H Word List-2 (Mar 03, 2021)

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 01, 2021)

1. a wolf in (sheep's) clothing (phrase) - a person or thing that looks to be

good or friendly but is very dangerous/bad in reality. 2. watchdog (noun) – a person or organization that monitors/inspects/supervises others’ activities/conducts.

inspector/supervisor, observer, ombudsman. 3. regulate (verb) – control, oversee, administer something (by using rules and regulations).

4. soft-touch (noun as modifier) - accommodating, cooperative, helpful, sympathetic, friendly.

5. opt (verb) – choose, select, decide on, go for. 6. predatory (adjective) – exploitative, greedy, rapacious, avaricious. 7. redress (verb) – rectify, correct, put right, set right, reform, sort out, deal with. 8. grievance (noun) – complaint, criticism, problem, objection/protest. 9. compliance (noun) – conformity, observation, adherence. 10. unsettling (adjective) – disturbing, upsetting, distressing. 11. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end). 12. leverage (noun) – influence, authority, sway, control, say, dominance, advantage. 13. intermediary (noun) – social media website, eCommerce website, blogging platform, search engine, discussion board, etc. 14. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 15. freedom of expression (noun) - the ability of an individual or group of individuals to express their beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and emotions about different issues free from government censorship, restraint, or legal penalty. 16. right to information (RTI) (noun) - It empowers every citizen to seek any information from the Government, promotes transparency and accountability in the working of the Government.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 01, 2021)

17. The Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital

Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 (noun) - the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 has been framed in exercise of powers under section 87 (2) of the

Information Technology Act, 2000 and in supersession of the earlier Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011. It empowers ordinary users of social media, embodying a mechanism for

the redressal and timely resolution of their grievances. Rules about digital media and OTT focuses more on in house and self-regulation

mechanism whereby a robust grievance redressal mechanism has been provided while upholding journalistic and creative freedom. Rules about digital media and OTT focuses more on in house and self-regulation mechanism whereby a robust grievance redressal mechanism has been provided while upholding journalistic and creative freedom. The guidelines have been framed keeping in mind the difference between viewership in a theatre and television as compared to watching it on the Internet. 18. oversight (noun as modifier) - monitoring, supervision, surveillance, inspection. 19. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 20. progressive (adjective) – forward-looking, forward-thinking, dynamic. 21. liberal (adjective) – progressive, forward-thinking, broad-minded. 22. seek (verb) – ask for, appeal, request, demand. 23. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 24. misapprehension (noun) – mistake, error, misinterpretation, illusion. 25. curb (verb) – control, contain, restrict, limit. 26. freedom of speech (noun) – the right to express opinions without government interference. 27. soft tone (noun) - soft attitude/mode of expression. 28. notwithstanding (conjunction) – although, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, even though. 29. streaming (noun) – a process of transmitting or receiving (data, especially video and audio material) over the internet. 30. adhere to (verb) – abide by, follow, obey, comply with. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM31. cumbersome (adjective) – complicated, complex; awkward/hard to deal with.

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32. three-tier (noun) - three-level, three-layer.

33. regulation (noun) – supervision, policing, overseeing, monitoring, inspection. 34. apex (noun) - top, the highest point.

35. in itself (phrase) – of itself, by itself, as such. 36. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 37. all along (phrase) – from the beginning, all the time.

38. self-regulate (verb) – regulate oneself without external intervention. 39. chilling (adjective) – frightening, terrifying, disturbing/horrifying.

40. pertain to (verb) – concern, relate to, be connected with. 41. purview (noun) – outlook, perspective, perception. 42. Information Technology Act (noun) – it is an Act of the Indian Parliament notified on 17 October 2000. It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce. 43. regulatory (adjective) – supervisory, managerial, controlling. 44. ambit (noun) – limits, scope, purview. 45. legislative (adjective) – relating to legislation; involving or relating to the process of making and passing laws. 46. flag (verb) – indicate, identify, point out. 47. seek (verb) - try, aim, attempt. 48. with respect to (phrase) – concerning, regarding, relating to, with reference to. 49. adherence (noun) – compliance, observance, conformity. 50. Code of Ethics (noun) - a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business honestly and with integrity. 51. among other things (phrase) – used to indicate that there are several more things like the one mentioned, but that you do not intend to mention them all. 52. norms of journalistic conduct (noun) - compiled in a compendium (manual) titled "Norms of Journalistic Conduct', the norms act as a reference guide in varying circumstances for the journalists. 53. compile (verb) – organize, arrange, put together, collate, assemble. 54. Press Council of India (PCI) (noun) - a statutory, adjudicating organization in India formed in 1966 by its parliament. It is the self- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMregulatory watchdog of the press, for the press and by the press, that operates under the Press Council Act of 1978.

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55. Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 (noun) - An Act to

regulate the operation of cable television networks in the country and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

56. encounter (verb) – experience, come up against, come across, be faced with. 57. per se (adverb) – in itself, of itself, by itself, as such, intrinsically.

58. vicious (adjective) – spiteful, menacing, heinous, hostile, hate-filled. 59. furnish (verb) – provide, present, give.

60. take up (phrasal verb) – accept, say yes to, agree to, accede to, adopt; engage in, become involved in. 61. complainant (noun) – litigator, appellant, claimant, plaintiff. 62. dissatisfied (adjective) - discontented, unsatisfied, disappointed, disquieted, unhappy. 63. escalate (verb) - rise, intensify. 64. inter- (prefix) – between. 65. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. 66. compliance burden (noun) - regulatory burden. 67. entity (noun) – organization, institution, establishment, outfit. 68. floodgate (noun) – something which is restraining/holding back/stifling an outflow of something else. 69. open the floodgates (phrase) – to make something easier for a lot of things to happen (or) to make it possible for a lot of people to start doing something that was not permitted previously. 70. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference, intrusion, meddling. 71. potential (noun) – possibilities, potentiality, prospects. 72. trigger (noun) - cause, reason; an event that causes a particular action/process. 73. offence (noun) – attack, onslaught, assault; crime, illegal/unlawful act, misdeed, wrongdoing. 74. encrypted (adjective) – concealed/hidden with secret code. 75. there is no denying (phrase) – it is undoubtedly true. 76. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM77. pornography (noun) – obscene or indecent digital material (movies, pictures, magazines, etc.,) that show or describe sexual matters in order to cause sexual excitement.

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78. imagery (noun) – image.

79. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, apart from. 80. tighten (verb) – make stricter, make more rigorous, make more stringent, stiffen, toughen.

81. inevitable (adjective) – unavoidable, inescapable, bound to happen, sure to happen, unpreventable. 82. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

83. implant (verb) - instil, inculcate, insinuate, introduce. 84. counterproductive (adjective) – harmful, damaging,

dangerous/destructive. 85. guard (verb) - protect, watch over, look after, keep an eye on, take care of. 86. excesses (noun) – uncontrolled behaviour; unrestricted conduct; extreme, violent actions which are unacceptable. 87. the scheme of things (phrase) - in the way things normally/generally happen or arranged to happen (when compared with/related to other things) in a particular situation; a general view of the situation as a whole. 88. advocate (verb) – recommend, advise, uphold, support, back. 89. free pass (noun) - (unrestricted) approval. 90. in place (phrase) - set up, established, arranged. 91. uniform (adjective) – identical, similar, equal. 92. far from (phrase) – not, not at all, nowhere near. 93. appetite (noun) – longing, yearning, strong desire/liking. 94. vital (adjective) – key, essential, important. 95. run-in (noun) - fight, quarrel, disagreement, argument, dispute, difference of opinion. 96. defy (verb) – resist, take a stand against, confront. 97. handle (noun) – a person’s username on a social media platform. 98. environment (noun) – situation. 99. nightmare (noun) – very unpleasant or frightening experience; ordeal, horror, torment. 100. casualty (noun) – victim. 101.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM predator (noun) – a person who is cruelly exploiting other people. (an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food).

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ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 01, 2021)

1. Big Tech (noun) – the largest and most dominant companies in the

information technology industry of the United States, namely Amazon, Apple, Google & Facebook. 2. Information Technology Act (noun) – it is an Act of the Indian

Parliament notified on 17 October 2000. It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce. 3. fall in line (phrase) - conform to, comply with, abide by, obey, follow,

adhere (to the rules). 4. supersede (verb) – replace, supplant, substitute, displace. 5. The Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital

Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 (noun) – the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 has been framed in exercise of powers under section 87 (2) of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and in supersession of the earlier Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011. It

empowers ordinary users of social media, embodying a mechanism for the redressal and timely resolution of their grievances. Rules about digital media and OTT focuses more on in house and self-regulation mechanism whereby a robust grievance redressal mechanism has been provided while upholding journalistic and creative freedom. The guidelines have been framed keeping in mind the difference between viewership in a theatre and television as compared to watching it on the Internet. 6. Section 79 in The Information Technology Act, 2000 (noun) - Section 79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 exempts intermediaries from liability in certain instances. It states that intermediaries will not be liable for any third-party information, data, or communication link made available by them. 7. statute (noun) – act/law, regulation, rule (written & laid down by the legislature). 8. due diligence (noun) – reasonable, careful assessment/investigation done in advance. 9. obligation (noun) – duty, responsibility, commitment. 10. intermediary (noun) – social media website, eCommerce website, blogging platform, search engine, telecom provider, Internet platform WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM(hosting user-generated content), cloud provider, etc. 11. immunity (noun) – protection, impunity, exemption from something. 12. liability (noun) – accountability, responsibility, legal responsibility, answerability.

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 01, 2021)

13. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government that

enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. 14. subordinate (noun) – supplementary, additional.

15. dramatic (adjective) – noticeable, considerable, substantial, significant. 16. cement (verb) – establish firmly. 17. censorship (noun) – the suppression of speech, public communication,

or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient. 18. mandate (verb) – make mandatory/necessary; require.

19. compliance (noun) – conformity, observation, adherence. 20. policing (noun) – the enforcement of regulations; supervision, overseeing, monitoring, inspection. 21. in the absence of (phrase) – without. 22. swathe (noun) – a wide area of something.

23. regulatory (adjective) – supervisory, managerial, controlling.

24. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 25. parliamentary study/scrutiny (noun) – the close examination and investigation of government policies, actions, and spending by the parliamentary (standing & select) committees. 26. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation. 27. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably. 28. outset (noun) – beginning, start. 29. with respect to (phrase) – concerning, regarding, relating to, with reference to. 30. leave alone (phrase) – stop disturbing something, stop interfering with something. 31. constitutionality (noun) – the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution. 32. outline (verb) – indicate, define, summarize. 33. cloud (verb) – mess up, spoil, ruin, vitiate. 34. curious (adjective) – strange/unusual, unconventional, surprising. 35. stand (noun) – attitude, point of view, opinion, standpoint. 36. gazette (noun) - newsletter, bulletin. 37. Section 69A of IT Act, 2000 (noun) – Section 69A of the Information WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMTechnology Act, 2000, was introduced by an amendment to the Act in 2008. It gives the Central government the power to block public access to any information online — whether on websites or mobile apps. 38. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 01, 2021)

39. oversee (verb) – supervise, be in charge of, look after, keep an eye on,

inspect. 40. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 41. legislation (noun) – body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes.

42. substantive (adjective) – important, significant, considerable. 43. provision (noun) – clause, (legal) term, requirement, condition. 44. lay out (phrasal verb) – outline, frame, draft, draw up, formulate.

45. directive (noun) – instruction, direction, command, order. 46. mandate (noun) – authority, endorsement, approval, authorization. 47. precisely (adverb) – exactly, absolutely, squarely.

48. in order to (phrase) – with the purpose/aim of. 49. make use of (phrase) - use, utilize, employ. 50. safe harbour (noun) - a place of safety. 51. retention (noun) – the continued possession & use of something. 52. enable (verb) – permit, allow, facilitate.

53. encrypted (adjective) – concealed/hidden with secret code.

54. flaw (noun) – defect, fault, imperfection/weakness. 55. mechanism (noun) – procedure, process, method/technique. 56. streaming (noun) – a process of transmitting or receiving (data, especially video and audio material) over the internet. 57. self-regulatory (adjective) – controlled by the people involved in something, instead of by outside organizations or rules. 58. ambit (noun) – limits, scope, purview. 59. the Cinematograph Act (noun) - The Cinematograph Act, 1952 (the Act), ensures that films fulfil the objectives prescribed by law. In the Act is a provision for the establishment of a Central Board of Film Certification (the Board). This is the regulatory body in India that issues a certificate to the makers of films for public exhibition. 60. Bill (noun) – A Bill is a draft statute that becomes law after it is passed by both the Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President. All legislative proposals are brought before Parliament in the forms of Bills. 61. ambitious (adjective) – formidable, challenging, demanding; aspiring. 62. uncertain (adjective) – unpredictable, unsettled, unreliable; unsure, doubtful, dubious. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. sprawling (adjective) – stretching, extending, spreading out (over a large area). 64. house-of-cards (phrase) - used to refer to something (structure/scheme/situation, etc.) which is shaky/insecure.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 01, 2021)

65. instrument (noun) – mechanism, apparatus, system, means (to

achieve/attain something). 66. shadow (noun) – gloominess, murkiness, obscurity; a trace of something.

67. ecosystem (noun) – complex situation/environment. 68. push back (phrasal verb) – force back, repel, fight off. 69. pushback (noun) – unfavourable reaction; opposition.

70. surveillance (noun) – monitoring, observation, scrutiny, inspection. 71. institutionalised (adjective) – established (as an official act). 72. oversight (noun) – monitoring, supervision, surveillance, inspection.

73. checks and balances (plural noun) – a system in which all departments of a government organization have the right to amend/limit the powers of the other departments in order to avoid the dominance of one department. 74. abuse (noun) – misuse, misapplication, misemployment, mishandling.

75. make up one's mind (phrase) - decide, be decisive, make a decision.

76. keen (adjective) – eager, very interested, wanting (to do something). 77. entity (noun) – organization, institution, establishment, outfit. 78. overboard (adjective) – excessive, unreasonable, inordinate. 79. regulate (verb) – control, oversee, administer something (by using rules and regulations). 80. statutory (adjective) – legitimate, acceptable, permissible. 81. framework (noun) – structure, system organization. 82. cost (noun) - penalty, sacrifice, loss.

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMstudy purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 02, 2021) H 1. (high) stakes (noun) – (high-risk) competition, contest, battle, challenge. 2. disenchantment (noun) – disappointment, dissatisfaction, discontent. 3. look for (phrasal verb) – search for, try to find, hope to obtain

something. 4. viable (adjective) – reasonable, practical, logical, sensible, effective.

5. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 6. unrelenting (adjective) – resolute, determined, inflexible, uncompromising, unyielding, unflagging; unceasing, persistent.

7. pursuit (noun) – quest for, search for; chase after, hunt for. 8. influence (noun) – power, leverage, authority, sway, dominance. 9. unsettled (adjective) – changeable, variable, undependable, unreliable,

uncertain, unpredictable. 10. conventional (adjective) – normal, regular, typical, traditional/standard. 11. calculation (noun) - assessment, judgement. 12. catchment area (noun) - the area (and population) from which a political party attracts people/voters. 13. fray (noun) – competition, contest. 14. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, apart from. 15. dramatic (adjective) – noticeable, considerable, substantial, significant. 16. aspect (noun) – factor, point, thing, detail. 17. demographic (adjective) – the statistical study/structure of populations, especially human beings. 18. barrier (noun) – blockade, bar, hurdle, barricade. 19. mobilise (verb) – bring (resources) into use for a particular purpose/cause. 20. proportions (noun) - size/magnitude. 21. formidable (adjective) – impressive, indomitable, strong, powerful, mighty. 22. plausible (adjective) – likely, probable, possible; believable, conceivable. 23. Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) (noun) – The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to grant citizenship to religious minorities of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, who had to flee their homeland facing persecution. The six minority groups that have been specifically identified are Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMChristians, and Parsis. 24. National Register of Citizens (NRC) (noun) – It is a register that includes demographic information about all those individuals who qualify as citizens of India as per the Citizenship Act, 1955.

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WORD LIST-1 (MAR 02, 2021) H 25. a double-edged sword (phrase) – (used with a figurative meaning to explain) something which is having both good and bad outcomes. 26. potency (noun) – efficacy, efficiency, effectiveness, power.

27. on offer (phrase) - available. 28. underperformance (noun) - poor performance.

29. alliance (noun) – association, union, partnership. 30. rarity (noun) – a rare thing. 31. passing (noun) – death, demise, passing away.

32. at a crossroads (phrase) – at a situation when an important decision ought to be made. 33. opening (noun) – opportunity, chance, window.

34. contingent on (adjective) – dependent, conditional. 35. slide (noun) – fall, decline, slump, tumble, downturn. 36. scenario (noun) – situation, background, context. 37. on the back foot (phrase) – in a defensive position, off-balance, at a disadvantage. 38. irrelevance (noun) – inapplicability, unimportance, insignificance. 39. outfit (noun) – organization, group. 40. narrow (adjective) – narrow-minded, intolerant, illiberal, short-sighted, myopic, sectarian. 41. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 42. partisan (adjective) – biased, prejudiced, one-sided. 43. phase out (phrasal verb) – provide/eliminate (something in gradual stages). 44. conspiracy (noun) – (unlawful) plan/plot, intrigue, collaboration/deception, collusion. 45. unseat (verb) - oust, remove from office, topple, overthrow, bring down. 46. scrupulously (adverb) – thoroughly, carefully, religiously, consistently, constantly/regularly. 47. impartial (adjective) – unbiased, non-partisan, disinterested, neutral, fair-minded. 48. polarisation (noun) – separation of two contrasting groups (based WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMon different opinions/beliefs). 49. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion.

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WORD LIST-2 (MAR 02, 2021) H 1. cold comfort (phrase) - poor/slight consolation or empathy. 2. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) (noun) – The Financial Action

Task Force (FATF) is the global money laundering and terrorist financing watchdog. The inter-governmental body sets international standards that aim to prevent these illegal activities and the harm they

cause to society. 3. blacklist (noun) – a list of countries that the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) judges to be non-cooperative in the global fight against money

laundering and terrorist financing. 4. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 5. cross-border (adjective) – across a border between two countries.

6. grey/watch list (noun) – a list of countries on observation due to their “strategic deficiencies” in countering terror-financing and money- laundering. The countries put on the grey/watch list by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) will be subjected to direct monitoring and intense scrutiny by the International Co-operation Review Group (ICRG) on terror financing. 7. notably (adverb) – especially, particularly, strikingly, markedly. 8. curb (verb) – control, contain, restrict, limit. 9. demonstrate (verb) – show, prove, validate, confirm. 10. prosecution (noun) – legal action, legal proceeding, legal case. 11. dissuasive (adjective) - deterring, warning, discouraging, dissuading, cautionary. 12. sanction (noun) – embargo, ban, prohibition. 13. designated (adjective) – identified, recognized, classified. 14. UN Security Council (UNSC) (noun) – it is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with ensuring international peace and security. 15. belong to (verb) – be affiliated to, be associated with, be connected to, be linked to. 16. vociferously (adverb) – loud & forcefully. 17. The Hague (proper noun) - a metonym of "The International Court of Justice" (The Hague is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands on the North Sea, the administrative and royal capital of the Netherlands). (Metonym is used as an alternative for something else WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMwith which it is closely related/associated). 18. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 19. drop (verb) – exclude, discard, expel, oust, get rid of. 20. rule out (phrasal verb) – eliminate, reject, dismiss.

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WORD LIST-2 (MAR 02, 2021) H 21. downgrade (verb) – lower in status/rank/importance, demote. 22. make progress (phrase) – move forward, make strides; proceed, advance,

improve. 23. contemplate (verb) – think about, consider, regard. 24. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country to

obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, by not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 25. coincide with (verb) – coexist, concur, happen together.

26. thaw (noun) – an increase in friendliness. 27. observe (verb) - follow, comply with, abide by, obey, adhere to, conform to.

28. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting; a temporary stoppage of war, truce, armistice. 29. Line of Control (LoC) (noun) – it is a 450 mile-long military control line lying between India and Pakistan’s controlled parts of the former (under the British) Jammu and Kashmir. This line is not actually a legally recognized international boundary but prevails as per de facto. After the Simla Agreement signed in July 1972, this line was officially renamed as “Line of Control” from “the Cease-fire Line”. 30. revelation (noun) – disclosure, communication, announcement, report; a surprising fact, declaration, utterance. 31. contradict (verb) - oppose, argue against, conflict with. 32. in touch (phrase) - in contact, communication, connection. 33. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to. 34. dialogue (noun) – discussion, conversation, talk, exchange of views, discourse. 35. on the cards (phrase) - likely, possible, expected, in the offing. 36. ties (noun) – bond, connection, association, relationship. 37. prosecute (verb) – take to court, bring an action against, accuse, charge. 38. in someone's interests (phrase) - to the advantage of, for the sake of, for the benefit of. 39. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 40. traverse (verb) – go across, cut across, pass over. 41. last mile (noun) - the last stage in the process. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM42. grievance (noun) – complaint, criticism, problem, objection/protest. 43. emanate from (verb) – arise from, originate from, stem from. 44. soil (noun) - territory.

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ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 02, 2021)

1. vital (adjective) – key, essential, important.

2. delicate (adjective) – difficult, tricky, sensitive. 3. revive (verb) – restore, revitalize, renew, bring back. 4. run out (phrasal verb) – exhaust, finish, use up, come to an end, end;

be out of. 5. Brussels (noun) – The headquarters of the European Union. Brussels

is a metonym of the European Union. 6. salvage (verb) – save, rescue, recover, regain, restore, reclaim, get back, retrieve.

7. Iran nuclear deal (or) Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) (noun) – JCPOA, known commonly as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal, is an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015, between Iran and the P5+1 (China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) together with the European Union. 8. unravel (verb) – fail, collapse, go wrong. 9. unilaterally (adverb) – used to indicate something done by a

person/country without approval/agreement from other people/countries involved in the situation. 10. discard (verb) - dispose of, abandon, reject, drop. 11. consistently (adverb) – always, each time, invariably. 12. advocate (verb) - recommend, advise, support, promote. 13. provided (conjunction) - if, on condition that, providing. 14. compliance (noun) – conformity, observation, adherence. 15. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 16. as long as (phrase) – given that; when/while. 17. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, by not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 18. impasse (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, checkmate, stand-off. 19. prolonged (adjective) – lengthy, extended, protracted, unending, unrelenting. 20. thanks to (phrase) – as a result of, owing to, due to, because of. 21. back channel (noun) – a secondary or secret route. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. quietly (adverb) – silently; secretly, unofficially, confidentially. 23. broker (verb) – negotiate (a deal/agreement). 24. accumulated (adjective) – increased, multiplied, accrued, snowballed. 25. mistrust (noun) – suspicion, distrust, doubt, misgivings.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 02, 2021)

26. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-

policy. 27. accumulate (verb) – store, pile up, amass, gather. 28. enrich (verb) – make more powerful (or explosive) Uranium by

increasing the composition of uranium-235 isotope through the process of isotope separation. (The process of concentrating the U-

235). 29. oblige (verb) – require, compel, bind, force. 30. constraint (noun) – restriction, limitation, hindrance.

31. enrichment (noun) – the method of making more powerful or explosive Uranium by increasing the composition of uranium- 235 isotope through the process of isotope separation. (The process of concentrating the U-235). 32. intrusive (adjective) – interrupting, unwanted, unwelcome; invasive. 33. regime (noun) – system, arrangement, apparatus, mechanism. 34. hostile (adjective) – confrontational, belligerent, combative; opposed, inimical, antagonistic, ill-disposed. 35. Senate (noun) – the upper house or chamber in some bicameral

legislative systems. (for example in the US). 36. ratify (verb) – approve, sanction, endorse, validate. 37. periodic (adjective) – regular, repeated, recurrent. 38. executive order (noun) – an indisputable/unquestionable order issued by the government (or by the president). 39. waiver (noun) – deferral, rejection, renunciation (with no stipulations/restrictions). 40. dislike (noun) - aversion, distaste, disfavour, disapproval. 41. rant (noun) - shout, declaim, bluster, (empty) talk. 42. pull the plug (phrase) - discontinue, wind up, stop, end, terminate. 43. embark on (phrasal verb) – start, begin, initiate/commence. 44. maximum pressure (noun) – “maximum pressure” policy will force Iran to negotiate under Washington’s terms on reaching a new so- called big deal. In contrast, Iran with adopting the “maximum resistance” policy, is showing that it will not surrender to the Trump’s WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcoercive and bullying policy. 45. coerce (verb) – pressure, force, compel/influence. 46. obligation (noun) – duty, responsibility, commitment.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 02, 2021)

47. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (noun) –

an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. The IAEA was established as an

autonomous organization on 29 July 1957 48. mute (verb) – restrain, subdue, silence, tone down.

49. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe. 50. strategic (adjective) – relating to achieving long-term or overall (military) goals.

51. strategic patience (noun) - (strategic) inaction. 52. wear out (phrasal verb) - deteriorate, become worn, come to the end of its life, become useless. 53. anticipated (adjective) – expected, foreseen, predicted. 54. materialise (verb) – happen, occur, take place. 55. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 56. unravelling (noun) – failing, collapse. 57. front (noun) – an area of operation; a particular situation.

58. move away from (phrasal verb) – change/alter one’s ideas/beliefs/views and so. 59. incrementally (adverb) – in an incremental way; by small additions. 60. ceiling (noun) – upper limit, maximum, highest permissible level. 61. heavy water (noun) - water containing deuterium instead of normal hydrogen used as a moderator/coolant in nuclear reactors. 62. step up (phrasal verb) – increase, intensify, strengthen, augment. 63. centrifuge (noun) – a high-precision computer-controlled machining equipment used to enrich uranium (separate uranium-235 isotopes). 64. resume (verb) – restart, start again, come back to. 65. drone (noun) – unmanned aircraft/missile. 66. Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (noun) – it is a branch of the Iranian armed forces, independent of Iran’s regular army. It was founded as an ideological custodian of Iran’s 1979 revolution. Charged with defending the Islamic Republic against internal and external threats, the corps has gained an outsized role in executing WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMIran’s foreign policy and wields control over vast segments of the economy. 67. observe (verb) – follow, comply with, abide by, obey, adhere to, conform to.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 02, 2021)

68. push ahead (phrasal verb) - continue, proceed with (a plan of action).

69. unilateral (adjective) – relating to a method of taking decisions (particularly on international relations) by a state (country) individually without considering other states (countries). In general, it

is relating to the decision taken individually without consulting with the others concerned.

70. metallurgy (noun) - the scientific study of the properties and uses of metals. 71. intelligence (noun) – department of intelligence (employed to collect

& analyse military information). 72. entity (noun) – organization, institution, establishment, outfit. 73. contract (verb) – decline, decrease, diminish, reduce. 74. sabotage (noun) – deliberate damage, destruction, obstruction, disruption; spoiling, ruining. 75. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during. 76. acceleration (noun) – increase, rise (in number). 77. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. 78. cascade (noun) – a large number of things happening at the same

time. 79. provision (noun) – clause, (legal) term, requirement, condition. 80. forthcoming (adjective) – available, made available, ready, at hand, accessible. 81. appetite (noun) – longing, yearning, strong desire/liking. 82. bring back (phrasal verb) – cause someone/something to return to; reintroduce. 83. hardliner (noun) – a group/a political party with people who support strict ideas and they are extreme & uncompromising. 84. Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) (noun) - a European special-purpose agency established on 31 January 2019. Its mission is to facilitate non-USD and non-SWIFT transactions with Iran to avoid breaking U.S. sanctions. 85. facilitate (verb) – make easy, make possible; assist, help/aid. 86. drop (verb) – fall, come down, go down. 87. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention; habit, pattern, method, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMsystem. 88. successor (noun) – inheritor, next-in-line, descendant. 89. dossier (noun) – report/file, case history, case study. 90. moderate (adjective) – dispassionate, non-extreme, non-radical.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 02, 2021)

91. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to.

92. reverberation (noun) - consequence, repercussion, ramification; fallout. 93. envoy (noun) – diplomat, consul, ambassador; representative,

delegate, mediator. 94. conducive (adjective) – good for, helpful for, useful for.

95. atmosphere (noun) – conditions, circumstances, situations. 96. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (noun) – an international organization of 189 countries, headquartered in

Washington, D.C., working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. 97. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 98. facilitation (noun) - assistance. 99. COVAX (noun) – COVAX is co-led by Gavi, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and WHO. Its aim is to

accelerate the development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines and to guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the world. 100. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 101. fast track (noun as modifier) – relating to a method that provides for more rapid results. 102. in the pipeline (phrase) - being developed. 103. nod (noun) - a sign of approval. 104. refrain from (verb) – stop oneself, abstain, desist from, hold back. 105. brinkmanship (noun) – the practice of trying to achieve an advantageous outcome by pushing dangerous events to the brink (edge) of active conflict, especially in politics. 106.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM actor (noun) – participants (in an action).

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 03, 2021) H 1. rebound (noun) – recovery (after a decline). 2. out of the woods (phrase) - out of difficulty. 3. loom (verb) – emerge, appear, become visible, take a threatening shape.

4. quarter (noun) – a period of three months (considered as one-fourth of a year).

5. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product; economic decline (recession).

6. rebound (verb) – recover (after a decline). 7. recession (noun) – economic decline, slowdown, downturn, depression, slump.

8. record (verb) – state, mention, say. 9. feeble (adjective) – poor, weak, thin ineffective. 10. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and services. 11. gross value added (GVA) (noun) – it is a measure of total output and income in the economy. It provides the rupee value for the amount of goods and services produced in an economy after deducting the cost of inputs and raw materials that have gone into the production of those goods and services. It also gives sector-specific picture like what is the growth in an area, industry or sector of an economy. On the other hand, GDP or gross domestic product is a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and service. 12. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 13. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 14. subsequent (adjective) – following, ensuing, successive. 15. surge (noun) – sudden rise or increase. 16. take the wind out of someone’s sails (phrase) – If you take the wind out of someone’s sails, you keep/prevent them from reaching their WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMobjectives. You create a barrier or block them in some way; disappoint, let down, discourage. 17. mobility (noun) – transportability, portability; vigour, strength, potency. 18. fiscal year (noun) – financial year.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 03, 2021) H 19. unlock (noun) – a process of freeing something from restrictions. 20. bring back (phrasal verb) – cause something to return to. 21. semblance (noun) – similarity, equivalence, resemblance, likeness.

22. normalcy (noun) – a normal condition; normality, regularity. 23. pent-up (adjective) – suppressed, confined, held back, not expressed

(emotions/feelings). 24. spur (verb) – motivate, stimulate, encourage, galvanize. 25. reboot (verb) – reintroduce/reinstitute, re-establish, restore.

26. resilient (adjective) – strong, sturdy, durable, buoyant. 27. bulwark (noun) – protector, guard, supporter. 28. clock (verb) - achieve, attain.

29. preceding (adjective) – previous, prior, earlier. 30. resurface (verb) – come out, arise again. 31. stress (noun) – trouble, difficulty, strain, pressure. 32. push (noun) – effort, initiative, drive. 33. government spending or public spending (noun) – money spent by the government. 34. contract (verb) – decline, decrease, diminish, reduce. 35. fixed capital formation (noun) – the process of a firm increasing its stock of fixed capital. 36. momentum (noun) – impetus, energy, force. 37. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 38. uptick (noun) – a small increase or upward trend. 39. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. 40. National Statistical Office (NSO) (noun) – The Ministry of Statistics and the Department of Programme Implementation has two wings, one relating to Statistics and the other Programme Implementation. The Statistics Wing called the National Statistical Office (NSO) gives considerable importance to coverage and quality aspects of statistics released in the country. The statistics released are based on administrative sources, surveys and censuses conducted by the Center and State Governments and non-official sources and studies. 41. shrinkage (noun) – reduction, lessening, lowering, drop, decline. 42. indicator (noun) – measure, index, barometer, signal, gauge. 43. at best (phrase) – only, merely. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. stress (verb) – emphasize, draw attention to, highlight, underline, underscore. 45. undergo (verb) – go through, be subjected to. 46. scale down (phrasal verb) – reduce, lower, decrease.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 03, 2021) H 47. base effect (noun) – it relates to inflation in the corresponding period of the previous year, if the inflation rate was too low in the corresponding period of the previous year, even a smaller rise in the Price Index will

arithmetically give a high rate of inflation now. 48. nudge (verb) – push, prod, encourage.

49. territory (noun) – domain, area of concern, area of interest; sphere of operations. 50. tumult (adjective) - turmoil, disturbance, unrest, chaos, mayhem, havoc,

upheaval, upset. 51. swathe (noun) – a wide area of something. 52. informal sector (noun) – informal economy, grey economy is the part of

an economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. 53. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 54. -intensive (adjective/usually in combination) – (in business) concentrating on a particular thing. 55. hotspot (noun) – a limited region/area in which a large number of people have tested positive for COVID-19 in several smaller groups or clusters. In general, hotspot means “a place of significant activity”. 56. poll-bound (adjective) – destined/guaranteed to have an election (which is imminent/approaching). 57. bode well/ill (verb) – augur, indicate, portend (a good/bad outcome). 58. fragile (adjective) – easily broken/destroyed, weak, risky, unreliable, insecure. 59. expeditious (adjective) – speedy, swift, quick, rapid, fast. 60. roll-out (noun) – official launch/introduction. 61. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 62. draft (in) (verb) - select (someone) and bring him/her somewhere for a particular job. 63. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, critical, necessary, essential. 64. navigate (verb) – travel across, go across, make one's way across, traverse; handle, manage. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM65. (road) bump (noun) – speed bump, something that makes progress slower; obstruction, obstacle, setback. 66. deftly (adverb) – cleverly, proficiently, skillfully.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 03, 2021)

1. revive (verb) – restore, revitalize, renew, bring back. 2. Iran nuclear deal (or) Joint Comprehensive Plan of

Action (JCPOA) (noun) – JCPOA, known commonly as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal, is an agreement on the Iranian nuclear

program reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015, between Iran and the P5+1 (China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) together with the European Union.

3. seal (verb) – clinch, secure, settle, conclude, complete. 4. hardliner (noun) – a group/a political party with people who support

strict ideas and they are extreme & uncompromising. 5. upper hand (noun) – a dominating position. 6. breakthrough (noun as modifier) – very important/significant development or progress. 7. blink (verb) – back down, withdraw, retreat (from a confrontation). 8. comply with (verb) – abide by, adhere to, conform to. 9. unilaterally (adverb) – used to indicate something done by a person/country without approval/agreement from other people/countries involved in the situation. 10. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, by not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 11. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 12. offer (noun) - proposal, suggestion, approach. 13. accelerate (verb) – speed up, get faster, gain momentum, increase speed. 14. game of chicken (phrase) – a competitive situation in which neither of the two contesting people wants to withdraw (back down) or let other win, even though not withdrawing can be very dangerous/harmful. 15. the clock is ticking (phrase) - the time is passing quickly and there is WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMnot much time. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 03, 2021)

16. bet (verb) - stake, risk, chance, lay down, put/place. 17. repudiate (verb) – reject, deny, disavow, contradict, rebut.

18. stand (verb) – be a candidate in an election. 19. consecutive (adjective) – successive, continuous.

20. moderate (adjective) – dispassionate, non-extreme, non-radical (person). 21. considerable (adjective) – substantial, appreciable, significant; much.,

a lot of, lots of. 22. constituency (noun) – a body of supporters/voters.

23. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 24. best bet (phrase) - reliable and successful idea or course of action. 25. get back on track (phrase) – to return to the right direction (after a problem). 26. to be sure (phrase) – certainly, surely; used to highlight something. 27. a sense of urgency (phrase) - it means "doing what needs to be done immediately, without being asked and in the most thorough way possible (in order to create change/achieve something). 28. assume (verb) - take, accept, shoulder (power/responsibility). 29. envoy (noun) – diplomat, consul, ambassador; representative, delegate, mediator. 30. rebalance (verb) - balance again; restore something. 31. ties (noun) – bond, connection, association, relationship. 32. acrimonious (adjective) – angry, bitter, harsh, hostile, hate-filled, ill- natured. 33. drive out (verb) – expel, remove, oust. 34. brand (verb) - label, classify, categorize; stigmatize, accuse of being. 35. axis of evil (phrase) – Former U.S. President George W. Bush used this phrase to describe countries involved with terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. He considered and defined the countries Iran, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMIraq and North Korea as axis of evil. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 03, 2021)

36. diplomacy (noun) – negotiations, discussions, talks, dialogue (related to international politics).

37. grab (verb) – obtain, get, gain (something) quickly. 38. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to.

39. compliant with (adjective) – in accordance with, in agreement with, in conformity with, in line with. 40. pull out (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, get/move out.

41. seek (verb) - try to obtain; ask for, demand, request. 42. consistency (noun) - evenness, steadiness, stability, regularity.

43. devastating (adjective) – destructive, ruinous, disastrous. 44. outbreak (noun) – outburst, flaring up, breakout, sudden appearance/occurrence of something. 45. bleeding (adjective) – suffering, anguishing; rotten, horrible. 46. crack down on (phrasal verb) – get tough on, take severe measures against, clamp down on. 47. ember (noun) – glowing coal, burning wood (emotions/feelings). 48. take a hit (phrase) - experience, encounter, receive, endure, suffer (damage/loss). 49. assassinate (verb) – murder, kill, execute. 50. air strike (noun) - air attack. 51. pro- (prefix) – supporting, favouring. 52. militant (noun) – fanatic, extremist, radical, sectarian/partisan. 53. scuttle (verb) – (intentionally) cause something to fail. 54. stick to (phrasal verb) – abide by, hold to, comply with, fulfil, make good. 55. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign- policy.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMhttp://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 03, 2021)

1. anatomy (noun) – analysis, examination, inspection, scrutiny (of the

structure/composition of something). 2. spring (noun) – spring season. (it also means the origin, basis, source, root of something).

3. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting;

a temporary stoppage of war, truce, armistice. 4. defuse (verb) – reduce, lessen, diminish. 5. two-front situation/challenge (noun) – two-front situation//challenge

is something in which an attack takes place on two geographically separate fronts. 6. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of, in the aftermath of, as a consequence of. 7. Line of Control (LoC) (noun) – it is a 450 mile-long military control line lying between India and Pakistan’s controlled parts of the former (under the British) Jammu and Kashmir. This line is not actually a legally recognized international boundary but prevails as per de

facto. After the Simla Agreement signed in July 1972, this line was officially renamed as “Line of Control” from “the Cease-fire Line”. 8. trigger (verb) – cause, produce, bring about, prompt. 9. widespread (adjective) – extensive, general/common, prevalent. 10. speculation (noun) – prediction, guesswork, opinion/thought. 11. durability (noun) – permanence, longevity, ability to last, strength. 12. implication (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 13. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 14. come as a surprise (phrase) - to make someone feel surprised. 15. underline (verb) – underscore, emphasize, highlight. 16. statesman/woman (noun) – senior politician, respected political figure, political leader, national leader. 17. run (verb) – manage, govern, administer, oversee, look after. 18. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM19. more so (phrase) - it means that to a greater degree. 20. spiral/spin out of control (phrase) – change/move in an uncontrolled way & quickly.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 03, 2021)

21. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in

mind. 22. inherently (adverb) – essentially, fundamentally, basically, primarily, naturally.

23. escalatory (adjective) – relating to something which makes something else more intense or serious.

24. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 25. feeler (noun) – tentative proposal, tentative suggestion. 26. notwithstanding (conjunction) – although, in spite of the fact that,

despite the fact that, even though. 27. thaw (noun) – an increase in friendliness. 28. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 29. prevail over (phrasal verb) – succeed, triumph, be victorious, gain mastery, prove superior. 30. sic (adverb) - It’s actually a Latin word that means “so” or “thus.” Sic is usually found in brackets. If you want to quote someone or something in your work, and you notice the source material contains a spelling or grammatical error, you use sic to denote the

error by placing it right after the mistake. It shows your readers that you didn’t just make a typo. 31. set the stage for (phrase) – prepare the circumstances for the beginning of something. 32. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 33. uphold (verb) – confirm, endorse/approve, vindicate/validate. 34. on the rise (phrase) - increasing. 35. arguably (adverb) – possibly, conceivably, maybe, potentially. 36. path-breaking (adjective) – pioneering; innovative. 37. point of view (noun) – opinion, view, viewpoint, standpoint. 38. growing (adjective) – increasing. 39. box in (phrasal verb) - confine, restrain, constrain, trap, fence in, hem in. 40. inimical (adjective) – hostile, unfriendly, antagonistic. 41. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish, combative. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM42. grandstanding (noun) – a way of speaking or acting to get attention from the spectators (people) and then influencing them. 43. redeploy (verb) - restructure, change, alter, adjust.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 03, 2021)

44. indicative (adjective) – expressive,

suggestive, characteristic, representative. 45. throw up (phrasal verb) – produce something. 46. reason (verb) - calculate, reckon, think, consider.

47. candidate (noun) – something considered as suitable for something else.

48. back channel (noun) – a secondary or secret route. 49. disengagement (noun) – withdrawal, departure, retreat (of military troops from an area of conflict).

50. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 51. instructive (adjective) – informative, instructional, informational, revealing. 52. Karachi Agreement, 1949 (noun) - It was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan , under the good offices of the United Nations, establishing a cease-fire line in Kashmir following

the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. It was the first ceasefire agreement between the two countries. 53. Ceasefire Line or CFL (noun) - it was the India Pakistan boundary in Kashmir created by the Karachi Agreement, 1949. 54. United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) (noun) - On 30 March 1951, The UN Security Council, by its resolution 91 decided that UNMOGIP should continue to supervise the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. UNMOGIP's functions were to observe and report, investigate complaints of ceasefire violations and submit its finding to each party and to the Secretary-General. 55. mandate (verb) – make mandatory/necessary; require. 56. status quo ante bellum (phrase) – a Latin phrase meaning "the situation as it existed before the war". The term was originally used in treaties to refer to the withdrawal of enemy troops and the restoration of prewar leadership. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM57. Tashkent Agreement (noun) - a peace agreement between India and Pakistan signed on 10 January 1966, by India's prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri (who died the next day) and Pakistan's president Ayub Khan that resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 03, 2021)

58. unaltered (adjective) – unchanged, uninfluenced, unscathed.

59. enshrine (verb) – to enclose in, preserve, treasure, protect (as valuable). 60. Simla Agreement (noun) – The Simla Agreement signed by Prime

Minister Indira Gandhi and President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan on 2nd July 1972 was much more than a peace treaty seeking to

reverse the consequences of the 1971 war (i.e. to bring about withdrawals of troops and an exchange of PoWs (PoW-A prisoner of war). It was a comprehensive blueprint (plan) for good neighbourly

relations between India and Pakistan. Under the Simla Agreement, both countries undertook to abjure (give up) conflict and confrontation which had marred (damaged) relations in the past, and to work towards the establishment of durable (strong & lang-lasting) peace, friendship and cooperation. 61. The Suchetgarh Agreement of 1972 (noun) - under the Suchetgarh Agreement of 1972 (post the 1971 war), the Ceasefire Line (CFL) got demarcated/delineated and also renamed to Line of Control (LoC). 62. delineate (verb) – outline, delimit, demarcate.

63. nomenclature (noun) – terms, a system of names used in a particular field. 64. irrelevant (adjective) – immaterial, unrelated, not germane, unimportant/insignificant. 65. cut to the present (phrase) - get/come to the point or present situation (without spending more time on other things) 66. reiteration (noun) – the process of repeating something (some action) for clarity/emphasis. 67. observe (verb) – follow, comply with, abide by, obey, adhere to, conform to. 68. articulated (adjective) - expressed, communicated. 69. lay down (phrasal verb) – formulate, insist on, establish, determine. 70. provision (noun) – clause, (legal) term, requirement, condition. 71. overtake (verb) – outdo, surpass, overshadow, eclipse, outshine. 72. ironically (adverb) – paradoxically, unexpectedly, strangely. 73. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM74. resort to (verb) – use, utilize, turn to, have recourse to. 75. stricture (noun) – constraint, restriction, control, impediment/restraint. 76. long-defunct (adjective) - no longer existing, inoperative, non- functioning (for a long period of time).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 03, 2021)

77. arrive at (verb) – attain, reach, accomplish (a conclusion or decision).

78. break down (phrasal verb) – fail, collapse, founder, fall through, be unsuccessful, disintegrate. 79. trigger (noun) – cause, reason; an event that causes a particular

action/process. 80. precede (verb) – come/go before, pave the way for, lead to.

81. vitiated (adjective) – ruined, destroyed, messed up. 82. atmosphere (noun) – conditions, circumstances, situations. 83. blessing (noun) – advantage, benefit, boon, godsend.

