodward than, 2002; Tooth and McCarthy, 2004; Jansen, flow). The impact of flood sequencing and et al., 2010). Drylands (hyperarid, arid, semi- 2006). In recent decades, greater research relative flood magnitude is also evident; in arid, and dry subhumid regions) are one of the focus has been directed toward such “bedrock- most extensive hydroclimatic zones, covering influenced,” “bedrock-controlled,” or “mixed †d.milan@ hull .ac.uk. 41% of Earth’s surface and sustaining 36% of bedrock-alluvial” dryland rivers (Heritage et al., GSA Bulletin; November/December 2018; v. 130; no. 11/12; p. 1825–1841; https://doi .org /10 .1130 /B31839 .1 ; 10 figures; Data Repository item 2018152 ; published online 14 May 2018. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 130, no. 11/12 1825 © 2018 The Authors. Gold Open Access: This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/130/11-12/1825/4535543/1825.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 Milan et al. 1999, 2001; Tooth et al., 2002, 2013; Tooth and et al., 2010). In addition, sophisticated remote rapidly onto the lower-relief Lowveld (~400 m McCarthy, 2004; Keen-Zebert et al., 2013), but survey technologies such as light detection and asl) and Lebombo zones (~200 m asl) in the morphological, sedimentological, hydraulic, ranging (LiDAR) and increased computer-pro- east (Fig. 1B). The middle reach lies within and ecological data remain limited. This paucity cessing capabilities have opened up the possi- the boundaries of the Kruger National Park of data hampers efforts to develop conceptual bilities of capturing high-resolution topographic (Fig. 1C). Annual average rainfall is highest and quantitative models of the morphological, data and embedding these data in more sophis- in the uplands (~2000 mm yr–1) and declines sedimentary, and vegetative response of these ticated morphodynamic models to characterize rapidly toward the South Africa–Mozambique types of dryland rivers to past, present, and fu- river responses to recent and potential future border (450 mm yr–1), where it is exceeded by ture climatic changes, including the importance floods (Milan and Heritage, 2012; Croke et al., average annual potential evapotranspiration of shifts in flood frequency-magnitude relation- 2013; Thompson and Croke, 2013; Baggs Sar- (1700 mm yr–1). Rainfall occurs mainly in the ships, flood timing, and flood sequencing. These good et al., 2015). In recent years, computational austral summer (November through March) data and knowledge gaps are becoming increas- modeling has led to significant insights into the and normally results from convective thunder- ingly significant as drylands are now widely flow and sediment dynamics and consequent storms, although occasional, high-intensity rain- considered to be some of the regions most vul- morphological responses of fully alluvial rivers fall events can result from cyclones that form nerable to future hydroclimatic changes (Obasi, (Nicholas, 2010; Nicholas et al., 2013). To over the Indian Ocean and track inland. For 2005; IPCC, 2007; Wang et al., 2012), and this date, there have not been similar advances in example, the maximum daily rainfall recorded limited model development restricts attempts the under standing of bedrock-influenced river for Skukuza (Fig. 1C) between 1912 and 2001 to develop environmentally sound, sustainable dynamics, where sediment supply limitations, was 103.5 mm (Kruger et al., 2002), while 2 to 5 management practices for such rivers. resistance to scour, and complex roughness and day rainfall totals can exceed 200 mm (Heritage Some previous work, however, provides a flow partitioning can have significant influences et al., 2001). The flow regime of the Sabie River basis for improved model development. For in- on erosion, deposition, and resultant channel, reflects this hydrological regime, with summer stance, morphological responses in some bed- bar, island, and floodplain development. floods being separated by long periods of win- rock-influenced
Recommended publications
  • Our Glorious AFS Itinerary Jun 17 Air Is
    Our Glorious AFS Itinerary Jun 17 Air is so easy round-trip to Jo’burg (JNB)! Full details to come on this in AFS Trip Tips with info about flights, overnight options, packing, etc. We urge you to fly in a day early to arrive Jun 18. Full details to come on all air options, overnight options and packing in AFS trips tips. Day 1: Fri, Jun 19 Chisomo Safari Camp, Kruger Private Reserves Our land tour officially begins! We gather early morning at JNB Airport and fly an hour to Kruger. We arrive in time for lunch and a short rest before heading out on your first afternoon game drive. South Africa This vast country is undoubtedly one of the most culturally and geographically diverse places on earth. Fondly known by locals as the 'Rainbow Nation', South Africa has 11 official