84. durable (adjective) – long-lasting, strong, substantial. 85. discreet (adjective) – careful, circumspect, cautious, close-lipped; delicate, diplomatic, sensible. 86. parley (noun) – negotiation, talk/dialogue, discussion. 87. Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) (noun) – the intelligence agency of Pakistan. 88. Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) (noun) - the foreign intelligence agency of India. 89. intelligence (noun) – department of intelligence (employed to collect

& analyse military information). 90. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to. 91. sustained (adjective) – continuous, constant, steady. 92. interlocutor (noun) – a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation. 93. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 94. the mother of all (phrase) - an extreme example of (its kind); an ultimate example of (its kind); the greatest of (its kind); the largest of (its kind). 95. outstanding (adjective) – pending, to be done. 96. principally (adverb) – mainly. 97. piecemeal (adjective) – disorganized, unplanned, unsystematic, unmethodical, step by step. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM98. bilaterally (adverb) – between the two countries involved.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 04, 2021) H 1. sustain (verb) – continue, carry on, keep up, maintain, bolster up. 2. drive (noun) – campaign, crusade, movement, effort, push. 3. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a

particular disease; immunization. 4. enthusiasm (noun) – eagerness, excitement, interest, zeal.

5. turn up (phrasal verb) – arrive, come, go, be present, attend. 6. shot (noun) – injection, inoculation, immunization, vaccination. 7. palpable (adjective) – noticeable, appreciable, discernible.

8. focus (noun) – central point, centre of attention; emphasis, priority; substance. 9. beneficiary (noun) – recipient, receiver.

10. vaccinate (verb) – inoculate, administer, introduce (with a vaccine to provide immunity against a disease). 11. so far as (phrase) – to the extent. 12. co-morbidity (noun) – the presence of one or more additional conditions (diseases/problems) co-occurring/co-existing with a primary condition (disease/problem). 13. by comparison (phrase) - when compared, comparatively, in comparison, proportionately. 14. inoculate (verb) – to inject/introduce a vaccine into the body of someone to produce immunity to a particular disease; immunize, vaccinate. 15. uptake (noun) – the action of taking up something (available/given). 16. outlier (noun) – a person/thing detached from the main group. 17. well-publicised (adjective) - extensively publicized. 18. indicative (adjective) – expressive, suggestive, evocative, characteristic, representative, symbolic, emblematic. 19. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 20. glitch (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue/complication. 21. inability (noun) – incapability, incapacity, helplessness, uselessness. 22. figure out (phrasal verb) – understand, comprehend, work out, find an answer/solution to. 23. optimal (adjective) – most favourable, optimum, ideal, perfect. 24. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 25. frontline staff/worker/responder/personnel (noun) – a person who is among the first to arrive and provide assistance at the scene of an WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMemergency. First/front line workers/responders typically include paramedics, emergency medical technicians, police officers, firefighters, sanitary workers & etc.

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WORD LIST-1 (MAR 04, 2021) H 26. prescribe (verb) – advise, recommend, suggest, urge. 27. administer (verb) – dispense, provide, give, apply (a drug/vaccine). 28. dose (noun) – an amount/quantity of something.

29. slot (noun) - allowed or allotted time/period. 30. hesitancy (noun) – reluctance, unwillingness, disinclination.

31. vaccine hesitancy (noun) – a reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated or to have one’s children vaccinated; reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines.

32. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 33. sophisticated (adjective) – highly developed. 34. mechanics (noun) – the way in which something is performed/carried

out. 35. vast (adjective) – huge, very large, very big, extensive. 36. misinformation (noun) – disinformation, false information, alternative fact, fake news, false rumour. 37. in these respects (phrase) - used to indicate that what you are saying applies to the features you have just mentioned. 38. magnitude (noun) – the great extent/intensity/importance/significance of something. 39. broadly (adverb) – generally, usually, mainly. 40. mediate (verb) - act through, bring about, effect, make happen. 41. state (noun) - government. 42. enable (verb) - give the resources to, equip, prepare, facilitate. 43. provision (noun) – supplies, stores, stocks. 44. CoWIN (noun) – a digital platform (app) developed by Union Health Ministry, India to help monitor the entire COVID-19 vaccination process in India. 45. personnel (noun) – staff, employees, workforce. 46. reach out (phrasal verb) – contact someone to obtain/offer help/assistance/cooperation. 47. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 48. long-lasting (adjective) – enduring, lasting, lifelong, permanent. 49. uptick (noun) – a small increase or upward trend. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM50. on the horizon (phrase) – imminent, impending, approaching, near/close, just around the corner.

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WORD LIST-2 (MAR 04, 2021) H 1. marital (adjective) – matrimonial; relating to marriage/wedding. 2. perpetrator (noun) – someone who does immoral, harmful, and illegal activity; offender, criminal, wrongdoer/evil-doer, culprit.

3. consent (noun) – agreement, assent, approval. 4. civilized (adjective) – cultured. 5. framework (noun) – structure, system organization.

6. exploitative (adjective) – unprincipled, unethical, immoral, dishonest, fraudulent. 7. context (noun) – situation; circumstances, conditions, state of affairs.

8. insensitive (adjective) – harsh, cruel, heartless, unfeeling, inconsiderate, thoughtless, unconcerned. 9. to the core (phrase) - completely, totally, absolutely, entirely.

10. judiciary (noun) – judges. 11. the judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 12. mete out (phrasal verb) – dispense, give out, hand out (a punishment). 13. the accused (noun) - a person who has been arrested for or formally charged with a crime. 14. find out (phrasal verb) - notice, note, come to know, get to know. 15. activist (noun) – a person who supports a political or societal change/cause. 16. misogyny (noun) – prejudice, dislike, hatred (of women). 17. patriarchal (adjective) – relating to cultures or societies that are controlled by men. 18. failing (noun) – fault, shortcoming, weakness, imperfection, defect, flaw. 19. arduous (adjective) – difficult, hard. 20. offensive (adjective) – insulting, rude, hurtful, objectionable, displeasing, annoying, irritating, humiliating, impolite, unacceptable, shocking. 21. recount (verb) – tell, narrate, describe, detail. 22. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 23. brutally (adverb) – cruelly, savagely, ruthlessly. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. attract (verb) – draw, pull; arouse, evoke.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 04, 2021) H 25. Criminal Law (Amendment) Act (noun) – After Nirbhaya gang rape in 2012, in 2013 amendments were made to the Criminal law to lay down stringent punishments to deal with sex crimes against women, which is

why the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, popularly came to be known as the ‘Nirbhaya Act’. The new Act also recognised certain acts as offences that were hitherto dealt with separately under IPC. These are

acid attack (Sec 326B), sexual harassment (Sec 354A), act with intention to disrobe a woman (Sec 354B), voyeurism (Sec 354C), and stalking (Sec 354D).

26. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 27. European Commission of Human Rights (noun) - The European Commission on Human Rights became obsolete in 1998 with the

restructuring of the European Court of Human Rights, but it held an important role in assisting the European Court of Human Rights from 1953 to 1998. Their role was to consider if a petition was admissible to the Court. If so, the Commission would examine the petition to determine the facts of the case and look for parties that could help settle the case in a friendly manner. If a friendly settlement could not take place, the Commission would issue a report on the established facts with an opinion on whether or not a violation had occurred. 28. regardless of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, in spite of. 29. sentence (noun) – verdict, punishment; prison term, life sentence, jail term. 30. prescribe (verb) – stipulate, lay down, impose, order. 31. scar (noun) – mark, lasting effect of an emotion; (damage, shock, suffering). 32. raw (adjective) - (of an emotion) strong, intense, vehement, powerful, acute. 33. echo (verb) – repeat, say again, restate, reiterate. 34. deep-set (adjective) - ingrained, well established, long-established. 35. prejudice (noun) – discrimination, partiality, intolerance, bigotry. 36. gender parity (noun) – gender equality; It is the view that everyone should receive equal treatment and not be discriminated against based on their gender. 37. blatantly (adverb) – openly, flagrantly, glaringly, shamelessly. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM38. tilt (verb) – change. 39. scales (noun) - a simple balance (a pair of scales) (weighing machine). 40. tilt the scales/balance (phrase) – to change the balance of a situation, so that one side is gaining an advantage.

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ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 04, 2021)

1. distress sale (noun) – also called a distressed sale; the urgent sale of assets/properties at reduced prices (for quick funds).

2. unwise (adjective) – ill-advised, ill-considered, short-sighted, misguided, thoughtless. 3. offload (verb) – dispose of, dump, jettison, get rid of (something by

selling it). 4. result in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring on, bring about, call forth, give

rise to. 5. ongoing (adjective) – continuing, happening/occurring, unending, unceasing.

6. fateful (adjective) - awful, terrible, tragic, disastrous. 7. prescient (adjective) – predictive, visionary, far-sighted. 8. demonetisation (noun) – the act of depriving a currency unit (note/coin) of its status as money.

9. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to. 10. drop (noun) – decrease, reduction, decline, slump. 11. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and services. 12. heed (verb) – pay attention to, take into account, consider.

13. on the contrary (phrase) – conversely, just the opposite. 14. hastily (adverb) – swiftly, rapidly, quickly. 15. flawed (adjective) – defective, faulty, distorted, inaccurate. 16. devastating (adjective) – destructive, ruinous, disastrous. 17. informal sector (noun) – informal economy, grey economy is the part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government. 18. rob of (verb) - deprive of, strip of, divest someone of (a much-needed thing). 19. millions (noun) - millions of people. 20. livelihood (noun) – means of making a living with the basic necessities (food, water, shelter, and clothing); means of support, subsistence, source of income. 21. plunge (verb) – fall/drop, plummet, tumble, nosedive suddenly & WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMuncontrollably. 22. prolonged (adjective) – lengthy, extended, protracted, unending, unrelenting.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 04, 2021)

23. slump (noun) – decline, tumble, downturn, steep fall, decrease. 24. predate (verb) – happen at a date earlier than (something).

25. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

26. Public Sector Enterprise/Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) (noun) – Companies owned by the Union Government of India or one of the

many state or territorial governments or both together in parts. The company stock is majority-owned by the government in a PSU. 27. privatisation (noun) – transfer of a business, industry, academic

institutions, or service from public to private ownership and control. 28. consumption (noun) - the use of goods and services by households. 29. revival (noun) – improvement, rallying, picking up, betterment; re- establishment, restoration.

30. seize (verb) – take hold of, snatch, grab, capture (suddenly). 31. seize the opportunity (phrase) - take advantage of, benefit, gain. 32. squeeze (verb) – obtain, extort, extract, wrest, milk. 33. shrink (verb) – lessen, reduce, decrease. 34. excessive (adjective) - too much, uncontrolled, disproportionate. 35. cess (noun) – a form of tax charged/levied over and above the base

tax liability of a taxpayer. A cess is usually imposed additionally when the state or the central government looks to raise funds for specific purposes. 36. in contrast (phrase) – when compared to another. 37. burn a hole in someone's pocket (phrase) - used to refer to someone who spends money immediately after they earn it. 38. content (adjective) - satisfied. 39. self-inflicted (adjective) – cause suffering to oneself (on his/her own). 40. wound (noun) - damage, distress, blow. 41. rush (verb) – act rapidly/hurriedly. 42. headlong (adjective ) – hasty, careless, heedless. 43. hand over (phrasal verb) – pass, transfer, assign. 44. crony (capitalism) (noun) – it is a term describing an economy in which success in business depends on close relationships between WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbusiness people and government officials. A person who is involved in this relationship is called a crony capitalist. 45. crony (noun) – best friend, companion.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 04, 2021)

46. cash-rich (adjective) - wealthy, affluent, well off. 47. family silver (noun) – (family's) precious things of high value.

48. hasty (adjective) – hurried, rapid/quick; reckless, ill-considered, ill- advised. 49. disinvestment (noun) – the process by which the Union government

either sells its stakes in a PSU–fully or partially–or lists it on the stock market.

50. incentive (noun) – stimulus, impetus, boost (payment or concession). 51. manifesto (noun) – a publication issued by a political party before a General Election. It contains the set of policies that the party stands

for and would wish to implement if elected to govern; (policy) statement, declaration, pronouncement. 52. explicitly (adverb) – clearly, unequivocally, understandably, without question/doubt.

53. disinvest (verb) - reduce, lessen, decrease (an investment). 54. strategic sectors (noun) – as per the new PSU privatisation policy announced in the Union Budget 2021-22, public sector enterprises are divided into strategic and non-strategic ones. The strategic sector includes atomic energy, space and defence, transport and telecommunications, power, petroleum, coal and other minerals, and

banking, insurance and financial services. The policy mentions that in the strategic sectors, there will be a bare minimum presence of government-owned companies. 55. core sectors/industries (noun) – the eight industries comprising electricity, steel, refinery products, crude oil, coal, cement, natural gas and fertilizers are classified as core sector industries. 56. fire sale (noun) - the sale of goods at extremely discounted/low prices. 57. embrace (verb) – welcome, accept, adapt. 58. make up for (phrasal verb) – atone for, make amends for, compensate for, make recompense for, make reparation for, make redress for. 59. cite (verb) – refer to, adduce, make reference to, invoke. 60. deceptive (adjective) – misleading, illusory, distorted. 61. nationalisation (noun) – nationalisation happens when the government takes ownership of private assets. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM62. garb (noun) – an outward appearance, form, guise. 63. make a killing (phrase) - make a large profit, make a fortune, gain, profit, make (a lot of) money.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 04, 2021)

64. defaulter (noun) – a person who is (purposefully) not repaying banks/lenders’ debt on time for various reasons.

65. bail out (phrasal verb) – provide financial help/support to a person who faces serious financial difficulty. 66. bailout (noun) – an act of providing financial help/support by the

outside investors to a bank/institution/organisation which faces serious financial difficulty.

67. bail-in (noun) – a way of helping a bank or other institution in financial difficulty, in which people/creditors of the bank to bear some of the burden by cancelling a part of the

debt they are owed. 68. avatar (noun) – type, case, epitome. 69. Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) (noun) - was incorporated in 1986 as a public sector enterprise to cater to overseas communication

services. In 2002, the Indian government privatised VSNL and the Tata Group acquired a controlling stake in the company. 70. short-change (verb) – cheat/swindle, defraud, deceive. 71. for a song (phrase) - very cheaply. 72. in the name of (phrase) - for the sake of. 73. persist (verb) – continue, carry on, keep going.

74. transparently (adverb) – directly/clearly, straightforwardly, undoubtedly, precisely. 75. reserve price (noun) – the minimum price at which the seller of an item is ready to sell it (or) the maximum price at which the buyer of an item is ready to pay for it. 76. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 77. credibility (noun) – trustworthiness, reliability, integrity. 78. entity (noun) – organization, institution, establishment, outfit. 79. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 80. stake (noun) – share, investment. 81. Initial Public Offering (IPO) (noun) – Initial public offering (IPO) or stock market launch is a type of public offering in which shares of a company are sold to institutional investors and usually also retail WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM(individual) investors. In layman’s terms, IPO means the sale of stock by a company to the public. 82. suggestive (adjective) – indicative, symptomatic, characteristic.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 04, 2021)

83. clear the decks (phrase) - get ready for a specific action/event (by getting rid of all other hindrances that may hamper the event/action).

84. the crown jewel (noun) - a valuable asset. 85. infrastructure (noun) – the basic physical or organisational structure or framework that a country or organization needs in order to function

properly. For a whole nation, it includes all the physical systems such as buildings, roads & railways networks, utilities, etc.

86. gestation (period) (noun) – development, formation (period). 87. social justice (noun) – it is the view that everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities.

88. betray (verb) – reveal, expose, disclose, lay bare, make known. 89. disdain (noun) – contempt, scorn, disrespect, dislike. 90. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in.

91. reservation (noun) – a system of affirmative action in India that provides historically disadvantaged groups representation in education, employment, and politics. 92. marginalised (adjective) – treated as insignificant, treated as unimportant, neglected. 93. be history (phrase) - be considered as no longer applicable to the

current situation. 94. preside over (verb) – be in charge of, be responsible for, handle, manage/organize. 95. outright (adjective) – out-and-out, absolute, complete, categorical, unequivocal. 96. disregard (noun) – indifference, non-observance; inattention, heedlessness, carelessness, neglect. 97. cope with (verb) – deal with, grapple with, handle/manage. 98. lay-off (noun) – unemployment; dismissal, discharge, redundancy. 99. inevitably (adverb) – unavoidably, certainly, definitely. 100. exponential (adjective) – rapid, quick, fast. 101. non-performing assets (NPAs) (noun) – bad loans, troubled accounts, stressed loans; an account where principal and/or interest remains overdue for a period of time. 102.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM watch (noun) – guard, vigil, lookout; stint, spell, turn. 103. gross (adjective) – total, whole, entire, complete, full, overall. 104. wilful (adjective) – deliberate, intentional, purposeful.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 04, 2021)

105. default (noun) – non-payment, failure to pay. 106. balloon (verb) – increase rapidly, soar, escalate.

107. hardly (adverb) - almost not. 108. greed (noun) – desire, urge, need, appetite. 109. resilience (noun) – strength; the capacity to recover quickly from

difficulties. 110. recession (noun) – economic decline, slowdown, downturn,

depression, slump. 111. financial inclusion (noun) – it means that individuals and businesses have access to useful and affordable financial products and services

that meet their needs – transactions, payments, savings, credit, and insurance – delivered in a responsible and sustainable way. 112. the unbanked (noun) - the people who have no bank account & so no access to banking services.

113. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 114. ruthlessly (adverb) - unfeelingly, uncaringly, unsympathetically. 115. shut down (phrasal verb) – cease activity, close down, cease operation. 116. prospective (adjective) – intended, planned, expected, anticipated; potential, possible, probable.

117. alongside (preposition) – together with. 118. reverse (verb) – change, alter. 119. principled (adjective) – moral, ethical, good. 120. long-standing (adjective) – long-established, deep-rooted, fixed, persistent, continuing (for a long time). 121. concentration (noun) – accumulation, aggregation, collection. 122. heighten (verb) – intensify, increase, enhance, make greater. 123. conflict of interest (noun) – a situation in which a person cannot do his/her job fairly because he/she has the power to decide something in a way that would be to his/her advantage, although this may not be the best decision. 124. diversion of funds (noun) - (mis)utilization of funds. 125. usher in (verb) – start, begin, initiate. 126.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM liberalisation (noun) – removal or loosening of restrictions on something, typically an economic or political system. 127. voice (verb) – express, make public, announce, mention, raise.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 04, 2021)

128. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity.

129. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 130. case-by-case (phrase) - individual; item-by-item. 131. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive

set of political, economic, and security interests). 132. capital infusion (noun) – the introduction of additional funding from

successful divisions of a business to the weak division which is not doing well. 133. turn around (noun) - change, reversal.

134. exchequer (noun) – funds/resources/finances, treasury, coffers. 135. calibrate (verb) - work out, reckon, determine, evaluate, quantify, assess. 136. trustee (noun) - administrator, agent.

137. abdicate (verb) – reject, disown, turn down, give up, abandon (a responsibility). 138. wholesale (adverb) – extensively, on a large scale, comprehensively, thoroughly. 139. rush (noun) - hurry, haste, urgency. 140. suspicion (noun) – misgiving, doubt/qualm, distrust, scepticism.

141. electoral bond (noun) – an electoral bond is designed to be a bearer instrument like a Promissory Note — in effect, it will be similar to a banknote that is payable to the bearer on demand and free of interest. It can be purchased by any citizen of India or a body incorporated in India. it allows limitless, secret donations to political parties, including (and especially) by corporations. 142. windfall (noun) – a lot of money that you win or get unexpectedly; bonanza, jackpot, unexpected fortune/gain. 143. accrue (verb) – accumulate, collect, amass, grow, increase, augment, be added. 144. down payment (noun) - advance payment. 145. bargain (noun) – agreement, arrangement, understanding, deal. 146. assert (verb) – declare, announce, pronounce, state. 147.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM inclusive (adjective) – overall, full, all-encompassing, all- embracing, comprehensive.

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 05, 2021)

1. lower the bar (phrase) – fix/make the standards (lower) with the purpose of meeting them easily and then qualify for something. 2. spectrum (noun) – airwaves; it refers to a range of electromagnetic

(radio) waves that are used for communication purposes (to transmit signals over specific bands). 3. relook (noun) - reconsideration, rethinking, re-examination.

4. regulatory (adjective) – supervisory, managerial, controlling. 5. norms (noun) – standard, convention, guidelines, criterion. 6. qualified (adjective) – limited, conditional, restricted, bounded.

7. perspective (noun) – viewpoint, approach. 8. bid (noun) – offer, tender, proposal (of a price at an auction). 9. cumulatively (adverb) – in a cumulative manner; collectively, totally. 10. receipts (noun) – proceeds, money received, the payment received, turnover. 11. megahertz (noun) - The megahertz, abbreviated MHz, is a unit of alternating current (AC) or electromagnetic (EM) wave frequency equal to one million hertz (1,000,000 Hz). 12. on offer (phrase) – available. 13. sought (past tense of) seek (verb) – try/attempt (to obtain something). 14. optimise (verb) – make the most effective use of something. 15. deem (verb) – think, consider, judge, regard as. 16. bandwidth (noun) – transmission capacity/speed. 17. entrant (noun) – new member, newcomer. 18. acquisitive (adjective) – greedy, possessive/grasping, materialistic/rapacious. 19. account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, comprise, form, represent. 20. garner (verb) – receive, get, gain, obtain, acquire. 21. surpass (verb) – be greater than, exceed. 22. takings (noun) – proceeds, returns, receipts, earnings; profit, gain, income, revenue.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 05, 2021)

23. reserve price (noun) – the minimum price at which the seller of an item is ready to sell it (or) the maximum price at which the buyer of an item is ready to pay for it.

24. amount to (verb) – add up to, be equal to, be equivalent to, represent. 25. tell its own tale (phrase) - to be self-evident; be revealing. 26. cognisant (adjective) – aware, well informed about, familiar with.

27. prevailing (adjective) – existing; current, present. 28. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 29. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during.

30. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 31. indebtedness (noun) – liabilities, liability, financial obligation, arrears; (an obligation pay money to another party). 32. temper (verb) – moderate, modify, tone down, mitigate, soften. 33. hardly (adverb) – almost not. 34. sanguine (adjective) - optimistic, hopeful, confident, positive, cheerful (particularly in a difficult situation). 35. shun (verb) – avoid, ignore, reject, eschew. 36. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 37. prohibitive (adjective) – excessively high, exorbitant, excessive. 38. fathom (verb) - understand, comprehend, work out, make sense of. 39. avowed (adjective) – asserted, declared, admitted, stated publicly. 40. intention (noun) – aim, purpose, objective. 41. accelerate (verb) – increase, rise, advance; speed up, get faster, gain momentum. 42. digitisation (noun) - the use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities; the generic term for the Digital Transformation of society and the economy. Simply put, digitization is the process of converting information into a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdigital format. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 05, 2021)

43. multitude (noun) – a lot, a great/large number, a great quantity. 44. farthest (superlative adjective of) far (adjective) – distant, faraway, far off.

45. reaches (noun) - place. 46. relatively (adverb) – comparatively, proportionately, somewhat, to a certain extent/degree.

47. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 48. ideal (noun) – model, standard. 49. penetration (noun) – entry, inflow, spread.

50. perpetual (adjective) – constant, permanent, persistent, continuous. 51. bugbear (noun) – a cause of vexation, irritation, torment. 52. alike (adverb) – equally. 53. take a (long) hard look at (phrase) - to think about something (a problem or issue) carefully. 54. framework (noun) – structure, system organization. 55. precarity (noun) – the state of being uncertain/insecure/unsafe. 56. grossly (adverb) – flagrantly, unacceptably; extremely, excessively. 57. tip (verb) - lean, tilt, list, bend. 58. fractious (adjective) – argumentative, quarrelsome, contentious, controversial, difficult (to control), disagreeable. 59. duopoly (noun) – it is used to describe any market where two firms dominate. 60. have one’s work/task cut out (phrase) – be faced with a tough task/work. 61. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end). 62. Economic empowerment (noun) – Economic empowerment is the ability to make and act on decisions that involve the control over and allocation of financial resources.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMexample sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 05, 2021)

1. efficacious (adjective) – effective, successful, powerful.

2. Covaxin (noun) – India’s first indigenous COVID-19 vaccine candidate (COVAXIN) developed by a Hyderabad-based company (Bharat Biotech) in collaboration with the ICMR (The Indian Council

of Medical Research). 3. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a

particular disease. 4. efficacy (noun) – In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect;

effectiveness, efficiency, power. 5. interim (adjective) – provisional, temporary, transitional. 6. phase-3 trial (noun) – In phase 3 trial, the vaccine is given to thousands of people to confirm its safety – including rare side effects – and effectiveness. These trials involve a control group which is given a placebo. 7. phase 2 trial (noun) – In phase 2 trial, the vaccine is given to hundreds of people so scientists can learn more about its safety and correct dosage. 8. phase 1 trial (noun) – In phase 1 trial of clinical testing, the vaccine is given to a small group of people to determine whether it is safe and to learn more about the immune response it provokes. 9. human trial/clinical trial (noun) – a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes. 10. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably. 11. promising (adjective) – good, optimistic, positive, heartening, reassuring. 12. regulator (noun) – an association that supervises a particular business activity. 13. symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMsymptoms. Note:

14. asymptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with no

symptoms. 15. pre-symptomatic (adjective) – relating to a condition/person with mild illness/symptoms.

16. dose (noun) – an amount/quantity of something. 17. undertake (verb) – begin, start, launch into; engage in, become

involved in, take part in. 18. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, implement, execute, bring about.

19. placebo (noun) – it is an inactive substance (with no therapeutic effect) that is given to one group of participants in a clinical trial, while the treatment (usually a drug or vaccine being tested) is given to another group. 20. Oxford vaccine/Covishield (noun) – (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or (AZD1222) is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, UK Ltd. (named Covishield in India). Serum Institute of India (SII), a biotechnology company has partnered with global pharma giant AstraZeneca and Oxford University for this vaccine candidate ‘Covidshield’. 21. administer (verb) – dispense, provide, give, apply (a drug/vaccine). 22. comorbidity (noun) – the presence of one or more additional conditions (diseases/problems) co-occurring/co-existing with a primary condition (disease/problem). 23. The Lancet (noun) – a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is among the world’s oldest and best-known general medical journals. 24. preprint (noun) – a full draft of a research paper that is shared publicly before it has been peer reviewed/has been sent to press for publication. 25. immunogenic (adjective) – relating to a foreign substance that WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMprovokes an immune response in the body. Note:

26. variant (noun) – different or form or version or mutant of something

(virus). 27. account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, comprise, form, represent. 28. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a

particular disease; immunization. 29. absolute (adjective) – total, complete, full.

30. stand at (verb) – be at a particular level. 31. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 32. on a par with (phrase) – comparable with, equivalent to, as equal to,

on a level with. 33. seek (verb) – request, demand, ask for. 34. consent (noun) – agreement, assent, approval. 35. informed/signed consent (noun) – the permission a patient gives a doctor (by signing a document) to perform a test or procedure after the doctor has fully explained the purpose. 36. narrow (adjective) – small, limited, inadequate. 37. window of opportunity (phrase) - a short period of time in which one has a chance to do/achieve something; lucky chance, good time, golden opportunity, suitable time/moment, opportune occasion. 38. vaccinate (verb) – inoculate, administer, introduce (with a vaccine to provide immunity against a disease). 39. probably (adverb) – most likely, in all likelihood, all things considered, perhaps. 40. set in (phrasal verb) – (of something bad/unpleasant) begin/start. 41. can ill afford (phrase) – to prevent something from happening because it would be embarrassing and cause problems (if it happens). 42. roadblock (noun) – hindrance, obstruction. 43. uptake (noun) – the action of taking up something (available/given). Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 05, 2021)

1. stellar (adjective) – exceptional, extraordinary, remarkable, outstanding.

2. personal liberty (noun) – it means the liberty of an individual to behave as one pleases except for those restraints imposed by laws and codes of conduct of the society in which one lives to safeguard the

physical, moral, political, and economic welfare of others. 3. liberty (noun) – freedom, independence.

4. judiciary (noun) – judges. 5. the judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested.

6. far from (phrase) – not, not at all. 7. glimmer (noun) – (a faint) sign, trace/ray, hint (of light/hope). 8. tribune (noun) – a supporter, champion, advocate, protector (of the people).

9. acquittal (noun) – declaration of innocence, clearing, discharge, release, vindication, exoneration. 10. defamation (noun) – character assassination, libel, misrepresentation, vilification, backbiting, abuse, scandalmongering, malicious gossip. 11. discharge (verb) – release, liberate, free. 12. accusation (noun) – allegation, charge, indictment.

13. dignity (noun) – self-esteem, self-worth, self-respect, pride/morale. 14. supersede (verb) – replace, supplant, substitute, displace. 15. reputation (noun) – good name, character, standing, stature, status, position. 16. hold (verb) – rule, decide. 17. harassment (noun) – persecution, persistent annoyance, coercion/intimidation. 18. grievance (noun) – complaint, criticism, problem, objection/protest. 19. bail (noun) – conditional, temporary release of an arrested/imprisoned person when a specified amount of security is deposited or pledged (as cash or property) to ensure his/her appearance in court when required. 20. sedition (noun) – incitement (to riot/rebellion), agitation, trouble WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMmaking/provocation (against the established government/authority). 21. alleged (adjective) – supposed, claimed, professed, purported.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 05, 2021)

22. toolkit (noun) – a document containing a set of details/resources/guidelines/suggestions/various urgent action items

about something in order to get it done. 23. lend (verb) – give, provide, impart, contribute. 24. Farm Acts, 2000 (noun) – Farm Acts, 2000 refer to three agricultural

bills passed by the Indian Parliament in September 2020. The three acts are “The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and

Facilitation) Act, 2020 (FPTC Act) allows farmers to sell their harvest outside the notified Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) mandis without paying any State taxes or fees”, “the Farmers

(Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 facilitates contract farming and direct marketing”, and “the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 deregulates the production, storage, movement and sale of several

major foodstuffs, including cereals, pulses, edible oils and onion, except in the case of extraordinary circumstances”. 25. prosecution (noun) – legal action, legal proceeding, legal case. 26. iota (noun) – a little bit, a small amount, small degree/extent, a fraction of something (used to emphasize a negative statement). 27. innocuous (adjective) – harmless, inoffensive, unobjectionable.

28. propitious (adjective) – favourable, promising, optimistic, advantageous, hopeful. 29. anticipation (noun) – expectation, prediction/forecast. 30. constrain (verb) – restrict, control, check, restrain. 31. republic (noun) – a group of people involved in a particular activity with certain equality; “The Republic” is a form of government in which a state (country) is ruled by elected representatives of the people (citizen body). 32. dissent (verb) – to express opposite/disagreeing/conflicting opinions/ideas. 33. unexceptionable (adjective) – acceptable, reasonable, satisfactory, fair, good enough. 34. undo (verb) – cancel, reverse, revoke, nullify, invalidate. 35. wrought (verb) – (old) past and past participle of work; cause, effect. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM36. trial (noun) – hearing, inquiry, litigation, judicial proceedings. 37. perpetrator (noun) – someone who does immoral, harmful, and illegal activity; offender, criminal, wrongdoer/evil-doer, culprit.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 05, 2021)

38. speak out (phrasal verb) – express, articulate, communicate, convey, voice (something straightforwardly & publicly).

39. at best (phrase) – only, merely. 40. scanty (adjective) – limited, modest, minimal. 41. sketchy (adjective) – incomplete, inadequate, vague,

imprecise, superficial. 42. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably.

43. scantling (noun) - sample, example, illustration, demonstration, instance. 44. disdain (noun) – contempt, scorn, disrespect, dislike.

45. anticipatory bail (noun) – Under Section 438 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the provision allows a person can request to get bail in anticipation of being accused of having committed a non-bailable offence in India.

46. effectively (adverb) – practically, virtually, in effect, all but. 47. interrogate (verb) – question, cross-examine, probe. 48. bound to (adjective) – certain/sure, very likely, guaranteed. 49. necessarily (adverb) – inevitably, certainly, surely, undoubtedly. 50. deride (verb) – ridicule, mock, make fun of/insult. 51. offence (noun) – attack, onslaught, assault; crime, illegal/unlawful

act, misdeed, wrongdoing. 52. draconian (adjective) – (of laws or punishments) extremely harsh, severe, strict, stringent, tough. 53. blasphemy (noun) – the action or behaviour of someone which is not respectful of religious practice; irreligious, ungodly, unholy action/behaviour. 54. unconstitutional (adjective) – undemocratic, autocratic, dictatorial, totalitarian. 55. uphold (verb) – confirm, endorse/approve, vindicate/validate. 56. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 57. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 58. bounds (noun) – borders, boundaries, confines, restrictions, limits. 59. fraught with (adjective) – full of, filled with, loaded with. 60. grapple with (verb) – tackle, confront, deal with, cope with. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM61. err (verb) - make a mistake, be wrong, be incorrect. 62. emanate (verb) - emerge, ensue, come out, come forth; arise, originate, start.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 05, 2021)

63. categorically (adverb) – absolutely, unquestionably, certainly, clearly, unequivocally, unambiguously.

64. nonetheless (adverb) – notwithstanding, nevertheless, in spite of that/however. 65. ought to (modal verb) – must, should.

66. self-evident (adjective) – obvious, clear, visible, apparent. 67. libellous (adjective) - false, untrue, misrepresentative, defamatory.

68. disproportionate (adjective) – inordinate, excessive, uncalled for, unreasonable, unfair. 69. Criminal Law (noun) – a complex system of laws concerned with

punishment of individuals who commit crimes. 70. ostensibly (adverb) – apparently, seemingly, supposedly. 71. slanderous (adjective) – misrepresentative, defamatory, libellous. 72. chilling (adjective) – frightening, terrifying, disturbing/horrifying.

73. revoke (verb) – cancel, repeal, reverse, abrogate. 74. criminalise (verb) – make something (an activity) illegal. 75. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 76. remnant (noun) - remains, remainder, rest. 77. plainly (adjective) – simply. 78. apparent (adjective) – evident/clear, visible, noticeable, recognizable.

79. Indian Penal Code (IPC) (noun) – The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the official criminal code of India. It is a comprehensive code intended to cover all substantive aspects of criminal law. The draft was passed into law on 6 October 1860. The Code came into operation on 1 January 1862. The Indian Penal Code of 1860, subdivided into 23 chapters, comprises 511 sections. IPC deals with crimes and punishments. 80. explicit (adjective) – clear, straightforward, definite, specific, categorical. 81. repress (verb) – suppress, quell, quash, oppress. 82. dissent (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, opposition. 83. regime (noun) – government. 84. prospect (noun) – possibilities, chances. 85. imprisonment (noun) – incarceration, custody, confinement. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM86. ominous (adjective) – threatening, menacing, inauspicious, unpromising, unfavourable. 87. disaffection (noun) – dissatisfaction, disgruntlement, discontent.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 05, 2021)

88. disloyalty (noun) – breach of faith/trust, betrayal, unfaithfulness, falseness.

89. enmity (noun) – hostility, opposition, hatred/hate, bitterness. 90. provision (noun) – clause, (legal) term, requirement, condition. 91. read down (phrase) – an instance of a court urging that a statute must

be construed/interpreted legally, if fairly possible, so as to save it from being declared illegal.

92. seditious (adjective) – provocative, agitational; dissident/insurgent. 93. tendency (noun) – inclination, disposition, penchant. 94. public order (noun) – it is essentially the absence of disorder – the

quiet and orderly behaviour of people in public space. It involves people behaving sensibly and rationally, and respecting others. 95. proximate (adjective) – immediate, nearest, near, closest, close. 96. disorder (noun) - unrest, disruption, upheaval, turmoil, mayhem.

97. weaponise (verb) – use as a weapon. 98. inoffensive (adjective) - harmless, unobjectionable, unexceptionable, unoffending. 99. Section 153A of the IPC (noun) - it deals with speech that seeks to promote enmity between different communities. 100. Section 295A of the IPC (noun) - it criminalises speech that outrages

religious feelings, are also vestiges of colonialism. 101. outrage (verb) – offend, infuriate, stir up, displease/anger. 102. vestige (noun) – indication, sign, trace/mark. 103. colonialism (noun) – the act of controlling & exploiting a country/territory (& its people) by another country/territory. 104. rather than (phrase) - instead of. 105. aid (verb) – facilitate, help, assist. 106. hate speech (noun) – abusive or disrespectful speech. 107. so much as (phrase) - hardly, barely, scarcely. 108. dislodge (verb) – remove, move, displace. 109. bewail (verb) - deplore, complain about, lament. 110. state of affairs (phrase) – condition, situation, circumstances. 111. ruse (noun) – ploy, tactic, trick, stratagem, cunning plan, manoeuvre, machination, smokescreen. 112.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM deprivation (noun) – dispossession, withdrawal, removal, taking away, stripping. 113. augur well (verb) – bode, indicate, portend (a good outcome).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 05, 2021)

114. languish (verb) – suffer, experience hardship; be abandoned, be neglected, be forgotten.

115. quell (verb) – suppress, silence, repress. 116. quash (verb) – cancel, reverse, repeal, revoke, overrule, rule against. 117. interim (adjective) – provisional, temporary, transitional.

118. what is more (phrase) – moreover. 119. actor (noun) – participants (in an action).

120. plead (verb) – appeal, request, ask earnestly, call on. 121. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in.

122. to be sure (phrase) – certainly, surely; used to highlight something. 123. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 124. jurisprudence (noun) – legal system. 125. malaise (noun) – trouble, uneasiness, unhappiness, depression.

126. discretion (noun) – choice, option, preference, disposition. 127. vest (verb) - confer on, grant to, give to. 128. invariably (adverb) – always, every time, each time. 129. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to. 130. arbitrary (adjective) – whimsical, irrational, casual; autocratic, draconian, anti-democratic.

131. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability, riskiness/precariousness. 132. (be) couple with (verb) – combine, integrate, connect, incorporate, link. 133. prevailing (adjective) – existing; current, present. 134. distrust (noun) – mistrust, suspicion, lack of trust. 135. flow from (phrase) – come from, be rooted in, originate from, emanate from. 136. erasure (noun) – obliteration, removal, eradication/wiping out. 137. rule of law (phrase) – it is described as “a principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and independently adjudicated, and WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMwhich are consistent with international human rights norms and standards.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 06, 2021) H 1. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) (noun) - Indian Space

Research Organisation, formed in 1969, superseded the erstwhile Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR). Vikram Sarabhai, having identified the role and importance of space technology

in a Nation's development, provided ISRO the necessary direction to function as an agent of development. ISRO then embarked on its mission to provide the Nation space-based services and to develop the

technologies to achieve the same independently. 2. mission (noun) – expedition, journey (into space); assignment, project,

operation. 3. take advantage of (phrase) - make use of, utilize, put to use, use, capitalize on, draw on. 4. market opportunity (noun) - a situation in which a company can meet an unsatisfied customer need before its competitors. It is a newly identified need or want that a company can use to grow. 5. Amazonia-1 satellite (noun) - Amazonia 1 is the first Earth Observation satellite based on the Multi Mission Platform (MMP), to be completely designed, integrated, tested, and operated by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil. 6. entity (noun) – object, thing, piece of matter, unit. 7. NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) (noun) - NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), incorporated on 6 March 2019 (under the Companies Act, 2013) is a wholly owned Government of India company, under the administrative control of Department of Space (DOS). NSIL is the commercial arm of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) with the primary responsibility of enabling Indian industries to take up high technology space related activities and is also responsible for promotion and commercial exploitation of the products and services emanating from the Indian space programme. 8. arm (noun) - branch, section, department, division. 9. aboard (preposition/adverb) – on a spacecraft (satellite launch vehicle). 10. RISAT-2BRI (noun) - RISAT-2BR1 is a radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing about 628 kg. The satellite will provide services in the field of Agriculture, Forestry and Disaster Management. The mission life of RISAT-2BR1 is 5 years. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM11. EOS-01/RISAT-2BR2 (noun) - EOS-01 is an earth observation satellite, intended for applications in agriculture, forestry and disaster management support.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 06, 2021) H 12. piggyback (adjective) - attached to a larger object/thing.

13. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 14. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) (noun) - Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is the third generation launch vehicle of India. It is the

first Indian launch vehicle to be equipped with liquid stages. After its first successful launch in October 1994, PSLV emerged as the reliable and versatile workhorse launch vehicle of India with 53 launches so far.

To date, the vehicle has launched 48 Indian satellites (till 2017) and 342 satellites for customers from 34 countries.

15. Antrix (noun) - Antrix Corporation Limited (Antrix), incorporated on 28 September 1992 (under the Companies Act, 1956), is a wholly owned Government of India Company under the administrative control of Department of Space (DOS). Antrix is the commercial arm of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Antrix promotes and commercially markets the products and services emanating from the Indian Space Programme. 16. Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN- SPACe) (noun) - an independent nodal agency under Department of Space for allowing space activities and usage of DOS owned facilities by (Non-Government-Private-Entities) NGPEs as well as to prioritise the launch manifest. It is a regulatory agency to provide a level playing field for private companies to use Indian space infrastructure. This is part of reforms aimed at giving a boost to private sector participation in the entire range of space activities. The IN-SPACe will also hand-hold, promote and guide the private industries in space activities through encouraging policies and a friendly regulatory environment. 17. regulatory (adjective) – supervisory, managerial, controlling. 18. tribunal (noun) – panel, committee (set up to resolve some disputes particularly). 19. adjudicate (verb) – adjudge, judge, decide, settle, resolve. 20. potential (adjective) – possible, likely. 21. explosion (noun) – sudden/rapid increase. 22. on the anvil (phrase) – in a state/condition of discussion (not implemented); being discussed or prepared but is not yet ready. 23. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMin. 24. infrastructure (noun) – the basic physical or organisational structure or framework.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 06, 2021) H 25. myriad (adjective) – a great number, countless, various.

26. conspicuous (adjective) – clearly visible, noticeable, discernible/perceivable. 27. go by something (phrasal verb) - to follow something.

28. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) (noun) - the voice of world business championing the global economy as a force for economic growth, job creation and prosperity. It is the world business

organization, enabling business to secure peace, prosperity, and opportunity for all.

29. uphold (verb) – confirm, endorse/approve, vindicate/validate. 30. insulate (verb) – protect, keep safe, shield. 31. prospects (noun) – possibilities, chances, opportunities. 32. repercussion (noun) – consequence, result, effect, outcome. 33. imbroglio (noun) – confused/complicated situation; difficulty/predicament. 34. unfettered (adjective) – unrestrained, unrestricted, unconstrained. 35. spawn (verb) – produce, generate, promote/trigger. 36. inconceivable (adjective) – unbelievable, extremely difficult to believe, unimaginable, extremely doubtful. 37. scratch the surface (phrase) – deal with something very casually. 38. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with. 39. ambit (noun) – scope, range, extent, bound. 40. span (verb) – range, extend, comprise, spread over. 41. endeavour (verb) – try, attempt, venture, undertake, aspire. 42. conceive (verb) – think up, devise, formulate; imagine, envisage, visualize. 43. aid (verb) – facilitate, help, assist. 44. reach out (phrasal verb) – contact someone to obtain/offer help/assistance/cooperation. 45. facilitate (verb) – make easy, make possible; assist, help/aid. 46. ambassador (noun) – representative, promoter, campaigner (of a particular activity) 47. disruptor (noun) – a company that causes a radical change in an existing WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMindustry. 48. arena (noun) – a place of activity.

Note:

1. retreat (noun) – withdrawal, pulling back, back down, U-turn, exit. 2. step aside (phrasal verb) – leave, quit, withdraw, resign.

3. narrow (verb) – decrease, reduce, contract, make smaller. 4. feature (noun) – characteristic, attribute, quality, aspect, point, element.

5. conduct (noun) – performance, behaviour, way of working. 6. veteran (noun) – (long-serving) expert, seasoned, mature, established/experienced (person in an area of activity).

7. theatrics (noun) - (highly emotional and dramatic) incident, scene, spectacle. 8. hardly (adverb) – almost not. 9. interim (adjective) – provisional, temporary, transitional. 10. aide (noun) – right-hand woman/man, companion, confidante, subordinate, second in command. 11. mobilise (verb) – bring (resources) into use for a particular purpose/cause. 12. serve out (phrasal verb) - to complete, finish, end (a term in prison, office, etc.). 13. prompt (verb) - induce, cause, motivate, persuade, encourage, impel, urge. 14. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 15. go by (phrasal verb) – follow, observe something. 16. regardless of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, in spite of.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMwork and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 06, 2021)

17. coalition (noun) – alliance, union, partnership. 18. a shot in the arm (phrase) - (figuratively) boost, fillip, stimulus,

impetus, encouragement; (literally) an injection of drugs. 19. ward off (phrasal verb) – prevent, oppose, avert, resist. 20. lay to rest (phrase) – to end something.

21. for the time being (phrase) – for now, for the moment, for the present, for a short time. 22. turn down (phrasal verb) – reject, refuse, decline, say no to.

23. ally (noun) – partner (in a particular activity). 24. front (noun) – political group, party, faction/camp. 25. narrow down (phrasal verb) - reduce, lessen, decrease. 26. loyalist (noun) – supporter, admirer, champion. 27. accommodate (verb) – favour, do someone a favour, assist, help, oblige. 28. breakaway (noun as modifier) – separatist, secessionist, dissenting, splinter (group/party). 29. take a back seat (phrase) – take a less important role. 30. passing (noun) – death, demise, passing away. 31. campaign (noun) – an organized effort that seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMit is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 06, 2021)

1. patch (verb) – improve or correct (a routine or program) by inserting a

patch. 2. cybersecurity (noun) – the protection of internet-connected systems,

including hardware, software, and data from cyber attacks. 3. doctrinal (adjective) - relating to doctrine (a stated principle of government policy).

4. institutional (adjective) - organized, established, structured, regulated. 5. coherence (noun) – unity, consistency, logicality, organization. 6. robust (adjective) – strong, vigorous, powerful.

7. posture (noun) – position. 8. sensational (adjective) – shocking, appalling, horrifying. 9. power outage (noun) - (electricity) power grid failure; loss of (electricity) power.

10. state-sponsored (adjective) – supported by the government.

11. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize. 12. potentially (adverb) – possibly, probably. 13. sabotage (noun) – sabotage is defined as deliberate and malicious acts that result in the disruption of the normal processes and functions or the destruction or damage of equipment or information; deliberate damage, destruction, obstruction, disruption; spoiling, ruining. 14. in the public domain (phrase) – if something (e.g. information) is in

the public domain, people generally know about it since it is no secret.

15. therein (adverb) – in that place. 16. the rub (noun) - problem, difficulty, obstacle. 17. table (verb) – submit, put forward, present, propose, introduce. 18. cyber espionage (noun) - cyber spying; it describes the illegal access to (secret & sensitive) information stored on individual computers or whole computer networks. 19. dub (verb) - call, name, tag. 20. GhostNet (noun) - GhostNet is the name given to a large-scale cyber espionage operation discovered in March 2009. The operation’s command and control infrastructure was based mainly in the People's Republic of China and had infiltrated high-value political, economic, and media locations in 103 countries. At least 1,295 computer systems were compromised, including systems belonging to embassies, foreign WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMministries, government offices, and the Dalai Lama's Tibetan exile centers in India, London, and New York City. 21. exile (noun) – banishment, expulsion, deportation; a person who lives away from his/her native country.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 06, 2021)

22. embassy (noun) – the diplomatic office building in a foreign country

where the ambassador & team live and work; consulate, mission. 23. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow.

24. Shadow Network (noun) - a China-based computer espionage operation (2010) that stole classified documents and emails from the Indian government, the office of the Dalai Lama, and other high-level

government networks. This extensively targeted Indian entities, including military establishments, news publications, and even the National Security Council Secretariat itself.

25. entity (noun) – organization, institution, establishment. 26. under way (phrase) – in progress, happening, occurring, taking place. 27. subsequent (adjective) – following, ensuing, successive. 28. Stuxnet (noun) - Stuxnet (2010) is a computer worm that was originally

aimed at Iran’s nuclear facilities and has since mutated and spread to

other industrial and energy-producing facilities. it exploits multiple vulnerabilities in Windows-based computers that provide an interface to industrial control systems (ICS) that run industrial processes. 29. take down (phrasal verb) – remove, dismantle, demolish. 30. Suckfly (noun) - a Chinese cyber-espionage group (2014); a professional hacking group from China targeted India's infrastructure and economic base by zeroing in on individuals and installing tools to access their

work networks. It targeted not just government but also private entities

including a firm that provided tech support to the National Stock Exchange; The high-profile targets include one of India’s largest financial institutions, an e-commerce company and its primary shipping vendor, a leading Indian IT company, two government organisations, and an American health care provider’s Indian business unit. 31. National Stock Exchange (NSE) (noun) - The National Stock Exchange of India Limited is the country’s leading financial exchange, with headquarters in Mumbai. It was incorporated in 1992 and, since then, has evolved into an advanced, automated, electronic system offering trading facilities to investor across the country. In 2015, this exchange system ranked the fourth place in the world according to the metric of its WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtrading volume. Trading commenced in 1994 with the launch of the wholesale debt market and a cash market segment shortly thereafter.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 06, 2021)

32. Dtrack (noun) - a spytool which has proliferated Indian financial

institutions and research centres. The new spyware is a different strain of the ARMDtrack malware that was discovered in 2018. It was created to

infiltrate ATMs in the country and siphon card data of customers. It targeted the Kudankulam nuclear power plant (Tamil Nadu) in 2019. 33. redacted (adjective) – edited or censored, particularly of sensitive

information before publication for legal/security reasons. 34. make public (phrase) – announce, communicate, make known, disseminate.

35. Parliamentarian (noun) – a member of a parliament. 36. perfunctory (adjective) – casual, uninterested, careless. 37. appraise (verb) - review, consider, assess, evaluate. 38. wrought (verb) – (old) past and past participle of work; cause, effect.

39. craft (verb) – to make something (with skill).

40. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; report, statement, portrayal/account. 41. on a side note (phrase) - it means you are about to mention something that is less significant/important to the subject matter; by the way, incidentally. 42. infrastructure (noun) – structure, framework, mechanisms. 43. WikiLeaks (noun) – an international non-profit organisation that

publishes news leaks and classified media provided by anonymous

sources. 44. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (noun) – an independent civilian intelligence agency of the United States government that compiles intelligence information, conducts counterintelligence activities outside the United States, and advises the President and the National Security Council on matters of foreign intelligence and national security. 45. UMBRAGE (noun) - The project, called UMBRAGE, is just one of a range of different hacking tools. 46. attribution to (noun) - The action of ascribing a work to a particular person. 47. nation-state (noun) – a state (country) in which a great majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. The nation state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political boundaries. An WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMindependent state which consists of people from one particular national group.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 06, 2021)

48. false flag (noun) - A false flag cyberattack is when a hacker or hacking group stages an attack in a way that attempts to fool their victims and the

world about who's responsible or what their aims are. The techniques used in this type of attack run a gamut that ranges from simply issuing false claims of responsibility to emulating the tools, techniques, and

even languages typically used by the group or country the attackers are trying to frame; The term false flag originated during World War I, when British and German auxiliary ships would fly the ensigns (flags) of

other countries-sometimes the British would fly German flags, or vice versa-in order to deceive their enemies. 49. leave behind (phrasal verb) – to leave a trace of something.

50. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 51. murky (adjective) – questionable, suspicious, dubious,/mysterious. 52. necessitate (verb) – make necessary, require, need, demand, call for. 53. acumen (noun) – astuteness, shrewdness, sharpness, cleverness. 54. cybersecurity resilience (noun) – the ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from cyber-attacks.

55. span (verb) - extend/spread over, stretch across. 56. portfolio (noun) – a range of products or services. 57. chair (verb) – preside over, lead, control/direct. 58. National Security Council (NSC) (noun) - an executive government agency tasked with advising the Prime Minister's Office on matters of national security and strategic interest. It was established by the former prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 19 November 1998, with Brajesh Mishra as the first National Security Advisor. 59. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 60. ecosystem (noun) – complex situation/environment. 61. National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) (noun) - National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) is an organisation of the Government of India created under Sec 70A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended 2008), through a gazette notification on 16th Jan 2014 based in New Delhi, India. It is designated as the National Nodal Agency in respect of Critical Information Infrastructure Protection. 62. National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) (noun) - It is a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtechnical intelligence Agency under the National Security Advisor in the Prime Minister's Office, India. It was set up in 2004. It also includes National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development, which is first of its kind in Asia.

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63. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) (noun) - it is a nodal

entity responding to various cybersecurity threats to non-critical infrastructure comes under the Ministry of Electronics and Information

Technology (MEITY). 64. Defence Information Assurance and Research Agency (DIARA) (noun) - it is a nodal agency mandated to deal with all cyber security related

issues of Tri Services and Ministry of Defence is having a close coordination with national agencies like Computer Emergency Response team – India (Cert-In) and National Training Research organisation

(NTRO). 65. Defence Cyber Agency (DCA) (noun) - a tri-service command of the Indian armed forces to coordinate and control joint cyber operations, and craft India’s cyber doctrine.

66. tri-service (adjective) – relating to three services, especially an army,

navy, and air force. 67. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 68. espionage (noun) – the act of spying; obtaining secret or confidential (political or military) information of a country and/or disclosing it without the permission of that country; undercover work, infiltration, counter-intelligence. 69. diplomacy (noun) – international politics, foreign affairs, foreign policy;

negotiations, discussions, talks, dialogue (related to international

politics). 70. push (noun) – effort, initiative, drive. 71. bilaterally (adverb) – between the two countries involved. 72. counter (verb) – oppose, resist, tackle, confront. 73. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe. 74. result in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring on, bring about, call forth, give rise to. 75. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity. 76. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 77. National Cyber Security Strategy (NCSS) (noun) - a plan of actions designed to improve the security and resilience of national infrastructures and services. The proposed strategy aimed at bringing together all cybersecurity agencies for securing, strengthening and WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMsynergising the cybersecurity ecosystem by closely associating with businesses, citizens and beyond. 78. actor (noun) – participants (in an action). 79. articulate (verb) – announce, express, pronounce, point out.

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80. holistically (adverb) – comprehensively, totally, completely.

81. offensive (adjective) – hostile, attacking, aggressive, combative. 82. countermeasure (noun) – solution, answer, antidote.

83. cyber attack (noun) – a malicious and deliberate attempt by an individual or organization to breach the information system (computer network) of another individual or organization. an attack on an

information or computer network as an “attempt to destroy, expose, alter, disable, steal or gain unauthorized access to or make unauthorized use of anything that has value to the individual/organization.

84. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 85. regime (noun) – system. 86. No first use (NFU) (noun) - Since conducting its second nuclear tests, Pokhran-II, in 1998, India has adhered to a self-imposed commitment to

‘No First Use’ (NFU) of nuclear weapons on another country.

87. armageddon (noun) – a final battle or conflict (highly destructive/catastrophic). 88. fraught (adjective) – anxious, worried, distressed/panicky. 89. ambiguity (noun) – inexactness, doubtfulness, obscurity/opacity. 90. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to (the study of) the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc.) in world politics and inter-state relations.

91. scenario (noun) – situation, background, context.

92. asymmetry (noun) – lack of equality, non-uniformity, unevenness, lack of symmetry. 93. (in) the absence (phrase) - due to unavailability of something. 94. credible (adjective) – acceptable, trustworthy, reliable, dependable; believable, plausible, reasonable. 95. deterrence (noun) – the act of deterring/stopping someone from doing something. 96. state actor (noun) – a state actor is a person who is acting on behalf of a governmental body. 97. non-state actor (noun) – an individual or organization that has significant political influence. 98. alike (adverb) – equally. 99. incentivise (verb) – encourage, motivate, galvanize. 100.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM undertake (verb) – begin, start, launch into; engage in, become involved in, take part in. 101. red line (noun) – boundary, limit. 102. norms (noun) – standard, convention, guidelines, criterion.

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103. cyberspace (noun) – It refers to the virtual computer world, and more

specifically, an electronic medium that is used to facilitate online communication.

104. disarmament (noun) – demilitarization, limitation or reduction of arms, deactivation of military weapons. 105. delegation (noun) – a body of delegates/representatives; diplomatic

mission, commission, deputation. 106. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference.

107. barring (preposition) – except for, with the exception of, apart from, other than, excluding. 108. herein (adverb) - in this. 109. articulation (noun) – expression, revelation, assertion, mention.

110. strategic interest (noun) – it is a broad term that usually requires a

relationship between two parties/countries that is mutually beneficial to both of them. The benefits can come in the form of increased safety, Better Trade relations, access to financial markets, etc. 111. non-binding (adjective) – not legally binding (compulsory, obligatory, necessary); inoperative, invalid. 112. obligation (noun) – duty, responsibility, commitment. 113. with respect to (phrase) – concerning, regarding, relating to, with

reference to.

114. illegitimate (adjective) – illegal, unlawful, against the law. 115. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. 116. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity. 117. the need of the hour (phrase) – some (urgent) need/requirement/demand at a particular point of time. 118. proxy (noun) – deputy, representative, substitute. 119. adversary (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis, opponent.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 08, 2021)

1. misplaced (adjective) – misguided, misconceived, ill-advised, ill-

considered, ill-judged. 2. OTT service (noun) – An over-the-top media service (popularly

known as OTT media service) is a streaming media service offered to the viewers directly through the Internet. 3. regulation (noun) – rule, ruling, order, directive; supervision,

policing, overseeing, monitoring, inspection. 4. outrage industry (noun) - it describes the methods of “certain kinds of

advocacy organizations and media outlets” who promote “a highly polarized view of politics (and religion)”. 5. tighten (verb) – make stricter, make more rigorous, make more stringent, stiffen, toughen. 6. matter of concern (phrase) – something which causes worry. 7. hearing (noun) - trial, court case, inquiry, legal proceedings. 8. anticipatory bail (noun) – Under Section 438 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the provision allows a person can request to get bail in anticipation of being accused of having committed a non-bailable offence in India. 9. executive (noun) – senior official, senior manager. 10. call for (phrasal verb) – require, necessitate, demand. 11. regulatory (adjective) – supervisory, managerial, controlling. 12. norms (noun) – standard, convention, guidelines, criterion. 13. streaming (noun) – a process of transmitting or receiving (data, especially video and audio material) over the internet. 14. sought (past tense of) seek (verb) – ask for, request, solicit, petition for, appeal for, apply for. 15. bail (noun) – conditional, temporary release of an arrested/imprisoned person when a specified amount of security is deposited or pledged (as cash or property) to ensure his/her appearance in court when required. 16. sweeping (adjective) – blanket, general, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbroad, comprehensive, inclusive.

Note:

17. offending (adjective) – relating to an illegal/unlawful act.

18. constitute (verb) - comprise, represent, amount to. 19. offence (noun) – crime, an illegal act, unlawful act, breach/violation

of the law. 20. disconcerting (adjective) – discomfiting, unsettling, disturbing. 21. go through (phrasal verb) – search, look through; examine, study,

scrutinize, inspect, read over, look at. 22. intermediary (noun) – social media website, eCommerce website,

blogging platform, search engine, telecom provider, Internet platform (hosting user-generated content), cloud provider, etc. 23. lack (verb) – be without, be lacking, be deprived of, be short of. 24. teeth (noun) – genuine power. 25. gratuitous (adjective) – unjustified, uncalled for, unwarranted, needless, unnecessary. 26. push for (phrasal verb) - demand, insist on, ask for; support, advocate, recommend, champion. 27. stringent (adjective) – strict, severe, harsh, tough, rigorous, draconian. 28. The Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 (noun) – the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021 has been framed in exercise of powers under section 87 (2) of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and in supersession of the earlier Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011. It empowers ordinary users of social media, embodying a mechanism for the redressal and timely resolution of their grievances. Rules about digital media and OTT focuses more on in house and self-regulation mechanism whereby a robust grievance redressal mechanism has been provided while upholding journalistic and creative freedom. The guidelines have been framed keeping in mind the difference between viewership in a theatre and television as compared to watching it on the Internet. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM29. way (adverb) - very, extremely.

Note:

30. out of line (phrase) - not in accordance with something.

31. freedom of speech (noun) – the right to express opinions without government interference.

32. freedom of expression (noun) – the ability of an individual or group of individuals to express their beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and emotions about different issues free from government censorship, restraint, or

legal penalty. 33. curb (noun) – restraint, restriction, control, limitation, constraint,

stricture. 34. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 35. go beyond (phrasal verb) – to go past something, exceed, surpass. 36. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government that enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. 37. soft-touch (noun as modifier) – accommodating, cooperative, helpful, sympathetic, friendly. 38. clause (noun) - (legal) term, provision, stipulation, requirement, condition. 39. obscenity (noun) – indecency, immorality, impropriety, rudeness, vulgarity. 40. uncensored (adjective) - unrestrained, unreserved, unrestricted. 41. ostensible (adjective) – apparent, seeming, alleged, purported. 42. incursion (noun) – intervention, interference, involvement; intrusion, trespass, infiltration. 43. territory (noun) – domain, area of concern, area of interest; sphere of operations. 44. take up (phrasal verb) - resume, recommence, restart, begin again. 45. bestow (on) (verb) – give, present, contribute, confer on. 46. give rise to (phrase) - produce, bring about, cause, lead to, result in, effect. 47. extraordinary (adjective) – unusual, uncommon, rare, surprising. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. zeal (noun) – passion, fervour, eagerness, interest.

Note:

49. claim (noun) – assertion, contention, allegation.

50. allude to (verb) – refer to, mention, speak briefly of, imply. 51. offensive (adjective) – provocative, objectionable, abusive, rude,

disrespectful, hurtful. 52. in contrast to (phrase) – in opposition to. 53. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer.

54. disrespectful (adjective) – discourteous, rude, impolite, ill-mannered, bad-mannered, inconsiderate.

55. judiciary (noun) – judges. 56. the judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 57. let (verb) - allow, permit. 58. harass (verb) – persecute, disturb, trouble, bother, torment. 59. gesture (noun) – action, deed, move. 60. celebrity (noun) – famous person, VIP, very important person, personality, big name. 61. voice (verb) – express, make public, announce, mention, raise. 62. pornography (noun) – obscene or indecent digital material (movies, pictures, magazines, etc.,) that show or describe sexual matters in order to cause sexual excitement. 63. sectarian (adjective) – denoting a sect (a group of people); factional, partisan. 64. profess (verb) - claim, assert, allege, state. 65. prosecute (verb) – take to court, bring an action against, accuse, charge. 66. clamp down on (phrasal verb) – prevent, stop, put an end to; keep under control.

Note:

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1. supremacy (noun) – dominance, superiority, advantage. 2. tried and tested (phrase) - reliable, dependable, trustworthy, certain/sure.

3. debutant (noun) - a person who is making a debut (first public appearance) in a particular capacity or role, particularly in sport. 4. clinch (verb) – win, triumph in, achieve success in, be successful in (a

match/competition). 5. triumph (noun) – win, victory, success. 6. one-sided (adjective) – unequal, uneven, unbalanced, lopsided.

7. barring (preposition) – except for, with the exception of, apart from, other than, excluding. 8. encounter (noun) – match, game, contest, competition. 9. shrug aside/shrug off (phrasal verb) - dismiss, ignore, forget, disregard, set aside, pay no heed to. 10. turn around (phrasal verb) - change direction/course; reverse direction. 11. fortunes (noun) – circumstances (the success or failure of someone), state of affairs, conditions. 12. riveting (adjective) – engrossing; compelling/engaging, interesting. 13. fashion (noun) – manner, way, style, method. 14. on offer (phrase) – available. 15. ideal (adjective) – perfect, ultimate, flawless, faultless. 16. age (verb) - grow older; condition, season, mellow. 17. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, apart from. 18. impetus (noun) – momentum, motive force, driving force, motivation, encouragement; stimulus, boost. 19. strip (noun) - pitch, wicket (prepared between two sets of stumps). 20. in no way (phrase) - not at all, certainly not, by no means. 21. diabolical (adjective) – wicked, shocking, dreadful/terrible. 22. arduous (adjective) – difficult, hard. 23. set the stage for (phrase) – prepare the circumstances for the beginning of something. 24. ambush (verb) – attack by surprise. 25. stung (adjective) – hurt, upset, motivated, roused (by a defeat). 26. mount (verb) – put on display, display, exhibit, present. 27. fiery (adjective) – strong, powerful, vigorous. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM28. heroics (noun) – bold/dramatic behavior. 29. humble (verb) – defeat, beat, crush, vanquish. 30. host (noun) - a country that holds an event/competition/sports series.

Note:

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31. at home (phrase) - in one's own country/place. 32. invest with (verb) - imbue, infuse, pervade, charge.

33. schedule (verb) - arrange, organize, plan. 34. hold (verb) – conduct, organize. 35. ambiguity (noun) – inexactness, doubtfulness, obscurity/opacity.

36. grapple with (verb) – tackle, confront, deal with, cope with. 37. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people

across a wide area. 38. push (noun) – effort, initiative, drive. 39. bio-secure (bubble) (noun) – it is defined as an environment/location sealed off from the outside world. In tennis/cricket, this would mean players, umpires and support staff being housed at the venue itself. 40. premises (noun) – building, property, site, place; playing ground (in this context). 41. rival (noun) – competitor, opponent, contestant, contender. 42. stun (verb) - knock out, shock, overwhelm. 43. take center stage (phrase) - to become very important/significant (person/thing) in a situation; to be at the centre of attention. 44. for now (phrase) - for the moment, for the present, for the meantime. 45. credit (noun) – praise, commendation, acclaim, approval, acknowledgement, recognition. 46. splendid (adjective) - magnificent, impressive, spectacular. 47. flower (verb) - bloom, appear, grow. 48. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 49. solid (adjective) - valid, sound, reasonable, reliable, firm. 50. bench-strength (noun) - the depth of talent, as on a sports team 51. paper over (verb) - conceal, hide, cover up, camouflage. 52. top (verb) - be first in, be at the top of. 53. low-slung (adjective) - lower in height. 54. cloud (noun) – trouble, problem, worry; menace/threat, gloom. 55. (be) laced with (verb) - infuse, blend, mix in, strengthen. 56. crafty (adjective) - clever, shrewd, astute, canny; cunning, sharp. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM57. scrutiny (noun) – examination. 58. await (verb) – wait for, expect, anticipate, look/hope for.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 08, 2021)

1. commemorate (verb) – celebrate/honour the memory of someone/something with a ceremony/event; pay tribute to, pay homage

to. 2. commemoration (noun) – a ceremony in which a person or event is remembered.

3. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 4. institutionalization (noun) - the process of establishing something as a practice/custom/norm in an organization or culture.

5. nation-state (noun) – a state (country) in which a great majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. The nation-state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political boundaries. An independent state consists of people from one particular national group.

6. socialist (adjective) – adhering to the principles of socialism; leftist. 7. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of, in the aftermath of, as a consequence of. 8. campaign (noun) – an organized effort that seeks to influence the decision-making progress within a specific group. 9. legacy (noun) – something received from a predecessor or from the past. 10. feminist (adjective) – relating to a person who supports feminism (fights for the equality of all people).

11. call (noun) – request, appeal, plea. 12. rescue (verb) - save. 13. intrepid (adjective) – fearless, unafraid, heroic. 14. social justice (noun) – it is the view that everyone deserves equal economic, political, and social rights and opportunities. 15. caste-differentiated (adjective) - differentiated/distinguished by caste; identified a difference by caste. 16. enslavement (noun) – oppression, slavery, suppression. 17. perspective (noun) – position, stand, angle, approach, way of looking, way of thinking, vantage point, interpretation. 18. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore, highlight. 19. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMstate of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 20. horrific (adjective) – dreadful, awful, terrible, appalling.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 08, 2021)

21. discriminatory (adjective) – biased, unfair/unjust, inequitable, partisan. 22. Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) (noun) – The Citizenship

(Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to grant citizenship to religious minorities of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, who had to flee their homeland facing persecution. The six minority groups that have

been specifically identified are Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians, and Parsis. 23. sit-in (noun) – a method of protest in which people gather in a (public)

place and remain there protesting continuously until their demands are fulfilled. 24. abut (verb) - be adjacent to, adjoin, border, butt up to. 25. bring to a halt (phrase) - put to a stop.

26. spate (noun) – series, flurry; a large number of something (taking place at the same period). 27. alleged (adjective) – supposed, claimed, professed, purported. 28. incite (verb) – trigger, provoke, stir up, prompt, induce, impel, influence. 29. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 30. eerily (adverb) – peculiarly, oddly, in a strange and frightening way.

31. isolation (noun) – separation, segregation, setting apart. 32. habitat (noun) – natural environment, natural territory, natural surroundings; natural home. 33. glue (verb) - to look at something with all your attention. 34. hitherto (adverb) – previously, earlier, so far/thus far, until now. 35. city-dweller (noun) – a person who lives in a city. 36. migrant (noun) – a person who moves from one region to another – either within a country or across national borders in order to find work or better living conditions. 37. shelter (noun) – a place of safety, place of shelter, accommodation; safe house; home, housing. 38. deserted (adjective) – empty. 39. unviable (adjective) – not feasible; unfeasible, undoable, impracticable. 40. hard-pressed (adjective) – in difficulties, under pressure, under stress, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtroubled, harassed. 41. elapse (verb) – pass, go by, go past.

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42. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 43. outpouring (noun) - outburst, outflowing, cascade; a lot of something

happening at the same time. 44. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities;

imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 45. sphere (noun) – an area of activity; a field of activity; domain, realm. 46. discourse (noun) – discussion, conversation, communication,

expression. 47. lock down (phrasal verb) – confine, restraint, enclose, encircle/hem in. 48. lock in (phrasal verb) - to prevent someone from leaving a house (by locking the door).

49. overnight (adverb) - instantly, very quickly. 50. centre of attention (noun) - highlight, main feature, high point, best part. 51. due (adjective) – proper, right and proper, correct, suitable, appropriate. 52. take for granted (phrase) – understand, assume, presume (something is true without cross-questioning it); For example, if people take something for granted, they do not place much value on it. Or you believe it to be true, real or expected. 53. condemn (verb) – censure, criticize, castigate; destine, damn.

54. go on (phrasal verb) - happen, occur, take place. 55. ages (noun) - a long time. 56. prominently (adverb) – mainly, greatly, noticeably, evidently, obviously. 57. (in) the absence of (phrase) – without. 58. due (adjective) – deserved by, merited by, earned by, warranted by. 59. unfortunately (adverb) – sadly, regrettably, unhappily, woefully. 60. strange (adjective) – unusual, weird, abnormal, atypical. 61. the new normal (phrase) – an earlier unusual situation that becomes a standard now. 62. take on (phrasal verb) – face, challenge, confront. 63. of any kind (phrase) - of any sort, whatsoever, whatever, at all. 64. movement (noun) – campaign, drive, push. 65. assault (noun) – attack, offensive, onslaught. 66. step out (phrasal verb) – leave a building/place for a short period of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtime. 67. account (noun) – report, news, narration, narrative.

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68. numbing (adjective) - shocking, chilling, desensitizing, paralyzing. 69. regardless of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, in spite of.

70. perpetrator (noun) – someone who does immoral, harmful, and illegal activity; offender, criminal, wrongdoer/evil-doer, culprit. 71. silver lining (noun) - sign of hope; comforting prospect, hopeful or

bright side (during difficulty). 72. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 73. brush aside (phrasal verb) – dismiss, disregard, ignore.

74. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention, guideline, norm. 75. en masse (adverb) – in a mass, all together, as a group. 76. Farm Acts, 2000 (noun) – Farm Acts, 2000 refer to three agricultural bills passed by Indian Parliament in September 2020. The three acts are

“The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 (FPTC Act) allows farmers to sell their harvest outside the notified Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) mandis without paying any State taxes or fees”, “the Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 facilitates contract farming and direct marketing”, and “the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020 deregulates the production, storage, movement and sale of several major

foodstuffs, including cereals, pulses, edible oils and onion, except in the case of extraordinary circumstances”. 77. weather-beaten (adjective) - tanned, suntanned, damaged (by weather). 78. speak out (phrasal verb) – express, articulate, communicate, convey, voice (something straightforwardly & publicly). 79. abate (verb) – decline, reduce, decrease. 80. comrade (noun) – associate, partner, colleague, fellow, friend; a fellow socialist/communist. 81. throw out (phrasal verb) – reject, dismiss, veto/refuse. 82. enmity (noun) – hostility, opposition, hatred/hate, bitterness.

1. snakes and ladders (plural noun) - an ancient Indian board game; It is

played on a game board with numbered, gridded squares. A number of "ladders" and "snakes" are pictured on the board, each connecting

two specific board squares. The object of the game is to navigate one's game piece, according to die/dice rolls, from the start (bottom square) to the finish (top square), helped by climbing ladders but

hindered by falling down snakes. 2. competitive (adjective) – aggressive, fierce & intense, cut-throat.

3. disconcerting (adjective) – discomfiting, unsettling, disturbing. 4. writ large (phrase) – very clear, more obvious. 5. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 6. soaring (adjective) – increasing rapidly. 7. set the tone (phrase) – to establish the mood/feeling of something. 8. ferocity (noun) – intensity, severity, strength. 9. set to (phrasal verb) – start doing something aggressively. 10. go north (phrase) - go up, increase. 11. prompt (verb) – induce, cause, motivate, persuade, encourage, impel, urge. 12. drastic (adjective) – extreme, serious, desperate, substantial. 13. corrective (adjective) – remedial, restorative, curative, reparative; correctional, punitive, reformatory. 14. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure. 15. deficiency (noun) – weakness, weak point, shortcoming. 16. defector (noun) – betrayer, turncoat, traitor. 17. ground game (noun) - canvassing, the main activity of a political ground game. (ground game generally means hand-to-hand combat that takes place while the combatants are on the ground). 18. alliance (noun) – association, union, partnership. 19. umbrella (modifier) – something (coalition) that has many different WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMparts/elements. 20. rally (noun) – gathering, march, meeting.

Note:

21. surpass (verb) – be greater than, exceed.

22. address (verb) – give a talk to, give an address to, make a speech to. 23. lead from the front (phrase) – to demonstrate leadership (skills) by

taking active role in what you are asking others to do. 24. absence (noun) – lack, unavailability, deficiency. 25. recognizable (adjective) – noticeable, notable, distinguishable.

26. patchy (adjective) – erratic, irregular, fluctuating, uneven. 27. within reach (phrase) - achievable, obtainable, realizable.

28. mobilise (verb) – bring (resources) into use for a particular purpose/cause. 29. go by (phrasal verb) - follow something. 30. dynamics (noun) – basic/fundamental cause or force which triggers change within a system. 31. at play (phrase) - in effect, happening. 32. roll out (phrasal verb) – launch, introduce, organize, inaugurate (something officially). 33. reach out (phrasal verb) – contact someone to obtain/offer help/assistance/cooperation. 34. tilt (verb) – change. 35. candidacy (noun) – the state/condition/fact of being a candidate, particularly in an election; candidate-ship. 36. take on (phrasal verb) - compete against, oppose, challenge, confront, face. 37. defect (verb) – go over to the enemy, change allegiances, change loyalties, change sides, turn traitor. 38. offensive (noun) – attacking campaign; drive/push, movement. 39. cadre (noun) – members of a group. 40. shadow (verb) - follow, trail, track. 41. spirited (adjective) - energetic, active, vigorous, dynamic, dashing, passionate, fiery. 42. focal point (noun) - main feature, central point. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM43. call for (phrasal verb) – require, necessitate, ask for, demand. 44. regime (noun) – government.

Note:

45. prong (noun) - point.

46. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests).

47. polarisation (noun) – separation of two contrasting groups (based on different opinions/beliefs). 48. second-rung (adjective) - second-level. (rung means level, rank,

position, grade). 49. not-so-veiled (adjective) - not-so-concealed, not-so-hidden; direct,

open. 50. insinuation (noun) – implication, hint/indication, suggestion (of something bad). 51. pose (verb) – constitute, present, create, cause (a problem or danger or risk). 52. mainstream (verb) - bring something into the mianstream (something (certain beliefs/ideas/activities) which are accepted or recognized by most people as a normal or typical). 53. outfit (noun) – organization, group. 54. misleading (adjective) - deceptive, confusing, false. 55. secular (adjective) – non-religious. 56. communalism (noun) – adherence/obedience to one’s own ethnic group (against the principle/practice of living together in wider society). 57. throw open (phrasal verb) - make something accessible/attainable suddenly & fully. 58. possibility (noun) – chance, probability. 59. anti-incumbency (noun) – a situation which is against elected officials currently in power; discontent against ruling government/ party in power. 60. liken someone to (phrase) - compare, equate, correlate. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM61. strike (noun) - attack. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 09, 2021)

1. alarming (adjective) – worrying, disturbing, shocking/distressing. 2. diktat (noun) – order, regulation, decree. 3. assent (noun) – approval, consent, sanction, agreement, acceptance.

4. harbinger (noun) – sign, indicator, indication, signal. 5. doom (noun) – destruction, downfall, grim fate, ruination, catastrophe,

disaster. 6. regulate (verb) – control, oversee, administer something (by using rules and regulations).

7. portend (verb) – indicate, signal, foretell, augur. 8. potentially (adverb) – possibly, probably, likely. 9. perilous (adjective) – dangerous, risky, precarious, insecure, life- threatening. 10. slide (noun) – decline, fall, drop, descend (in quality to a lower level). 11. climate (noun) - atmosphere, situation. 12. socio-economic (adjective) – relating to the interaction of social (position, rank, or importance) and economic (income, pay, and wealth) aspects. 13. framework (noun) – structure, system organization. 14. Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act of 2020 (noun) - The Haryana state assembly passed the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Bill, 2020 in November 2020. The Bill seeks to reserve 75% of new jobs for local candidates in various companies, societies, trusts, and limited liability partnership firms situated in the state of Haryana. This seeks to ensure that 75% of all jobs with gross monthly salaries of up to 50,000 are provided to the State’s own residents. 15. seek (verb) – aim, try to obtain; ask for, demand. 16. up to (phrase) – indicating a maximum amount. 17. clamour (noun) - complaints, outcry, demand, calls. 18. preserve (verb) – protect, conserve, continue, maintain, perpetuate, safeguard, uphold. 19. sons of the soil (phrase) – the local inhabitants of a particular region; Sons of the soil are populations that are culturally dominant in a region of a country, demographically subordinate to the dominant WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMculture of that country, and threatened by the migration of settlers from the dominant culture into their historical homeland. 20. soil (noun) – territory.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 09, 2021)

21. recurrent (adjective) - repeated,periodic, recurring, regular, habitual, frequent. 22. reserve (verb) – make a reservation for, arrange for, secure (for a

particular person). 23. ostensibly (adverb) – apparently, seemingly, supposedly.

24. fly in the face of (phrase) - go against, flout, defy, disobey, disregard, ignore. 25. Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India (noun) - This Article 19 is

about "Right to Freedom (Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc)". The Constitution of India, therefore taking into consideration the need and the importance of work, enshrines and has guaranteed a fundamental right under Article 19 (1) (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. 26. Article 16(2) of the Constitution of India (noun) - Article 16 of the Constitution of India is about "Equality of opportunity in the matter of public employment". Article 16 (2) emphasise that "no citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect or, any employment or office under the State". 27. onerous (adjective) – burdensome, difficult, tough, troublesome, stressful. 28. contentious (adjective) – controversial, disputable, debatable, disputed. 29. personnel (noun) – staff, employees, workforce. 30. action point (noun) - action item; one of a series of notes wrote down after a meeting stating what tasks need to be performed and who will do each one of them. 31. monetary penalty (noun) - fines; a requirement to pay a sum of money as a result of failing to comply with the conditions/regulations. 32. perceived (adjective) – regarded, considered, deemed; observed, discerned. 33. non-compliance (noun) – refusal, dissent, nonconformity, disagreement, objection, disobedience. 34. presumably (adverb) – probably, in all likelihood, undoubtedly, seemingly. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM35. preposterous (adjective) – absurd, ridiculous; pointless. 36. exemption (noun) – exclusion, relief, exception. 37. premises (noun) – building, property, site, place.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 09, 2021)

38. proficient (adjective) – skilled, experienced, practised, trained. 39. hark back (phrasal verb) - recall, remember, recollect, think of something from the past.

40. "Inspector Raj" system (noun) – excessive regulation/supervision by the government.

41. dissuade (verb) – discourage, deter, prevent. 42. on account of (phrase) – because of, owing to, due to, by virtue of. 43. fragile (adjective) – weak, risky, unreliable, insecure; easily

broken/destroyed. 44. reputation (noun) – good name, character, standing, stature, status, position. 45. workforce (noun) – workers, employees. 46. exodus (noun) – mass departure, evacuation, leaving/exit. 47. aside (adverb) - apart, notwithstanding. 48. run counter to (phrase) – to be opposed to, to be in conflict with. 49. spur (verb) – motivate, stimulate, encourage, galvanize. 50. follow suit (phrase) – emulate, copy, follow, take (another’s actions as an example). 51. capital movement (noun) - capital flows; when money for investment goes from one country to another. 52. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 53. disbursal (noun) – the act of paying out or disbursing/spending money. 54. legislation (noun) – a body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 55. unleash (verb) – let loose, release, let something go uncontrollably. 56. sort of (phrase) – to some extent, somewhat, somehow, slightly. 57. regime (noun) – system. 58. diversity (noun) – existence/presence of different people (from a variety of backgrounds and perspectives ranging from race to age to gender to hometown to educational experience) within the group; variety, variance, difference. 59. immobilise (verb) – disable, cripple, paralyse, inactive. 60. vaunted (adjective) – acclaimed, highly rated, admired. 61. rupture (verb) – sever, break, cut off, break off, disrupt. 62. fabric (noun) – the basic/fundamental structure. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. insularity (noun) – the quality of being interested in their own country/state and not willing to accept anything (ideas, culture, etc,.) from outside of it.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 09, 2021)

1. contour (noun) – outline, shape, form. 2. durable (adjective) – long-lasting, strong, substantial. 3. just (adjective) – fair, fair-minded, equitable, even-handed, impartial.

4. a tall order (phrase) - demanding, exacting, difficult, unreasonable, impossible (thing). 5. turning point (noun) - watershed (moment), critical moment, decisive

moment, crossroads. 6. exult (verb) – rejoice, be joyful, be happy, be pleased.

7. Doha Agreement (noun) - The Doha Agreement, more formally, "Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which is not recognised by the US as a state and is known as the Taliban and the United States of America, 2020" was signed on the February 29 in Doha, Qatar. The deal was considered a historic step towards establishing peace in Afghanistan. 8. decisive (adjective) – resolute, firm, strong-minded, determined. 9. in store (phrase) - about to happen. 10. rife with (verb) – full of, overflowing, awash/flooded, overfilled. 11. corroborate (verb) – confirm, verify, validate. 12. unveil (verb) – present, disclose, make public. 13. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive

set of political, economic, and security interests). 14. address (verb) – send, direct, mail, communicate. 15. High Council for National Reconciliation (HCNR) (noun) – This Council has established after the election of 2019 due after a political crisis. Dr.Abdullah Abdullah was recognized as chairman of the Council. The aim of this Council is to lead peace talk between the Afghan government and the Taliban. High Council of National Reconciliation and peace process is expected by Afghans and other countries to end this war and crisis in Afghanistan. 16. virtually (adverb) – practically, almost, nearly. 17. read someone the Riot Act (phrase) - warn, criticize, reprimand someone severely. 18. deteriorate (verb) – decline, degenerate, degrade, worsen. 19. ties (noun) – bond, connection, association, relationship. 20. intra- (prefix) – within. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. shroud (verb) – cover, cloak, veil, conceal/hide. 22. secrecy (noun) – confidentiality. 23. voice (verb) – express, make public, announce, mention, raise. 24. protagonist (noun) – supporter, advocate/champion, proponent.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 09, 2021)

25. Pentagon (noun) – the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense, near Washington, DC. Pentagon is a metonym of “the United States Department of Defense”. (Metonym is

used as an alternative for something else with which it is closely related/associated). 26. passionate (adjective) - very keen on, very enthusiastic about.

27. modicum (noun) – a little bit or a small amount of something, particularly a good quality. 28. pull out (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, get/move out.

29. predecessor (noun) – previous holder of the post; forerunner, precursor, antecedent. 30. inimitable (adjective) – unique, individual, distinctive, special. 31. distance oneself from (phrasal verb) – denounce, disown, reject, condemn, disagree with. 32. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; report, statement, portrayal/account. 33. orderly (adjective) - well organized, efficient, methodical, systematic, careful. 34. ongoing (adjective) – continuing, happening/occurring, unending, unceasing.

35. turnaround (noun) – an unexpected change. 36. in substance (phrase) – essentially. 37. anxious (adjective) – worried, concerned, distressed, bothered. 38. outset (noun) – beginning, start. 39. unaltered (adjective) – unchanged, uninfluenced, unscathed. 40. bring about (phrasal verb) – cause, create, produce. 41. sovereign (adjective) – independent, self-governing, autonomous. 42. preserve (verb) – protect, conserve, continue, maintain, perpetuate, safeguard, uphold. 43. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 44. contradict (verb) - conflict with, be at odds with, be at variance with, be inconsistent with. 45. abiding (adjective) – enduring, lasting, persisting, unending. 46. cut one's losses (phrase) - to stop an activity that is in loss or failure. 47. conundrum (noun) – problem, difficulty, quandary/dilemma. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. disengage (verb) – withdraw, pull out, leave, move out, retreat. 49. patriot (noun) – nationalist, loyalist, flag-waver. 50. on one's knees (phrase) - in a weak state/condition. 51. wary (adjective) – cautious, careful, circumspect.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 09, 2021)

52. resigned (adjective) – accepted something unpleasant. 53. seek (verb) – try, aim to obtain; ask for, demand. 54. acquiescence (noun) – consent/approval, agreement, acceptance.

55. enable (verb) – permit, allow, facilitate. 56. road map (noun) – plan/strategy to do something successfully. 57. advocate (verb) – recommend, prescribe, advise, favour.

58. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone included, comprehensive. 59. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate.

60. interim (adjective) – provisional, temporary, transitional. 61. quid pro quo (phrase) – “something for something”; support in exchange for something. 62. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, broad-based, complete/thorough. 63. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting; a temporary stoppage of war, truce, armistice. 64. mandate (noun) - authority, endorsement, approval, authorization. 65. hold (verb) - conduct, have, organize. 66. work out (phrasal verb) – develop, form, initiate/establish.

67. prelude (noun) – introduction, start, beginning. 68. head off (phrasal verb) - divert, deflect, redirect, reroute, turn aside, turn away. 69. spring offensive (noun) - also called "Operation Omari", large-scale offensives/attacks by Taliban against Afghan government strongholds backed by suicide and guerrilla attacks. 70. offensive (noun) – attack, assault, onslaught, incursion. 71. envisage (verb) – foresee, anticipate, expect. 72. stall (verb) – obstruct, block, interrupt, stop, halt, restrict. 73. convene (verb) – summon, call/get together, assemble, gather. 74. host (verb) - have. 75. envoy (noun) – diplomat, consul, ambassador; representative, delegate, mediator. 76. consultative (adjective) – advisory, consulting, counseling. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM77. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 78. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 79. flux (noun) – instability, unsteadiness, unpredictability. 80. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 09, 2021)

81. flourish (verb) – develop, improve, progress, evolve, thrive, prosper. 82. productive (adjective) – useful, constructive, valuable, effective, worthwhile.

83. exchange (noun) – conversation, dialogue, talk, discussion, meeting. 84. spectrum (noun) – wide range, gamut, ambit, variety of people. 85. stay the course (idiom) – work hard till the end to accomplish the task.

86. ethnicity (noun) – a category of people who identify with each other based on common language, ancestral, social, cultural, or national experiences.

87. well-received (adjective) – cordially welcomed. 88. serve well (phrase) - be useful, be beneficial. 89. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 90. erstwhile (adjective) – old, previous, former, then. 91. portrait (noun) – photograph, photo, studio portrait, picture. 92. look to (phrase) - consider, give thought to, think about, take heed of, pay attention to. 93. solidarity (noun) – unity, unanimity, harmony, cooperation. 94. cessation (noun) - termination, discontinuation, suspension. 95. step up (phrasal verb) – increase, intensify, strengthen, augment,

escalate, scale up. 96. materially (adverb) - significantly, greatly, very much. 97. republic (noun) – a group of people involved in a particular activity with certain equality; “The Republic” is a form of government in which a state (country) is ruled by elected representatives of the people (citizen body). 98. commonality (noun) – commonness, resemblance, similarity, similitude, similar nature. 99. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance, move forward. 100. scale up (phrasal verb) – increase, augment; step up. 101. at hand (phrase) - readily available, handy, within reach; nearby, coming WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMsoon, about to happen. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 10, 2021)

1. wise (to) (adjective) – (be) aware of or (be) alert to something.

2. wise (noun) – manner, way (of something). 3. -wise (suffix) - with respect to, concerning.

4. firewise (noun) - a national program (in the US) to educate people in fire-prone or fire-endangered communities about ways to lower their risk for fires.

5. fix (noun) - solution, way out, remedy, answer. 6. cut (verb) – reduce, decrease, lessen.