languages and its multicultural inhabitants are influenced by a fascinating mix of cultures. Discover the gourmet restaurants, impressive art scene, vibrant nightlife and beautiful beaches of Cape Town; enjoy a local braai (barbecue) in the Soweto Township; browse the bustling Indian markets in Durban; or sample some of the world’s finest wines at the myriad wine estates dotting the Cape Winelands. Some historical attractions to explore include the Zululand battlefields of KwaZulu-Natal, the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg and Robben Island, just off the coast of Cape Town. Above all else, its remarkably untamed wilderness with its astonishing range of wildlife roaming freely across massive unfenced game reserves such as the world-famous Kruger National Park. With all of this variety on offer, it is little wonder that South Africa has fast become Africa’s most popular tourist destination.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase 1 AIA / HIA Sabie Hydro Project, Hazyview
    SPECIALIST REPORT PHASE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL / HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED SABIE HYDRO POWER (PTY Ltd) PROJECT, ON PORTION 17 OF THE FARM TEVREDE 178 JT, HAZYVIEW, MPUMALANGA PROVINCE REPORT COMPILED FOR RHENGU ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES MR. RALF KALWA P.O. Box 1046, MALELANE, 1320 Cell: 0824147088 / Fax: 0866858003 / e-mail: [email protected] SEPTEMBER 2016 ADANSONIA HERITAGE CONSULTANTS ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN PROFESSIONAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS C. VAN WYK ROWE E-MAIL: [email protected] Tel: 0828719553 / Fax: 0867151639 P.O. BOX 75, PILGRIM'S REST, 1290 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A Phase 1 Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) regarding archaeological and other cultural heritage resources was conducted on the footprint for the proposed Sabie Hydro Power project next to the Sabie River near Hazyview. The study area is located on portion 17 of the farm TEVREDE 178JT, Hazyview. The farm is situated on topographical maps, 1:50 000, 2530 BB (SABIE) & 2531 AA (KIEPERSOL), which is in the Mpumalanga Province. The study area is situated on 2530 BB SABIE. This area falls under the jurisdiction of the Ehlanzeni District Municipality, and Thaba Chweu Local Municipality. The National Heritage Resources Act, no 25 (1999)(NHRA), protects all heritage resources, which are classified as national estate. The NHRA stipulates that any person who intends to undertake a development, is subjected to the provisions of the Act. The applicants (private landowner with some shareholders) in co-operation with Rhengu Environmental Services are requesting the establishment of a hydro facility on the Sabie River near Hazyview. There was a hydro facility on the farm approximately 40 years ago and the new one will follow more or less the same route and alignment.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Metal Speciation in the Sabie River Catchment, Mpumalanga, South Africa
    18th JOHANNESBURG Int'l Conference on Science, Engineering, Technology & Waste Management (SETWM-20) Nov. 16-17, 2020 Johannesburg (SA) Seasonal Metal Speciation in the Sabie River Catchment, Mpumalanga, South Africa 1,2R. Lusunzi, 1E. Fosso-Kankeu, 1F. Waanders of water. Abstract - The present study investigated the hydrochemical Various anthropogenic sources which include mining, characteristic changes of the Sabie River catchment. Water sampling agricultural activities and industrial wastewater contribute to was done in November and December (wet season, 2019) and July pollution of surface water [1], [2]. Various factors that influence (Dry season, 2020). Physicochemical parameters and metal speciation were analyzed to assess their impact on water quality and fitness for the mobility of the likely or definite contaminants from human consumption. The hydrochemical characteristics of Sabie anthropogenic activities such as mining and mineral processing catchment showed variation of quality with seasons when compared activities had been described [3] and [4]. These factors include with drinking water guidelines. Seepage from Nestor tailings storage occurrence, abundance, reactivity and hydrology. The term facility (TSF) was also collected during wet season. In both season, species had been defined as different forms of a particular aqueous metal speciation was done using the PHREEQC geochemical 2+ 2- element or its compounds [5]. For this study, the term speciation modelling code. Higher concentrations of Ca and SO4 were found in mine water while the dominant anion and cation were Mg2+ and Cl- had been used to indicate the distribution of species in samples in surface water samples. Additionally, the seasonal variation in the from the Sabie catchment.