7. toll (noun) – number, count, tally of death; loss. 8. have a brush with (phrase) - have an encounter/clash with, come in conflict with (something unpleasant). 9. leave in one's wake (phrase) - to cause an effect remaining for a long time because of someone's actions/behaviour. 10. blaze (noun) – fire, flames, conflagration, inferno. 11. egregious (adjective) – shocking, horrible/terrible, very bad. 12. take place (phrase) – happen, occur, transpire. 13. account (noun) – report, news, narration, narrative. 14. aftermath (noun) – consequences, after-effects, repercussions. 15. textbook (adjective) – standard, conventional, most typical. 16. absence (noun) – lack, unavailability, deficiency. 17. robust (adjective) – strong, vigorous, powerful. 18. mitigation (noun) – alleviation, reduction; lessening. 19. sequence (noun) - chain, series, succession. 20. vibrant (adjective) – high-spirited, energetic, lively. 21. first responder/front line worker (noun) – a person who is among the first to arrive and provide assistance at the scene of an emergency. First/front line workers/responders typically include paramedics, emergency medical technicians, police officers, firefighters, sanitary workers & etc. 22. apparently (adverb) – seemingly, evidently, it appears that. 23. anxious (adjective) – worried, concerned, distressed, bothered. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. intervene (verb) - be situated between things. 25. personnel (noun) – staff, employees, workforce.

Note:

26. lose sight of (phrase) – pay no attention to, fail to consider, fail to be

aware of. 27. speed up (phrasal verb) – hurry up, accelerate, move faster, go faster.

28. perish (verb) – die, expire, be killed suddenly (particularly in an accident). 29. paralyse (verb) – cripple, disable, stop, bring to a (grinding) halt, put

out of action, immobilize/inactivate. 30. inferno (noun) – a very intense fire; blaze, conflagration, firestorm.

31. slum (noun) - a highly populated/overcrowded urban residential area. 32. trigger (verb) – cause, produce, bring about. 33. normality (noun) – a normal state of affairs, regularity. 34. remedial (adjective) – corrective, restorative, reparative. 35. frenetic (adjective) – hyperactive, fast and furious, intense. 36. campaign (noun) – an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision-making progress within a specific group. 37. bring to the fore (phrase) – to move something forward to a most important position (to make it more visible). 38. incremental (adjective) – gradual, phased, step-by-step. 39. building block (noun) - basic/fundamental element/thing with which something is built up. 40. rely on (phrasal verb) – depend on; resort to, have recourse to. 41. preparedness (noun) – readiness. 42. short shrift (noun) – quick dismissal. 43. substitute (verb) – replace. 44. enforcement (noun) – imposition, implementation, execution. 45. norms (noun) – standard, convention, guidelines, criterion. 46. prescribe (verb) – stipulate, lay down, impose, order. 47. National Building Code (NBC) (noun) - a standardised set of rules to be followed by authorities and construction firms, to provide a healthy and safe living experience for all residents. 48. for instance (phrase) – as an example. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM49. sprinkler (noun) – a device that is spraying water. 50. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure.

Note:

51. universally (adverb) – broadly, generally, commonly; invariably,

without exception (including all). 52. Model bill of 2019 to Provide for the Maintenance of Fire and

Emergency Services of a State (noun) - An Act to provide for the Maintenance of Fire and Emergency Service and to make more effective provisions for the fire prevention and fire safety measures in

various types of buildings and premises in the State and the matter connected therewith.

53. modernisation (noun) – improvement, refurbishment, remodeling, revamping. 54. National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) (noun) – an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL). NCRB is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. 55. stand at (verb) – be at a particular level. 56. staggering (adjective) – astonishing, shocking, surprising. 57. mission mode (noun) – it means that the projects have clearly defined objectives, scopes, implementation timelines and milestones, measurable outcomes and service levels. 58. purview (noun) – outlook, perspective, perception. 59. public liability insurance (noun) – it covers sum which the Insured becomes legally liable to pay as damages to the third party in respect of accidental death/bodily injury/disease and loss of or damage to property. Put simply, It covers accidental death/bodily injury suffered by visitors to your business property. 60. incentive (noun) – stimulus, impetus, boost (payment or concession). 61. audit (noun) – inspection, examination, assessment, investigation. 62. drill (noun) – rehearsal. 63. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability, riskiness/precariousness. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM64. strike (verb) – (of a disaster) affect, afflict, attack, come upon.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 10, 2021) H 1. enduring (adjective) – stable, steady, steadfast, firm, unwavering, long-

running, long-term. 2. greatness (noun) - brilliance, prowess, talent, expertise/skill, mastery. 3. chase down (phrasal verb) - run after and catch someone; follow and

catch someone. 4. hold (verb) – possess, have, own. 5. wizardry (noun) - magic, alchemic talent, supernatural ability; artistry,

great skill, genius (in a particular sphere of activity). 6. elevate (verb) – raise, lift up (to a higher position/level). 7. unseen (adjective) - invisible, undetectable, unnoticed.

8. aesthetically (adverb) – beautifully, attractively, elegantly. 9. rugged (adjective) – strong, muscular, mighty; firm, determined, resolute; exacting, taxing, demanding. 10. artistry (noun) – (creative) ability, skill, talent, style. 11. stretch (verb) – extend, spread, continue, range, unfold. 12. extreme (noun) - limit, extremity, greatest degree, highest degree, maximum, height. 13. elastic (adjective) – adjustable, accommodating, flexible, versatile, all- around. 14. straddle (verb) – be on both sides of something; extend across, traverse. 15. at times phrase) - sometimes, occasionally, now and then. 16. offset (verb) – even up, counterbalance, cancel out, equalize, neutralize. 17. demeanour (noun) - behaviour, manner, attitude, look. 18. grinding (adjective) - overwhelming, overpowering, unendurable, intolerable, burdensome. 19. embark upon (phrasal verb) – start, begin, initiate. 20. go past (verb) - surpass, excel, transcend, be better than. 21. serve (verb) – do, perform; function/act as. 22. run (noun) - a continuous series of performances (in a sport/event). 23. longevity (noun) – continuance, continuity, continuation, lasting power, long life, durability. 24. utter (adjective) – complete, total, absolute. 25. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 26. gone by (adjective) – bygone, in the past, earlier. 27. decades gone by (phrase) - 10 years in the past. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM28. scale (verb) - go up, go over, ascend, climb up, reach. 29. celebrated (adjective) - admired; renowned. 30. duo (noun) - a pair of people.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 10, 2021) H 31. pole position (noun) – a dominant position.

32. all but one (phrase) - all except one. 33. accumulate (verb) – gather, collect, amass. 34. remarkably (adverb) – strikingly, exceptionally, incredibly.

35. come as no surprise (phrase) – something which is not surprising someone, but is as expected one. 36. build on (phrasal verb) – develop, enhance, expand on.

37. fleet-footed (adjective) – nimble, agile/deft, active, light on one's feet. 38. wing (noun) - limb (arm/leg); (wings -used in relation to ease and quickness of movement (of a person)).

39. chisel (verb) – sculpt, carve, shape, fashion, form. 40. pre-eminent (adjective) – important, foremost, prominent. 41. hallowed (adjective) – holy, sacred, reverenced/divine. 42. triumph (verb) - prevail, win, succeed. 43. majesty (noun) – impressiveness, nobleness, magnificence, grandeur, grandness; supremacy, dominion. 44. notwithstanding (conjunction) – although, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, even though. 45. replicate (verb) – emulate, recreate. 46. up against (phrase) – confronted with, faced with, opposed by. 47. invincible (adjective) – unconquerable, unbeatable, indomitable. 48. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize. 49. blip (noun) – a small/very short & temporary deviation (from normality/trend). 50. stagnate (verb) – decline, deteriorate, fall. 51. wilderness (noun) – a position of disapproval/dislike. 52. vintage (adjective) – high-quality, superior, best; classic, ageless. 53. ruthless (adjective) – unforgiving, unfeeling, uncaring, unsympathetic. 54. untouchable (adjective) - intangible, impalpable, indefinable. 55. tetchy (adjective) - irritable, impatient, ill-tempered; scratchy, volatile. 56. comprehensive (adjective) – won by a large margin. 57. invincibility (noun) – unbeatable & powerful quality. 58. far from (phrase) – not, not at all. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM59. crack (verb) - break down, give way, cave in, crumble, collapse, lose control.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 10, 2021)

1. patriarchy (noun) – a family/group/society/community/government controlled by a man/a group of men, descent described through male

line of the family. 2. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to.

3. gender sensitivity (noun) – the process by which people are made aware of how gender plays a role in life through their treatment of others. It opens up communications between the sexes to bring mutual

understanding and respect of each others’ roles. 4. National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) (noun) – an Indian

government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL). NCRB is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. 5. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 6. insensitivity (noun) – lack of awareness, lack of concern, not caring about others’ feelings. 7. bail (noun) – conditional, temporary release of an arrested/imprisoned person when a specified amount of security is deposited or pledged

(as cash or property) to ensure his/her appearance in court when required. 8. judiciary (noun) – judges. 9. the judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 10. in accordance with (phrase) –in agreement with, in conformity with, in line with, in compliance with. 11. Section 165 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (noun) - Section 165 has vested extensive power on the judges for the interest of the administration of justice. A judge can, therefore, put any question to the witness or to the party at any time which it thinks fit for knowing the truth of a case and making it more clear. By this section, a judge is empowered to ask any question in any form and at any time to any witness or to parties about any fact either relevant or irrelevant and to order the production of any document or thing. 12. Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (noun) - The Indian Evidence Act, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMoriginally passed in India by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1872, during the British Raj, contains a set of rules and allied issues governing the admissibility of evidence in the Indian courts of law. 13. sensitivity (noun) – delicacy, subtlety, finer feelings.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 10, 2021)

14. worrisome (adjective) – worrying, distressing/upsetting, troublesome. 15. compoundable offence (noun) – compoundable offences are those

offences where, the complainant (one who has filed the case, i.e. the victim), enter into a compromise, and agrees to have the charges

dropped against the accused. 16. seek (verb) – ask for, request, demand; appeal for. 17. apology (noun) – expression of regret.

18. apologise (verb) – say sorry, express regret, make an apology, ask forgiveness, beg pardon.

19. unconditionally (adverb) – without conditions. 20. pro- (prefix) – supporting, favouring. 21. utterance (noun) – remark, comment, expression, statement. 22. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, reveal, exhibit. 23. patriarchal (adjective) – relating to cultures or societies that are controlled by men. 24. disservice (noun) – injustice, disfavour, harm/damage. 25. brutal (adjective) – severe, harsh, wicked, cruel, vicious, barbaric. 26. subsequently (adverb) – afterwards, later on, in due course.

27. allegedly (adverb) – reportedly, supposedly, purportedly, ostensibly, apparently. 28. affidavit (noun) – sworn statement, self-attestation, self-declaration 29. marital (adjective) – matrimonial; relating to marriage/wedding.. 30. constitute (verb) – establish, found, create, set up, form, organize. 31. infringement (noun) – violation, transgression, breach. 32. chastity (noun) - virginity, maidenhood, celibacy; self-restraint/self- denial. 33. violation (noun) – breach, breaking, non-observance. 34. bodily integrity (noun) – physical inviolability. 35. sexual autonomy (noun) - it means someone's prerogative (right) to determine when, with whom, and under what circumstances they engage in sexual activity. 36. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM37. attitude (noun) – viewpoint, perspective, standpoint, position, approach. 38. convict (noun) – prisoner, inmate, criminal. 39. molest (verb) - assault/abuse sexually.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 10, 2021)

40. sentence (noun) – verdict, punishment; prison term, life sentence, jail term.

41. imprisonment (noun) – incarceration, custody, confinement. 42. undergo (verb) – be subjected to.

43. complainant (noun) – litigator, appellant, claimant, plaintiff. 44. perpetration (noun) – committing, performing, inflicting/doing (a crime/offence).

45. fall asleep (phrase) - doze off, go to sleep. 46. unbecoming (adjective) – inappropriate, unfitting, unsuitable

(behaviour). 47. ravish (verb) - rape, sexually abuse, sexually assault, molest. 48. hue ad cry (noun) - commotion, outcry, clamour, uproar, storm. 49. expunge (verb) – erase, remove, delete. 50. strange (adjective) – unusual, weird, abnormal, atypical. 51. cut (verb) – reduce, decrease, lessen; delete, remove, take out. 52. frustrated (adjective) – discontented, unsatisfied, disappointed, disaffected, disquieted. 53. mediate (verb) – resolve, settle, arbitrate in, reconcile, patch up.

54. acquittal (noun) – declaration of innocence, clearing, discharge, release, vindication, exoneration. 55. absurd (adjective) – ridiculous, farcical, laughable. 56. racial/ethnic purity (noun) – systematic attempt to eliminate other races from the population by sterilisation (sterilisation means the surgical procedure which permanently prevents a person’s capability of reproduction). 57. bizarre (adjective) – strange, unusual, unconventional/eccentric, ridiculous. 58. dispose of (phrase) - throw away, throw out, get rid of, do away with, discard, jettison, abandon. 59. at times (phrase) – sometimes, occasionally, now and then. 60. vermilion (noun) – sindoor, kumkum, tilak; (vermilion means bright red colour). 61. conch (noun) – a common name of a number of different medium- to large-sized sea snail or shells. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM62. alimony (noun) – alimony means an allowance or amount which a court orders the husband to pay to the wife for her sustenance during separation or following divorce; financial support, spousal support, maintenance.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 10, 2021)

63. progressive (noun) – relating to a person who supports social reform; liberal, forward-looking, forward-thinking, dynamic.

64. mistress (noun) – kept woman; keep. 65. hold (verb) – (of a judge or court) rule; decide.

66. amount to (verb) – add up to, be equal to, be equivalent to, represent. 67. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (noun) - an Act to amend and codify the law relating to marriage among Hindus.

68. in favour of (phrase) – in support of, to the advantage of, approve of. 69. reverse (verb) – override, overrule, revoke, repeal, cancel.

70. subscribe to (verb) – agree with, be in agreement with, support/endorse. 71. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 72. coparcener (noun) – successor, heir, heiress, inheritor, descendant, beneficiary. 73. succession (noun) – succession is the process by which all the earthly property of a person (dead/alive) are dealt with. Succession results into inheritance. Inheritance is the transfer of rights of property from the person (dead/alive) to a

successor. 74. Hindu succession act (noun) – The Supreme Court of India reiterated (said again) that the Hindu Succession Act – which was amended in 2005 gives women equal inheritance rights. The apex court has now categorically (clearly) ruled that a woman can claim an equal share in the family property as a daughter in the same way “as that of a son,”. This right flows (comes) from her birth and not by any other factor such as the existence of her father. 75. ethos (noun) – morality, attitudes, beliefs, principles; spirit, character. 76. Muslim Personal Law (noun) - The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act was passed in 1937 with the aim to formulate an Islamic law code for Indian Muslims. An Act to make provision for the application of the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) to Muslims. 77. absolute (adjective) – total, complete, full. 78. automatic (adjective) – unthinking, instinctive, habitual, inattentive. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM79. trauma (noun) – torment, distress, suffering. 80. offence (noun) – crime, illegal/unlawful act, wrongdoing.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 10, 2021)

81. Section 498A in The Indian Penal Code (noun) - This section is about Cruelty to Women; Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC)

deals with the violence committed by her husband or in-laws or any spouse relative on women after her marriage.

82. non-bailable (adjective) – not capable of being released on bail. 83. non-compoundable offence (noun) - the more serious offences in which the parties cannot compromise.

84. cognisable (offence/crime) (noun) – an offence for which, a police officer without any warrant has authority to arrest and to start an

investigation with or without the permission of a court. 85. cognizable (adjective) – within the jurisdiction of a court. 86. warrant (noun) – it is generally an order that serves as a specific type of authorization, that is, a writ issued by a competent officer, usually a judge or magistrate, authorizes a law enforcement officer (police officer) to arrest and bring a person before the judge. 87. hesitate (verb) – be reluctant, be unwilling, be disinclined to do something; delay/pause in doing something. 88. Family Welfare Committee (noun) - Every district has a family

welfare committee which looks into the matter of cases related to section 498A which submit its report to IO and if settlement reaches then the case is disposed of by the district or session judge or any magistrate empowered to do so which has jurisdiction upon it. By creating the Family Welfare Committee, the Supreme Court has created one more layer between the victim and the justice system, and as a result, her access to justice is compromised. 89. insist upon (verb) – demand forcefully, ask for, press/push for. 90. infamous (adjective) – notorious, disreputable, ill-famed. 91. uphold (verb) – confirm, endorse/approve, vindicate/validate. 92. overrule (verb) – reject, override, cancel. 93. National Investigation Agency (NIA) (noun) – The National Investigation Agency is a central agency established by the Indian Government to combat terror in India. It is functioning as the Central Counter-Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency in the country. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is created following the terror WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMattack in Mumbai on December 26, 2008. It came into being on December 31, 2008, with the passage of the NIA Act of 2008. 94. erroneous (adjective) – wrong, incorrect, inaccurate. 95. rather than (phrase) - instead of.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 11, 2021)

1. uphill (adjective) – arduous, difficult, hard/tough, taxing, demanding.

2. rescue (noun) – saving (from danger or difficulty). 3. change of guard (phrase) - (figuratively) a situation in which a person assigned with a task/responsibilities in a firm/institution/organisation

is replaced by another person. 4. indicative (adjective) – expressive, suggestive, representative.

5. run (verb) – manage, administer, direct, control. 6. short of (phrase) – less than. 7. swear in (phrasal verb) – admit into office, inaugurate, introduce (into

office). 8. make way (for) (phrase) – move aside, clear the way, stand back, make room. 9. outgoing (adjective) – departing, leaving. 10. put/keep one’s house in order (phrase) – improve one’s own behaviour before criticizing others. 11. distance oneself from (phrasal verb) – denounce, disown, reject, condemn, disagree with. 12. have less to do with (phrase) - have less contact/connection with. 13. liking (noun) - preference, predisposition, proclivity. 14. imposition (noun) - burden, pressure, strain. 15. far from (phrase) – not, not at all. 16. build bridges (phrase) – encourage/support friendly relationship between different groups. 17. alienate (verb) – set apart, drive apart, isolate, detach, distance. 18. ecosystem (noun) – complex situation/environment. 19. concentrate (verb) - centralize, centre. 20. functionary (noun) – official. 21. sideline (verb) – remove from the centre of activity. 22. fall into the hands of (phrase) - be captured by, be possessed WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMby (someone). Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 11, 2021)

23. bureaucrat (noun) – a powerful officer, public/government

servant, office-bearer, civil servant, functionary, mandarin. 24. turn against (phrasal verb) - become hostile to, take a dislike to, cause to be unfriendly towards; oppose, go against, reject, object, stand

against. 25. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment.

26. hasten (verb) – speed up, quicken, accelerate, expedite. 27. downfall (noun) - toppling, deposition, ousting, unseating, elimination; loss of power.

28. determining (adjective) – key, crucial, significant. 29. singular (adjective) – sole, only, solitary. 30. flock (together) (verb) – gather, assemble, go/come in a large number (to form a group). 31. let (verb) – allow, permit. 32. kitty (noun) – a sum of something (money/things) made up of small contributions. 33. incoming (adjective) – succeeding, new, soon to take office. 34. give up on (phrasal verb) - stop having faith; stop having belief (in someone). 35. handpicked (adjective) – specially chosen, specially selected. 36. uncharacteristic (adjective) – unusual, uncommon, unconventional. 37. mark (verb) - indicate, represent, signify, be a sign of. 38. discontinuity (noun) – disconnection, break, lack of unity, disruption. 39. driver (noun) - factor. 40. autonomous (noun) – independent, self-determining, self-sufficient. 41. base (noun) - support. 42. rival (noun) – competitor, opponent, contestant, contender, challenger. 43. at best (phrase) – only, merely. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. tolerate (verb) - accept, swallow, admit of, recognize, acknowledge. Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 11, 2021)

45. costly (adjective) – catastrophic, ruinous, disastrous, damaging,

devastating, crippling. 46. setback (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue. 47. attribute (verb) – ascribe, assign, connect/associate with.

48. therein (adverb) – in that place. 49. lie (verb) – be present, exist.

50. paradox (noun) – contradiction, mystery, conundrum, anomaly. 51. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty. 52. behemoth (noun) – a large and powerful organization.

53. measure (noun) – action, step. 54. satrap (noun) – local ruler, subordinate official, governor (of a province in ancient Persian empire). 55. synonymous with (adjective) – closely associated with. 56. profile (noun) – outline, shape, form. 57. build on (phrasal verb) – develop, enhance, expand. 58. notion (noun) – idea, belief, opinion, view. 59. project (verb) – convey, put across, communicate, present. 60. corresponding (adjective) – relative, proportional, proportionate, equivalent, consistent, matching. 61. disenchantment (noun) – disappointment, dissatisfaction, discontent. 62. brew (verb) – develop, loom, impend, fume, simmer, smoulder (of something bad/unpleasant situation). 63. rank (noun) – the people belonging to a group. 64. appeal (noun) - attraction, charisma, drawing power. 65. exception (noun) - special case; an anomaly, peculiarity.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 11, 2021) H 1. regulation (noun) – supervision, overseeing, monitoring, inspection. 2. redux (adjective) – brought back; revived, restored. 3. watchdog (noun) – a person or organization that

monitors/inspects/supervises others’ activities/conducts; inspector/supervisor, observer, ombudsman. 4. regulator (noun) – an association that supervises a particular business

activity. 5. plea (noun) – appeal, request, entreaty, petition.

6. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. 7. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (noun) - An Act to provide for the protection and improvement of the environment and for matters

connected therewith. 8. revive (verb) – reintroduce, reinstitute, revitalize, bring back. 9. successive (adjective) – consecutive, continuous, succeeding. 10. in spite of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of. 11. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 12. privilege (verb) – give a privilege (right/advantage). 13. Ease of Doing Business (noun) – it is about different parameters which define the ease of doing business in a country; (Ease of doing business index is annually published by the World Bank. Doing business ranking is based on quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency). 14. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2020 (noun) - Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, India notified its first EIA norms in 1994, setting in place a legal framework for regulating activities that access, utilise, and affect (pollute) natural resources. The 1994 EIA notification was replaced with the EIA Notification, 2006 with some amendments incorporated. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2020, with the intention of replacing the existing EIA Notification, 2006 with some WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMchanges. The two most significant changes in the new draft are the new provisions for post-facto environmental clearance (of projects executed without prior clearance) and the removal of several activities from the purview of public consultation.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 11, 2021) H 15. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. 16. disguise (verb) – camouflage, conceal, hide, cover up. 17. virtually (adverb) – practically, almost, nearly.

18. voice (verb) – express, make public, announce, mention, raise. 19. violation (noun) – breach, breaking, non-observance. 20. scrutiny (noun) – examination, assessment, survey.

21. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (noun) – a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or

development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse. 22. critique (verb) - discuss, speak about, talk about; tackle, handle, deal

with. 23. conflict of interest (noun) – a situation in which a person cannot do his/her job fairly because he/she has the power to decide something in a way that would be to his/her advantage, although this may not be the best decision. 24. proponent (noun) – advocate, supporter, upholder/promoter. 25. wildlife (noun) – animals, wild animals. 26. weight (verb) - give importance to; attribute value to. 27. in favour of (phrase) – in support of, to the advantage of, approve of. 28. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 29. rebuff (verb) - reject, refuse, decline. 30. contend (verb) – assert, state, claim, profess, argue. 31. Lafarge mining case (noun) - a legal case about the French cement company Lafarge mining limestone in the forests of the East Khasi Hills in Meghalaya. 32. in the nature of (phrase) - by means of, by way of, along the lines, in the form. 33. public interest litigation (PIL) (noun) – legal action initiated in a court of law for the enforcement or protection of public interest. 34. come up with (phrasal verb) – produce, put forward, present/submit.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 11, 2021) H 35. sit on one's hands (phrase) - be inactive; to do nothing; take no action. 36. all along (phrase) - from the starting/beginning. 37. extractive (adjective) – relating to/involving extraction (of something

(resources) completely without provision for redevelopment). 38. preserve (verb) – protect, conserve, continue, maintain, perpetuate, safeguard, uphold.

39. (environmental) integrity (noun) – It expresses a complex set of concepts that describe a healthy natural system that can support essential

processes. 40. (ecological) integrity (noun) – the ability of an ecosystem to support and maintain ecological processes and a diverse community of organisms.

41. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity. 42. credibility (noun) – trustworthiness, reliability, integrity. 43. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to. 44. dubious (adjective) – suspicious, questionable, doubtful. 45. expertise (noun) – proficiency, skill, knowledge, command. 46. manipulated (adjective) – misrepresented, falsified, distorted. 47. ill-equipped (adjective) – not ready, unready, off guard. 48. biodiversity (noun) – the existence of a number and variety of species (plants & animals) in a particular geographic region/environment. 49. ecosystem (noun) – a biological community of interacting organisms; living things, living beings. 50. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize. 51. scarce (adjective) – insufficient, deficient, inadequate. 52. cluster (noun) – a group (of people/things considered as a unit). 53. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (noun) - The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a statutory organisation under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, was constituted in September 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further, CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 11, 2021) H 54. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, broad-based, complete/thorough. 55. Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) (noun) - The

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has developed a Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI). The index captures the various dimensions of the environment including air, water

and land. Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI), which is a rational number to characterize the environmental quality at a given

location following the algorithm of source, pathway and receptor have been developed. CPCB has done a nationwide environmental assessment of Industrial Clusters based on CEPI and 43 such industrial clusters

having CEPI greater than 70, on a scale of 0 to 100, has been identified as critically polluted. 56. striking (adjective) – noticeable, obvious, evident, visible. 57. laggardly (adverb) – slowly, leisurely, sluggishly, tardily. 58. result in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring on, bring about, call forth, give rise to. 59. clamour (noun) – protest, complaint, outcry/commotion. 60. dispense with (phrasal verb) – discard, get rid of, do away with; forgo, renounce. 61. remedy (noun) – solution, answer, antidote/panacea. 62. lie (verb) - be, exist, be present. 63. eminently (adverb) – very, greatly, highly, extremely. 64. feasible (adjective) – practicable, viable, realistic. 65. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 66. whitelist (noun) – a list of things considered to be acceptable. 67. degrade (verb) - deteriorate, degenerate, decay. 68. wetland (noun) – an area of land that is saturated with water; areas where water covers the soil or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM69. vital (adjective) – key, essential, important. Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 11, 2021)

1. tectonic (adjective) - very important, significant, substantial/considerable, big/major (change/shift/development that

will have a strong, global impact all over the place. 2. turbulence (noun) – instability, troubles, disturbance, confusion.

3. vacuum (noun) – gap, space, absence, lack/deficiency of something. 4. open up (phrasal verb) – create (a new opportunity or possibility). 5. eclectic (adjective) – wide-ranging/extensive, comprehensive, many-

sided. 6. matrix (noun) – template, pattern, frame/form.

7. status quo (noun) – the present situation, the current state, the existing state of affairs. 8. sea change (noun) – a significant change, transformation/evolution, reorganization; reversal of policy, change of mind/plan. 9. ground reality (noun) – practical condition/situation. 10. sweep (verb) – affect (an area) quickly and completely. 11. landscape (noun) – the distinctive features of a field of activity. 12. fray (noun) – competition, contest. 13. sans (preposition) – without, minus, devoid of.

14. towering (adjective) – outstanding, pre-eminent, leading, foremost, distinguished, prominent. 15. passing (noun) – death, demise, passing away. 16. hustings (noun) – election platform/campaign. 17. template (noun) – model, pattern, blueprint. 18. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with. 19. autocratic (adjective) – undemocratic, totalitarian/authoritarian, tyrannical. 20. cadre (noun) – members of a group. 21. instructive (adjective) – informative, instructional, informational, explanatory, telling, revealing. 22. vector (noun) – a quantity that has magnitude and direction. 23. inheritance (noun) – the passing on of something (traits, properties, etc,.) from parents to their offspring; legacy, bequest, endowment. 24. dramatic (adjective) – considerable, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMsubstantial, appreciable, significant. 25. duly (adverb) – properly, correctly, rightly, appropriately, suitably. 26. anointed (adjective) - selected, nominated, chosen (as successor/next in line).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 11, 2021)

27. successor (noun) – inheritor, next-in-line, descendant. 28. step into someone's shoes (phrase) - take control of a task/job from

another person. 29. orderly (adjective) – well organized, efficient, methodical, systematic,

careful. 30. transition (noun) – change. 31. mantle (noun) – role, duty, responsibility, position, task.

32. swiftly (adverb) – rapidly, quickly. 33. see off (phrasal verb) - deal with, tackle, handle someone/something

successfully; defeat, overcome, crush. 34. sibling (noun) – brother or sister. 35. no fewer than (phrase) - used to emphasize that a number is surprisingly large. 36. by comparison (phrase) - when compared, comparatively, in comparison, proportionately. 37. formidable (adjective) – impressive, indomitable, strong, powerful, mighty. 38. shrewdness (noun) – astuteness, cleverness, smartness.

39. charisma (noun) – the strength of character, individuality, personality, charm, presence, attractiveness. 40. realm (noun) – area, field, domain (of activity). 41. augur well (verb) – bode, indicate, portend (a good outcome). 42. preside over (verb) – be in charge of, be responsible for, handle, manage/organize. 43. thumping (adjective) – huge, massive, very great. 44. pale (noun) - less impressive, ineffectual, ineffective. 45. a shadow of your former self (phrase) – If someone or something is a shadow of their former self, they are very much less powerful, strong, impressive than they used to be. 46. squarely (adverb) – precisely, exactly, just, directly. 47. rest on someone’s shoulders (phrase) – to become someone’s responsibility. 48. systematically (adverb) – methodically. 49. degrade (verb) – deteriorate, degenerate, decay. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM50. four rung (adjective) - four-level. 51. beneath (preposition) – under. 52. institutionalise (verb) – set up a standard practice (in an organisation/culture).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 11, 2021)

53. abject (adverb) – miserable, hopeless, pathetical. 54. servility (noun) - enslavement, subservience, slavery, bootlicking.

55. fealty (noun) – allegiance/adherence, faithfulness, obedience/loyalty. 56. persona (noun) – image, character, identity.

57. unapologetically (adverb) – unwillingness to express regret or apology. 58. dictatorial (adjective) – autocratic, undemocratic, totalitarian,

authoritarian. 59. make a mockery of (phrase) – make something to look foolish/absurd.

60. unipolar (adjective) – (in international politics), relating to a distribution of power in which one state (country/person) exercises most of the cultural, economic, and military influence. 61. pull oneself together (phrase) - to regain one's self-control or composure. 62. measure (noun) – certain amount, degree, quantity. 63. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

64. extort (verb) - blackmail someone for, force, wrest, squeeze. 65. rumblings (noun) - early signs (of dissatisfaction/anger) that show people are starting to become annoyed/unhappy or a problematic situation is developing. 66. dissent (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, opposition. 67. rank (noun) – the people belonging to a group. 68. nothing short of (phrase) – nothing less than. 69. fragile (adjective) – weak, risky, unreliable, insecure; easily broken/destroyed. 70. turn out (phrasal verb) – happen, develop, end (in a specific way). 71. robust (adjective) – strong, powerful. 72. looming (adjective) – appearing/emerging as a large/threatening one. 73. beg the question (phrase) – raise a point; invite question. 74. read (verb) – understand, comprehend, interpret. 75. periodically (adverb) – at regular intervals. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM76. sweep up (phrasal verb) – remove, clean, scrub, wipe. 77. penchant (noun) – desire, inclination, preference. 78. surmise (verb) – assume, conjecture, suppose. 79. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 11, 2021)

80. credentials (noun) – identities, qualities; achievement, experience, knowledge.

81. mettle (noun) – spirit, strength of character, nerve/determination. 82. bulwark (noun) – protector, guard, supporter.

83. heavy-handed (adjective) – oppressive, overbearing, highhanded, harsh. 84. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in

mind. 85. prevailing (adjective) – existing; current, present.

86. ideology (noun) – a system of belief, set of principles. 87. assumption (noun) – supposition, speculation, hypothesis, postulation. 88. wobbly (adjective) – unsteady, unstable, shaky. 89. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 90. signpost (noun) – guide, indicator. 91. C-Voter (noun) - Centre for Voting Opinion & Trends in Election Research, or CVoter, is an Indian international polling agency headquartered in Delhi, India. CVoter India states that it has covered 15 union budgets, more than 100 state elections and more than 30

international events. 92. sweep (noun) - winning all seats in (an election). 93. impending (adjective) – imminent, close at hand, about to happen, approaching, nearing/coming. 94. ideological (adjective) – relating to a system of ideas. 95. growing (adjective) – increasing. 96. footprint (noun) – impression, mark, trace, impact. 97. muscular (adjective) – strong, powerful, potent. 98. storm (verb) – attack, rush, conduct an offensive on, attempt to capture. 99. bastion (noun) – defender, supporter, guard, protector. 100. pantheon (noun) – a group of famous or important people. 101. root (noun) – origins, beginnings; basic cause of something. 102. aggressively (adverb) – determinedly, vigorously, energetically. 103. orientation (noun) – attitude, inclination, direction, intention. 104.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM far (adverb) – much, considerably, markedly, noticeably. 105. far more (phrase) – a lot more, much more. 106. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone included, comprehensive.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 11, 2021)

107. accommodationist (noun) - a person who adapts compromise with an opposing view.

108. bent (noun) - inclination, predisposition, disposition, instinct, orientation

109. assertive (adjective) – forceful, decisive, firm, determined. 110. populism (noun) – policies that supposedly represent the opinions of ordinary people.

111. capitalise on (verb) – take advantage of, exploit, benefit from. 112. hostility (noun) – opposition, conflict, resentment, enmity, aversion,

antipathy. 113. tenet (noun) – principle, doctrine, rule. 114. entrenchment (noun) – infringement, encroachment, intrusion. 115. paternalistic (adjective) – dismissive, oppressive. 116. charismatic (adjective) – strong in character, captivating, fascinating. 117. self-enriching (adjective) - developing one's intellectual powers or spiritual resources. 118. autocrat (noun) – authoritarian, totalitarian; dictator, despot. 119. fade away (phrasal verb) – diminish, disappear, decline, dwindle.

120. populace (noun) – population, inhabitants, people/public. 121. socio-economic (adjective) – relating to the interaction of social (position, rank, or importance) and economic (income, pay, and wealth) aspects. 122. liberalisation (noun) – removal or loosening of restrictions on something, typically an economic or political system. 123. persistent (adjective) – continuous, constant, non-stop. 124. echo (noun) – recollection, remembrance, repetition, reiteration. 125. exceptionalism (noun) – the state of being special, exceptional or unique. The belief that a country, society, or individual, is “exceptional” (i.e., extraordinary). 126. embedded (adjective) – fixed firmly; implanted. 127. psyche (noun) – soul/spirit, essential nature/persona, individuality. 128. visceral (adjective) - emotional, instinctive, intuitive, natural, spontaneous, gut (feeling or reaction without a logical thinking). 129. aversion (noun) – resistance, unwillingness, reluctance, avoidance; WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdislike, disinclination. 130. genuflect (verb) – be respectful, be obedient, bow down, show reverence, incline the head. 131. diktat (noun) – order, regulation, decree.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 11, 2021)

132. to an extent (phrase) - somewhat, partly, fairly. 133. implied (adjective) - implicit, hinted, indirect.

134. ideologically (adverb) – dogmatically, conventionally; in a method which relates to an ideology.

135. exceptionally (adverb) – to a greater degree; extraordinarily, remarkably, especially. 136. inconsistent with (adjective) - in disagreement with, conflicting with,

in opposition to. 137. tenor (noun) – the general content/meaning.

138. dilute (verb) – weaken, diminish, reduce, decrease, lessen. 139. prospects (noun) – possibilities, chances, opportunities. 140. alliance (noun) – association, union, partnership. 141. Dravidianism (noun) – Dravidianism is based on three ideologies: dismantling of Brahmin hegemony (dominance); revitalization of the “Dravidian Languages” (that include Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil) and social reform by abolition of existing caste systems, religious practices and recasting women’s equal position in the society. 142. hostile (adjective) – confrontational, belligerent, combative; opposed,

inimical, antagonistic, ill-disposed. 143. perceived (adjective) – regarded, considered, deemed; observed, discerned. 144. bolster (verb) – strengthen, support, reinforce/buttress. 145. push back (phrasal verb) – force back, repel, fight off; refuse, reject, prevent. 146. overzealous (adjective) – too zealous; excessively sincere, feeling, fervent, impassioned, passionate, enthusiastic. 147. homogenize (verb) – unite, make uniform/similar, merge. 148. wind beneath the wings of (phrase) - lift someone up and help/support them get to where want to go.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 12, 2021) H 1. frontier (noun) – the political and geographical area near or beyond a boundary; border, boundary, borderline, dividing line, demarcation line. 2. identity (noun) – a social category, a set of persons marked by a label

and distinguished by rules deciding membership and (alleged) characteristic features or attributes. 3. centrestage (noun) – centre of attention, prominent position, spotlight,

public eye. 4. ally (noun) – partner, confederate, supporter (in a political alliance).

5. landscape (noun) – the distinctive features of a field of activity. 6. Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) (noun) – The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to grant citizenship to religious

minorities of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, who had to flee their homeland facing persecution. The six minority groups that have been specifically identified are Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians, and Parsis. 7. go by (phrasal verb) – to follow something. 8. Mahajot (noun) - Bengali word meaning "Grand Alliance". 9. movement (noun) – campaign, crusade, agitation, drive/push. 10. triangular (adjective) - three-sided, three-cornered. 11. vacuum (noun) – gap, space, absence, lack/deficiency of something. 12. tussle (noun) – fight, clash, contention. 13. reconcile (verb) – make harmonious, cause to be in agreement, resolve differences between, resolve, patch up. 14. friction (noun) – discord, disharmony, disunity, strife, conflict, disagreement, dissension. 15. arise out (verb) – result, occur, stem (from). 16. fast-paced (adjective) – developing very quickly. 17. anti-incumbency (noun) – a situation which is against elected officials currently in power; discontent against ruling government/ party in power. 18. fraught (adjective) – anxious, worried, upset, overwrought, distracted, distressed, panic-stricken. 19. subsume (verb) – include, incorporate, absorb, encompass. 20. ethnic (adjective) – relating to a population subgroup (cultural, national, traditional/folk) with a common national or cultural tradition. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. linguistic (adjective) – relating to language; lingual. 22. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 12, 2021) H 23. National Register of Citizens (NRC) (noun) – It is a register that includes demographic information about all those individuals who qualify as citizens of India as per the Citizenship Act, 1955.

24. fault line (noun) – a divisive issue; a difference of opinion. 25. intertwine (verb) – connect, link, weave together closely. 26. migrant (noun) – a person who moves from one region to another –

either within a country or across national borders in order to find work or better living conditions.

27. overrun (verb) – invade, occupy, overwhelm, swamp, spread over (a place in large numbers). 28. indigenous (adjective) – native/local; original.

29. perennial (adjective) – everlasting/unending, endless, permanent. 30. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 31. take through (phrasal verb) - explain, define, interpret, clarify. 32. regime (noun) – system. 33. underplay (verb) – downplay, understate, de-emphasize. 34. on the back foot (phrase) – in a defensive position, off-balance, at a disadvantage. 35. red flag (noun) – warning, caution, alarm bells. 36. constitute (verb) – account for, form, comprise, represent. 37. mobilise (verb) – bring (resources) into use for a particular purpose/cause. 38. encroachment (noun) – intrusion into, trespass on, invasion of. 39. swathe (noun) – a wide area of something. 40. monastery (noun) – religious house, religious community. 41. wash away (phrasal verb) – to remove, get rid of something completely. 42. dwelling place/area (noun) – residence, place of residence, place of habitation, house, accommodation. 43. distress (noun) – anguish, suffering, pain, agony, affliction. 44. voting block (noun) - a group of voters that are strongly motivated by a specific common concern or group of concerns to the point that such specific concerns tend to dominate their voting patterns, causing them to vote together in elections. 45. material (adjective) – relating to matter; relevant, applicable, pertinent (matter/resources). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM46. campaign (noun) – an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision-making progress within a specific group. 47. overwhelm (verb) – overrun, overpower/inundate, swamp; overburden, beset, affect, disturb.

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H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 12, 2021)

1. scandal (noun) – impropriety, misconduct, wrongdoing.

2. restrain (verb) – control, regulate, restrict, prevent. 3. omnibus (adjective) – the Latin word literally meaning “for all”;

consisting of several parts/items. 4. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end).

5. harassment (noun) – persecution, persistent annoyance, coercion/intimidation.

6. regrettable (adjective) – undesirable, unfortunate, sad/bad, disappointing/distressing. 7. hit (verb) - affect badly, damage, have a negative impact on. 8. purportedly (adverb) – allegedly, reportedly, supposedly. 9. intimate (adjective) - close, familiar. 10. proximity (noun) – nearness, presence, closeness (in a relationship). 11. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of, in the aftermath of, as a consequence of. 12. allegedly (adverb) – reportedly, supposedly, purportedly, ostensibly, apparently. 13. speculation (noun) – prediction, guesswork, opinion/thought. 14. surface (verb) – emerge, appear, come to light, become visible. 15. result in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring on, bring about, call forth, give rise to. 16. interim (adjective) – provisional, temporary, transitional. 17. abide by (verb) – conform to, adhere to, comply with. 18. prescribe (verb) – stipulate, lay down, set down, promulgate. 19. Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995 (noun) – An Act to regulate the operation of cable television networks in the country and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 20. outlet (noun) – a firm that broadcasts/publishes journalism.

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21. array (verb) – arrange, assemble, group, place, position.

22. respondent (noun) – the party against whom a petition is filed, especially one on appeal; litigator, opponent, contestant, disputant.

23. unexceptionable (adjective) – acceptable, reasonable, satisfactory, agreeable, good enough. 24. conform to (verb) - comply with, abide by, adhere to.

25. magistrate (noun) – the judicial officers or civil officers of a state who handle minor legal cases in a specific area like town, district etc.

26. authorized (adjective) - approved, recognized, permitted. 27. authorised officer (AO) (noun) - an employee of the department, appointed by the Minister or Secretary to carry out a compliance or enforcement function under legislation administered by the department. 28. breach (verb) – break, contravene, violate. 29. widely (adverb) – broadly, extensively, thoroughly. 30. word (verb) - phrase, express, frame, formulate. 31. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 32. amount to (verb) – add up to, be equal to, be equivalent to, represent. 33. defamation (noun) – character assassination, libel, misrepresentation, vilification, backbiting, abuse, scandalmongering, malicious gossip. 34. half-truth (noun) – lie, falsehood, fake news. 35. innuendo (noun) – insinuation, indirect remark, slur, allusion (indirect comment), insulting comment/gesture. 36. discretion (noun) – choice, option, preference, disposition. 37. consideration (noun) – factor, issue, point, aspect, element. 38. decide on (verb) - choose, opt for, select, go for. 39. public interest (noun) - the public good; the advantage/benefit of the community in general. 40. conduct (noun) – behaviour, demeanour, way of working.

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41. scrutiny (noun) – examination, assessment, observation.

42. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 43. (sexual) favours (noun) – sexual activities in exchange for something

(money, job, etc.). 44. contemplate (verb) – think about, consider, regard. 45. preventive (adjective) - preventative, deterrent, pre-emptive,

obstructive. 46. defector (noun) – betrayer, turncoat, traitor (a person who changes

sides). 47. bring about (phrasal verb) – cause, create, produce. 48. fall (noun) – downfall, collapse, failure, decline, overthrow. 49. not long ago (phrase) - a short time ago, in the last few days/weeks/months. 50. impart (verb) – give, provide, offer. 51. cause (noun) – reason. 52. wrongdoing (noun) – immorality, misbehaviour, misconduct, mischief. 53. flagrant (adjective) – obvious, blatant, evident, glaring. 54. depiction (noun) - portrayal, representation, characterization. 55. derogatory (adjective) – disparaging, belittling, disrespectful, insulting; offensive, abusive. 56. draw attention to (phrase) – to make someone notice something; emphasize, highlight, underscore; focus on. 57. air (verb) - broadcast, transmit, televise, telecast, show, disseminate. 58. onus (noun) – responsibility, duty; burden, liability, obligation. 59. warrant (verb) – justify, vindicate, sanction, validate. 60. dishonesty (noun) - falseness, dishonour, duplicity.

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ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 12, 2021)

1. apart (adverb) – aside, to the side. 2. aplenty (adjective) – in large quantities, in large numbers, in

abundance. 3. harmony (noun) – unity, solidarity, oneness, brotherhood/sisterhood.

4. seldom (adverb) – hardly, rarely, almost never. 5. propaganda (noun) – the (deliberate & systemic) spreading of information; promotion, advertising, publicity, advocacy.

6. attribute (verb) – hold responsible for; connect/associate with. 7. misrule (noun) - misgovernment, mismanagement, mishandling.

8. nepotism (noun) – favouritism, preferential treatment, patronage/partiality. 9. put up (phrasal verb) – display, present. 10. bring up (phrasal verb) – raise something (a point/issue) for discussion. 11. disengaging (adjective) – disconnecting, detaching, separating, withdrawing/retreating. 12. sustenance (noun) – means of support, support, maintenance. 13. social security (scheme/benefit) (noun) – (In India) social security

schemes/benefits cover these (Pension, Health Insurance, and Medical Benefit, Disability Benefit, Maternity Benefit, Gratuity) social insurances. Employers in the organized sector are entitled to coverage under these social security schemes. A large number of Indian workers in the unorganized/informal sector may not have an opportunity to participate in each of these schemes. 14. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 15. equity (noun) - fairness, fair-mindedness, justness, justice. 16. storm (noun) – low-pressure weather system; cyclone. 17. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 18. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 19. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMauthorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 12, 2021)

20. downward pressure (noun) - downward movement (from a higher to a lower level).

21. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; an increase of price level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency

value. 22. hover (verb) – remain at a level. 23. tide over (phrasal verb) – sustain; support, assist, aid (someone in

difficulty with money, food, etc.). 24. food security (noun) – food security is a situation that exists when all

people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. 25. Public Distribution System (PDS) (noun) – The Public Distribution System (PDS) in the country facilitates the supply of food grains and distribution of essential commodities to a large number of poor people through a network of Fair Price Shops at a subsidized price on a recurring basis. 26. capitalist (adjective) – relating to the people with the idea of personal

profit and success. 27. redistributive (adjective) - relating to the transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others by means of a social mechanism such as taxation, charity, welfare, public services and etc. 28. indices plural of index (noun) – indicator, guide. 29. life expectancy (noun) – an average lifetime of a human being. 30. mortality rate (noun) – (in a particular time/for a cause) the rate of death. 31. Nipah virus (noun) – a zoonotic virus (it is transmitted from animals to humans) and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people. 32. ecologically (adverb) – environment-friendly. 33. sustainable (adjective) – reasonable, sensible, well-founded (without disturbing the balance of nature and then without exhausting all of the natural resources). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM34. resilient (adjective) – strong, sturdy, durable, buoyant. 35. infrastructure (noun) – the basic physical or organisational structure for something (to function properly).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 12, 2021)

36. Centre of Excellence (COE) (noun) - a team of skilled knowledge workers whose mission is to provide the organization they work for

with best practices around a particular area of interest. 37. urbanisation (noun) – a process of creating urban areas. It is a result

of population migration from rural areas in addition to natural urban demographic growth. 38. land diversion (noun) - It means using land assessed to one purpose

for any other purpose. 39. wetland (noun) – an area of land that is saturated with water; areas

where water covers the soil or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. 40. reclamation (noun) – rehabilitation, renewal, reformation. 41. deforestation (noun) – it is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest lands and related ecosystems for non-forest use. 42. livestock (noun) – farm animals (cattle, goats & etc). 43. fishery (noun) – areas of the sea where fish are caught in large quantities for commercial purposes.

44. forestry (noun) – forest management, forest planting, tree growing/forestation. 45. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 46. induced (adjective) - produced, effected. 47. overlook (verb) – neglect, ignore, disregard, turn a blind eye. 48. leapfrog (verb) - jump over; improve, advance quickly (to a high- level job/position from a low-level job/position by surpassing/outperforming others or skipping over some stages in the process); pass over, get past (an obstacle). 49. non-finite (adjective) - not finite. 50. democratisation (noun) – the introduction of a democratic system. 51. driver (noun) – factor. 52. envisage (verb) – foresee, anticipate, expect. 53. avenue (noun) – way, method, direction, approach. 54. call upon (phrasal verb) – demand, require, ask formally. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM55. curriculum (noun) – syllabus, course of studies, subjects. (curricula is the plural form of the curriculum). 56. hybrid (adjective) – composed/combined of different elements. 57. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 12, 2021)

58. competency (noun) – skill, prowess, ability, expertise. 59. transact (verb) - enact, manage, handle, organize, conduct.

60. intellectual property (noun) – a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. The most well-known

types are copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. 61. capitalism (noun) – an economic system based on private ownership; private enterprise, private ownership.

62. marketable (adjective) - in demand, sought-after, wanted. 63. intangible (adjective) – impalpable, untouchable, invisible.

64. intangible asset (noun) - a resource that has no physical presence and has long-term value for a business. 65. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. 66. confiscate (verb) – to seize/take away something (property) from someone as a penalty/punishment by a government or other public authority; appropriate, impound. 67. blur (verb) – become indistinct/unclear, lessen, decrease, diminish, reduce. 68. phenomenon (noun) – situation, circumstance.

69. fetishism (noun) – excessive interest in a subject/matter. 70. lie (verb) – be present, exist. 71. precedence (noun) – priority, preference, first place, primacy. 72. augmentation (noun) – increase, expansion, multiplication, enlargement. 73. call (for) (noun) – demand, appeal; requirement, need, necessity. 74. apposite (adjective) - appropriate, suitable, apt, befitting. 75. expertise (noun) – proficiency, skill, knowledge, command. 76. work-space skills (plural noun) - workplace skills help you perform your daily tasks on behalf of the business you work for. (Examples of workplace skills are communication, management, problem-solving, organization, self-regulation, teamwork, time management and etc.). 77. secularism (noun) – the belief that religion should not have a strong influence in education or other public parts of society. 78. communalism (noun) – adherence/obedience to one’s own ethnic group (against the principle/practice of living together in a wider WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMsociety). 79. polity (noun) – a politically organized society. 80. divisiveness (noun) – division, animosity, discord/hostility. 81. add to (phrasal verb) – increase, amplify, intensify.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 12, 2021)

82. degenerative (adjective) – deteriorating, weakening, declining. 83. citizenry (noun) – all the people/citizens (of a place/country

considered as a whole). 84. feign (verb) – pretend, make believe, fake/pose (to be affected by a

feeling). 85. indigenous (adjective) – native/local; original. 86. universal (adjective) – relating to all people; all-inclusive, all-

embracing, comprehensive. 87. obfuscate (verb) – confuse, complicate, make unclear.

88. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder. 89. credibility (noun) – trustworthiness, reliability, integrity. 90. curb (verb) – control, contain, restrict, limit. 91. curiosity (noun) – strong desire, interest. 92. obscurantism (noun) – deliberate obscurity (non-recognition) of something true/facts. 93. fascism (noun) – absolute rule, authoritarianism, totalitarianism. 94. champion (verb) - uphold, support, back. 95. identity (noun) – a social category, a set of persons marked by a label

and distinguished by rules deciding membership and (alleged) characteristic features or attributes. 96. set in (phrasal verb) – (of something unpleasant) begin, start, develop gradually. 97. thereby (adverb) – as a result of that. 98. humanism (noun) – a democratic and ethical life stance that affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. Humanism stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethics based on human and other natural values in a spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. 99. temper (noun) – mind, nature, character. 100. awe-inspiringly (adverb) - breathtakingly, stunningly, astonishingly. 101. oneness (noun) – amicability, friendship, unity/solidarity. 102. patriarchal (adjective) – relating to cultures or societies that are controlled by men. 103.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM prejudice (noun) – discrimination, partiality, intolerance, bigotry. 104. casteist (adjective) – relating to something which has an attachment to a caste system. 105. faction (noun) – group, section, division (within a larger group).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 12, 2021)

106. strife (noun) - conflict, friction, discord, disagreement. 107. impairment (noun) - damage, deterioration, decline, worsening in

quality. 108. nibble (verb) – move towards inch by inch (nibble generally means to

take small bites; eat in small amounts). 109. jig (noun) - a type of fishing lure. A jig consists of a lead sinker with a hook molded into it and usually covered by a soft body to attract fish.

110. angler (noun) - fisherman. 111. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out.

112. reckless (adjective) – careless, thoughtless, incautious, heedless, hasty. 113. decentralised (adjective) – relating to the transfer of the power/control of a department/government from a single place to other locations. 114. extraction (noun) – removal, taking out, withdrawal. 115. recesses (noun) – innermost parts, remote places, interior. 116. owe (verb) – be indebted, be under an obligation, be obligated. 117. fragmented (adjective) – divided, split, separated, disintegrated. 118. entangled (adjective) – implicated, embroiled, mixed up, bogged

down. 119. livelihood (noun) – means of making a living with the basic necessities (food, water, shelter, and clothing); means of support, subsistence, source of income. 120. hazard (noun) - danger, threat, risk. 121. democide (noun) - (mass) murder of people by a government. 122. by way of (phrase) – via, by means of, as a form of. 123. means (noun) – way, method, mode. 124. mobilise (verb) – bring (resources) into use for a particular purpose/cause. 125. clientele (noun) – clients, customers, consumers. 126. electorate (noun) – all the people who entitled to vote in an election. 127. transnational (adjective) – involving/relating to two/more countries. 128. inevitably (adverb) – unavoidably, certainly, definitely. 129. at the expense of (phrase) – at the cost of, at the loss of; at the sacrifice of. 130.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM social justice (noun) – it is the view that everyone deserves equal economic, political, and social rights and opportunities. 131. feasible (adjective) – practicable, viable, realistic. 132. upheaval (noun) – disruption, upset, disturbance, trouble.

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 13, 2021)

1. moral (adjective) – relating to beliefs/principles about what is right (prudent/wise) or wrong (imprudent/unwise). 2. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a

particular disease. 3. divide (noun) – polarity, division, separation, difference. 4. privileged (adjective) – wealthy, rich, affluent, prosperous.

5. equitable (adjective) – fair, just, impartial. 6. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people

across a wide area. 7. vaccine nationalism (noun) – vaccine nationalism occurs when governments sign agreements with pharmaceutical manufacturers to supply their own populations with vaccines ahead of them becoming available for other countries. 8. hoarding (noun) – accumulation/collection of something. 9. equitably (adverb) – fairly, impartially. 10. in spite of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of. 11. exhortation (noun) - a communication/statement that forcefully urges someone to do something; urging, encouragement, pushing, insistence; call, demand, entreaty, appeal. 12. pool (verb) - combine, put together & share (resources). 13. inoculate (verb) - to inject/introduce a vaccine into the body of someone to produce immunity to a particular disease; immunize, vaccinate. 14. fraction (noun) – a (small) proportion/part/amount of something. 15. vulnerable (adjective) – relating to a weak/neglected person who is in need of special care/support/protection; ill-protected, easily affected by, prone to, at risk of. 16. administer (verb) – dispense, provide, give, apply (a drug/vaccine). 17. dose (noun) – an amount/quantity of something. 18. stockpile (verb) - accumulate, collect, amass. 19. vaccinate (verb) – inoculate, administer, introduce (with a vaccine to provide immunity against a disease). 20. in contrast (phrase) – when compared to another. 21. account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, comprise, form, represent. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. vaccinator (noun) – a person/agent who administers vaccines. 23. laurels (noun) – honours, awards, rewards, tributes, praise.

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H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 13, 2021)

24. vaccine diplomacy (noun) – the use of vaccine to increase diplomatic relationship and influence other countries but also, from a strategic perspective, vaccine access opens the door to expand long-term health

security provisions. 25. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a particular disease; immunization.

26. pick up (phrasal verb) – improve, get better, recover, rally. 27. inoculation (noun) – vaccination, injection, immunization; jab, shot. 28. as opposed to (phrase) - in contrast with, as against, as contrasted with.

29. at best (phrase) – only, merely. 30. apparent (adjective) - evident/clear, visible, noticeable, recognizable. 31. informed (adjective) - knowledgeable, literate, well informed, well educated/instructed (people). 32. disproportionately (adverb) – inordinately, immoderately, excessively. 33. inequity (noun) – unfairness, unjustness, one-sidedness, partisanship, bias, prejudice, discrimination. 34. play out (phrasal verb) – happen, occur, take place. 35. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities; imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 36. precisely (adverb) – exactly, absolutely, squarely. 37. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to. 38. pipeline (noun) - supply chain. 39. entity (noun) – organization, institution, body. 40. bound by (adjective) – obliged, compelled, required, constrained. 41. bidder (noun) - a person who makes an offer (formal one) for something. 42. necessarily (adverb) – inevitably, certainly, surely, undoubtedly. 43. reprieve (noun) – cancellation, suspension, postponement (of something undesirable event). 44. in the pipeline (phrase) – in the process of being planned/developed. 45. naive (adjective) – not previously exposed to, unaffected, inexperienced. 46. shortchange (verb) - cheat, swindle, defraud, deceive, trick. 47. exert (verb) – apply, exercise, employ, deploy, wield (influence). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. bear upon (phrasal verb) – be relevant to something. 49. territory (noun) – area, region, sphere; country, state, dominion.

Note:

1. push (noun) – effort, initiative, drive. 2. (national) unity government (noun) - a broad coalition government

consisting of all parties in the legislature, (usually formed during a time of war or other national emergencies). 3. interim (adjective) – provisional, temporary, transitional.

4. testament (noun) – witness/evidence, proof, testimony. 5. grim (adjective) – distressing, upsetting,

worrying, unpleasant, dismal, awful. 6. assessment (noun) – evaluation, judgement, appraisal, analysis. 7. war-torn (adjective) – (of a place) devastated, ruined, wrecked (by war). 8. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different countries/parties/organizations. 9. envoy (noun) – diplomat, consul, ambassador; representative, delegate, mediator. 10. lasting (adjective) – long-lasting, long-term, permanent. 11. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 12. step up (phrasal verb) – increase, intensify, strengthen, augment. 13. pull out (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, get out, move out. 14. understandably (adverb) – as expected. 15. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 16. mechanism (noun) – structure, system, procedure/method. 17. hinterland (noun) – remote areas of a country away from the coastal areas/the banks of major rivers. 18. territorial (adjective) – relating to a particular territory (area/region); geographical. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 13, 2021)

19. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 20. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone

included, comprehensive. 21. framework (noun) – structure, system, organization. 22. decisive (adjective) – important, major, crucial/critical, key.

23. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in.

24. transition (noun) – change. 25. mandated (adjective) – authorized, empowered, designated. 26. concession (noun) – compromise, adjustment. 27. insurgent (noun) – dissenter, agitator/rioter, subversive. 28. Doha Agreement (noun) – The Doha Agreement, more formally, “Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which is not recognised by the US as a state and is known as the Taliban and the United States of America, 2020” was signed on the February 29 in Doha, Qatar. The deal was considered a historic step towards establishing peace in Afghanistan. 29. breakthrough (noun as modifier) – very important/significant development or progress. 30. stick to (phrasal verb) – abide by, hold to, comply with, fulfil, make good. 31. pull back (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, disengage. 32. intra- (prefix) – within. 33. take over (phrasal verb) – assume control of, take control of; seize, appropriate. 34. amend (verb) – alter, change, modify. 35. hard-won (adjective) - achieved/gained only after a lot of effort.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 13, 2021)

1. tighten noose (phrase) - (figuratively) something which makes a situation more difficult.

2. noose (noun) – a loop at the end of a rope (used to execute by hanging). 3. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government that enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the

judiciary. 4. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 5. The Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital

Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 (noun) – the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021

has been framed in exercise of powers under section 87 (2) of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and in supersession of the earlier Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules 2011. It empowers ordinary users of social media, embodying a mechanism for the redressal and timely resolution of their grievances. Rules about digital media and OTT focuses more on in house and self-regulation

mechanism whereby a robust grievance redressal mechanism has been

provided while upholding journalistic and creative freedom. The guidelines have been framed keeping in mind the difference between viewership in a theatre and television as compared to watching it on the Internet. 6. systematic (adjective) – methodical, structured, organized, well ordered, planned. 7. incremental (adjective) – gradual, phased, step-by-step. 8. erosion (noun) – disintegration, deterioration, decline, undermining/weakening. 9. freedom of speech (noun) – the right to express opinions without government interference. 10. freedom of expression (noun) – the ability of an individual or group of individuals to express their beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and emotions about different issues free from government censorship, restraint, or legal penalty. 11. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify. 12. clumsily (adverb) - carelessly, thoughtlessly, insensitively, awkwardly. 13. veiled (adjective) – covert, concealed, hidden, camouflaged. 14. keep someone on a leash (phrase) - to control someone. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM15. standalone (adjective) – independent, self-governing, self-sustaining, self-reliant, self-standing. 16. defiant (adjective) – resistant, obstinate, uncooperative, non-compliant, confrontational, challenging.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 13, 2021)

17. mainstream (adjective) – conventional, established, recognized, common, usual, prevailing, popular.

18. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 19. insinuate (verb) – imply, suggest, hint. 20. informed (adjective) – knowledgeable, literate, well informed, well

educated/instructed (people). 21. thereby (adverb) – as a result of that. 22. redress (noun) – compensation, reparation, restitution; remedy.

23. overarching (adjective) – all-inclusive, complete, all-embracing, comprehensive.

24. put in place (phrase) – establish, set up, create/form. 25. grievance (noun) – complaint, criticism, problem, objection/protest. 26. redressal (noun) – compensation, retribution/remedy; justice. 27. over-the-top (OTT) service (noun) – An over-the-top media service (popularly known as OTT media service) is a streaming media service offered to the viewers directly through the Internet. 28. vitiated (adjective) – ruined, destroyed, messed up.

29. vitiate (verb) – destroy, impair, spoil, ruin. 30. overweening (adjective) – high-handed, domineering, overbearing. 31. majoritarianism (noun) – a philosophy that states that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language, social class, or some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy (priority) in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. 32. egg on (phrasal verb) - urge, incite, provoke, induce. 33. whip up (phrasal verb) – arouse, trigger, prompt, induce. 34. nurse (verb) – encourage, nurture, promote, boost, further. 35. drive (verb) – force, compel, prompt. 36. outrage (noun) – fury, anger, rage, disapproval, wrath, resentment; affront, offence, insult, injustice. 37. stay afloat (phrase) – stay out of debt; stay out of problem or difficulty. 38. afloat (adjective) – out of burden, out of difficulty, out of debt. 39. orchestrated (adjective) – organized, arranged, choreographed (secretively). 40. avalanche (noun) – sudden arrival or happening of something (in very WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMlarge quantities) at the same time. 41. set out (phrasal verb) – present, describe, set forth. 42. time-bound (adjective) – related to a certain moment or era in time. 43. three-tier (noun) – three-level, three-layer.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 13, 2021)

44. self-regulatory (adjective) – controlled by the people involved in something, instead of by outside organizations or rules.

45. inter- (prefix) – between. 46. oversight (noun) – monitoring, supervision, surveillance, inspection. 47. regulation (noun) – supervision, policing, overseeing, monitoring,

inspection. 48. sheer (adjective) – utter, complete, total, absolute, outright. 49. stymie (verb) – prevent, stop, hamper, thwart, impede, hinder.

50. relatively (adverb) – comparatively, proportionately, somewhat, to a certain extent/degree.

51. venture (noun) – a business enterprise, undertaking, operation, activity. 52. make a mockery of (phrase) – make something look foolish/absurd. 53. appellate authority (adjective) – an authority (an officer who is senior in rank) appointed or authorized to hear appeals. 54. at someone's pleasure (phrase) - at the time when someone prefers/desires. 55. masquerade (verb) – pretend, impersonate, disguise (oneself as).

56. ad hoc (adjective) – relating to something needed/necessary to be done after an unpleasant/bad thing happened; emergency, makeshift, improvised, impromptu, unprepared. 57. token (adjective) – symbolic. 58. nub (noun) - a central point of a matter/problem/argument & etc., an essential part of something, basic/fundamental quality, sum and substance. 59. as far as - is concerned (phrase) – with regard to a particular person or situation. 60. pertain to (verb) – concern, relate to, be connected with. 61. alibi (noun) – excuse. 62. sleight (noun) – tactic, scheme, manoeuvre. 63. whereby (relative adverb) – by which. 64. prescribe (verb) – stipulate, lay down, set down, promulgate. 65. oversee (verb) – supervise, be in charge of, look after, keep an eye on, inspect. 66. overrule (verb) – reject, override, cancel. 67. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM68. jeopardise (verb) – put at risk, put in danger, endanger. 69. sustenance (noun) – means of support, support, maintenance. 70. straitened (adjective) - impoverished, poverty-stricken, poor, destitute, penniless, penurious, moneyless, bankrupt.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 13, 2021)

71. beleaguered (adjective) – hard-pressed, troubled, suffering; under pressure, under stress.

72. monetisation (noun) – In general, it is the process of converting something (e.g. an asset) into money. 73. scarce (adjective) – insufficient, deficient, inadequate.

74. whimsical (adjective) – volatile, unpredictable, erratic, mercurial, impulsive. 75. regime (noun) – system.

76. flux (noun) – instability, unsteadiness, unpredictability. 77. diabolic (adjective) – wicked, evil, ungodly.

78. ham-handed (adjective) – ham-fisted, inefficient/incompetent, amateurish, useless. 79. buzz (noun) – rumour, gossip, report, whisper, speculation, insinuation. 80. confabulation (noun) – discussion, discourse, conversation. 81. further (verb) – promote, advance; accelerate, step up; push, encourage. 82. ideology (noun) – a system of belief, set of principles. 83. pliable (adjective) – flexible, adaptable, easily influenced.

84. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 85. unwary (adjective) - incautious, careless, thoughtless, unthinking. 86. unwittingly (adverb) – unintentionally, unknowingly, inadvertently. 87. rope in (phrasal verb) - persuade, convince, urge (someone to take part in an activity). 88. caucus (noun) - a group of people in a political party that meets independently to discuss strategy or tactics. 89. cosy (adjective) – intimate, informal, friendly. 90. distant (adjective) – faraway, far off, remote. 91. the establishment (noun) – the powers that be, the authorities, the system, the ruling class, the regime, bureaucracy, officialdom. 92. concerted (adjective) – united, collective, combined, cooperative; forcible, strong, intense. 93. bring someone to heel (phrase) – conquer, vanquish/defeat, crush. 94. erode (verb) – undermine, weaken, destroy, spoil gradually. 95. organic (adjective) – structured, organized, systematic, coordinated. 96. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 97. anecdotal (adjective) - not based on factual, scientific reports and observations done carefully; unscientific, informal, unreliable, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMuntrustworthy. 98. censorship (noun) – the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 13, 2021)

99. take a step back (phrase) - to withdraw oneself from something temporarily in order to think about it in a new way completely.

100. Fourth Estate/Pillar (noun) – it refers to the watchdog role of the press/media in a democratic society. 101. the legislature (noun) – a deliberative body of persons, usually elective,

who are empowered to make, change, or repeal the laws of a country or state. India follows a bicameral (two chambers/parts) system at both the centre and state level. Under this system, the state’s legislature is divided

into two parts – Legislative Assembly or Vidhan Sabha and Legislative Council or Vidhan Parishad.

102. the judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 103. constitutional democracy (noun) – a system of government based on popular sovereignty in which the structures, powers, and limits of government are set forth in a constitution. 104. per se (adverb) – in itself, of itself, by itself, as such, intrinsically. 105. explicitly (adverb) – clearly, unequivocally, understandably, without

question/doubt. 106. derivative (adjective) - based on something, influenced by something. 107. Article 19 of the Constitution of India (noun) – It guarantees certain fundamental rights, subject to the power of the State to impose restrictions on the exercise of those rights. The Article was thus intended to protect these rights against State action other than in the legitimate exercise of its power to regulate private rights in the public interest. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc. (1) All citizens shall have the right (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and (f) omitted (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. 108. constitutive (adjective) – essential, fundamental, basic, intrinsic. 109. definitive (adjective) - decisive, unconditional, definite, absolute. 110. dynamic (adjective) – (of a system/process) distinguished by constant change. 111. checks and balances (plural noun) – a system in which all departments of a government organization have the right to amend/limit the powers of WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMthe other departments in order to avoid the dominance of one department. 112. vis-à-vis (preposition) – concerning, with regard to, in relation to, as/in comparison with, in connection with (Vis-à-vis from Latin via. French, means literally “face-to-face).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 13, 2021)

113. tension (noun) – tightness, rigidity. 114. edifice (noun) – building, structure; a (complex) system/structure.

115. be at the receiving end (phrase) – be subjected to something (criticism/attack). 116. draconian (adjective) – (of laws or punishments) extremely harsh,

severe, strict, stringent, tough. 117. invocation (noun) – citation, mention, calling on. 118. privilege (noun) - advantage, right, benefit, prerogative, entitlement.

119. Legislative Privileges (noun) - the rights belonging to the Legislature for effective discharge of their legislative functions.

120. intolerance (noun) – prejudice, bias, bigotry/partisanship, discrimination. 121. sideline (verb) – remove from the centre of activity. 122. lay someone open to (phrase) - expose someone, make someone vulnerable, make someone subject to the risk of (something). 123. characterisation (noun) – a description of the distinctive features of something.

124. illiberal (adjective) – intolerant, narrow-minded, anti-democratic, authoritarian. 125. authoritarian (adjective) – oppressive, draconian, undemocratic, dictatorial, totalitarian. 126. at home (phrase) – in one’s own country/place. 127. uncertainty (noun) – unpredictability, unreliability, riskiness/precariousness. 128. body blow (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue. 129. the Emergency (noun) – In India, “The Emergency” refers to a 24-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared across the country. 130. conjuncture (noun) – a combination of events. 131. sound (verb) - appear, seem, look. 132. tongue in cheek (adverb) – frisky, jolly, fun-loving, lively, high-spirited. 133. beg the question (phrase) – raise a point; invite question. 134. devious (adjective) – deceitful, dishonest, disreputable, unethical, dubious, unfair. 135. trammel (verb) - restrict, restrain, constrain, check. 136.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM armoury (noun) – a range of resources ready for a particular use. 137. archaic (adjective) – obsolete, old-fashioned, outdated/very old. 138. sedition (noun) – incitement (to riot/rebellion), agitation, trouble making/provocation (against the established government/authority).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 13, 2021)

139. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) (noun) – an Indian law aimed at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India.

Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. 140. reluctance (noun) – unwillingness, disinclination, hesitation.

141. unstick (verb) - slacken, loose, unlock, untie. 142. hark back (phrasal verb) – recall, remember, recollect, think of something from the past.

143. take something for granted (phrase) -understand, assume, presume (something is true without cross-questioning it); For example, if people

take something for granted, they do not place much value on it. Or you believe it to be true, real or expected. 144. inch by inch (phrase) - slowly, moderately, unspectacularly. 145. telling (adjective) – striking, revealing; significant, important. 146. sweeping (adjective) – overwhelming, decisive, thorough, complete, total, unconditional, unlimited, unrestricted. 147. seditious (adjective) – provocative, agitational; dissident/insurgent.

148. libel (noun) – defamation, character assassination, misrepresentation. 149. call to account (phrase) - criticize, censure, reprove, admonish, rebuke. 150. ill (adjective) - bad, poor, unsatisfactory; damaging, detrimental. 151. subsist (verb) – survive, stay alive, exist, support oneself, defend. 152. flagrant (adjective) – obvious, blatant, evident, glaring. 153. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 154. premise (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale. 155. contentious (adjective) – controversial, disputable, debatable, disputed. 156. absurd (adjective) – ridiculous, farcical, laughable. 157. pass off (phrasal verb) – deceive, make up, pretend, misrepresent/misreport, falsify. 158. post-truth (adjective) – relating to or belonging to a time in which facts matter less than beliefs and emotions.

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

1. summit (noun) – meeting, conference, conclave. 2. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four

democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region.

3. interest (noun) – common concern; benefit, advantage. 4. broaden (verb) – widen, make wider, expand stretch/spread out.

5. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to (the study of) the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc.) in world politics and inter-state relations.

6. horizons (noun) - a range of experience, outlook/perspective, scope, ambit, purview. 7. virtual (adjective) – performing a task with the use of a computer, especially over a network. 8. virtual summit (noun) – online meeting. 9. The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD)/The Quad (noun) – an informal strategic forum between the United States, Japan, Australia and India that aims to strengthen the defence and security cooperation amongst these four countries. It was initially proposed by former Japan PM Abe in order to check China’s growing influence and assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. 10. substance (noun) – significant subject, important matter/content, valid message. 11. symbolism (noun) – representation of ideas/qualities. 12. counter (verb) – answer, respond to, contradict, negate; oppose, resist, tackle, confront. 13. perception (noun) – understanding, thought, impression, feeling. 14. merely (adverb) – only, simply, just. 15. talk shop (phrase) - talk about one's work or job even when you're not at work; to talk about your work/job to the people you work with and no one else would be interested; (a place where discussion on work/job is the main activity, with no decisions or actions necessarily WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMarising from the discussion). 16. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

17. Joint Working Group (JWG) (noun) - a working group formed between one or more organizations.

18. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 19. ambitious (adjective) – formidable, challenging, demanding; aspiring.

20. The Indo-Pacific (region) (noun) – the Indo-Pacific region refers to the confluence (convergence) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which

interconnect in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore and more).

21. emission (noun) - the release of carbon into the atmosphere. 22. Paris Agreement/Accord/pact (noun) – The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention (agreement) and for the first time brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. 23. (global) supply chain (noun) – a dynamic worldwide network when a company purchases or uses goods or services from overseas. It involves people, information, processes, and resources involved in the production, handling, and distribution of materials and finished products or providing a service to the customer. 24. atmospherics (noun) – elements in something (e.g. music) which create a certain atmosphere. 25. free from (verb) – unaffected by, clear of, without, devoid of. 26. coercion (noun) – it means compelling an individual to act against his/her will by the use of psycological pressure or physical force causing bodily injury; force/pressure, oppression, harassment, intimidation. 27. G-7 or Group of Seven (noun) – a multilateral forum made up of the world’s seven largest so-called developed countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. They meet annually to discuss and exchange ideas on a broad range of issues, including global economy, security and energy. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM28. push (noun) – effort to do something; initiative, drive, motivation. 29. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

30. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with.

31. reaffirm (verb) – assert, state, assure again strongly. 32. alliance (noun) – association, union, partnership. 33. take on (phrasal verb) – compete against, oppose, challenge, confront.

34. growing (adjective) – increasing. 35. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of.

36. maritime (adjective) – of or related to the sea. 37. tension (noun) –strained relations, friction, antipathy, hostility, enmity.

38. keen (adjective) – eager, very interested, wanting (to do something). 39. strategic (adjective) – relating to achieving long-term or overall (military) goals. 40. tense (noun) - stressful, worrying, concerning, strained, worrisome, difficult, restless. 41. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 42. pharmaceutical (adjective) – relating to aspects like preparation, dispensing and effective utilization of the medicinal drugs. 43. prowess (noun) – ability, capability, capacity. 44. avenue (noun) – way, method, direction, approach. 45. infrastructure (noun) – the basic physical or organisational structure for something (to function properly). 46. portray (verb) – represent, depict, characterize, describe. 47. throw down the gauntlet (phrase) – challenge, confront, dare. 48. diplomat (noun) – ambassador, envoy, emissary, consul. 49. Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) (noun) – a proposed agreement between the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its free trade agreement (FTA) partners. The pact aims to cover trade in goods and services, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMintellectual property, etc. 50. kick in (phrasal verb) – come into operation, come into effect.

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H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

51. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

52. ties (noun) – bond, connection, association, relationship. 53. sensitivity (noun) – consideration, care, thoughtfulness, tact, diplomacy, delicacy, subtlety.

54. ongoing (adjective) – continuing, happening/occurring, unending, unceasing, relentless.

55. disengagement (noun) – withdrawal, departure, retreat (of military troops from an area of conflict). 56. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different

countries/parties/organizations. 57. BRICS countries (plural noun) – the acronym coined to associate five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs. 58. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) (noun) – The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai (China). The SCO currently comprises eight Member States (China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and is seen as a counterweight to NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organization). It was established as a multilateral association to ensure security and maintain stability across the vast Eurasian region, join forces to counteract emerging challenges and threats, and enhance trade, as well as cultural and humanitarian cooperation. 59. global good (noun) - the benefit or well-being of the people of the entire world. 60. rather than (phrase) - instead of. 61. militaristic (adjective) - warmongering, warlike, hawkish, combative. 62. have another string to one's bow (phrase) - have another resource that WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMone can use.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 15, 2021) H 1. salutary (adjective) – good, helpful/useful, beneficial, practical,

valuable. 2. consumer price index (CPI) (noun) – it is defined as the change in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are typically purchased by

specific groups of households. To put it simply, it tracks the prices of goods and services purchased by consumers. 3. price stability (noun) – no (drastic) change in the price of goods and

services in an economy over a period of time. It implies avoiding both prolonged inflation and deflation. 4. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

5. volatile (adjective) – unpredictable, turbulent, uncertain, inconstant. 6. quinquennial (adjective) – relating to something (survey) happening repeatedly at every five years. 7. inflation (noun) – simply meaning “cost of living”; an increase of price level of goods & services and vice versa decrease of currency value. 8. monetary policy (noun) – monetary policy refers to the use of monetary instruments under the control of the central bank to regulate magnitudes such as interest rates, money supply, and availability of credit with a view to achieving the ultimate objective of economic policy mentioned in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. 9. framework (noun) – structure, system. 10. monetary policy framework (noun) - The amended RBI Act explicitly provides the legislative mandate to the Reserve Bank to operate the monetary policy framework of the country. The framework aims at setting the policy (repo) rate based on an assessment of the current and evolving macroeconomic situation; and modulation (change/variation) of liquidity conditions to anchor money market rates at or around the repo rate. Repo rate changes transmit through the money market to the entire the financial system, which, in turn, influences aggregate demand – a key determinant of inflation and growth. Once the repo rate is announced, the operating framework designed by the Reserve Bank envisages liquidity management on a day- to-day basis through appropriate actions, which aim at anchoring the operating target – the weighted average call rate (WACR) – around the repo rate. The operating framework is fine-tuned and revised depending WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMon the evolving financial market and monetary conditions, while ensuring consistency with the monetary policy stance. The liquidity management framework was last revised significantly in April 2016.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 15, 2021) H 11. repo rate (noun) – it is the rate at which the central bank of a country

(RBI in case of India) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. 12. reading (noun) – analysis, account, explanation; indication,

measurement. 13. ceaseless (adjective) – constant, continuous, unending/unrelenting. 14. vigil (noun) – vigilance, surveillance, close watch, monitoring.

15. retail or consumer price index (CPI) inflation (noun) – it is a measure of the total inflation within an economy, including commodities such as food and energy prices. The CPI monitors retail prices at a certain level

for a particular commodity. The change in the price index over a period of time is referred to as CPI-based inflation or retail inflation. 16. core inflation (noun) – it is a measure of the total inflation within an economy, excluding commodities such as food and energy prices (which change frequently). 17. accelerate (verb) – increase, rise, advance. 18. National Statistical Office (NSO) (noun) – The Ministry of Statistics and the Department of Programme Implementation has two wings, one relating to Statistics and the other Programme Implementation. The Statistics Wing called the National Statistical Office (NSO) gives considerable importance to coverage and quality aspects of statistics released in the country. The statistics released are based on administrative sources, surveys and censuses conducted by the Center and State Governments and non-official sources and studies. 19. basis point (BPS) (noun) – a unit of measure used in finance to describe the percentage change in the value or rate of a financial instrument. One basis point is equivalent to 0.01% (1/100th of a percent). Used for measuring change in interest rate/yield. 20. attributable to (adjective) – considered as an outcome/result caused by. 21. base effect (noun) – it relates to inflation in the corresponding period of the previous year, if the inflation rate was too low in the corresponding period of the previous year, even a smaller rise in the Price Index will arithmetically give a high rate of inflation now. 22. relatively (adverb) – comparatively, proportionately, somewhat, to a certain extent/degree. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. ease (verb) – moderate, decrease, lessen, diminish, reduce, lower. 24. pose (verb) – constitute, present, create, cause (a problem or danger or risk).

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 15, 2021) H 25. prognostication (noun) – prediction, forecast, projection.

26. pulses (noun) – pulses are the term used for edible dry peas, beans, lentils, chickpeas & etc. 27. edible oil (noun) – cooking oil; the fat of plant, animal, or microbial

origin, which is liquid at room temperature and is suitable for food use. 28. borne out past participle of bear out (phrasal verb) – confirm, validate, vindicate, justify/support (a claim).

29. persist (verb) – continue, carry on, keep going. 30. disconcertingly (adverb) – unsettlingly, disturbingly, worryingly. 31. with respect to (phrase) – concerning, regarding, relating to, with

reference to. 32. stick (verb) - become fixed, remain in a static/fixed condition. 33. deflation (noun) – a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. 34. offset (verb) – even up, counterbalance, cancel out, equalize, neutralize. 35. generalized (adjective) – not specific or not specialized. 36. pressure (noun) - effect, impact; strain, stress, tension, burden. 37. food inflation (noun) - the condition of an increase in the wholesale price index of a necessary food item relative to the general index or the consumer price index (CPI) is referred to as food inflation. In layman’s language, it is basically the rise in the cost of an essential food item relative to the previous price. 38. wane (verb) – decrease, decline, diminish/dwindle gradually. 39. considerably (adverb) – greatly, very much, a lot. 40. upshot (noun) – result, consequence, repercussion, outcome/effect. 41. beverage (noun) – a drink, such as tea, coffee, liquor, beer, milk, juice, or soft drinks, usually excluding water. 42. weight (noun) – value; importance/significance. 43. quicken (verb) - speed up, accelerate, step up, hasten. 44. worrisome (adjective) – worrying, distressing/upsetting, troublesome. 45. inflationary (adjective) – tending to cause monetary inflation. 46. trajectory (noun) – track/course, route, path, direction, approach. 47. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, demonstrate, exhibit. 48. rocket (verb) – increase/rise rapidly, escalate, spiral upwards. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM49. preceding (adjective) – previous, prior, earlier. 50. freight carriage (noun) – goods transporting vehicle.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 15, 2021) H 51. Brent crude (noun) – a classification of crude oil produced from the oil

platform in the North Sea of Northwest Europe. It is one of the three best known benchmark crude oils (the other two are ‘West Texas Intermediate’ and ‘Dubai’) against which other crude oils are priced.

(Crude oil is the raw natural resource that is extracted from the earth and refined into products such as gasoline, jet fuel, diesel and other petroleum products).

52. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of, in the aftermath of, as a consequence of. 53. portent (noun) – sign/indication, forecast, prediction.

54. cogently (adverb) - clearly, logically, convincingly. 55. lay out (phrasal verb) – outline, draw up, formulate. 56. regime (noun) – system. 57. Report on Currency and Finance (RCF) (noun) -The Report on Currency and Finance (RCF) has a long and chequered history, intertwined with that of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) itself and the Indian economy. It was first published in 1937, covering the years 1935-36 and 1936-37. The theme of the current Report is “Reviewing the Monetary Policy Framework” which assumes topical relevance in the context of the review of the inflation target by March 2021 against the backdrop of structural changes in the macroeconomic and financial landscape that have prompted several central banks to undertake policy framework reviews. The period of study in this report is from October 2016 to March 2020 commencing with the formal operationalisation of the flexible inflation targeting (FIT) framework in India but excluding the period of the COVID-19 pandemic in view of data distortions. 58. laser-focused (adjective) - paying attention to something (a single activity) intensely (to the exclusion of everything else). 59. front and centre (phrase) – in the front line; in the most prominent position. 60. quinquennium (noun) – a period or cycle of five years. 61. dilute (verb) – weaken, diminish, reduce, decrease, lessen. 62. purported (adjective) – alleged, supposed, claimed, professed. 63. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try. 64. perilous (adjective) – dangerous, risky, precarious, insecure, life- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMthreatening. 65. secure (verb) – obtain, acquire, gain, get. 66. objective (noun) – aim, intention, purpose, target, goal.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

1. forestall (verb) – prevent, check, block; anticipate, get in before, pre-

empt. 2. Pearl Harbour (noun) - (figuratively) a sudden attack.

3. grievous (adjective) – painful, severe, serious, shocking, dreadful. 4. pose (verb) – constitute, present, create, cause (a problem or danger or risk).

5. entity (noun) – organization, institution, body. 6. antagonistic (adjective) – hostile, inimical, opposed.

7. merit (verb) – deserve, warrant, justify. 8. quarter (noun) – source, direction, place, point. 9. revelation (noun) – disclosure, a surprising fact, declaration, utterance, announcement, report.

10. cybersecurity (noun) – the protection of internet-connected systems, including hardware, software, and data from cyber attacks. 11. infrastructure (noun) – organization, entity, structure, framework. 12. dispatch (noun) - report, bulletin, missive, written communication, written message. 13. lead-up to (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation (before an

event). 14. clash (noun) - conflict, fight, confrontation. 15. malware (noun) – software program designed to damage a computer system. 16. incursion (noun) – intrusion, trespass, infiltration. 17. facility (noun) - establishment, centre, place, station, premises. 18. furthermore (adverb) – moreover, additionally, besides. 19. ongoing (adjective) – continuing, happening/occurring, unending, unceasing, relentless. 20. cease (verb) – stop, halt, end, wind up, terminate. 21. erupt (verb) – break out, flare up, blow up, boil over, start suddenly. 22. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of, in the aftermath of, as a consequence of. 23. disclosure (noun) – revelation, report, declaration, announcement. 24. as to (phrase) – concerning, respecting, with respect to, on the subject WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMof, regarding. 25. blackout (noun) – power cut, power failure, electricity failure.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

26. cyberattack (noun) – a malicious and deliberate attempt by an

individual or organization to breach the information system (computer network) of another individual or organization. an attack on an

information or computer network as an “attempt to destroy, expose, alter, disable, steal or gain unauthorized access to or make unauthorized use of anything that has value to the

individual/organization. 27. attribute (verb) – hold responsible for; connect/associate with.

28. far more (phrase) – a lot more, much more. 29. in the crosshairs (phrase) – something which is being aimed at by. (crosshairs – very thin crossed wires in the microscope/gun/etc which are used to focus/aim something preciously).

30. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. 31. evidently (adverb) – obviously, palpably, seemingly, apparently. 32. thrall (noun) – power, control, domination. 33. outwardly (adverb) - apparently, ostensibly, seemingly, evidently. 34. conciliatory (adjective) – appeasing, pacifying, peacemaking. 35. posture (noun) – position.

36. wake-up call (noun) – something which alerts a person to a problem and makes him/her to do some remedial action. 37. National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) (noun) – National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) is an organisation of the Government of India created under Sec 70A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended 2008), through a gazette notification on 16th Jan 2014 based in New Delhi, India. It is designated as the National Nodal Agency in respect of Critical Information Infrastructure Protection. 38. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) (noun) – it is a nodal entity responding to various cybersecurity threats to non-critical infrastructure comes under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY). 39. aggressive (adjective) – hostile, belligerent, bellicose, hawkish, combative. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM40. viz. (adverb) – namely, specifically, in other words. 41. state-sponsored (adjective) – supported by the government.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

42. on one's guard (phrase) - vigilant, alert, on the alert, wary,

circumspect. 43. verisimilitude (noun) – accuracy, precision, correctness.

44. facilitate (verb) – make easy, make possible; assist, help/aid. 45. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (noun) – People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the country of China and the

Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the largest military forces in the world.

46. depict (verb) - portray, represent, illustrate. 47. back-door (adjective) – against the rules, out of order, unethical. 48. trojan (noun) – malicious software. It is a type of computer software that is camouflaged in the form of regular software such as utilities,

games, and sometimes even antivirus programs. 49. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably. 50. embark on (phrasal verb) – start, begin, initiate. 51. all-out (adjective) – intense, aggressive, vigorous, powerful. 52. offensive (noun) – attack, assault, onslaught, incursion. 53. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, complete, thorough, full,

detailed. 54. measure (noun) – course of action, proceeding, procedure, step. 55. potential (adjective) – possible, likely. 56. as far as – is concerned (phrase) – with regard to a particular person or situation. 57. exploit (verb) – take advantage of, make use of, utilize; abuse, misuse, ill-treat, manipulate, cheat, victimize. 58. to perfection (phrase) - without fault, superbly, superlatively, excellently. 59. vulnerability (noun) – weakness, defencelessness, unprotectedness, susceptibility. 60. deliberately (adverb) – intentionally, purposely, knowingly/wittingly. 61. leave open (phrase) - keep undecided. 62. opportune (adjective) – favourable, advantageous, timely, well timed, appropriate, suitable, relevant. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. loophole (noun) – ambiguity in the law; flaw/fault, defect. 64. turn something on its head (phrase) - to turn something upside down, to reverse something entirely.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

65. (be) at the receiving end (phrase) – be subjected to something

(criticism/attack). 66. antic (noun) - escapade, stunt, trick.

67. exploitation (noun) – taking advantage, utilization, misuse, unfair treatment, capitalization. 68. cyber espionage (noun) – cyber spying; it describes the illegal access

to (secret & sensitive) information stored on individual computers or whole computer networks.