    [Show full text]
  • River Flow and Quality
    Setting the Thresholds of Potential Concern for River Flow and Quality Rationale All of the seven major rivers which flow in an easterly direction through the Kruger National Park (KNP) originate in the higher lying areas west of the KNP where they are highly utilised (Du Toit, Rogers and Biggs 2003). The KNP lies in a relatively arid (490 mm KNP average rainfall) area and thus the rivers are a crucially important component for the conservation of biodiversity in the KNP (Du Toit, Rogers and Biggs 2003). Population growth in the eastern Lowveld of South Africa during the past three decades has brought with it numerous environmental challenges. These include, but are not limited to, extensive planting of exotic plantations, overgrazing, erosion, over-utilisation and pollution of rivers, as well as clearing of indigenous forests from large areas in the upper catchments outside the borders of the KNP. The degradation of each river varies in character, intensity and causes with a substantial impact on downstream users. The successful management of these rivers poses one of the most serious challenges to the KNP. However, over the past 10 years South Africa has revolutionised its water legislation (National Water Act, Act number 36 of 1998). This Act substantially elevated the status of the environmental needs, through defining the ecological reserve as a priority water requirement. In other words this entails water of sufficient flow and quality to maintain the integrity of the ecological system, including the water therein, for human use. With the current levels of abstraction in the upper catchments, the KNP quite simply does not receive the water quantity and quality required to maintain the in-stream biota.
    [Show full text]
  • Bushbuckridge Mpumalanga Nodal Economic Profiling Project Business Trust & Dplg, 2007 Bushbuckridge Context
    Nodal Economic Profiling Project Bushbuckridge Mpumalanga Nodal Economic Profiling Project Business Trust & dplg, 2007 Bushbuckridge Context IInn 22000011,, SSttaattee PPrreessiiddeenntt TThhaabboo MMbbeekkii aannnnoouunncceedd aann iinniittiiaattiivvee ttoo aaddddrreessss uunnddeerrddeevveellooppmmeenntt iinn tthhee mmoosstt sseevveerreellyy iimmppoovveerriisshheedd rruurraall aanndd uurrbbaann aarreeaass ((““ppoovveerrttyy nnooddeess””)) iinn SSoouutthh AAffrriiccaa,, wwhhiicchh hhoouussee aarroouunndd tteenn mmiilllliioonn ppeeooppllee.. TThhee UUrrbbaann RReenneewwaall PPrrooggrraammmmee ((uurrpp)) aanndd tthhee IInntteeggrraatteedd SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee RRuurraall Maruleng DDeevveellooppmmeenntt PPrrooggrraammmmee (isrdp) were created in 2001 to Sekhukhune (isrdp) were created in 2001 to aaddddrreessss ddeevveellooppmmeenntt iinn tthheessee Bushbuckridge aarreeaass.. TThheessee iinniittiiaattiivveess aarree Alexandra hhoouusseedd iinn tthhee DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff Kgalagadi Umkhanyakude PPrroovviinncciiaall aanndd LLooccaall GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt ((ddppllgg)).. Zululand Maluti-a-Phofung Umzinyathi Galeshewe Umzimkhulu I-N-K Alfred Nzo Ukhahlamba Ugu Central Karoo OR Tambo Chris Hani Mitchell’s Plain Mdantsane Khayelitsha Motherwell UUP-WRD-Bushbuckridge Profile-301106-IS 2 Nodal Economic Profiling Project Business Trust & dplg, 2007 Bushbuckridge Bushbuckridge poverty node Activities z Research process Documents People z Overview z Economy – Overview – Selected sector: Tourism – Selected sector: Agriculture z Investment opportunities