69. deployment (noun) – the act of employing forces/troops into effective action. 70. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

71. (global) supply chain (noun) – a dynamic worldwide network when a company purchases or uses goods or services from overseas. It involves people, information, processes, and resources involved in the production, handling, and distribution of materials and finished products or providing a service to the customer. 72. spear phishing (noun) – a tricky email attack that targets a specific

organization or individual, seeking unauthorized access to sensitive information. 73. reportedly (adverb) – supposedly, seemingly, apparently, allegedly. 74. unleash (verb) – let loose, release, let something go uncontrollably. 75. concrete (adjective) – definite, specific, definitive; factual, actual/real. 76. shadow (noun) - trace of something. 77. suspicion (noun) – misgiving, doubt/qualm, distrust, scepticism. 78. breach (noun) - contravention, violation, breaking, non-compliance. 79. flaw (noun) – defect, fault, imperfection/weakness. 80. enable (verb) – permit, allow, facilitate. 81. compromise (verb) – undermine, weaken, damage. 82. from time to time (phrase) – sometimes, occasionally, now and again. 83. accusation (noun) – allegation, charge, indictment. 84. interference (noun) – intervention, meddling, unwarranted WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMinvolvement. 85. scandal (noun) – impropriety, misconduct, wrongdoing.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

86. federalism/federal framework/system (noun) – a system of

government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government.

87. sharpen (verb) – increase, escalate, intensify. 88. the tip of the iceberg (phrase) – if something is the tip of the iceberg, it is a small part of a much larger issue. This phrase is being used

while talking about a problem. 89. bring someone/something to their/its knees (phrase) - to overpower

someone/something and make their/its condition extremely weak 90. ominous (adjective) – threatening, menacing, inauspicious, unpromising, unfavourable. 91. precedent (noun) – model, exemplar, example, pattern; previous

example/instance, prior instance. 92. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 93. assault (noun) – attack, offensive, onslaught. 94. logistics (noun) – an act of arranging the movement, equipment, accommodation (of troops). 95. sophisticated (adjective) – highly developed.

96. sophistication (noun) – complexity, intricacy, complication. 97. blindside (verb) – make (someone) not able to see the truth. 98. set out (phrasal verb) – present, describe, set forth. 99. prophylactic (adjective) – preventive, precautionary, protective. 100. readymade (adjective) – available immediately. 101. emanate (verb) – emerge, ensue, come out, come forth; arise, originate, start. 102. insulate (verb) – protect, keep safe, shield. 103. wake up (to) (phrasal verb) – realize, become aware of, become heedful of. 104. indulge in (verb) – become involved in (an undesirable activity). 105. readiness (noun) – preparedness; willingness, inclination to do something. 106. resilience (noun) – strength; the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties. 107.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM cyber space (noun) – It refers to the virtual computer world, and more specifically, an electronic medium that is used to facilitate online communication.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 15, 2021)

108. daunting (adjective) – challenging, taxing, difficult; intimidating,

challenging, disconcerting. 109. de-couple (verb) – separate, detach, disengage, dissociate.

110. de-coupling (noun) – separation, detachment, disengagement, dissociation. 111. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to.

112. volatility (noun) – fluctuation, inconsistency, unpredictability. 113. forge (verb) – form, create, establish, set up.

114. nexus (noun) – connection, link. 115. authoritarianism (noun) – autocracy, fascism, totalitarianism/draconianism. 116. world/international/global order (noun) – the arrangement of power

and authority that provides the system for the conduct of diplomacy and world politics in relation to the entire world. 117. advance (verb) – move forward, proceed, move along, push forward, make progress. 118. interest (noun) – common concern; benefit, advantage. 119. vector (noun) – a quantity that has magnitude and direction.

120. fall in line (phrase) – conform to, adhere to, abide by (the established rules). 121. weightage (noun) – importance, significance, value. 122. Strategic Support Force (SSF) (noun) - it is the cyber-space and electronic-warfare service branch of China's People's Liberation Army. 123. embrace (verb) – welcome, accept, adapt. 124. portent (noun) – sign/indication, forecast, prediction. 125. bode (well/ill) (verb) – augur, indicate, portend (a good/bad outcome). 126. posit (verb) – put forward, postulate, set forth, present, propose. 127. draw up (phrasal verb) – formulate, create, work out. 128. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 129. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize. 130.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, critical, necessary, essential.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021) H 1. indicative (adjective) – expressive, suggestive, representative.

2. compact (noun) – agreement, contract, alliance, deal, settlement. 3. social compact (noun) - social contract; In the social compact, each individual engages with the whole collectively, and the whole

collectively engage with each individual. 4. take shape (phrase) – become clear/definite, become tangible, fall into

place. 5. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify. 6. realignment (noun) – reorganisation, reordering, reshuffle.

7. landscape (noun) – the distinctive features of a field of activity. 8. bet on (phrasal verb) - to be certain/confident that something will take place. 9. outsize (adjective) – huge, very large, massive. 10. invest (verb) - involve in, engage in (emotionally). 11. considerable (adjective) – substantial, appreciable, significant, much. 12. make inroads in (phrase) – progress/advance into (a new area/territory). 13. pole (noun) - extremity. 14. social engineering (noun) – the act of tricking someone into divulging (revealing sensitive (or) personal) information or taking action usually through technology. It is to take advantage of a potential victim’s natural tendencies and emotional reactions. 15. woo (verb) – seek the support of, try to win, try to attract, pursue, persuade, coax. 16. notable (adjective) - important, significant, obvious. 17. fillip (noun) – stimulus, boost, incentive. 18. buttress (verb) – support, strengthen, reinforce, fortify. 19. incumbent (adjective) – current, existing, present. 20. daring (adjective) – brave, bold, audacious. 21. consecutive (adjective) – successive, continuous. 22. rewarding (adjective) - advantageous, productive, fruitful, beneficial, illuminating, satisfying, worthwhile. 23. implicit (adjective) – implied, indirect, understood inherent, inbuilt, underlying. 24. elite (noun as modifier) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM25. (high) stakes (noun) – (high-risk) competition, contest, battle, challenge. 26. turmoil (noun) – disorder, turbulence, confusion, trouble, chaos. 27. tussle (noun) – fight, clash, contention.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021) H 28. ally (noun) – partner, confederate, supporter (in a political alliance).

29. veteran (noun) – (long-serving) expert, seasoned, mature, established/experienced (person in an area of activity). 30. take (verb) - understand, comprehend, grasp, accept (as valid).

31. cadre (noun) – members of a group. 32. come out on the streets/take to the streets (phrase) – (of a crowd) to

come together in the streets to display communal harmony in either celebration or opposition. 33. embarrassing (adjective) – humiliating, degrading, demeaning,

disgracing. 34. somersault (noun) – an instance (as in gymnastics) of rotating (jumping/rolling) one’s body 360 degrees with someone’s feet going over one’s head; gymnastics; flip, turning over 360 degrees in the air; (figuratively) an act of changing suddenly from having a particular opinion or policy about something to having a completely different opinion or policy. 35. nepotism (noun) – favouritism, preferential treatment, patronage/partiality. 36. smuggling (noun as modifier) – the illegal transportation of objects, substances, etc. across an international border in violation of applicable laws or other regulations. 37. racket (noun) – criminal activity, illegal scheme, fraud. 38. take the shine off (phrase) – destroy, ruin, spoil (the brilliance/exceptional talent/delight of something). 39. in one’s favour (phrase) – to one’s benefit/advantage. 40. be at the receiving end (phrase) – be subjected to something (criticism/attack). 41. machinations (noun) – schemes/plots, tricks, tactics, intrigues, conspiracies. 42. behest (noun) – instruction, requirement, demand, wish/desire. 43. squabble (noun) – quarrel, row, argument, fight, disagreement, dispute. 44. hold on to (phrasal verb) – keep or retain something. 45. in sight (phrase) – near at hand, close to being realized; visible, noticeable. 46. factional (adjective) – partisan, sectarian, group. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM47. rivalry (noun) – competitiveness, competition, contention. 48. campaign (noun) – an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision-making progress within a specific group.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 16, 2021) H 1. position (noun) - advantage, pole position, advantageous position, the upper hand, the edge, the whip hand, primacy. 2. boost (verb) - improve, raise, uplift, increase, augment.

3. State Election Commissioner (SEC) (noun) - A state election commissioner is in charge of conducting polls to urban local bodies

(municipalities, corporations) and rural local bodies (panchayats). (The Supreme Court of India has recently said State Election Commissioners (SECs) across the country should

be independent, and not persons holding office with the central government or a state government).

4. hold (verb) – conduct, organize, preside over. 5. elapse (verb) – pass, go by, go past. 6. self-contained (adjective) - independent, separate, self-sufficient, self- reliant. 7. tier (noun) – grade, level, step, echelon. 8. devolution (noun) – decentralization, delegation, distribution. 9. relative (adjective) – corresponding, comparable, correlative, parallel. 10. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 11. autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom. 12. facet (noun) – aspect, feature, characteristic/nuance. 13. beset (verb) – trouble, bother, worry, anguish, embarrass (persistently). 14. mar (verb) – spoil, ruin, destroy, impair. 15. arbitrary (adjective) – whimsical, random, unpredictable, inconsistent, casual. 16. delimitation (noun) – an act of fixing boundary or limits. 17. reservation (noun) – a system of affirmative action in India that provides historically disadvantaged groups representation in education, employment, and politics. 18. autonomous (adjective) – independent, self-determining, self- sufficient. 19. regime (noun) – government. 20. bureaucrat (noun) – a powerful officer, public/government servant, office-bearer, civil servant, functionary, mandarin. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. partisan (adjective) – biased, prejudiced, one-sided. 22. delimit (verb) - mark, determine, delineate, demarcate. 23. mire in (verb) – entangle, catch up, involve, mix up (a difficult situation).

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 16, 2021) H 24. in mind (phrase) - in someone's thinking. 25. generalise (verb) - make something applicable to all broadly/generally.

26. in respect of (phrase) - with respect to; concerning, regarding. 27. man (verb) - work (at a place); staff, crew, occupy.

28. undeniable (adjective) – unquestionable, undebatable, inarguable. 29. as far as – is concerned (phrase) – with regard to a particular person or situation.

30. backdrop (noun) – situation, scenario, context. 31. salience (noun) – an important quality.

32. mockery (noun) – insulting/absurd imitation of something; a false representation of something; travesty, farce, poor imitation, a poor substitute. 33. mandate (noun) – authority, endorsement, approval, authorization. 34. invoke (verb) – cite, refer to, adduce. 35. extraordinary (adjective) – remarkable, exceptional, amazing, phenomenal, unbelievable. 36. Article 142 of the Constitution of India (noun) - Article 142 of the Constitution of India empowers the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India to pass any decree or order necessary for doing “complete justice” in any matter pending before it. 37. step down (phrasal verb) – give up, stand down, abdicate, renounce. 38. in practice (phrase) – in reality, actually, practically. 39. have a bearing on (phrase) – have a relevance/relation to something. 40. remain to be seen (phrase) - used to mention the idea/view that something is not yet known. 41. behold (verb) – look at, see, observe, view, regard. 42. secure (verb) – obtain, acquire, gain, get. 43. watchdog (noun) – a person or organization that monitors/inspects/supervises others’ activities/conducts. inspector/supervisor, observer, ombudsman. 44. countermand (verb) - revoke, rescind, reverse, undo, repeal. 45. infraction (noun) – breach, violation, transgression. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM46. in the course of (phrase) – during, in the process of, in the time of. 47. wake up (to) (phrasal verb) – realize, become aware of, become heedful of.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021)

1. reinvent (verb) – renew, revive, revamp, rejuvenate, redevelop, remodel. 2. radical (adjective) – revolutionary, progressive, forward-looking,

reforming, liberal. 3. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow. 4. agents of change/change agent (noun) - someone/something who

promotes and enables change to happen within any group or organization. 5. secularism (noun) – the belief that religion should not have a strong

influence in education or other public parts of society. 6. green (adjective) – environmentally friendly, non-polluting, ozone- friendly, energy-efficient, fuel-saving, low-carbon.

7. ethnic (adjective) – relating to a population subgroup (cultural, national, traditional/folk) with a common national or cultural tradition. 8. movement (noun) – campaign, crusade, drive/push. 9. aggressive (adjective) – assertive, forceful, vigorous. 10. authoritarian (adjective) – oppressive, draconian, undemocratic, dictatorial, totalitarian.

11. hyper- (prefix) - over; beyond; excessively. 12. masculine (adjective) – muscular, strong, potent, well built, powerfully built. 13. nationalism (noun) – it refers to a system (with a narrow set of ideas) created by a group of people who believe their nation is superior to all others. It is also a perception of national superiority and an orientation toward national dominance-called chauvinism (excessive nationalism). 14. systemic (adjective) – structured, methodical, organized, orderly, planned. 15. assault (noun) – attack, offensive, onslaught. 16. marginalised (adjective) – treated as insignificant, treated as unimportant, neglected. 17. the marginalised (noun) – the people who are treated as insignificant, treated as unimportant, neglected. 18. rationale (noun) – reason, reasoning/thinking, logic, grounds, basis. 19. assertion (noun) – declaration, statement, announcement, pronouncement. 20. indiscriminate (adjective) – thoughtless, careless, unsystematic, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMunmethodical. 21. hegemony (noun) – leadership, dominance, authority.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021)

22. neo-liberal (adjective) – relating to an ideology that emphasizes individual interests; (In general, it is relating to an economic

policy model that supports the value of free-market competition by the private sectors which with little government control over it). 23. demise (noun) – end, disintegration, downfall, ruin.

24. free play (noun) – unrestricted activity. 25. majoritarianism (noun) – a philosophy that states that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language, social class, or some other

identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy (priority) in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society.

26. far right (noun) – the extreme right wing of a political party or group; extremely conservative, rightist. 27. ideological (adjective) – relating to a system of ideas. 28. vacuum (noun) – gap, space, absence, lack/deficiency of something. 29. globalisation (noun) – the process of making the trade of goods and services equivalent in all nations.

30. anti-globalisation (noun) – against/opposing globalisation;

31. in the face of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of; when confronted with. 32. disenchantment (noun) – disappointment, dissatisfaction, discontent. 33. free-market (noun) – a type of economic system that is controlled by the market forces of supply and demand, as opposed to government controls that involve price-cutting monopolies. It is different from a regulated market or command economy. In the latter, a central government agency decides the supply and demand, which means the market does not operate freely. In a free market, a majority of companies and properties are owned by individuals or entities in the private sector instead of the state. 34. liberalism (noun) – a political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty and equality. 35. centralist (adjective) - central. 36. centralism (noun) – the control under a single authority. 37. socialism (noun) – it’s a state-controlled economy in which the state controls the means of production: factories, offices, resources, and firms. Since the government controls almost all of society’s functions, it can WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMmake better use of resources, labors, and lands. 38. far-reaching (adjective) – widespread, sweeping, extensive, important, significant. 39. bulwark (noun) – protector, guard, supporter.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021)

40. voracity (noun) - the state of being voracious (unappeasable, greedy, uncontrollable).

41. ecological (adjective) – relating to the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment. 42. devastation (noun) – destruction, damage, havoc/wreckage.

43. relative (adjective) – moderate, reasonable, considerable. 44. geographically (adverb) – in terms of the region. 45. multifarious (adjective) - many, multiple, various, manifold.

46. dark reality (noun) - grim/dismal reality. 47. at large (phrase) – as a whole, generally, extensively. 48. universal (adjective) – relating to all people; all-inclusive, all-embracing,

comprehensive. 49. relative (adjective) – corresponding, comparable, correlative, parallel. 50. emancipation (noun) – release, setting free, liberation, freedom. 51. context (noun) – situation; circumstances, conditions, state of affairs. 52. neo-liberalism (noun) – new/revived liberal principles. 53. the crushing (noun) - suppression, overpowering, quashing, quelling.

54. dignity (noun) – self-esteem, self-worth, self-respect, pride/morale.

55. hunger (noun) – desire, craving, longing, appetite. 56. unrelenting (adjective) – resolute, determined, inflexible, uncompromising, unyielding, unflagging; unceasing, persistent. 57. siege (noun) – blockade, beleaguerment, encirclement. 58. prompt (verb) – induce, cause, motivate, persuade, encourage, impel, urge. 59. contemporary (adjective) – modern, present-day. 60. Marxist (adjective) - relating to a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. 61. condemn (verb) – censure, criticize, castigate; destine, damn. 62. usurp (verb) – take over, appropriate, seize. 63. strike a balance (phrase) – find a fair & reasonable line of action between two contrasting things. 64. move away from (phrasal verb) – change/alter one’s ideas/beliefs/views and so. 65. straitjacket (noun) – restriction, restraint, constraint. 66. orthodox (adjective) – traditional, conventional, doctrinal, mainstream, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMconformist. 67. marxism (noun) – a radical, revolutionary political philosophy by Karl Marx. 68. lay emphasis on (phrase) - to emphasize the importance of something.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021)

69. predominance (noun) – supremacy, dominance, control, power. 70. proletariat (noun) - working-class people, wage-earners, the labouring

classes, the common people, the ordinary people, the lower classes. 71. determinism (noun) - the philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes.

72. consciousness (noun) – awareness, knowledge, realization, recognition. 73. overlook (verb) – neglect, ignore, disregard, turn a blind eye. 74. alliance (noun) – association, union, partnership.

75. feminist (adjective) – relating to a person who supports feminism (fights for the equality of all people). 76. thereby (adverb) – as a result of that.

77. decentralised (adjective) – relating to the transfer of the power/control of a department/government from a single place to other locations. 78. pluralistic (adjective) – coexistent; (of people) exist in harmony irrespective of various differences. 79. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone included, comprehensive.

80. capitalism (noun) – an economic system based on private ownership;

private enterprise, private ownership. 81. contested (adjective) – disputed, challenged. 82. racism (noun) – the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another. 83. privatisation (noun) – transfer of a business, industry, academic institutions, or service from public to private ownership and control. 84. surveillance (noun) – monitoring, observation, scrutiny, inspection. 85. bureaucratization (noun) - the formation of something into a bureaucracy (administration). 86. irrational (adjective) - unreasonable, illogical, groundless, unfounded. 87. mystification (noun) – confusion. 88. discourse (noun) – discussion, conversation, communication, expression. 89. ethnicity (noun) – a category of people who identify with each other based on common language, ancestral, social, cultural, or national experiences. 90. deconstruct (verb) - analyse, examine, study, inspect, scrutinize. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM91. conflictual (adjective) - involving conflict/disagreement. 92. inevitably (adverb) – unavoidably, certainly, definitely. 93. spectre (noun) – threat, menace, danger/peril. 94. lurk (verb) – hide, conceal, keep out of sight.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021)

95. deprivation (noun) – dispossession, withdrawal, removal, taking away, stripping.

96. rampant (adjective) – widespread, present everywhere/pervasive, unrestrained/out of control. 97. progressive (noun) – relating to a person who supports social reform;

liberal, forward-looking, forward-thinking, dynamic. 98. gear up (phrasal verb) – get ready, prepare, equip (oneself) for something.

99. predicament (noun) – problematic situation, difficulty, quandary. 100. acute (adjective) – severe, intense, serious. 101. right-wing (adjective) – conservative, rightist, ultra-right, alt-right.

102. regime (noun) – government. 103. communalism (noun) – adherence/obedience to one’s own ethnic group (against the principle/practice of living together in a wider society). 104. oppression (noun) – persecution, abuse, ill-treatment, suppression. 105. degradation (noun) – deterioration, degeneration, atrophy, decay, wasting away.

106. discrimination (noun) – prejudice, intolerance, inequity, unfairness

(against an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions (basically in the procedures, policies, or objectives) as a whole. 107. gender discrimination (noun) – sexual discrimination; discrimination based on gender (or sex). 108. mobilisation (noun) – the act of bringing forces/people/resources together for a particular cause. 109. consequently (adverb) – as a result, therefore, for this reason, because of that. 110. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, critical, necessary, essential. 111. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe. 112. famine (noun) – deficiency, shortfall, lack, insufficiency, scarcity (of food). 113. usher in (verb) – start, begin, initiate. 114. classless (Adjective) - relating to a society without social classes. 115. green movement (noun) – environmental movement; a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdiverse movement that forwards the concerns of environmentalists. 116. aggressively (adverb) – determinedly, vigorously, energetically. 117. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring on, call forth, give rise to. 118. vigour (noun) – strength, power, high level of activity.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021)

119. imperceptibly (adverb) - unnoticeably, invisibly, gradually, slightly, minutely.

120. awakening (noun) – understanding, insight, awareness, learning. 121. consolidation (noun) – the process of combining a number of things into a single more effective one; unification.

122. ground (noun) – reason, factor, basis, rationale, premise. 123. expediency (noun) – advantage, benefit, utility. 124. authoritarianism (noun) – autocracy,

fascism, totalitarianism/draconianism. 125. pass through (phrasal verb) - go through, undergo, get through, traverse, pass over, infiltrate.

126. newfound (adjective) – recently established. 127. turnaround (noun) – an unexpected change. 128. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 129. revival (noun) – re-establishment, reintroduction, restoration. 130. fury (noun) – severity, intensity, strength, power.

131. Arab Spring (noun) – it refers to the democratic protests, uprisings, and

demonstrations that arose independently and spread across the Arab world in 2011. 132. impetus (noun) – motivation, encouragement; stimulus, boost. 133. wilting (adjective) – languishing, weakening, fading, waning, losing energy, feeling weak. 134. so as to (phrase) - in order to. 135. moral high ground (noun) – ethical or political parlance/expression/phrase, refers to the status of being respected for remaining moral, and adhering to and upholding a universally recognized standard of justice or goodness. 136. fragile (adjective) – weak, risky, unreliable, insecure; easily broken/destroyed. 137. appalling (adjective) – shocking, horrible, horrific, terrible, awful. 138. will (noun) – desire, wish, preference, disposition. 139. polarised (adjective) – separated/divided into opposing two. 140. ravage (verb) – devastate, ruin, destroy. 141. viable (adjective) – reasonable, practical, logical, sensible, effective. 142.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM inherent (adjective) – implicit, intrinsic, fundamental, basic. 143. manifest (adjective) – obvious, clear, apparent, evident, palpable. 144. accumulation (noun) – amassing, gathering, stockpiling, hoarding. 145. pole (noun) - extremity.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021)

146. misery (noun) – pain, grief, anguish, agony, distress, torment, suffering. 147. inevitable (adjective) – an unavoidable situation, an unpreventable

situation. 148. phenomenon (noun) – situation, circumstance. 149. burgeoning (adjective) – growing, increasing expanding, mushrooming

rapidly. 150. sea (noun) – multitude, a host of, lot, large number, great quantity. 151. clamour (verb) – demand, protest, press, push.

152. languish (verb) – suffer, experience hardship; be abandoned, be neglected, be forgotten. 153. sink into (verb) – fall into, lapse into.

154. debt (noun) – liability, financial obligation, borrowed capital. 155. inveterate (adjective) – hardcore, hardened, chronic; long- established, deep-rooted. 156. relentlessly (adverb) – continuously, persistently, firmly/determinedly, continuously in an intense way. 157. reproach (verb) - rebuke, reprove, scold, reprimand, admonish, chastise.

158. proclivity (noun) – liking, inclination, tendency/leaning.

159. high ground (noun) – a position of superiority; a position of advantage. 160. sham (noun) – pretence, act. 161. symphony (noun) – an arrangement/composition of different elements. 162. successive (adjective) – consecutive, continuous, succeeding. 163. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities; imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 164. multiracial (adjective) – global, worldwide, intercontinental. 165. vicious (adjective) – spiteful, menacing, heinous, hostile, hate-filled. 166. perpetuate (verb) - cause to continue something indefinitely, particularly a bad situation, an attitude/idea/belief, etc; keep going, keep in existence, extend/prolong. 167. transformative (adjective) – life-changing, forward-thinking, progressive. 168. foster (verb) - encourage, promote, further, stimulate, advance, forward. 169. equitable (adjective) – fair, just, impartial. 170. indiscriminate (adjective) – broad-based. 171. juncture (noun) – point in time, time/moment, stage. 172.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM rabid (adjective) – extreme, fanatical, overzealous. 173. ultra-nationalism (noun) – extreme nationalism (hyper-nationalism). 174. result in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring on, bring about, call forth, give rise to.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 16, 2021)

175. fragmented (adjective) – divided, splintered, split, separated, disintegrated.

176. participatory (adjective) – involving by participation. 177. espouse (verb) – support, champion, endorse, advocate, approve. 178. tenacious (adjective) – firm, strong, purposeful.

179. resolve (noun) – determination, willpower, firmness, resolution, courage. 180. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim; ask for, request, demand.

181. brutality (noun) – cruelty, barbarity, inhumanity. 182. grassroots (noun as modifier) – the most basic levels of an organisation. 183. activism (noun) – involvement; campaigning/supporting (to cause

political or social change). 184. foremost (adjective) - most important. 185. relevance (noun) – significance, importance. 186. as opposed to (phrase) - in contrast with, as against, rather than, instead of. 187. scourge (noun) – affliction, bane, curse, plague.

188. elitist (adjective) – associated with an elite group of people.

189. cataclysmic (adjective) – disastrous, catastrophic, devastating, destructive. 190. capitalism (noun) – an economic system based on private ownership; private enterprise, private ownership. 191. equip (verb) – prepare (for a particular task/situation). 192. confront (verb) – face, address, tackle, deal with. 193. murky (adjective) – questionable, suspicious, dubious,/mysterious. 194. populism (noun) – policies that supposedly represent the opinions of ordinary people. 195. on a platter (phrase) – used to mention that someone receives something with no effort. 196. reason with (phrasal verb) – talk round, win round, persuade, coax, prevail on, convince. 197. inculcate (verb) – introduce, instil, infuse, induce. 198. unbiased (adjective) - impartial, unprejudiced, non-partisan, objective. 199.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM just (adjective) – impartial, unbiased, objective, neutral.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021) H 1. in the same vein (phrase) - in the same style; of similar kind.

2. manifesto (noun) – a publication issued by a political party before a General Election. It contains the set of policies that the party stands

for and would wish to implement if elected to govern; (policy) statement, declaration, pronouncement. 3. freebie (noun) - a thing that is provided without charge; giveaway,

handout. 4. tumultuous (adjective) – stormy, turbulent, volatile; roller-coaster, out

of control, confused, unrestrained. 5. stitch up (phrasal verb) – arrange, organize (a deal/agreement to someone’s benefit).

6. alliance (noun) – coalition, association, union, partnership. 7. the lion’s share (phrase) - the most of something, the largest part of something; the greater number of, the main part of, more than half of, the bulk of something. 8. by and large (phrase) – generally, altogether, all things considered. 9. ally (noun) – partner, confederate, supporter (in a political alliance). 10. enthuse (verb) – motivate, spur/stimulate, encourage. 11. slot (noun) – place, position. 12. adversary (noun) – rival, enemy, nemesis, opponent. 13. aggressive (adjective) – assertive, forceful, vigorous. 14. posture (noun) – position. 15. content with (verb) - be satisfied, satisfy oneself. 16. passing (noun) – death, demise, passing away. 17. be shorn of (phrasal verb) – to have something important removed from you. 18. charismatic (adjective) – strong in character, full of personality, attractive, appealing, captivating, fascinating. 19. throw in (phrasal verb) - add, include something (free). 20. run-up to (noun) – a period of time just before an important event. 21. pandemic-hit (adjective) – affected by the pandemic. 22. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. subsidy (noun) – also called subvention; a financial contribution granted to help an industry or business, mostly given by a government, in order to keep the price of service/goods at a low level.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021) H 24. debatable (adjective) – controversial, contentious,

questionable/arguable. 25. fiscal (adjective) – financial.

26. indicator (noun) – measure, index, gauge. 27. Finance Commission (noun) – It is a Constitutionally mandated body that is at the centre of fiscal federalism. Set up under Article 280 of

the Constitution of India, its core responsibility is to evaluate the state of finances of the Union and State Governments, recommend the

sharing of taxes between them, lay down the principles determining the distribution of these taxes among States. The first Finance Commission was set up in 1951 and there have been fifteen so far.

28. Fifteenth Finance Commission (noun) – The Fifteenth Finance Commission was constituted on 27 November 2017 against the backdrop of the abolition of the Planning Commission (as also of the distinction between Plan and non-Plan expenditure) and the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST), which has fundamentally redefined federal fiscal relations. It is constituted to give recommendations for devolution of taxes and other fiscal matters for five fiscal years, commencing 01.04.2020. 29. plunge (verb) – fall/drop, plummet, tumble, nosedive suddenly & uncontrollably. 30. ally (noun) – partner, confederate, supporter (in a political alliance). 31. substantive (adjective) – important, significant, meaningful, considerable. 32. public health (noun) – the branch of medicine handling public health; public health is also the science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities through education, policy making and research for disease and injury prevention. 33. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 34. prevalence (noun) – it refers to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time whereas “incidence” refers to the number of new cases that develop in a given period of time. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM35. anaemia (noun) - a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood. 36. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021) H 37. satisfactorily (adverb) - acceptably.

38. veteran (noun) – (long-serving) expert, seasoned, mature, established/experienced (person in an area of activity).

39. heterogenous (adjective) - diverse, varied, varying, contrasting, different, differing, divergent, unrelated. 40. in character (phrase) - usual, typical, normal.

41. apparently (adverb) – seemingly, evidently, it appears that. 42. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim.

43. don (verb) - put on, dress in, get into. 44. neo- (prefix) - new. 45. opinion poll (noun) – a broad term used for any typically public-

facing (and often published) survey/poll designed to better understand public opinion. 46. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 47. likelihood (noun) – probability, chance, possibility. 48. front (noun) – political group, party, faction/camp. 49. secure (verb) – obtain, acquire, gain, get. 50. play catch-up (phrase) – try to match a rival/competitor (in a sport or game or contest). 51. track record (noun) – previous performance, previous accomplishments, previous achievements. 52. campaign (noun) – an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision-making progress within a specific group. 53. devoid of (adjective) – without, free of/free from. 54. keep at bay (phrase) – prevent someone/something from coming nearer. 55. thrive on (phrasal verb) - to enjoy something, particularly one that other people find unpleasant; to be successful at something particularly one that other people find difficult. 56. parochialism (noun) – narrow-mindedness, localism, provincialism. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM57. divisive (adjective) – alienating/isolating, disharmonious, discordant. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 17, 2021)

1. bridge the gulf/gap (phrase) – try to find a way to reduce the gap and

bring the two separate viewpoints together. 2. deficit (noun) – shortfall, deficiency, shortage, lack. 3. sponsor (verb) - support, back, promote, fund/finance.

4. preparatory (adjective) – preliminary, initial, introductory, basic, elementary.

5. faculty (noun) – a teaching (or research) staff (in a university, college, or school). 6. draw attention to (phrase) - emphasize, highlight, underscore; focus

on. 7. pallid (adjective) - uninteresting, feeble, dull, boring, uninspired, insipid, lifeless, spiritless. 8. reservation (noun) – a system of affirmative action in India that provides historically disadvantaged groups representation in education, employment, and politics. 9. elite (noun as modifier) – superior in quality; the best. 10. striking (adjective) - noticeable, obvious, evident, visible, distinct, prominent, notable. 11. take into account (phrase) – consider, take into consideration, have regard to, reckon with. 12. Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs) (noun) - a group of premier public research institutions in India. The IISERs represent a unique initiative in India where teaching and education are integrated with state-of-the-art research, nurturing both curiosity and creativity in an intellectually vibrant atmosphere of research. The Government of India, through the Ministry of Education, has established seven Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs). These institutes are located in Berhampur (established in 2016), Bhopal (in 2008), Mohali (in 2007), Pune (in 2006), Kolkata (in 2006), Thiruvanantapuram (in 2008) and Tirupati (in 2015). 13. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 14. mismatch (noun) – discrepancy, inconsistency, contradiction. 15. outcome (noun) – result, effect, consequence. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM16. the way out (noun) - a method of dealing with a problem; solution. 17. exempt (verb) – free from, not liable to, not subject to (an obligation).

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 17, 2021)

18. Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Teachers’ Cadre)

Act, 2019 (noun) – An Act to provide for the reservation of posts in appointments by direct recruitment of persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, the socially and

educationally backward classes and the economically weaker sections, to teachers’ cadre in certain Central Educational Institutions

established, maintained or aided by the Central Government, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. It shall be deemed to have come into force on the 7th day of March, 2019.

19. dereserve (verb) – remove from (reservation/quota). 20. beneficiary (noun) – recipient, receiver. 21. obviously (adverb) - clearly, evidently, manifestly, noticeably. 22. salutary (adjective) – good, helpful/useful, beneficial, practical, valuable. 23. envisage (verb) – foresee, anticipate, expect. 24. ideal (noun) – principle, standard, belief, conviction. 25. affirmative action (noun) – it means positive steps taken to increase the representation of (women and) minorities in areas of employment, education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded. 26. equality (noun) - equal rights, equal opportunities, non- discrimination. 27. equity (noun as modifier) – fairness/justness, neutrality, impartiality, lack of discrimination, egalitarianism. 28. lacunae (plural of) lacuna (noun) – a gap/empty space; missing part of something. 29. sea (noun) – multitude, a host of, lot, large number, great quantity. 30. deprived (adjective) – disadvantaged, underprivileged, poverty- stricken, impoverished. 31. hyper- (prefix) – over; beyond; excessively. 32. commercialized (adjective) - profit-oriented, money- oriented, materialistic. 33. island (noun) - isolated, detached thing (institution in this context). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM34. attribute to (verb) – ascribe, assign, connect/associate with. 35. absence (noun) – lack, unavailability, deficiency.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 17, 2021)

36. forward-looking (adjective) - progressive, reforming, liberal, radical.

37. remedial (adjective) – corrective, restorative, reparative. 38. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure. 39. equip (verb) – prepare (for a particular task/situation).

40. aspiring (adjective) - ambitious, self-seeking, aspirant, enthusiastic, determined, impassioned.

41. pool (noun) – a group of people available for work (when needed as a resource). 42. merit (noun) – worthiness, value, quality.

43. context (noun) – situation; circumstances, conditions. 44. discipline (noun) – field of study, branch of knowledge. 45. in the short term (phrase) - in the (near) future. 46. deficiency (noun) – insufficiency, lack, shortage, inadequacy, deficit. 47. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 48. deprivation (noun) – hardship, destitution, neediness, distress. 49. devote (verb) – allocate, assign, allot, commit. 50. marginalised (adjective) – treated as insignificant, treated as unimportant, neglected. 51. the marginalised (noun) – the people who are treated as insignificant, treated as unimportant, neglected. 52. trickle down (phrasal verb) – pass on benefits to the people at the bottom of the pyramid (by those at top of the system). 53. scarce (adjective) – insufficient, deficient, inadequate. 54. egalitarian (adjective) – common, equal, fair. 55. pie (noun) - a whole thing which can be shared/divided. 56. realm (noun) – area, field, domain (of activity). 57. in the public realm/domain (phrase) – if something (e.g. information) is in the public domain, people generally know about it since it is not secret. 58. aid (verb) – facilitate, help, assist. 59. on the road (phrase) - on the path/course (to achieve a specified WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMresult).

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021)

1. artificial intelligence (AI) (noun) – an area of computer science that

deals with giving machines the ability to seem like they have human intelligence. 2. safeguard (noun) – protection, precaution, safety measure.

3. schism (noun) – a division between people within a group with differences in opinion; separation, split, rift. 4. lead to (verb) - result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to,

produce. 5. discriminatory (adjective) – biased, unfair/unjust, inequitable, partisan. 6. look after (phrasal verb) - take care of, care for, attend to.

7. fodder (noun) – something considered useful only for a particular purpose; (fodder generally means food, particularly dried hay or straw, for cattle and other livestock). 8. dystopian (adjective) – relating to an imagined place where everything is unpleasant/bad.

9. vestige (noun) – indication, sign, trace/mark. 10. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 11. fruition (noun) – realization, achievement, accomplishment/completion. 12. Fourth Industrial Revolution (noun) - Simply put, the Fourth Industrial Revolution refers to how technologies like artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and the internet of things are merging with humans’ physical lives. Think of voice-activated assistants, facial ID recognition or digital health-care sensors. 13. exponential (adjective) – rapid, quick, fast. 14. embedded (adjective) – fixed firmly; implanted. 15. Global Positioning System (GPS) (noun) - GPS is a (navigation) system. It’s made up of three parts: satellites, ground stations, and receivers. The technology can pinpoint longitude, latitude, ground speed, and course direction of the target somewhere in the world. 16. transformative (adjective) – life-changing, forward-thinking, progressive. 17. harness (verb) – put to use, utilize/exploit, make use of. 18. the harnessing (noun) - utilization. 19. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance gradually. 20. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. velocity (noun) – speed (in general use). 22. jeopardy (noun) – peril, danger, risk/difficulty. 23. vanquish (verb) – conquer, defeat, crush, quell.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021)

24. Go (noun) - Go is one of the oldest board games in the world. Its true

origins are unknown, though it almost certainly originated in China some 3,000-4,000 years ago. Like Chess, Go is a game of skill - it has been described as being like four Chess games going on together on the

same board - but it differs from Chess in many ways. The rules of Go are very simple and though, like Chess, it is a challenge to players' analytical skills, there is far more scope in Go for intuition. Go is a

territorial game. The board, marked with a grid of 19 lines by 19 lines, may be thought of as a piece of land to be shared between the two players. One player has a supply of black pieces, called stones, the other

a supply of white. 25. decode (verb) – analyze and interpret; decipher, explain, understand. 26. algorithm (noun) – the list of instructions and rules that a computer needs to do to complete a task. 27. sweep (verb) - affect, enter, overwhelm, flood.

28. tame (verb) – control, curb, master, subdue, mitigate, suppress. 29. enable (verb) – permit, allow, facilitate. 30. radically (adverb) – completely, thoroughly, totally, entirely. 31. virtually (adverb) – practically, almost, nearly. 32. leapfrog (verb) – jump over; improve, advance quickly (to a high-level job/position from a low-level job/position by surpassing/outperforming others or skipping over some stages in the process); pass over, get past (an obstacle). 33. eradicate (verb) – remove, get rid of, eliminate, discard, abolish. 34. hunger (noun) – need for food; starvation, famine, malnutrition. 35. open up (phrasal verb) - become accessible; become available. 36. hitherto (adverb) – previously, earlier, so far/thus far, until now. 37. unimaginable (adjective) – unthinkable, inconceivable, unbelievable. 38. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 39. mitigation (noun) – alleviation, reduction; lessening. 40. for better or for worse (phrase) - whether the end result of something is good or bad. 41. yield (noun) – profit, gain, return, dividend, proceeds. 42. credit (verb) – loan, lent money, borrowed money. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM43. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and services.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021)

44. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (noun) – The sustainable

development goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets, and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years.

45. enabler (noun) – something that makes something else possible; facilitator. 46. on the cusp of (phrase) – a point where something will change from one

state to another. 47. breakthrough (noun as modifier) – very important/significant development or progress.

48. profound (adjective) – deep, deep-rooted, serious, intense. 49. hinder (verb) – obstruct, impede, inhibit, hamper. 50. carbon footprint (noun) – the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2).

51. compound (verb) – aggravate, worsen, make worse, add to, exacerbate, intensify. 52. exclusion (noun) – banning; rejection, ostracism, banishment. 53. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 54. edge out (phrasal verb) - remove an employee from a firm (indirectly). 55. reskill (verb) - learn/teach new skills. 56. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities; imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 57. Big Tech (noun) – the largest and most dominant companies in the information technology industry of the United States, namely Amazon, Apple, Google & Facebook. 58. staggering (adjective) – astonishing, shocking, surprising. 59. reel (verb) – be shaken by, be stunned by, be shocked by. 60. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 61. replicate (verb) – emulate, recreate. 62. exacerbate (verb) – intensify, increase, heighten, aggravate, worsen, compound. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 64. surveillance (noun) – monitoring, observation, scrutiny, inspection. 65. discriminate (verb) – disfavour, be biased, treat differently; differentiate, distinguish, separate.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021)

66. people of colour (noun) – it is primarily used in the United States to

describe people who are not considered white. 67. workforce (noun) – workers, employees. 68. data privacy (noun) - data privacy generally means the ability of a

person to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent personal information about them is shared with or communicated to others. This personal information can be one's name, location, contact

information, or online or real-world behavior. 69. quest (noun) – pursuit, search. 70. footprint (noun) – impression, mark, trace, impact.

71. harvest (verb) – acquire, obtain, get, gather. 72. consent (noun) – agreement, assent, approval. 73. informed/signed consent (noun) – the permission a patient gives a doctor (by signing a document) to perform a test or procedure after the doctor has fully explained the purpose.

74. customisation (noun) - the action (by a user) of modifying something to suit a particular individual or task. 75. echo chamber (noun) – an environment/situation where a person only encounters information or opinions that reflect and reinforce their own. 76. exposure (noun) – experience, introduction, presentation of something. 77. erode (verb) – (gradually) deteriorate, destroy, spoil. 78. common ground (phrase) – shared opinions, beliefs (or interests). 79. exaggeration (noun) – overstatement, overemphasis, overplaying, magnification, amplification. 80. discrete (adjective) - distinct, individual, separate. 81. nudge (verb) – push, prod, encourage. 82. chilling (adjective) – frightening, terrifying, disturbing/horrifying. 83. Cambridge Analytica (scandal) (noun) – A British political consulting firm Cambridge Analytica illicitly harvested the personal data of millions of Facebook users without their consent to run political campaigns. The scandal came into light after a former employee turned into a whistleblower. 84. potent (noun) – strong, powerful, effective. 85. behove (verb) – be appropriate for, be expected of, be advisable for, be sensible for, be wise for. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM86. bias (noun) – prejudice, partiality; unfairness, one-sidedness. 87. prejudice (noun) – discrimination, partiality, intolerance, bigotry. 88. conscious (adjective) – aware of. 89. christen (verb) – name, designate, label.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021)

90. spew (verb) – emit, discharge, eject, expel.

91. egregious (adjective) – shocking, horrible/terrible, very bad. 92. humane (adjective) – compassionate, considerate, sympathetic, kind- hearted.

93. unbiased (adjective) – impartial, unprejudiced, non-partisan, objective. 94. equitable (adjective) – fair, just, impartial. 95. transparent (adjective) – open/candid, forthright, straightforward, honest.

96. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone included, comprehensive. 97. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe.

98. vulnerable (adjective) – relating to a weak/neglected person who is in need of special care/support/protection; ill-protected, easily affected by, prone to, at risk of. 99. amplify (verb) – raise, intensify, escalate. 100. innate (adjective) – natural, intrinsic, inherent; essential/inbuilt.

101. irreversible (adjective) – unchangeable, invariable, irrevocable. 102. self-regulation (noun) – self-monitoring; the ability to understand and manage your behaviour and your reactions to feelings and things happening around you. 103. deploy (verb) – use, utilize, employ. 104. code of conduct (noun) – a set of rules outlining the norms, rules, and responsibilities or proper practices of an individual party or an organisation. 105. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure. 106. audit (noun) – inspection, examination, assessment, investigation. 107. deployment (noun) – the bringing of resources into effective action. 108. inculcate (verb) – introduce, instil, infuse, induce. 109. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity. 110. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 111. flourish (verb) – develop, improve, progress, evolve, thrive, prosper. 112. bring about (phrasal verb) – cause, create, produce. 113. rest on (phrasal verb) – be based on, depend on, be dependent on, rely on. 114.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM roadmap (noun) – schedule of a (complex) program. 115. lay out (phrasal verb) – outline, draw up, formulate. 116. stakeholder (noun) – a person with an interest in something.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021)

117. sustainable (adjective) – reasonable, sensible, well-founded (without

disturbing the balance of nature and then without exhausting all of the natural resources). 118. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO) (noun) – UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture.

UNESCO’s programmes contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015.

119. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, complete, thorough, full, detailed. 120. deliberation (noun) – consideration, thought/thinking, careful discussion, contemplation. 121. cognisant (adjective) – aware, well informed about, familiar with.

122. strive (verb) – try, attempt, make every effort. 123. strike a balance (phrase) – find a fair & reasonable line of action between two contrasting things. 124. public good (phrase) – the benefit, advantage, or well-being of the public. 125. NITI Aayog (noun) – The National Institution for Transforming India, also called NITI Aayog, was formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet on January 1, 2015. NITI Aayog is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India, providing both directional and policy inputs. (NITI Aayog replaced “The Planning Commission” – an institution in the Government of India established in 1950, which formulated India’s Five- Year Plans, among other functions to oversee the country’s economic and social development). (Think tank is a panel of experts who provide advice and ideas on political, social or economic issues). 126. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 127. culmination (noun) – climax, pinnacle, summit, conclusion, high point, highest point. 128. consultative (adjective) – advisory, consulting, counseling. 129. case in point (phrase) – example, instance, typical case, sample. 130.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM optimise (verb) – make the most effective use of something. 131. dividend (noun) – benefit, advantage, gain. 132. fair (adjective) – just, equitable, fair-minded, open-minded. 133. just (adjective) – impartial, unbiased, objective, neutral.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 17, 2021)

134. When the rubber hits/meets the road (phrase) - it refers to the point at

which a conceptual/theoretical idea/plan is tested out practically. 135. conundrum (noun) – problem, difficulty, quandary/dilemma. 136. in practice (phrase) – in reality, actually, practically.

137. reflection (noun) – opinion, thought, view, assessment. 138. resolve (noun) – determination, willpower, firmness, resolution, courage.

139. humanity (noun) – humankind, the human race, people. 140. embody (verb) – include, incorporate, encompass, integrate. 141. myth (noun) – folk tale, story, folk story, tale, fable.

142. Prometheus (proper noun) - In Greek mythology, Prometheus (possibly meaning "forethought"), is a Titan god of fire. Prometheus is credited with the creation of humanity from clay, and who defies the gods by stealing fire and giving it to humanity as civilization. Prometheus is known for his intelligence and for being a champion of humankind, and is

also seen as the author of the human arts and sciences generally. 143. Titan (proper noun) – In Greek mythology, the Titans were the pre- Olympian gods; (figuratively) an extremely important, powerful & strong person/thing. 144. mortal (noun) - human being, human (as against divine being). 145. trickster (noun) – fraudster, cheat, fraud. 146. defiance (noun) – resistance, opposition, confrontation. 147. Zeus (proper noun) – In Greek mythology, Zeus is the god of the sky, lightning and the thunder. 148. Pandora (proper noun) – In Greek mythology, the first woman. 149. Pandora’s box (noun) – (figuratively) a source of something (problems, troubles, difficulties, etc.).

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

1. allay (verb) - reduce, diminish, decrease, lessen; alleviate, ease,

relieve. 2. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a particular disease; immunization.

3. ingredient (noun) – element, part, component. 4. dose (noun) – an amount/quantity of something.

5. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 6. administer (verb) – dispense, provide, give, apply (a drug/vaccine).

7. account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, comprise, form, represent. 8. flurry (noun) – spate, series, succession. 9. fraction (noun) – a (small) proportion/part/amount of something. 10. vaccinate (verb) – inoculate, administer, introduce (with a vaccine to provide immunity against a disease). 11. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to, produce. 12. cascade (noun) – a large number of things happening at the same time. 13. halt (noun) - stop, close, end. 14. Oxford vaccine/Covishield (noun) – (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or (AZD1222) is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, UK Ltd. (named Covishield in India). Serum Institute of India (SII), a biotechnology company has partnered with global pharma giant AstraZeneca and Oxford University for this vaccine candidate ‘Covidshield’. 15. underline (verb) – underscore, emphasize, highlight. 16. occurrence (noun) - appearance, existence; incidence, prevalence. 17. in fact (phrase) – actually, really, as a matter of fact. 18. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 19. background (noun) - circumstances, context, conditions, situation. 20. advocate (verb) – recommend, prescribe, advise, favour. 21. ongoing (adjective) – continuing, happening/occurring. 22. drive (noun) – campaign, crusade, movement, effort, push. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. accelerate (verb) – increase, speed up, expedite, hurry up. 24. keep pace with (phrase) – progress at the same speed as.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

25. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness

spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 26. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand.

27. candidate vaccine BNT162b2 (noun) – mRNA-based vaccine candidate produced by Pfizer and BioNTech.

28. candidate vaccine mRNA-1273 (noun) – mRNA-1273 is an an mRNA vaccine candidate which was co-developed by Moderna and investigators from NIAID’s Vaccine Research Center.

29. authorisation (noun) – approval, sanction, permission, consent, clearance. 30. profile (noun) – description, outline; summary of details. 31. replete with (adjective) – filled with, well supplied/stocked with, overloaded. 32. take off (phrasal verb) – remove, discard, shrug off. 33. untoward (adjective) – unexpected, unanticipated, inappropriate, inconvenient. 34. far (adverb) – very much, considerably, markedly, significantly. 35. outweigh (verb) – be greater than; take priority over, prevail over; offset, cancel out. 36. weigh on (one's) mind (phrase) – to create/produce a lot of worry/problem, particularly for a long period of time. 37. regulator (noun) – an association that supervises a particular business activity. 38. bar (noun) - barrier, restriction, limitation. 39. rely on (phrasal verb) – depend on; resort to, have recourse to. 40. exemplify (verb) – clarify, represent, illustrate (as an example). 41. trial (noun) – test, pilot study, experiment (phase 1, 2,3, and or human/clinical trial). 42. pave the way for (phrase) – clear the way for, make preparations for, put things in order for. 43. as well as (phrase) – and also, and in addition. 44. expertise (noun) – proficiency, skill, knowledge, command. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM45. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

46. prompt (adjective) - quick, swift, rapid, speedy, fast.

47. thereby (adverb) – as a result of that. 48. one's strong suit (phrase) - forte, strong point, strength, talent, skill. 49. in spite of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of.

50. scant (adjective) – little, little or no, minimal, hardly any. 51. efficacy (noun) – In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for

example, a drug or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect; effectiveness, efficiency, power. 52. Adverse Events Following Immunisation (AEFI) (noun) - An Adverse

event following immunization (AEFI) is any untoward medical occurrence which follows immunization and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the usage of the vaccine. The adverse event may be any unfavourable or unintended sign, abnormal laboratory finding, symptom or disease. 53. immunisation (noun) – the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. 54. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 55. in contrast to (phrase) – in opposition to. 56. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (noun) - The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. CDC is the U.S’s leading science-based, data-driven, service organization that protects the public’s health. 57. zealous (adjective) – passionate, impassioned, enthusiastic, eager, purposeful, intense, single-minded. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM58. attention (noun) – concentration, care, observation, attentiveness. Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 18, 2021) H 1. immigration (noun) – the act of leaving one’s countries and moving to another country of which they are not natives, nor citizens, to settle or

reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. 2. conundrum (noun) – problem, difficulty, quandary/dilemma. 3. diversity (noun) – existence/presence of different people (from a

variety of backgrounds and perspectives ranging from race to age to gender to hometown to educational experience) within the group;

variety, variance, difference. 4. migration (noun) – the movement of people within the borders of the same country or across international borders in order to find work or

better living conditions. 5. American Dream (noun) - The set of ideals – which includes notions of individual rights, freedom, democracy, and equality – is arguably centered around the belief that each individual has the right and freedom to seek prosperity and happiness, regardless of where or into what circumstances they were born. 6. vision (noun) – concept, notion, idea; dream. 7. premise on (verb) – base something on. 8. unlikely (adjective) – doubtful, implausible, improbable, questionable. 9. cakewalk (noun) – easy task/job, child’s play, walkover. 10. undo (verb) – cancel, reverse, revoke, nullify, invalidate. 11. predecessor (noun) – previous holder of the post; forerunner, precursor, antecedent. 12. anticipate (verb) – expect, foresee, predict. 13. thorny (adjective) – problematic, tricky, delicate, controversial. 14. spiral (verb) – increase/rise rapidly, leap up, escalate. 15. full-blown (adjective) – fully developed, full-scale, full-blooded, fully-fledged, complete, thorough. 16. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 17. surge (noun) - sudden increase or rise of something. 18. unaccompanied (adjective) – alone, unescorted, unattended; isolated, separated. 19. comprehensive (adjective) – all-inclusive, complete, thorough, full, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdetailed. 20. front and centre (phrase) – in the front line; in the most prominent position. 21. spike (noun) – a sharp rise/increase of something.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 18, 2021) H 22. wear thin (phrase) - (feeling, explanation, activity &, etc.) to become weaker; to become less effective; to become out-of-date or less

popular; to become less convincing; to become less acceptable (gradually). 23. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which

establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government.

24. strike a note (phrase) – express/communicate, call/bring to mind, cite. 25. grim (adjective) – distressing, upsetting, worrying, unpleasant, dismal, awful.

26. encounter (verb) – experience, come up against, come across, be faced with. 27. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 28. take down (phrasal verb) – remove, dismantle, demolish. 29. summarily (adverb) – immediately, instantly, straight away. 30. turn away (phrasal verb) – repel, reject, rebuff, send away. 31. asylum (noun) – protection provided by a foreign country to somebody who is unable or unwilling to return to their home country due to fear of persecution (harm, harassment or oppression). 32. in a sense (phrase) - partly; in some way(s); in a way, somewhat. 33. mounting (adjective) – increasing, growing, rising, escalating. 34. sweeping (adjective) – overwhelming, decisive, thorough, complete, total, unconditional, unlimited, unrestricted. 35. unveil (verb) – present, disclose, make public. 36. as well as (phrase) – and also, and in addition. 37. Congress (noun) – legislative assembly, parliament; The United States Congress is the bicameral (two chambers) legislature of the federal government of the United States, and consists of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. 38. resistance (noun) – opposition, refusal, denial. 39. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure. 40. grant (noun) – issuing, allocation, allotment. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM41. Dreamer/DREAMer (noun) - an undocumented immigrant who entered the U.S. as a child. 42. under way (phrase) – in progress, happening, occurring, taking place. 43. redress (verb) – rectify, correct, put right, set right, compensate.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 18, 2021) H 44. ills (noun) – problems, troubles, difficulties. 45. erect (verb) – create, establish, form/set up.

46. H-1B visa (noun) – it permits a foreign professional (with a (min. 4 years) university degree or its equivalent) to work in specialty occupations (or skilled employments) in the United States (issued for

a max of 6 years in total). 47. potentially (adverb) – likely, may be, possibly, probably.

48. green card (noun) – it is officially known as a “Permanent Resident Card” and it allows a person to live and work permanently in the United States.

49. broader comparative adjective of broad (adjective) – comprehensive, inclusive, extensive, wide-ranging. 50. omnibus (adjective) – the Latin word literally meaning “for all”; consisting of several parts/items. 51. legislation (noun) – a body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 52. undocumented (adjective) – not having the proper legal document. 53. patrol (noun) - vigil, guard, watch, monitoring. 54. vocal (adjective) – vociferous, outspoken, forthright; relating to someone who expresses his/her views frankly. 55. take on (phrasal verb) – oppose, challenge, confront. 56. humane (adjective) – compassionate, considerate, sympathetic, kind- hearted. 57. intractable (adjective) – unmanageable, uncontrollable, ungovernable. 58. wrestle (verb) – grapple, fight, struggle/battle. 59. inception (noun) – setting up, origination, establishment, institution, foundation/formation. 60. inclusivist (adjective) - relating to a theory of inclusivism that steers a middle course by agreeing with exclusivism that one religion has the most value while also agreeing with a pluralism that others still have significant religious value. 61. embrace (verb) – welcome, accept, adapt. 62. battle cry (noun) – slogan, motto, watchword, catchphrase, catchword. 63. nativist (adjective) – relating to the political policy of promoting the WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMinterests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants. 64. populism (noun) – policies that supposedly represent the opinions of ordinary people. 65. carry the day (phrase) - win, accomplish, gain, secure, effect.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

1. pull back (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, disengage. 2. brink (noun) – edge/verge/end (of something).

3. credentials (noun) – identities, qualities; achievement, experience, knowledge. 4. tarnished (adjective) – spoiled, ruined, damaged.

5. merit (verb) – deserve, warrant, justify. 6. influence (noun) – control, sway/power, authority. 7. come in (phrasal verb) - enter, arrive, be involved, to take part in

something. 8. dizzying (adjective) – confused, muddled, bewildered; off-balance, shaky, unsteady.

9. array (noun) – list, line-up. 10. simplistic (adjective) – oversimple/oversimplified, schematic, facile. 11. classification (noun) – categorization, grouping, systematization. 12. in spite of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of. 13. constant (adjective) – continuous, persistent, round-the-clock. 14. throughout (adverb) – all through, from beginning to end.

15. wield (verb) – exercise, exert, be possessed of, have.

16. considerably (adverb) – greatly, very much, a lot. 17. the governed (noun) - citizens in a particular government as a whole. 18. the other way around (phrase) - oppositely, in reverse, conversely, inversely. 19. gross (adjective) – flagrant, blatant, glaring, obvious, overt, evident. 20. understatement (noun) – trivialization, euphemism; restraint, underemphasis. 21. unfettered (adjective) – unrestrained, unrestricted, unconstrained. 22. subject (noun) – citizen, national, native, resident, inhabitant. 23. enlightened (adjective) – informed, educated, knowledgeable. 24. benign (adjective) – good-natured, kind/gentle, friendly. 25. grasp (verb) - understand, comprehend, follow, apprehend. 26. insight (noun) – perception, understanding, awareness, vision. 27. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 28. coercion (noun) – it means compelling an individual to act against his/her will by the use of psychological pressure or physical force causing bodily injury; force/pressure, oppression, harassment, intimidation. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM29. arbitrary (adjective) – whimsical, irrational, casual; autocratic, draconian, anti-democratic. 30. arbitrary power (noun) – tyranny, dictatorship, totalitarianism, fascism, autocracy.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

31. exception (noun) – an anomaly, special case, deviation. 32. iron fist (noun) - oppression, control, heavy-hand.

33. checks and balances (plural noun) - a system in which all departments of a government organization have the right to amend/limit the powers of the other departments in order to avoid the dominance of one

department. 34. description (noun) - interpretation, narration, portrayal. 35. state-society relations (noun) - interactions between state institutions and

societal groups to negotiate how public authority is exercised and how it can be influenced by people. 36. sound (verb) – pronounce, voice, announce, articulate, say, indicate.

37. quite (adjective) – fairly, reasonably. 38. anachronistic (adjective) – old-fashioned, bygone, outmoded. 39. balance of power (phrase) - stability in a system composed of a number of autonomous forces. Whenever the equilibrium is disturbed either by an outside force or by a change in one or the other elements composing the system, the system shows a tendency to re-establish either the

original or a new equilibrium.

40. contemporary (adjective) – modern, present-day. 41. sovereign (adjective) – independent, self-governing, autonomous. 42. arguably (adverb) – possibly, conceivably, maybe, potentially. 43. establishment (noun) – institution, formation, creation. 44. Glorious Revolution (noun) - The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig (those opposed to a Catholic succession) history of Britain. 45. emboldened (adjective) – encouraged, motivated; strengthened, fortified. 46. nobility (noun) – virtue, goodness, honesty, decency, integrity. 47. assert (verb) – declare, announce, pronounce, state. 48. monarch (noun) - sovereign, ruler, crowned head. 49. purse (noun) – a sum of (prize) money/amount. 50. The Lords (noun) - (in the UK) members of the House of Lords (the upper house chamber of UK Parliament; The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM51. isle noun) – an island. 52. precious little (phrase) - very little. 53. spawn (verb) – produce, generate, promote/trigger. 54. inalienable (adjective) – inviolable/unchallengeable, absolute/inherent.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

55. colonialism (noun) – the act of controlling & exploiting a country/territory (& its people) by another country/territory.

56. exclusion (noun) – banning; rejection, ostracism, banishment. 57. as well as (phrase) – and also, and in addition. 58. millennia (noun) – plural form of millennium (a period of a thousand

years). 59. periodically (adverb) – at regular intervals. 60. universal suffrage/franchise (noun) – the right of citizens in a given

society who are entitled to vote in an election without the discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion or sex. 61. judiciary (noun) – judges.

62. the judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 63. scrutinise (verb) – examine carefully, inspect; investigate. 64. make public (phrase) – announce, communicate, make known, disseminate. 65. empowered (adjective) – authorized, allowed, entitled.

66. on behalf of (phrase) – in the interests of, in support of, for the benefit

of. 67. heady (adjective) – thrilled, elated, excited, euphoric, ecstatic, overwhelmed, overjoyed. 68. self-determination (noun) – autonomy, independence, freedom. 69. herald (verb) – publicize, declare, make public, announce, usher in. 70. proliferation (noun) – rapid increase, rise, escalation. 71. ideological (adjective) – relating to a system of ideas. 72. the Cold War (noun) – The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States and a group of countries) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and a group of countries). 73. sine qua non (noun) – a necessity, essential item, basics. 74. fig leaf (noun) - (figuratively) something that is used to hide an embarrassing situation or problem; disguise, camouflage, cover-up, shield, facade, veneer. 75. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 76. unipolar (adjective) – (in international politics), relating to a distribution of power in which one state (country/person) exercises most of the WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcultural, economic, and military influence. 77. erstwhile (adjective) – old, previous, former, then. 78. dictatorship (noun) – totalitarianism, absolute rule, autocracy. 79. commentator (noun) – critic, analyst, observer.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

80. infamously (adverb) - ill-famedly, notoriously, disreputably. 81. win the day (phrase) - be victorious.

82. triumphalist (adjective) – an attitude or a belief that a particular doctrine, religion, culture, social system is superior to and should triumph all over others.

83. anticipate (verb) – expect, foresee, predict. 84. fealty (noun) – allegiance, faithfulness, fidelity, obedience, adherence. 85. vibrancy (noun) – energy, buoyancy, briskness, vitiality.

86. squirm (verb) – turn, twist, flounder. 87. a level playing field (phrase) – a situation in which everyone has a fair and equal opportunity to succeed, and no one has an advantage over the

other. 88. render (verb) – make, cause to be, cause to become. 89. incumbent (noun) – the holder/occupant of an office. 90. autocrat (noun) – authoritarian, totalitarian; dictator, despot. 91. sustained (adjective) – continuous, constant, steady. 92. assault (noun) – attack, offensive, onslaught.

93. brazenly (adverb) – blatantly, clearly, fragrantly.

94. majoritarian (noun) – a philosophy that states that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language, social class, or some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy (priority) in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. 95. impulse (noun) – (strong & sudden) urge/instinct, compulsion, need. 96. constitutionalism (noun) – limited/restrained/controlled government. 97. playbook (noun) – strategies. 98. hone (verb) - refine, perfect, sharpen, give strength to. 99. incompetently (adverb) – unskilfully, inexpertly, amateurishly, 100. indices plural of index (noun) – indicator, guide. 101. kerfuffle (noun) - commotion, disturbance, argument/uproar. 102. Freedom House (noun) - Freedom House is a U.S.-based, U.S. government-funded non-profit non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights. Freedom House (based in Washington DC) was founded in October 1941. Freedom House is founded on the core conviction that freedom flourishes in democratic nations where governments are WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMaccountable to their people; the rule of law prevails; and freedoms of expression, association, and belief, as well as respect for the rights of women, minority communities, and historically marginalized groups, are guaranteed.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

103. Varieties of Democracy project (V-DEM) (noun) - an independent research institute founded in 2014 and is funded by a number of

government organizations, World Bank and several research institutions. The headquarters of the project is based at the department of political science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Varieties of Democracy (V-

Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. We provide a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept of democracy as a system of rule that goes

beyond the simple presence of elections. The V-Dem project distinguishes between five high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory, deliberative, and egalitarian, and collects data to

measure these principles. 104. well-regarded (adjective) – well-respected, well-esteemed, well- acclaimed. 105. conceptualise (verb) – envisage, envision, contemplate, think about. 106. destined to (adjective) – sure to meet (a particular end). 107. downgrade (verb) – lower in status/rank/importance, demote.

108. set off (phrasal verb) – give rise to, cause, trigger, prompt, bring about.

109. firestorm (noun) - blaze, conflagration, inferno. 110. indignant (adjective) - angry, distressed, unhappy, aggrieved. 111. frontal (adjective) - relating to the forehead. 112. dismiss (verb) – reject, deny, repudiate, spurn. 113. self-appointed (adjective) - so-called, self-titled, self- styled, inappropriately named. 114. arbiter (noun) – someone who has ultimate authority/power; judge, authority, controller. 115. cynic (noun) - sceptic, doubter. 116. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 117. trumpet (verb) – announce, declare, proclaim loudly. 118. laud (verb) - praise, hail, applaud, acclaim. 119. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 120. explicitly (adverb) – clearly, unequivocally, understandably, without question/doubt. 121. multi-dimensional (adjective) – involving several dimensions (aspects/features). 122. schema (noun) - plan, outline, structure, scheme. 123.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM sophisticated (adjective) – highly developed. 124. peer-reviewed (adjective) – relating to a process by which something research or publication is evaluated by a group of experts in the appropriate field.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

125. correlation (noun) – similarity, parallel, resemblance. 126. facet (noun) – aspect, feature, characteristic/nuance.

127. conception (noun) – idea, concept, notion. 128. holistic (adjective) – relating to an integrated approach that takes care of the “whole thing”, instead of certain parts in it.

129. considerable (adjective) – substantial, appreciable, significant, much. 130. weight (noun) – value; importance/significance. 131. the undermining (noun) - lessening, reduction, decreasing.

132. battered (adjective) – damaged, impaired, spoiled. 133. backslide (verb) – weaken, relapse, deteriorate. 134. retreat (noun) – withdrawal, pulling back, recoiling.

135. disingenuous (adjective) – dishonest, deceitful, double-dealing. 136. pretend (verb) – act like, make believe, behave (like something is true even it is not); to give false appearance, fake. 137. perception (noun) – understanding, thought, impression, feeling. 138. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 139. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four

democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a shared

objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo- Pacific region. 140. D-10 (noun) - a grouping of 10 democratic countries comprising the G7 plus Australia, India and South Korea. 141. G-7 or Group of Seven (noun) – a multilateral forum made up of the world’s seven largest so-called developed countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. They meet annually to discuss and exchange ideas on a broad range of issues, including global economy, security and energy. 142. moniker (noun) – nickname, label, title. 143. crib (about) (verb) – (in Old British or Indian English) to complain about someone/something angrily & constantly (non-stop); crib (v) generally means to copy (someone else’s work dishonestly); crib (n) means a child’s cot/cradle. 144. adverse (adjective) – unfavourable, disadvantageous, bad. 145. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, apart from. 146. shun (verb) – avoid, ignore, reject, eschew. 147.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM gallery (noun) – audience, spectators, watchers, onlookers. 148. peevish (adjective) – irritable, disagreeable, miserable. 149. savvy (adjective in combination) – intelligent, clever, expert; experienced in a particular area (of knowledge).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 18, 2021)

150. misinformation (noun) – disinformation, false information, alternative fact, fake news, false rumour.

151. see through (phrasal verb) - fathom, realize, understand. 152. pliant (noun) - easily influenced, influenceable, yielding. 153. bot (noun) – a robot.

154. intrinsic (adjective) – integral, inherent, deep-rooted, fundamental, essential. 155. campaign (noun) – an organized effort which seeks to influence the

decision-making progress within a specific group. 156. legitimacy (noun) – legality, validity, lawfulness. 157. quip (noun) – a funny/witty remark or comment; joke, banter.

158. play to the gallery (phrase) - instead of doing his/her job, is keen on winning popularity. 159. assuage (verb) – suppress, smother, stifle, quench, quell, check. 160. critic (noun) – reviewer, appraiser, analyst, censurer, attacker, fault- finder. 161. own up (phrase) – accept responsibility, acknowledge, acknowledge

that, tell the truth.

162. debacle (noun) – fiasco, failure, disaster. 163. hard-won (adjective) – achieved/gained only after a lot of effort. 164. husband (verb) – (of resources) use economocally, use sparingly. 165. custodian (noun) - protector, defender, guardian. 166. defensive (adjective) – self-justifying, oversensitive, thin-skinned, easily offended. 167. viable (adjective) – reasonable, practical, logical, sensible, effective. 168. devise (verb) – formulate, come up with, create. 169. exceptionalism (noun) – the state of being special, exceptional or unique. The belief that a country, society, or individual, is “exceptional” (i.e., extraordinary). 170. beacon (noun) – guiding light; a source of inspiration. 171. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. 172. enviable (adjective) - desirable, attractive, desired, admirable. 173. erosion (noun) – disintegration, deterioration, decline, undermining/weakening. 174.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom. 175. undermine (verb) – reduce, diminish, impede, hinder.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 19, 2021) H 1. hurdle (noun) – obstacle, difficulty, problem, barrier, impediment,

obstruction, hindrance. 2. authentication (noun) – verification, substantiation, validation.

3. welfare (noun) – a government program that provides (financial) assistance to individuals and families in need; social security, public assistance.

4. inefficiency (noun) – incapability, inability, failure, carelessness. 5. come/get in the way of (phrase) – interfere with, hamper, hinder,

obstruct, prevent, impede. 6. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 7. petitioner (noun) – supplicant, pleader, applicant, claimant.

8. starvation (noun) – extreme hunger, lack of food, famine, undernourishment/malnourishment. 9. Unique identification scheme/project (noun) - Unique identification project was initially conceived by the Planning Commission as an initiative that would provide identification for each resident across the country and would be used primarily as the basis for efficient delivery of welfare services. The brand name of the Unique Identification number (UID) is Aadhaar. 10. in existence (phrase) - continuing, existing, around. 11. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 12. uphold (verb) – confirm, endorse/approve, vindicate/validate. 13. projected (adjective) – estimated. 14. assign (verb) - allocate, allot, give. 15. dignity (noun) – self-esteem, self-worth, self-respect, pride/morale. 16. review petition (noun) - the Constitution of India itself gives, under Article 137, the Supreme Court the power to review any of its judgments or orders. The court has the power to review its rulings to correct a “patent error” and not “minor mistakes of inconsequential import”. It is not necessary that only parties to a case can seek a review of the judgment on it. As per the Civil Procedure Code and the Supreme Court Rules, any person aggrieved by a ruling can seek a review. However, the court does not entertain every review petition WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMfiled. It exercises its discretion to allow a review petition only when it shows the grounds for seeking the review. As per 1996 rules framed by the Supreme Court, a review petition must be filed within 30 days of the date of judgment or order.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 19, 2021) H 17. put to rest (phrase) – to stop people from concerning/doubting about

an issue by explaining/resolving it. 18. allay (verb) – reduce, diminish, decrease, lessen; alleviate, ease,

relieve. 19. biometric (adjective) – relating to the metrics with human (physical & behavioural) characteristics used for identification and access control.

20. Aadhaar Payment Bridge (System) (APBS) (noun) – it is one of the unique payment systems implemented by the National Payments

Corporation of India (NPCI), uses Aadhaar number as a central key for electronically channelizing the Government benefits and subsidies in the Aadhaar Enabled Bank Accounts (AEBA) of the intended

beneficiaries. 21. Public Distribution System (PDS) (noun) – The Public Distribution System (PDS) in the country facilitates the supply of food grains and distribution of essential commodities to a large number of poor people through a network of Fair Price Shops at a subsidized price on a recurring basis. 22. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005 (noun) – an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the ‘right to work’. It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. 23. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (noun) - a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases in liquid form used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. 24. subsidy (noun) – also called subvention; a financial contribution granted (to help an industry or business or individual or household), mostly given by a government, in order to keep the price of service/goods at a low level. 25. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to, produce. 26. disbursal (noun) – the act of paying out or disbursing/spending WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMmoney. 27. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. 28. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 29. beneficiary (noun) – recipient, receiver.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 19, 2021) H 30. exemption (noun) – exclusion, relief, exception.

31. mechanism (noun) – structure, system, procedure/method. 32. override (verb) – reject, cancel, reverse, revoke, overrule, nullify.

33. avail (verb) – help, aid, assist, benefit, be useful to, be of use/service to. 34. -intensive (adjective/usually in combination) – (in business)

concentrating on a particular thing. 35. iris (noun) - the colored (typically brown, blue, or green) ring-shaped

region/area surrounding the pupil (black circular opening/spot) of the eye. 36. false negative (noun) - a test result which wrongly indicates that a

condition does not hold. 37. persist (verb) – continue, remain, linger, stay. 38. more so (phrase) - it means that to a greater degree. 39. susceptible (adjective) - subject to, inclined to, vulnerable to. 40. over time (phrase) - it describes something which happens gradually. 41. tend (verb) – be inclined, be likely, be liable, be disposed. 42. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 43. due (adjective) – proper, correct, rightful, suitable, appropriate; deserved by, merited by. 44. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 45. decentralised (adjective) – relating to the transfer of the power/control of a department/government from a single place to other locations.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMwork and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 19, 2021) H 1. reset (noun) – re-establishment. 2. ties (noun) – association, relationship; bond, connection. 3. diplomat (noun) – ambassador, envoy, emissary, consul.

4. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (noun) – also known as the Communist Party of China (CPC); it is the founding and ruling political party of modern China, officially known as the People’s

Republic of China (PRC). 5. politburo (noun) – the main policy-making committee (standing

committee) of a communist party. 6. accompany (verb) – occur with, co-occur with, coincide with, coexist with.

7. National Security Adviser (NSA) the United States (noun) - The National Security Advisor serves as the principal advisor to the President of the United States on all national security issues. The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President and does not require confirmation by the United States Senate. 8. on the back of (phrase) – as a result of, after, subsequent to. 9. spiral (verb) – increase/rise rapidly, leap up, escalate. 10. espionage (noun) – the act of spying; obtaining secret or confidential (political or military) information of a country and/or disclosing it without the permission of that country; undercover work, infiltration, counter-intelligence. 11. maritime (adjective) – of or related to the sea. 12. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, by not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 13. exacerbate (verb) – intensify, increase, heighten, aggravate, worsen, compound. 14. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 15. bring up (phrasal verb) – raise something (a point/issue) for discussion. 16. crackdown (noun) - getting tough, severe/stern measures, restriction, suppression/repression, clampdown. 17. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM18. ally (noun) – a country/state with an alliance with another one in which they promise to support each other militarily and to defend each other. 19. in particular (phrase) - to be specific, especially, specifically.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 19, 2021) H 20. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (noun) – People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the country of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the largest military forces

in the world. 21. incursion (noun) – intrusion, trespass, infiltration. 22. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border

between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle

(Uttarakhand, Himachal), and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 23. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 24. preface (verb) - start, begin, introduce.

25. pushback (noun) – resistance, opposition, disagreement, force back, repulse drive. 26. backing (noun) – support, help, assistance. 27. summit-level (adjective) - relating to an international meeting/conference of heads of state/government. 28. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia, and India) with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region. 29. The Indo-Pacific (region) (noun) – the Indo-Pacific region refers to the confluence (convergence) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which interconnect in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and more). 30. seek (verb) – ask for, request, demand, appeal. 31. reversal (noun) – repeal, nullification, cancellation, withdrawal. 32. structured (adjective) – organized. 33. dialogue (noun) – discussion, discourse, exchange of views (to solve a problem). 34. take forward (phrasal verb) – give one’s attention to, deal/cope with, address, handle. 35. arguably (adverb) – possibly, conceivably, maybe, potentially. 36. consulate (noun) - mission, embassy, representation, diplomatic establishment. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM37. airing (noun) - expression, voicing, articulation. 38. grievance (noun) – complaint, criticism, problem, objection/protest. 39. breakthrough (noun) – very important/significant development or progress.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 19, 2021) H 40. the fact that (phrase) - used to mention a specific condition in a conversation. 41. at all (phrase) – in any way, by any means.

42. formulation (noun) – a specific expression (of an idea). 43. competitive (adjective) – aggressive, ambitious, driven (to be more successful).

44. collaborative (adjective) – collective, united, combined. 45. adversarial (adjective) – involving conflict or opposition.

46. chalk up (phrasal verb) - to think that a particular matter is caused by something. ascribe, attribute, connect/link with. 47. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of

a region on Earth. 48. World Economic Forum (WEF) (noun) – an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas. Incorporated as a not-for-profit foundation in 1971, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Forum is tied to no political, partisan or national interests. 49. trade war/tariff war (noun) – a condition in which a country increases tariffs on foreign goods and imposes quota restrictions to restrict other countries’ trade. 50. cost (verb) - cause the loss of, damage. 51. troika (noun) – a group of three (people, institutions, countries and etc.). 52. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 53. summit (noun) – (international) meeting, conference, conclave. 54. litany (noun) – recitation, repetition, repetitive series/account. 55. cold war (noun) – a state of political and military tension between two countries, especially superpowers. 56. the Cold War (noun) – The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States and a group of countries) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and a group of countries). 57. avert (verb) – prevent, stop, avoid. 58. akin (adjective) – similar, related, equivalent. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM59. proverbial (adjective) – well known, famous, traditional (proverb). 60. when two elephants fight the grass suffers (phrase) - the weak/vulnerable (people) suffer in a clash between the powerful people.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 19, 2021)

1. tinderbox (noun) – The word ‘tinder’ is normally used to refer to any highly inflammable object material, like dry grass, wood, straw, etc. that

can be used to start a fire quickly. Tinderbox is a small metal box that contained a tinder and all the other things required to light a fire. It (figuratively) means something catches fire & burn down very quickly.

2. sunset (adjective) - declining. 3. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 4. strike (verb) – attack, air strike, air attack, assault, bombing.

5. abroad (adverb) – in a foreign country. 6. Iran-backed (adjective) - supported by Iran. 7. militia (noun) – armed forces, military unit, soldiery (from the civil

population to support main forces). 8. retaliation (noun) – revenge, vengeance, counter-attack. 9. base (noun) – (military) camp, station, settlement, post. 10. allegedly (adverb) – reportedly, supposedly, purportedly, ostensibly, apparently. 11. pro- (prefix) – supporting, favouring.

12. Shia (adjective) – relating to Shia branch/sect of Islam.

13. militant (noun) – fanatic, extremist, radical, sectarian/partisan. 14. intelligence (noun) – department of intelligence (employed to collect & analyse military information). 15. consulate (noun) – mission, embassy, representation, diplomatic establishment. 16. revive (verb) – reintroduce, restore, revitalize, renew, bring back. 17. Iran nuclear deal (or) Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) (noun) – JCPOA, known commonly as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal, is an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015, between Iran and the P5+1 (China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) together with the European Union. 18. republic (noun) – a group of people involved in a particular activity with certain equality; “The Republic” is a form of government in which a state (country) is ruled by elected representatives of the people (citizen body). 19. comply with (verb) – abide by, adhere to, conform to. 20. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcountries/parties/organizations. 21. strategic (adjective) – relating to achieving long-term or overall (military) goals. 22. interlink (verb) – entangle, interweave, intertwine.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 19, 2021)

23. outline (noun) – rough idea, summary. 24. imprint (noun) - impact, lasting effect, influence, impression.

25. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim. 26. monopoly (noun) – exclusive/complete control of something by a person/organization.

27. trigger (verb) – cause, prompt, set off, bring about. 28. arms race (noun) - competition between countries to amass their weapons.

29. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 30. diplomatically (adverb) – tactfully, sensitively; in a way that involves ambassadors/diplomats between countries.

31. reluctant (adjective) – unwilling, disinclined, unenthusiastic. 32. conviction (noun) – belief, opinion, view, thought, idea, position. 33. hostile (adjective) – confrontational, belligerent, combative; opposed, inimical, antagonistic, ill-disposed. 34. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country,

by not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 35. unconditional (adjective) – unquestioning, unrestricted, unlimited. 36. take on (phrasal verb) – compete against, oppose, challenge, confront, fight. 37. proxy (noun) – deputy, representative, substitute. 38. assassinate (verb) – murder, kill, execute. 39. hit (noun) – murder, killing, political execution. 40. retaliate (verb) – hit back, counterattack, take revenge. 41. shoot down (phrasal verb) – gun down, hit with a bullet/missile. 42. drone (noun) – unmanned aircraft/missile. 43. gulf (noun) – gap, fissure, rift; divide, division, separation, difference. 44. counter attack (noun) - revenge, vengeance, recrimination, reprisal. 45. the Cold War (noun) – The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States and a group of countries) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and a group of countries). 46. alliance (noun) – coalition, association, union, partnership. 47. The Indo-Pacific (region) (noun) – the Indo-Pacific region refers to the confluence (convergence) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMinterconnect in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and more). 48. get stuck in (phrase) - embark on, set about, work at, get down on.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 19, 2021)

49. ally (noun) – a country/state with an alliance with another one in which they promise to support each other militarily and to defend each other.

50. prolonged (adjective) – lengthy, extended, protracted, unending, unrelenting. 51. slow down (phrasal verb) – reduce, lessen decrease (one's activity).

52. pivot (noun) – focus/focal point, foundation, cornerstone. 53. narrowly (adverb) – only just, just, barely. 54. endanger (verb) – imperil, jeopardize, risk.

55. ambitious (adjective) – formidable, challenging, demanding; aspiring. 56. set in motion (phrase) - start, begin, activate, initiate, launch; trigger off, set off, cause, bring about.

57. expose (noun) – revelation, disclosure, exposure. 58. de facto (adjective) – Latin, literally ‘of fact’; existing, actual, effective. 59. strike a balance (phrase) – find a fair & reasonable line of action between two contrasting things. 60. rival (noun) – competitor, opponent, contestant, contender, challenger. 61. ticking clock (noun) - used to say that the time is passing quickly and

there is not much time.

62. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try. 63. read (verb) – interpret, understand, comprehend. 64. rather than (phrase) - instead of. 65. deterrence (noun) – the act of deterring/stopping someone from doing something. 66. Houthis (rebels) (noun) – a decades-old resistance movement, born in opposition to Saudi Arabia’s religious influence. Yemen’s Houthi rebels are leading the fight against a Saudi-led coalition. 67. step up (phrasal verb) – increase, intensify, strengthen, augment. 68. bet (noun) - option, choice, course of action, plan. 69. the clock is ticking (phrase) – the time is passing quickly and there is not much time. 70. dependence on (noun) – reliance on, need for, confidence in. 71. come down (phrasal verb) – decline, reduce, lessen. 72. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to (the study of) the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc.) in world politics and inter-state relations. 73. outcome (noun) – result, effect, consequence. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM74. foresee (verb) – anticipate, predict, envisage, envision. 75. blowback (noun) – unexpected (bad & harmful) outcomes; negative consequences/results/reactions of an action or decision (particularly, of a political action).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 19, 2021)

76. mend (verb) – put right, set right, sort out, resolve, correct, amend, improve.

77. ties (noun) – association, relationship; bond, connection. 78. scepticism (noun) – doubt, suspicion/mistrust, wariness, lack of conviction.

79. apparent (adjective) – evident/clear, visible, noticeable, recognizable. 80. defiance (noun) – resistance, opposition, confrontation. 81. call (for) (noun) – requirement, need, desire, demand.

82. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 83. amid (preposition) – in the middle of, surrounded by; during. 84. coup (noun) – a sudden and violent regime change, seizure of power,

(illegal) takeover of power. 85. monarch (noun) – sovereign, ruler, a crowned head. 86. throne (noun) – a ceremonial chair; seat of state, royal seat; sovereign power. 87. the elephant in the room (phrase) – it is mostly used to refer to a serious problem — one which people are aware of, but choose to ignore. They

think that if they do not talk about it, the problem will somehow

disappear. 88. the scheme of things (phrase) – in the way things normally/generally happen or arranged to happen (when compared with/related to other things) in a particular situation; a general view of the situation as a whole. 89. abuse (noun) – misuse, misapplication, misemployment, mishandling. 90. International Criminal Court (ICC) (noun) - an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, Netherlands. The International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression. As a court of last resort, it seeks to complement, not replace, national Courts. Governed by an international treaty called the Rome Statute, the ICC is the world's first permanent international criminal court. 91. alleged (adjective) – supposed, claimed, professed, purported. 92. hollow (adjective) – pointless, empty, valueless. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM93. hold accountable for (phrase) – to say that someone should accept the responsibility for something bad/unpleasant (that has happened). 94. accountable (adjective) – responsible, liable, answerable.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 19, 2021)

95. settlement (noun) – an uninhabited place where people established a community/colony.

96. West Bank (noun) – It is a significant amount of land located on the west bank of the River Jordan and surrounded by Israel to the north, west and south. Jordan lies to its east. The West Bank has been occupied

by Israel since the 1967 Middle East war, but decades of difficult on-off talks between Israel and the Palestinians – both of whom assert rights there – have left its final status unresolved.

97. accuse of (verb) - charge with, indict for, prosecute for. 98. double standard (noun) - the application of different sets of principles for situations that are, in principle.

99. takes a tough/hard line (phrase) - to handle with someone or something firmly/strictly and refuse to change your opinion or decision. 100. stalled (adjective) - obstructed, impeded, hindered, hampered, blocked, interrupted. 101. infuriate (verb) – anger/enrage, irk, irritate/annoy. 102. torpedo (verb) – destroy, wreck, ruin (a plan or project).

103. way out (noun) - answer, solution.

104. hybrid (adjective) – composed/combined of different elements. 105. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 106. posture (noun) – position. 107. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy. 108. outreach (noun) – the level of reaching out/activity/effort; involvement. 109. yield (verb) - produce, give, provide. 110. push (noun) – effort, initiative, drive. 111. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 112. necessarily (adverb) – inevitably, certainly, surely, undoubtedly. 113. plan of action (phrase) – scheme, system, strategy.

Note: WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 20, 2021)

1. undermine (verb) – weaken, subvert, sabotage, damage. 2. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try.

3. run (verb) – be in charge of, control, manage, administer. 4. Bill (noun) – A Bill is a draft statute which becomes law after it is

passed by both the Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President. All legislative proposals are brought before Parliament in the forms of Bills.

5. amend (verb) – alter, change, modify. 6. The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD)

Act (noun) - The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was introduced in Lok Sabha on March 15, 2021. The Bill amends the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991. The Act provides a framework for the functioning of the Legislative Assembly and the government of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. The Bill amends certain powers and responsibilities of the Legislative Assembly and the Lieutenant Governor. 7. rollback (noun) – reduction, cut, decrease, retrenchment, trimming. 8. notion (noun) – idea, belief, opinion, view, conception, conviction. 9. representative government/representative democracy (noun) – a government where citizens elect people to represent them and make laws on their behalf, instead of always voting directly on laws and other government actions. 10. seek (verb) - try, aim, attempt. 11. running (noun) – administration, management, controlling. 12. to give effect (phrase) - to make valid; to put into practice; make operative. 13. interpretation (noun) – meaning, understanding, explanation, reading, definition. 14. antithesis (noun) – the direct opposite of something; antipode, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcontrary, opposite, reverse. Note:

15. vis-à-vis (preposition) – concerning, with regard to, in relation to, as/in comparison with, in connection with (Vis-à-vis from Latin

via. French, means literally “face-to-face). 16. entrust (verb) – give responsibility for, assign, confer on, vest in.

17. aid and advice (phrase) – real authority to take decisions lies in the elected government. This is the meaning of ‘aid and advice’. Titular head (Lt. Governor) has to act in accordance to aid and advice.

18. bound to (adjective) – obligated, obliged, under obligation, compelled, required, duty-bound.

19. clause (noun) - provision, section, stipulation, condition. 20. pertain to (verb) – concern, relate to, be connected with. 21. State List (noun) – it includes subjects that give powers to the state governments. (as given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India, the legislative section is divided into three lists: the Union List, State List and Concurrent List). 22. Concurrent List (noun) – the list which includes the power to be considered by both the union and state government (as given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India). 23. with the exception of (phrase) – except, excluding, not including, omitting, leaving out, barring. 24. public order (noun) – it is essentially the absence of disorder – the quiet and orderly behaviour of people in public space. It involves people behaving sensibly and rationally, and respecting others. 25. difference (noun) - disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding, dispute. 26. (be) at pains (phrase) - try hard, make a great effort, struggle, strive. 27. thus (adverb) - like that, like this, in that way, in this way, in that manner. 28. guiding principles (noun) – a set of moral values/beliefs that helps you to make decisions in a difficult situation. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM29. do violence to (phrase) – damage, affect something badly. Note:

30. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation. 31. legislation (noun) – a body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes.

32. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably. 33. incongruous (adjective) - contradictory,

irreconcilable, clashing/conflicting. 34. territory (noun) – area, region, sphere; country, state, dominion. 35. domain (noun) – field, area, realm (of activity).

36. set out (phrasal verb) – present, describe, set forth. 37. envisage (verb) – foresee, anticipate, expect.

38. collaborative (adjective) – collective, united, combined. 39. Article 239AA of the Constitution (noun) – Article 239AA of the Constitution of India granted Special Status to Delhi among Union Territories (UTs) in the year 1991 through 69th constitutional amendment by the Parliament. That’s when Delhi was named as National Capital Region (NCT) of Delhi. 40. empower (verb) – authorize, allow, entitle. 41. difference of opinion (phrase) – disagreement, difference, dispute. 42. come up with (phrasal verb) – produce, put forward, present/submit. 43. precisely (adverb) – exactly, absolutely, squarely. 44. void (adjective) – invalid, nullified, cancelled, revoked, inoperative, ineffective. 45. day-to-day (adjective) – regular, every day, daily. 46. conduct (noun) – management, running, direction, controlling, overseeing. 47. amount to (verb) – add up to, be equal to, be equivalent to, represent. 48. regulate (verb) – control, oversee, administer something (by using rules and regulations). 49. subvert (verb) – undermine, weaken, impair, damage.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

1. chase (verb) - try to obtain, seek to attain/achieve something. 2. have/get one's (own) way (phrase) - to get or do what one desires despite objection from others.