    [Show full text]
  • HOW to GET to SABI SABI on the Portia Shabangu Drive (Old Kruger Gate Road) the Turn-Off to Sabi Sabi Is Approximately 37Km from Hazyview
    HOW TO GET TO SABI SABI On the Portia Shabangu Drive (Old Kruger Gate Road) the turn-off to Sabi Sabi is approximately 37km from Hazyview. Turn left onto a gravel road and follow the signs to Sabi Sabi. Little Bush Camp To Bushbuckridge To Shaws Gate Fill in form at gate Selati Camp Entrance fee payable Bush Lodge To Sabi Town Second sign 2km to Sabi Sabi Airstrip Traffic Sabie River Lights Earth Lodge N Signboard to R536 Hazyview Portia Shabangu Drive R536 (Old Kruger Gate Road) Kruger Gate/Hek 37km 4km Shopping Centre Traffic First sign Lights to Sabi Sabi To Sabi Town 2km 47km 19km At stop turn left IGNORE Nelspruit R40 White River road signs to Sabi Town KMIA KRUGER SABI SAND NATIONAL Sand PARK WiltUIN Bosbokrand Sabi Sabi Newington Gate Private Pilgrim’s Rest Shaws Gate Game Reserve Graskop R536 R533 Sabie Sabie Paul Kruger Gate Skukuza Airport Hazyview Sabie R516 Kiepersol R40 R37 R538 Plaston KRUGER NATIONAL White River Kruger PARK Mpumalanga Airport R538 Hectorspruit N4 Elandshoek Nelspruit N4 Malalane Gate DIRECTIONS TO SABI SABI From Johannesburg OR Tambo International Airport take the R21in the direction of Boksburg / East Rand. Then take the N12 towards Emalahleni (Witbank). This road becomes the N4 toll road to Nelspruit. Just after Machadodorp Toll the N4 splits with either option getting you to Nelspruit. Once in Nelspruit follow the signs to White River. A new bypass is available or you can continue into Nelspruit and take the R40 to White River. As you enter White River proceed on the main road and turn left at the 4th traffic light into Theo Kleynhans Street towards Hazyview.
    [Show full text]
  • Fact-Sheet-HIPPO-HOLLOW.Pdf
    HAZYVIEW I MPUMALANGA www.hippohollow.co.za AUGUST 2019 Kruger National Park MOZAMBIQUE GRASKOPLIMPOPO PROVINCE R40 R536 BOTSWANA HIPPO R535 Madikwe GR HOLLOW Pilanesberg GR Johannesburg Sabie River NAMIBIA MPUMALANGA NORTH WEST PROVINCE GAUTENG Perry’s Bridge SWAZILAND Trading Post HAZYVIEW R532FREE STATE KWAZULU- Kruger NATALR536 LESOTHO National NORTHERN CAPE Park Durban R40 R538 SABIE ATLANTIC EASTERN CAPE OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN WESTERN CAPE Cape Town R40 R37 HAZYVIEW I MPUMALANGA R537 WHITE RIVER Nestled amongst lush indigenous gardens on the banks of the Sabie River in Hazyview, Hippo Hollow offers stylish accommodation overlooking picturesque gardens, or the mighty Sabie River. Enjoy a variety of mouth-watering dishes, whilst watching the grazing of the Hippopotamus on the lawn against the backdrop of a sunset. BEWARE OF WILD ANIMALS BRIDGE TO ELEPHANT SABIE WHISPERS RIVER 5 4 3 2 1 6 BEWARE OF WILD 7 ANIMALS 8 9 OFFICES RECEPTION, 10 DINING ROOM, SABIE LOUNGE & BAR RIVER 11 35 12 36 CHALETS 13 37 38-47 14 34 15 33 16 32 POOL 31 30 VISITORS 64-91 17 29 PARKING POOL 18 28 19 EMERGENCY 20 EVACUATION CONFERENCE 27 POINT ROOM 21 HOTEL R40 26 ROOMS 22 48-63 23 BEWARE 25 OF WILD 24 ANIMALS 92-94 OFFICES DAM BEWARE OF WILD HANGER ANIMALS BEWARE OF WILD ANIMALS DAM ENTRANCE DAM HELIPAD Hippo Hollow Country Estate is situated outside Hazyview on the Sabie River between the Drakensberg Mountains to the West and the low-lying bushveld to the east. It is the ideal destination from which to access the reserves of the Lowveld and the attractions of Mpumalanga.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecostatus of the Sabie/Sand River Catchments
    ECOSTATUS OF THE SABIE/SAND RIVER CATCHMENTS Submitted to: INCOMATI CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AGENCY Compiled by: MPUMALANGA TOURISM AND PARKS AGENCY Scientific Services: Aquatic & Herpetology Date: August 2012 Ecostatus of Sabie-Sand River Catchment TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………5 1.1 Objectives of the Survey ........................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Background ............................................................................................................................ 5 2 METHODS…………………………………………………………………………………6 2.1 Fish assemblage...................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Sampling ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Aquatic Macro Invertebrates ...................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Sampling ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Present Ecological Status........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Rivers Report Obtainable From
    State of the Rivers Report Obtainable from: Water Research Commission PO Box 824 PRETORIA 0001 ISBN: 1 86845 689 7 Printed in the Republic of South Africa Disclaimer This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. r State of the Rivers Report Crocodile, Sahie-Stznd & Olifants River Systems A report of the River Health Programme http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/ WRC Report No, IT 147/01 March 2001 Participating Organisations ami Programmes Department ofWater Affairs and forestry Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Water Research Commission CSIR Etivironmentek Mpumatanga Parks Hoard Krtiger \ational Park Working for Water Programme (Atpitma/anga) Biomonitoring Serrices Steering Group Steve Mitchell Henk van Vliet Rudi Pretorius Alison I low man Joban de Beer Editorial Team Anna Balhince Liesl Hill Dirk Roux Mike Silherhauer Wilma Strydom Technical Contributions Andrew Deacon Gerhard Diedericks Joban Fngelbrecht Neels K/eynhaus Anton Linstrb'm Tony Poulter Francois Roux Christa Thirion Photographs Allan Batcl.wtor Andrew Deacon Anuelise (,'erher Neels Kleynhans Liesl Hill Johann Mey Dirk Roux loretta Steyn Wilma Strydom F.rnita van Wyk Design Loretta Steyn Graphic Design Studio Contents The Hirer Health Programme 7 A new Witter Act for South Africa 2 An Overview of the Study Area 4 River Indicators and Indices 6 Indices in this Report 8 The Crocodile River System Ecoregions and River Characteristics . 10 Present Ecological State 12 Drirers <>t Eco/miii/i/ Ch/un'i' 14 Desired Ecological State 16 The Sabie-Sand River System Ecoregions and River Characteristics .
    [Show full text]
  • Hazyview Precinct Plan 2015/16
    HAZYVIEW PRECINCT PLAN 2015/16 June 2016 (Final Draft) HAZYVIEW PRECINCT PLAN Report Developed For: Mbombela Local Municipality Report Developed By: Khanyisa Joint Venture Hazyview Precinct Plan Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.7.1 Geotechnical Conditions...................................................... 28 2.7.2 Topography ......................................................................... 28 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 3 2.7.3 Environmentally Sensitive Areas ......................................... 31 1.1 Background .................................................................................. 3 2.8 Urban Management Issues......................................................... 36 1.2 Study Area ................................................................................... 3 3 Interpretation / Synthesis ............................................................... 37 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................. 3 3.1 Spatial Synthesis ........................................................................ 37 2 STATUS QUO ASSESSMENT ........................................................ 5 4 DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS ..................................................... 39 2.1 Planning and Regulatory Environment.......................................... 5 4.1 Development Principles .............................................................. 39 2.1.1 Spatial Development Framework ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Assessment of the Sabie River Catchment with Respect to Adjacent Land Use
    Water quality assessment of the Sabie River catchment with respect to adjacent land use M Stolz orcid.org/0000-0003-3243-3946 Previous qualification (not compulsory) Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters degree in Environmental Science at the North-West University Supervisor: Prof S Barnard Co-supervisor: Dr TL Morgenthal Graduation May 2018 23567597 PREFACE This research study was embarked with background knowledge in geo-spatial sciences. This included undergraduate knowledge in geography and geology and postgraduate knowledge in geohydrology. It has been an intense learning process that I am very thankful for. Acknowledgements First and foremost, Soli Deo Gloria, without which we are none but slaves to work. For the financial and logistical support during this study I would like to thank the following contributing supporters: Rand Water Analytical Services, Water Resource Commission SANParks and North-West University. Thank you to the following people for their support and contribution to this dissertation: The financial and immense emotional support given to me by my parents, Magda and Willie Stolz not only over the past two years, but during my entire university studies. Without you I would not have been able to come this far. Xander Rochér for your love, support and especially your patience throughout the whole process. My supervisor, Prof. Sandra Barnard for your guidance, time and patience. Not only with regards to science, but always making time to include personal support as well. Thank you for your assistance with data processing and data analysis, especially with regards to the water quality section. I have learned a lot over the past two years from you.
    [Show full text]
  • Panorama Map 2020 Mpumalanga
    Panorama Portfolio Map Mariepskop 1944m Blyderivierspoort Dam Blydepoort Trails (2 to 5km) The Resort has 3 well laid out walks The Blyderivierpoort Dam was completed in 1974 in order to stabilize the water between 2 and 5km. These are the supply to the irrigators of the Blyde River Irrigation district and to provide additional Kadishi, Leopard and Guinea Fowl trails. water for the mining and industry at Phalaborwa. Drakensberg R532 Blyde Canyon, Mountains A Forever Resort View point of Three Rondawels The Three Rondavels resembles thatched huts. The Pedi Tribe named the three hills Road via the after three wives of the Pulana Tribe Chief, Maripi Mashile who conquered the Swazi Abel Erasmus Tribe. The tall peak behind them was called Mapjareng, also named after Maripi; meaning Pass to Hoedspruit Copy Right © 2020 Gerhard Brummer ‘The Chief’. +27 (0)72 664 3937 www.hoedspruit.net No part of this map shall be copied in any way or means without the permission of the copy right holder. Your Professional BOOKING GUIDE Lowveld View to Stunning views of the Lowveld beyond, Airlink connects you to Hoedspruit with direct N * Safaris flights from Johannesburg and Cape Town. Blyde River Canyon and the Blyde Dam. * Adventure Airlink connects you Skukuza Airport with direct * Accommodation flights from Johannesburg, Nelspruit & Cape Town. and Maps Airlink connects you to Nelspruit KMIA with direct flights from Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, www.krugertocape.co.za Skukuza and Livingstone. W E Airlink links you to various Bush Lodge destinations. Blyde River Canyon POWERED BY www.flyairlink.com S Nature Reserve Drie Susters 1704m Scotland Hill The Potholes was named after Bernard Thomas 1736m Bourke, known as Tom, together with his brother Old Belvedere Hydro owned the company Bourke & Co., which fitted Electric Power Station out prospecting parties and other general dealings, such as buying property.
    [Show full text]