3. growing (adjective) – increasing. 4. pullout (noun) – departure, withdrawal, retreat, disengagement, exit.

5. breakthrough (noun) – very important/significant development or progress. 6. Doha Agreement (noun) – The Doha Agreement, more formally,

“Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan which is not recognised by the US as a state and is known as the Taliban and the United States of America, 2020” was signed on the February 29 in Doha, Qatar. The deal was considered a historic step towards establishing peace in Afghanistan. 7. stall (verb) – obstruct, block, interrupt, stop, halt, restrict. 8. jump-start (verb) – to help/support something (which is dull at present) to improve quickly; energize, motivate, stimulate, inspire, galvanize. 9. call for (phrasal verb) – require, publicly ask/necessitate, demand. 10. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different countries/parties/organizations. 11. multifaceted (adjective) – diverse, different, various (features/aspects). 12. actor (noun) – participants (in an action). 13. spillover (noun) – repercussion, consequence, outcome (unexpected one). 14. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 15. stabilise (verb) – reinforce, fortify, strengthen, make stronger. 16. withdraw (verb) – retreat, disengage, pull out, pull back, leave. 17. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMset of political, economic, and security interests). Note:

18. accord (noun) – agreement, settlement, deal, consensus. 19. offensive (noun) – attack, assault, onslaught, incursion. 20. stalemate (noun) – deadlock, impasse, standstill/stand-off.

21. dilemma (noun) – quandary, predicament, difficulty. 22. certainly (adverb) – surely, definitely, unquestionably.

23. pull back (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, disengage, pull out. 24. trigger (verb) – cause, prompt, set off, bring about. 25. put together (phrasal verb) - organize, arrange, sort out.

26. buy time (phrase) – delay, linger, be slow, hold back, lag behind. 27. seek (verb) – try, attempt, aim to obtain; ask for, demand. 28. lasting (adjective) – long-lasting, continuing, long-term, permanent. 29. on board (phrase) - on to a team. 30. flip side (noun) – other side. 31. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign- policy. 32. push (noun) – effort, initiative, drive, campaign. 33. stakeholder (noun) – a person with an interest in something. 34. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 35. compromise (noun) – agreement, understanding, settlement. 36. jihadist (noun) – an Islamic extremist. 37. reign (noun) – rule, period in office, incumbency, leadership. 38. notorious (adjective) – infamous, of ill repute, ill-famed. 39. extremism (noun) – radicalism, fanaticism, dogmatism. 40. suppression (noun) - repression, clampdown, restriction, defeat. 41. on the cusp of (phrase) – a point where something will change from one state to another. 42. extract (verb) – obtain, get, take. Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 20, 2021)

1. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a

shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region. 2. mount (verb) – increase, grow, rise, escalate.

3. nuanced (adjective) – delicate, subtle. 4. summit (noun) – meeting, conference, conclave. 5. virtual meeting (noun) – (interactive) online meeting.

6. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (noun) – also known as the Communist Party of China (CPC); it is the founding and ruling political party of modern China, officially known as the People’s

Republic of China (PRC). 7. politburo (noun) – the main policy-making committee (standing committee) of a communist party. 8. accompany (verb) – attend, conduct, guide, steer. 9. National Security Adviser (NSA) the United States (noun) – The National Security Advisor serves as the principal advisor to

the President of the United States on all national security issues. The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President and does not require confirmation by the United States Senate. 10. in focus (phrase) - clear-cut, clear, well defined, well-focused. 11. three-pronged (adjective) – having three different parts. 12. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with. 13. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. 14. albeit (conjunction) – though, even though, however. 15. soft power (noun) – soft power is convincing & effective power deriving from attraction and imitation and be based on intangible (non-physical) resources such as culture, ideology, and institutions. 16. hard power (noun) – hard power is coercive power executed through military threats and economic incentives and based on tangible resources such as the army or economic strength. 17. smart power (noun) – In international relations, the term smart power refers to the combination of hard power and soft power strategies. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM18. in order to (phrase) – with the purpose/aim of. 19. editorial (noun) - report, notice, account. 20. make clear (phrase) - explain, clarify, elucidate. 21. overlook (verb) – neglect, ignore, disregard, turn a blind eye.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 20, 2021)

22. coercion (noun) – it means compelling an individual to act against his/her will by the use of psychological pressure or physical force

causing bodily injury; force/pressure, oppression, harassment, intimidation. 23. harassment (noun) – persecution, persistent annoyance,

coercion/intimidation. 24. aggression (noun) – hostility, belligerence, combativeness, warmongering, hawkishness.

25. take up (phrasal verb) – pursue something (a matter/subject) later. 26. preface (verb) – start, begin, introduce (an event by doing something). 27. as well as (phrase) – and also, and in addition.

28. The Indo-Pacific (region) (noun) – the Indo-Pacific region refers to the confluence (convergence) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which interconnect in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and more). 29. coincidence (noun) – co-occurrence, coexistence.

30. concerted (adjective) – united, collective, combined,

cooperative; forcible, strong, intense. 31. ally (noun) – a country/state with an alliance with another one in which they promise to support each other militarily and to defend each other. 32. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 33. climate change (noun) – a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth. 34. critical technology (noun) - a technology that is so fundamental to national security or so highly enabling of economic growth. 35. vaccine diplomacy (noun) – the use of vaccine to increase diplomatic relationship and influence other countries but also, from a strategic perspective, vaccine access opens the door to expand long-term health security provisions. 36. on board (phrase) – on to a team. 37. rider (noun) – condition, requirement, provision, restriction. 38. pharmaceutical (adjective) – relating to aspects like preparation, dispensing, and effective utilization of the medicinal drugs. 39. prowess (noun) – ability, capability, capacity. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM40. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 41. dose (noun) – an amount/quantity of something.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 20, 2021)

42. COVAX (noun) – COVAX is co-led by Gavi, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and WHO. Its aim is to

accelerate the development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the world. 43. over and above (phrase) - in addition to, on top of, as well as, besides.

44. vaccinate (verb) – inoculate, administer, introduce (with a vaccine to provide immunity against a disease). 45. ramp up (phrasal verb) – increase (in amount or number).

46. bear testimony to (phrase) - bear witness to, be evidence of, be proof of, prove. 47. drop (verb) - abandon, discontinue, cancel, give up, discard.

48. plea (noun) – appeal, petition. 49. World Trade Organization (WTO) (noun) – an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations. 50. seek (verb) – ask for, request, demand, appeal. 51. waiver (noun) – deferral, rejection, renunciation (with no

stipulations/restrictions).

52. provision (noun) – clause, (legal) term, requirement, condition. 53. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (noun) - the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property (IP). It plays a central role in facilitating trade in knowledge and creativity, in resolving trade disputes over IP, and in assuring WTO members the latitude to achieve their domestic policy objectives. It frames the IP system in terms of innovation, technology transfer and public welfare. The Agreement is a legal recognition of the significance of links between IP and trade and the need for a balanced IP system. 54. containment (noun) – an act of keeping something (harmful) under control (it means quickly identifying cases of coronavirus through testing, placing infected individuals in isolation, tracking who infected persons might have been in contact with and potentially quarantining those who came into contact with infection so that the disease doesn’t continue to spread). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM55. bridge (verb) – join, link, connect, unite. 56. fractious (adjective) – argumentative, quarrelsome, contentious, controversial, difficult (to control), disagreeable.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 20, 2021)

57. Paris Agreement/Accord/pact (noun) – The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention (agreement) and for the first time brings all nations into

a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so.

58. walk out (phrasal verb) – depart, get out, leave suddenly; desert, abandon. 59. Green Climate Fund (GCF) (noun) - GCF is a unique global platform to

respond to climate change by investing in low-emission and climate- resilient development. GCF was established by 194 governments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in developing countries, and

to help vulnerable societies adapt to the unavoidable impacts of climate change. Given the urgency and seriousness of this challenge, GCF is mandated to make an ambitious contribution to the united global response to climate change. 60. await (verb) – wait for, expect, anticipate, look/hope for. 61. subsequently (adverb) – afterwards, later on, in due course.

62. slow down (phrasal verb) – reduce, lessen decrease (one’s activity).

63. International Solar Alliance (noun) – an alliance of 121 countries initiated by India, most of them being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is working towards making solar energy available 24/7 at affordable cost to all. 64. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, create, institute. 65. dependence on (noun) – reliance on, need for, confidence in. 66. weigh in (phrasal verb) – to have influence (in a decision/discussion/plan/argument/activity); be important to, carry weight, make an impression on, make a strong contribution to. 67. data localisation (noun) – the act of storing data on any device that is physically present within the borders of a specific country where the data was generated. 68. Osaka track (declaration) (noun) - Osaka track is the initiative seeks to standardise rules of global movement of data with enhanced protection for personal information, intellectual property and cybersecurity. Japanese Former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe formally declared the launch of Osaka Track at the (2019) G20 summit. The declaration WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdescribed the Osaka Track as “a process which demonstrates our commitment to promote international policy discussions, inter alia (among other things), international rule-making on trade-related aspects of electronic commerce at the WTO".

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 20, 2021)

69. G-20 (noun) - The G20, formed in 1999, is a group of twenty of the world’s largest economies that meets regularly to coordinate global

policy on trade, health, climate, and other issues. It brings together the world’s major advanced and emerging economies. The G20 comprises Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, EU, France, Germany,

India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, UK and USA. The G20 Countries together represent around 90% of global GDP, 80% of global trade, and two

thirds of the world’s population. 70. go on (phrasal verb) – continue, carry on, proceed. 71. collaboration (noun) – cooperation, alliance, partnership.

72. maritime (adjective) – of or related to the sea. 73. rules-based (adjective) – based on a predetermined set of principles. 74. set out (phrasal verb) - present, describe, set forth, detail. 75. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict). 76. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running

through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle

(Uttarakhand, Himachal), and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 77. demur (verb) – protest, dissent, differ/disagree. 78. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 79. non-bilateral (adjective) - not bilateral. 80. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 81. neighbourhood (noun) – (surrounding) area, region, district/country. 82. make inroads (in) (phrase) – progress/advance into (a new area/territory). 83. disengagement (noun) – withdrawal, departure, retreat (of military troops from an area of conflict). 84. yield (verb) – produce, give, provide. 85. a long way to go (phrase) – a lot of work to be done before achieving success. 86. de-escalation (noun) – reduction, lessening, decrease (the intensity of a potentially violent situation). 87. status quo ante (phrase) – a Latin phrase meaning “the state of affairs existing before” (or) “the way things were before”. 88. strategic (adjective) – relating to achieving long-term or overall WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM(military) goals. 89. expend (verb) - spend, disburse, use up, utilize. 90. unmanned (adjective) - not having a staff. 91. recurrence (noun) – reappearance, repetition.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 20, 2021)

92. People’s Liberation Army (PLA) (noun) – People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the country of China and the

Communist Party of China (CPC). It is one of the largest military forces in the world. 93. incursion (noun) – intrusion, trespass, infiltration.

94. potent (noun) – strong, powerful, vigorous, forceful. 95. territorial (adjective) – relating to a particular territory (area/region); geographical.

96. two-front situation/challenge (noun) – two-front situation//challenge is something in which an attack takes place on two geographically separate fronts.

97. continental (adjective) – belonging to a continent (mainland). 98. perception (noun) – understanding, thought, impression, feeling. 99. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important). 100. afield (adverb) – to a distance. 101. multilateral (adjective) – involving many different

countries/parties/organizations.

102. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) (noun) – The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai (China). The SCO currently comprises eight Member States (China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and is seen as a counterweight to NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organization). It was established as a multilateral association to ensure security and maintain stability across the vast Eurasian region, join forces to counteract emerging challenges and threats, and enhance trade, as well as cultural and humanitarian cooperation. 103. BRICS countries (plural noun) – the acronym coined to associate five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The BRICS members are known for their significant influence on regional affairs. 104. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (noun) – Established in 1985, it is the regional intergovernmental organization and WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMgeopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 20, 2021)

105. Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) (noun) – a regional organization comprising

seven Member States lying in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity. This sub-regional organization came into being on 6 June 1997 through the Bangkok

Declaration. It constitutes seven Member States: five deriving from South Asia, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and two from Southeast Asia, including Myanmar and Thailand.

106. strategic autonomy (noun) – strategic autonomy is defined as the ability to set priorities and make decisions in matters of foreign policy and security, together with the institutional, political and material wherewithal

(resources/funds) to carry these through – in cooperation with third parties, or if need be alone. 107. narrow (verb) - reduce, curtail, cut down, lessen, lower, decrease. 108. ideology (noun) – a system of belief, set of principles. 109. diamond of democracy (noun) - it is the ideology of the Quad. 110. insist (on) (verb) – ask for, request, press/push for.

111. exclusivity (noun) – the quality of being exclusive.

112. speak of (phrasal verb) - mention, talk about, discuss, refer to. 113. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 114. evolve (verb) – develop, progress, advance gradually. 115. dictates (noun) – order, command, decree; principle, guiding principle, rule, regulations. 116. frustrate (verb) – obstruct, impede, hamper, hinder, thwart. 117. proponent (noun) – advocate, supporter, upholder/promoter. 118. fellow (adjective) – equal, equivalent.

Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 22, 2021)

1. junk (verb) - discard, dispose of, throw out, get rid of.

2. inefficiency (noun) – incapability, inability, failure, carelessness. 3. scrappage (noun) – the action of disposing of old/inoperative vehicles.

4. vehicle scrappage policy (noun) - A scrappage policy is a government-funded programme to promote the replacement of old vehicles with modern ones. A vehicle scrappage programme is

usually intended to stimulate the automotive industry as well as taking obsolete and more polluting vehicles off the road. It has been

proposed as an initiative to tackle the burdening problem of air pollution. The policy would help to phase out old and unfit vehicles. This will help in encouraging fuel-efficient, environment-friendly vehicles thereby reducing vehicular pollution and oil import bills. 5. incentive (noun) – stimulus, impetus, boost (payment or concession). 6. confine (verb) – limit, restrict. 7. fuel-efficient (adjective) - energy-efficient, valuable, cost- effective, advantageous. 8. much-awaited (adjective) - eagerly anticipated, expected, long- awaited. 9. come after (phrasal verb) - follow. 10. move (noun) - initiative, step, action, act, measure. 11. green tax (noun) - A tax levied on old vehicles as a penalty for polluting the environment. A 10%-25% additional green tax on the road tax payable by commercial transport vehicles that are older than eight years at the time of fitness certification renewal, and for personal vehicles after 15 years. The proposal on green tax also includes steeper penalty of up to 50% of road tax for older vehicles registered in some of the highly polluted cities in the country. 12. ageing (adjective) – old. 13. belong to (verb) – be affiliated to, be associated with, be connected to, be linked to. 14. scrap (verb) – discard, remove, dispense with, eliminate. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM15. thereafter (adverb) – after that, afterward, subsequently.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 22, 2021)

16. mandatory (noun) – obligatory, compulsory, binding,

required, requisite, necessary, essential. 17. constructive (adjective) – useful/helpful, productive,

practical/effective/beneficial. 18. road map (noun) – schedule of a (complex) program. 19. put in place (phrase) – establish, set up, create/form.

20. credible (adjective) – acceptable, trustworthy, reliable, dependable; believable, plausible, reasonable.

21. roadworthy (adjective) - (of a motor vehicle) to be in a suitable operating condition on the roads. 22. envisage (verb) – foresee, anticipate, expect. 23. enforcement (noun) – imposition, implementation, execution. 24. on board (phrase) - on to a team. 25. road tax (noun) – the tax levied on any vehicle before it is used in public on the road. 26. concession (noun) – reduction, cut, discount, deduction. 27. sweeten (verb) – make acceptable, make agreeable, mitigate, ease. 28. Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act of 2019 (noun) – It is based on the recommendations of the Group of Transport Ministers of States. Implemented on Sunday, 1 September 2019, it contains 63 provisions that deal with penalties, licenses, registration, and the National Transport Policy. 29. backing (noun) – support, help, assistance. 30. spurt (noun) – sudden increase, rise, surge. 31. disproportionately (adverb) – inordinately, immoderately, excessively. 32. lack (verb) – be without, be in need of, require, be short of. 33. pose (verb) – constitute, present, create, cause (a problem or danger or risk). 34. absence (noun) – lack, unavailability, deficiency. 35. in the absence of (phrase) – without. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM36. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure.

Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 22, 2021)

37. rejuvenate (verb) – revive, restore, renew, revitalize.

38. privilege (verb) – grant a right/advantage, give an advantage/benefit. 39. green technology (noun) – it is also known as clean

technology/sustainable technology; it is the application of one or more environmental technologies to monitor, model and conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts

of human involvement. 40. notably (adverb) – especially, particularly, strikingly, markedly.

41. net zero emissions/carbon neutrality (noun) – it means annual zero net CO2 emissions; Carbon neutrality means every ton of anthropogenic (human-caused or influenced) CO2 emitted is compensated with an equivalent amount of CO2 removed (e.g. via carbon sink or carbon sequestration). 42. carbon sink (noun) – also known as carbon sequestration; a natural environment (forest or reservoir) which absorbs and stores carbon (greenhouse gases) from the atmosphere and thereby maintains a balance. (carbon sequestration is the process by which the forest removes and stores carbon from the atmosphere). 43. Paris Agreement/Accord/pact (noun) – The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention (agreement) and for the first time brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. 44. ecosystem (noun) – complex situation/environment. 45. legacy (noun) – something received from a predecessor or from the past. 46. fossil-fuel (noun) – non-renewable resources (or fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are formed from the buried/deposited organic materials). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM47. nascent (adjective) – just beginning, developing, burgeoning. Note:

H WORD LIST-1 (MAR 22, 2021)

48. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic

activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and services.

49. upstream (petroleum industry) (noun) – the industry which finds and produces crude oil and natural gas. 50. downstream (petroleum industry) (noun) – the downstream sector is

the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas, as well as the marketing and distribution of

products (such as petrol, diesel, LPG &, etc.) derived from crude oil and natural gas. The employment associated with this industry is known as downstream employment. 51. arrive at (verb) – attain, reach, gain, accomplish. 52. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important). 53. mandate (verb) – require, necessitate, make mandatory. 54. guzzler (noun) – a vehicle (e.g. car) that consumes large amounts of fuels very quickly. 55. abroad (adverb) - overseas, in a foreign country. 56. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end). 57. subsidise (verb/noun) – support, finance, contribute to, provide finance for. (it generally means “pay part of the cost of something, so that it is available at a lower price”). 58. subsidy (noun) – also called as subvention; a financial contribution granted to help an industry or business, mostly given by a government, in order to keep the price of service/goods at a low level. 59. ecological (adjective) – relating to the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment. 60. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMproduce. Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 22, 2021)

1. pandemic-induced (adjective) – caused/produced by the pandemic.

2. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of

people across a wide area. 3. disparity (noun) – imbalance, inequality, unevenness, disproportion. 4. spurt (noun) – sudden increase, rise, surge.

5. nascent (adjective) – just beginning, developing, emerging, rising, burgeoning.

6. Pew (noun) – The Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan American think tank (referring to itself as a “fact tank”) based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. 7. disproportionately (adverb) – inordinately, immoderately, excessively. 8. deleterious (adjective) – harmful, damaging, adverse, disadvantageous, unfavourable, unfortunate, undesirable. 9. contraction (noun) – In economics, it refers to a decline in national output as measured by gross domestic product. 10. as many as (phrase) - considerable, substantial. 11. ranks (noun) – the people belonging to a (particular) group. 12. in contrast (phrase) – when compared to another. 13. in absolute terms (phrase) – measured by itself, not in comparison with other things. 14. posit (verb) - put forward, set forth, present, propose. 15. swell (verb) – grow larger, grow greater, increase, expand, rise (in number). 16. reverse (verb) – alter, change, undo, cancel, invalidate. 17. preceding (adjective) – previous, prior, earlier. 18. likely (adjective) – possible, probable, to be expected. 19. inch up (verb) - move upwards very slowly; increase, rise/raise, advance, ascend very slowly. 20. project (verb) – forecast, predict, estimate, calculate. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. shrink (verb) – lessen, reduce, decrease. 22. cohort (noun) – group of people (within a particular category/classification).

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 22, 2021)

23. absent (adjective) – without, missing, lacking, non-existent.

24. deem (verb) – think, believe to be, feel to be. 25. narrow (verb) – reduce, lessen, lower, decrease.

26. pre-pandemic (noun) - before pandemic. 27. projection (noun) – forecast, prediction, calculation. 28. PovcalNet (noun) - it is an interactive computational tool that allows

you to replicate the calculations made by the World Bank's researchers in estimating the extent of absolute poverty in the world.

29. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize. 30. assumption (noun) – supposition, speculation, hypothesis, postulation. 31. base year (noun) – In the calculation of an index, the base year is the year with which the values from other years are compared. 32. serve (verb) – act as. 33. stark (adjective) – clear, distinct, evident, obvious, striking. 34. comparative (adjective) - relative, comparable, proportional. 35. neighbour (noun) – a country that is next to another country; (bordering) country. 36. spotlight (verb) – focus attention on, highlight, draw attention to, underline, underscore. 37. widening (adjective) – increasing. 38. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities; imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 39. exacerbate (verb) – intensify, increase, heighten, aggravate, worsen, compound. 40. bear the brunt (phrase) - to suffer or endure the worst part of something (force/burden/pressure) when a very bad or unpleasant thing happens. 41. in the wake of (phrase) – as a result of, in the aftermath of, as a consequence of. 42. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMextended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 22, 2021)

43. fiscal policy (noun) – in simple terms, it is an estimate of taxation

and government spending that impacts the economy. 44. redress (verb) – rectify, correct, put right, set right, compensate.

45. precarity (noun) – the state of being uncertain/insecure/unsafe. 46. underwhelming (adjective) – unsatisfactory, not exciting, disappointing.

47. perspective (noun) – position, stand, angle, interpretation. 48. revive (verb) – reintroduce, restore, revitalize, renew, bring back.

49. rekindle (verb) – revive, renew, restore. 50. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act/Scheme (MGNREGA), 2005 (noun) – an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the ‘right to work’. It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. 51. testimony (noun) – evidence, proof, attestation/witness, sworn statement. 52. hinterland (noun) – remote areas of a country away from the coastal areas/the banks of major rivers. 53. onset (noun) – start, beginning, arrival. 54. disconcertingly (adverb) – unsettlingly, disturbingly, worryingly. 55. stymie (verb) – prevent, stop, hamper, thwart, impede, hinder. 56. traction (noun) – popularity, acceptance. 57. slide (verb) – fall, descend, decline. 58. jump (verb) - rise, go up, soar, surge 59. dramatically (adverb) - greatly, largely. 60. livelihood (noun) – means of making a living with the basic necessities (food, water, shelter, and clothing); means of support, subsistence, source of income. 61. playbook (noun) – strategies. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM62. to the hilt (phrase) – completely, totally, entirely. Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 22, 2021)

1. ground report (noun) – the report from the ground (a particular area/place where an activity/work really happens).

2. duel (noun) – contest, competition, match, battle. 3. nationalism (noun) – it refers to a system (with a narrow set of ideas) created by a group of people who believe their nation is superior to all

others. It is also a perception of national superiority and an orientation toward national dominance-called chauvinism (excessive nationalism). 4. subsume (verb) – include, incorporate, absorb, encompass.

5. distinctive (adjective) – unique, individual, exclusive, special/particular. 6. identity (noun) – a social category, a set of persons marked by a label and distinguished by rules deciding membership and (alleged)

characteristic features or attributes; individuality, character, originality. 7. Assam accord (noun) - The Assam Accord was a Memorandum of Settlement signed by the Governments of India and Assam, and the All Assam Students’ Union (AASU) and the All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) in New Delhi on August 15, 1985. At the heart of the Accord was the “Foreigners Issue” (Clause 5), and “Safeguards and

Economic Development” (Clauses 6 and 7). There were some “Other

Issues” (Clauses 8-12), and a section on “Restoration of Normalcy” (Clauses 13 and 14). 8. letter and spirit (phrase) – adhering to/obeying both literal interpretation/wording and the spirit/intent/purpose of the law. 9. overwhelming (adjective) – very great/large, huge, enormous. 10. enable (verb) – permit, allow, facilitate. 11. springboard (noun) – something which provides support or motivation to do a particular course of action. 12. further (verb) – promote, advance; accelerate, step up; push, encourage. 13. machinations (noun) – schemes/plots, tricks, tactics, intrigues, conspiracies. 14. subnational (adjective) – relating to a region or group of people within a nation. 15. linguistic (adjective) – relating to language; lingual. 16. submissive (adjective) - non-resisting, compliant, yielding, obedient, accommodating. 17. multi-point (adjective) - having many points. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM18. narrative (noun) – a representation of a particular situation; report, statement, portrayal/account. 19. plank (noun) – a fundamental point. 20. Mahajot (noun) – Bengali word meaning “Grand Alliance”.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 22, 2021)

21. discourse (noun) – discussion, conversation, communication, expression.

22. centre around (verb) – focus, concentrate, pivot, hinge on. 23. polarising (adjective) – dividing, separating, parting. 24. notwithstanding (conjunction) – although, in spite of the fact that,

despite the fact that, even though. 25. Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) (noun) – The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to grant citizenship to religious

Christians, and Parsis. 26. cement (verb) – establish something firmly. 27. campaign (noun) – an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision-making progress within a specific group. 28. infiltrator (noun) – intruder, invader, trespasser, encroacher. 29. bid (noun) – attempt, effort, endeavour/try.

30. polarise (verb) – separate into two opposing groups.

31. suit (verb) - adjust, adapt, modify 32. constituent (noun) – integral part/unit. 33. autonomous (adjective) – independent. 34. provision (noun) – clause, (legal) term, requirement, condition. 35. Sixth Schedule (noun) - Sixth Schedule allows constitution (formation) of Autonomous District Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura & Mizoram to safeguard the rights of tribal population. The Sixth Schedule consists of provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, according to Article 244 of the Indian Constitution. 36. purview (noun) – range, scope, ambit, compass. 37. quest (noun) – pursuit, search. 38. turn the tide (phrase) – to change/reverse a situation. 39. Vision Document (noun) - a document that defines the high-level scope and the purpose of the system or project. 40. play a part/role (phrase) – contribute to, be instrumental in, be a factor in. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM41. make inroads in (phrase) – progress/advance into (a new area/territory). 42. consolidate (verb) – bring together, combine, unite, merge, integrate. 43. erode (verb) – (gradually) deteriorate, destroy, spoil.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 22, 2021)

44. base (noun) – In politics, the term base refers to a group of voters who always support a single party's candidates for elected office.

45. migrant (noun) – a person who moves from one region to another – either within a country or across national borders in order to find work or better living conditions.

46. ideological (adjective) – relating to a system of ideas. 47. intention (noun) – aim, purpose, objective. 48. run-up to (noun) – a period of time just before an important event.

49. erstwhile (adjective) – old, previous, former, then. 50. refugee (noun) – displaced person, asylum seeker. 51. landmass (noun) – continent; a large area of land.

52. cut-off date (noun) – the date at which a process/course of action is stopped (from continuing). 53. clause (noun) – provision, section, stipulation, condition. 54. distinguish (verb) – differentiate, separate, set apart, make different. 55. stipulate (verb) – specify, demand, state (as a requirement). 56. expulsion (noun) - removal, dismissal, exclusion.

57. secular (adjective) – non-religious.

58. pose (verb) – constitute, present, create, cause (a problem or danger or risk). 59. stumbling block (noun) – drawback, disadvantage, issue. 60. apprehensive (adjective) – anxious, worried, concerned, strained, stressed, frightened. 61. existential (adjective) – relating to existence. 62. resistance (noun) – opposition, refusal, denial. 63. wary (adjective) – cautious, careful, circumspect. 64. seek (verb) – ask for, request, appeal; try to obtain. 65. ethnic (adjective) – relating to a population subgroup (cultural, national, traditional/folk) with a common national or cultural tradition. 66. culmination (noun) – climax, conclusion, end. 67. Assam Movement (noun) - The historic Assam movement was one of the famous movements in post-colonial India mainly led by students of Assam. This movement was started in 1979 under the leadership of All Assam Students Union (AASU) and the All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) and officially ended on 15 August, 1985 WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMafter coming of an understanding with the Government of India which found official expression in the memorandum of understanding popularly known as the Assam Accord 1985.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 22, 2021)

68. manipulation (noun) – controlling or influencing someone/something cleverly; tactic, trick, plan, scheme, intrigue.

69. enactment (noun) – passing, making law, ratification. 70. electoral (adjective) – relating to electors/voters. 71. reflective (adjective) – providing a

reflection/indication/display/demonstration; thoughtful, contemplative, pensive. 72. core constituency (noun) – the most important group or groups

supporting an ideology, political party, officeholder, or candidate, and whose continuing support is crucial for survival and success. 73. at a crossroads (phrase) – at a situation when an important decision

ought to be made. 74. binary (noun) – something having two parts. 75. subnationalism (noun) – support for a particular region within a nation instead of it for a whole nation. 76. borne past participle of bear (verb) – create, bring forth, produce. 77. trajectory (noun) – track/course, route, path, direction, approach.

78. aegis (noun) – protection, support, backing, supervision, guidance of a

person, group, or organisation. 79. character (noun) - status, position, image; role, part. 80. back (verb) – support, endorse, uphold, champion. 81. mobilise (verb) – bring (resources) into use for a particular purpose/cause. 82. float (verb) – launch, introduce, establish, set up. 83. forefront (noun) – fore, front, front line. 84. at/in/to the forefront of (phrase) – be in a leading/front/important position in an important activity; spearhead, van guard, front line, leading position. 85. parallel (adjective) – equivalent, similar. 86. stream (noun) – crowd, multitude, horde, mass (of people moving in a direction). 87. National Investigation Agency (NIA) (noun) – The National Investigation Agency is a central agency established by the Indian Government to combat terror in India. It is functioning as the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency in the country. The WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMNational Investigation Agency (NIA) is created following the terror attack in Mumbai on December 26, 2008. It came into being on December 31, 2008, with the passage of the NIA Act of 2008. 88. alleged (adjective) – supposed, claimed, professed, purported.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 22, 2021)

89. forge (verb) – form, create, establish, set up. 90. allege (verb) – claim, accuse, charge.

91. consensus (noun) – an idea or opinion that is shared by all the people in a group, agreement, concurrence. 92. prospects (noun) – possibilities, chances, opportunities.

93. refrain from (verb) – stop oneself, abstain, desist from, hold back. 94. catapult (verb) – propel, launch, send, loft. 95. instal (verb) – establish, position, put in place.

96. scrapping (noun) - removal. 97. Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983 (noun) - An Act to provide for the establishment of Tribunals for

the determination, in a fair manner, of the question whether a person is an illegal migrant to enable the Central Government to expel illegal migrants from India and for matters connected therewith. 98. spell (verb) – lead to, result in, bring about, bring on, cause. 99. pie (noun) – share, a portion (of the whole). 100. tenure (noun) – incumbency, a term of office, a period in office.

101. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively &

persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 102. woo (verb) – seek the support of, try to win, try to attract, pursue, persuade, coax. 103. indigenous (adjective) – native/local; original. 104. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end). 105. harp on (phrasal verb) – talk or write/complain continuously and lengthy on a particular subject. 106. demographic (adjective) – the statistical study/structure of populations, especially human beings. 107. dub (verb) – call, tag, term, label. 108. civilisation (noun) – culture, enlightenment, way of life. 109. census (noun) – an official survey, particularly of a population. 110. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 111.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, comprise, form, represent. 112. perception (noun) – understanding, thought, impression, feeling.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 23, 2021) H

1. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries. 2. ties (noun) – association, relationship, bond, connection. 3. The Indo-Pacific (region) (noun) – the Indo-Pacific region refers to the

confluence (convergence) of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which interconnect in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and

more). 4. tenure (noun) – incumbency, a term of office, a period in office, time in office.

5. hold (verb) – have, possess; occupy. 6. on a par with (phrase) – comparable with, equivalent to, as equal to, on a level with. 7. Quad/Quadrilateral (noun) – The ‘Quadrilateral’ is described as four democracies (the United States, Japan, Australia and India) with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region. 8. summit (noun) – meeting, conference, conclave. 9. maritime (adjective) – of or related to the sea. 10. precede (verb) – come/go before, go in advance of, lead up to. 11. undertake (verb) – begin, start, launch into; engage in, become involved in, take part in. 12. pull-out (noun) – withdrawal, departure, retreat, exit/leave. 13. as a result (phrase) - subsequently, therefore, thus. 14. come up (phrasal verb) - arise, present itself, occur, happen, emerge, surface. 15. front (noun) – a particular situation. 16. Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) (noun) – India and the U.S. inked the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) in 2016 that allows their militaries to use each other’s bases for repair and replenishment of supplies as well as provide for deeper cooperation. 17. Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) (noun) – India and the U.S. signed another pact called COMCASA (Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement) WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMin 2018 that provides for interoperability between the two militaries and provides for the sale of high-end technology from the U.S. to India.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 23, 2021) H

18. Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) for Geo-Spatial cooperation (noun) – BECA agreement will allow India to use US expertise on geospatial intelligence and to enhance military accuracy of

automated hardware systems and weapons like cruise, ballistic missiles and drones. This is the third foundational agreement to be signed between India and the US after the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of

Agreement (LEMOA) and the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) in 2016 and 2018 respectively. 19. as well as (phrase) - and in addition.

20. information sharing (noun) - intelligence sharing (department of intelligence employed to collect & analyse military information). 21. logistics (noun) – an act of arranging the movement, equipment, accommodation (of troops). 22. artificial intelligence (AI) (noun) – an area of computer science that deals with giving machines the ability to seem like they have human intelligence. 23. Command (noun) - A (military) unit or units, an organization, or an area under the command of one individual (Commander). Also called CMD. 24. linkage (noun) – connection, relationship, association. 25. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 26. affirm (verb) – confirm, support, approve. 27. resolve (noun) – determination, willpower, firmness, resolution, courage. 28. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone included, comprehensive. 29. consultative (adjective) – advisory, consulting, counseling. 30. stick to (phrasal verb) – abide by, hold to, comply with, fulfil, make good. 31. pull out (phrasal verb) – withdraw, retreat, get/move out. 32. intra- (prefix) – within. 33. dialogue (noun) – discussion, discourse, exchange of views (to solve a problem). 34. thus far (phrase) – until now, till date. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM35. heed (verb) – pay attention to, take notice of, listen to, notice. 36. conditional (adjective) – subject to, dependent on, depending on, contingent on.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 23, 2021) H 37. ceasefire (noun) – a negotiated agreement that will be accompanied by other associated commitments to de-escalate the fighting; a temporary

stoppage of war, truce, armistice. 38. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important).

39. even so (phrase) – anyway, however, in spite of that. 40. sense (noun) – understanding, comprehension, discernment. 41. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind.

42. make clear (phrase) – explain, clarify, elucidate. 43. Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) (noun) – CAATSA is a specifically enacted legislation that

aims to prevent revenue from flowing to Russia. 44. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, by not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 45. procure (verb) – buy, purchase. 46. determination (noun) – (judicial) decision. 47. S-400 (Triumf) missile defence system (noun) – Developed by Russia, the S-400 (Triumph/Triumf) air defence system integrates a multifunction radar, autonomous detection and targeting systems, anti- aircraft missile systems, launchers, and command and control centre. It is capable of firing three types of missiles to create a layered defence. The S-400 is capable of destroying incoming hostile aircraft, missiles and even drones within a range of up to 400 km. It has a tracking capability of nearly 600 km. 48. sentiment (noun) – thought, view, opinion. 49. second (verb) - formally support, give one's support to, back, approve, endorse. 50. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) (noun) – The Ministry of External Affairs (abbreviated as MEA) of India, also known as the Foreign Ministry, is the government agency responsible for the conduct of foreign relations of India. 51. Line of Actual Control (LAC) (noun) – the de-facto (effective) border between India and China. The LAC is a 4,057-km border running through three areas-Western (Ladakh, Ladakh (Kashmir)), middle WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM(Uttarakhand, Himachal), and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). 52. omission (noun) – leaving out, exclusion, non-inclusion. 53. signal (verb) – indicate, communicate, express, signify. 54. discretion (noun) – preference, disposition, choice, option.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 23, 2021) H 1. the way forward (phrase) – something (a plan/action) that leads to

success in the future. 2. junta (noun) – a military group that takes over the government by

force. 3. heed (verb) – pay attention to, take into account, consider. 4. steadily (adverb) – continuously.

5. descend into (phrasal verb) – degenerate, deteriorate, decline. 6. chaos (noun) – disorder, disarray, turmoil, disorganization, disruption.

7. topple (verb) – overthrow, oust, unseat. 8. prohibitory orders (noun) – it refers to orders issued by competent authorities prohibiting certain things under various acts.

9. consolidate (verb) – strengthen, secure, stabilize, reinforce, fortify. 10. stand up against (phrasal verb) – defy, confront, or oppose vigorously. 11. face (with) (verb) - confront, burden, trouble, bother. 12. absolute (adjective) – autocratic, despotic, dictatorial, tyrannical, authoritarian, arbitrary, domineering, high-handed, draconian. 13. absolute power (noun) - heavy-handedness, autocracy, dictatorship, tyranny, absolute power, totalitarianism. 14. brutal (adjective) – severe, harsh. 15. coup (noun) – a sudden and violent regime change, seizure of power, (illegal) takeover of power. 16. Assistance Association for Political Prisoner (AAPP) (noun) - a non- profit human rights organization based in Mae Sot, Thailand. AAPP was founded in 2000 by former political prisoners living in exile on the Thai/Burma border. AAPP advocates and lobbies for the release of remaining political prisoners and for the improvement of the lives of political prisoners after their release. 17. spillover (noun) – repercussion, consequence, outcome (unexpected one). 18. estimate (verb) – guess, evaluate, judge; consider, believe, guess, reckon. 19. take up (phrasal verb) – pursue, engage in, become involved in (an activity or course of action). 20. for now (phrase) - for the time being. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM21. turn a blind eye (phrase) - overlook, disregard, neglect, ignore, gloss over. 22. transition (noun) – change.

Note:

WORD LIST-2 (MAR 23, 2021) H 23. consistent (adjective) – steady, stable, constant, regular.

24. unleash (verb) – let loose, release, let something go uncontrollably. 25. quell (verb) – suppress, silence, repress; end, finish, stifle, thwart.

26. order (noun) - condition, situation. 27. (public) order (noun) – it is essentially the absence of disorder – the quiet and orderly behaviour of people in public space. It involves

people behaving sensibly and rationally, and respecting others. 28. bloody (adjective) – vicious, cruel, savage, fierce, brutal.

29. track record (noun) – previous performance, previous accomplishments, previous achievements. 30. dissuade (verb) – discourage, deter, prevent.

31. experience (verb) – undergo, encounter, come across, go through, live through. 32. liberty (noun) – freedom, independence. 33. recognise (verb) – acknowledge, accept, admit, allow. 34. virtual private network (VPN) (noun) - it is an encrypted connection over the Internet from a device to a network. The encrypted connection helps ensure that sensitive data is safely transmitted. It prevents unauthorized people from eavesdropping (intruding/spying) on the traffic and allows the user to conduct work remotely. 35. encrypted (adjective) – concealed/hidden with secret code. 36. medic (noun) - physician, medical practitioner, doctor of medicine. 37. battered (adjective) – damaged, impaired, spoiled. 38. bring something to a halt (phrase) - stop, conclude, terminate. 39. mount (verb) – increase, grow, rise, escalate. 40. pay attention (phrase) – heed, attend, be attentive, concentrate on. 41. sanctions (noun) – action taken, or an order given to force a country to obey international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, by not allowing economic aid for that country, etc. 42. unlikely (adjective) – doubtful, implausible, improbable, questionable. 43. defiant (adjective) – resistant, obstinate, uncooperative, non- compliant, confrontational, challenging. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. bloodshed (noun) – killing, carnage, massacre. 45. surely (adjective) - certainly, for sure, definitely, undoubtedly. 46. shattered (adjective) - distressed, fraught, devastated.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 23, 2021)

1. the tail wags the dog (phrase) - a situation in which an unimportant thing dominates/controls the whole of other important thing(s).

2. The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) Act (noun) – The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi

(Amendment) Bill, 2021 was introduced in Lok Sabha on March 15, 2021. The Bill amends the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991. The Act provides a framework for the

functioning of the Legislative Assembly and the government of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. The Bill amends certain

powers and responsibilities of the Legislative Assembly and the Lieutenant Governor. 3. vestigial (adjective) – remaining, surviving, residual. 4. courtier (noun) – attendant, aide, companion (to the king or queen).

5. witty (adjective) – humorous, funny. 6. rely on (phrasal verb) – depend on; resort to, have recourse to. 7. supposedly (adverb) – apparently, seemingly, ostensibly. 8. deed (noun) - act, action, activity. 9. seed (verb) – cause (something) to begin. 10. eventually (adverb) – in the end, finally, at last.

11. flower (verb) – bloom, appear, grow. 12. imprimatur (noun) – authorization, approval, a seal of approval, endorsement. 13. monarch (noun) – sovereign, ruler, a crowned head. 14. run (verb) – be in charge of, manage, administer. 15. aid and advice (phrase) – The real authority to take decisions lies in the elected government. This is the meaning of ‘aid and advice’. Titular head (Lt. Governor) has to act in accordance to aid and advice. There is no independent authority with the LG to take decisions except in matters under Article 239 or those outside the purview of the National Capital Territory (NCT) government. 16. exception (noun) – an anomaly, special case, deviation. 17. parliamentary democracy (noun) – a system of government in which citizens elect representatives to a legislative parliament to make the necessary laws and decisions for the country. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM18. come into force (phrase) – come to effect (a new law, rule, change etc.). 19. belong to (verb) – be affiliated to, be associated with, be connected to, be linked to.

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20. as a whole (phrase) – all together, as a group, in general. 21. constituent state (noun) - a state entity that constitutes a part of

a sovereign state. A constituent state holds regional jurisdiction over a defined administrative territory, within a sovereign state. The

government of a constituent state is a form of regional government. 22. sooner or later (phrase) – eventually, in the end, finally. 23. keep something under the control of (phrase) - control, restrain,

restrict, suppress. 24. deem (verb) – think, believe to be, feel to be.

25. Legislative Assembly (noun) – Vidhan Sabha; Legislative Assembly is the lower house, much like the Lok Sabha of the Parliament. Members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected by the people through assembly elections. The term of the Legislative

Assembly is five years (unless it is dissolved earlier). A member of a legislative Assembly is referred to as an MLA. 26. prolonged (adjective) – lengthy, extended, protracted, unending, unrelenting. 27. stand-off (noun) – deadlock, stalemate, impasse (in a dispute/conflict).

28. jurisdiction (noun) – territory, region, province, district, area. 29. autonomy (noun) – independence, freedom. 30. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to, produce. 31. provision (noun) – clause, (legal) term, requirement, condition. 32. States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (noun) - An Act to provide for the reorganisation of the States of India and for matters connected therewith. In 1956, when the Constitution of India was amended to implement the provisions of the States Reorganisation Act, only two categories, namely, States and Union Territories remained in the Indian Union. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 remains the single most extensive change in state boundaries since the Independence of India in 1947. 33. loud (adjective) - strong, vociferous, vehement, emphatic. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM34. Delhi Administration Act, 1966 (noun) - An Act to provide for the administration of the Union Territory of Delhi and for matters connected therewith.

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35. representative government/representative democracy (noun) – a government where citizens elect people to represent them and make

laws on their behalf, instead of always voting directly on laws and other government actions.

36. Metropolitan Council (noun) - The Delhi Metropolitan Council was an autonomous administrative division that existed between 1966 and 1990 that administrated the Union Territory of Delhi. The council had

56 elected and 5 nominated members and was headed by a Chief Executive Councillor.

37. statehood (noun) – the condition of being an independent state. 38. set up (phrasal verb) – establish, start/begin, inaugurate, create. 39. confer (verb) – present to, give out to, give to. 40. measure (noun) – action, step, procedure.

41. Constitution (69th) Amendment Act (noun) - In 1991, the 69th Constitutional Amendment granted a special state to Delhi and it was declared the National Capital Territory while the Lieutenant Governor was nominated the Administrator of Delhi. It created a state assembly and council of ministers for the state. It is known that Delhi has been given the status of Union Territory under Article 239A of the

Constitution. 42. reincarnation (noun) – rebirth, reintroduction (of something from the past). 43. hold the field (phrase) – remain (most) significant/important. 44. to date (phrase) - until now, so far, thus far. 45. mandate (noun) - authority, endorsement, approval, authorization. 46. modus vivendi/modi vivendi (noun) – agreement, deal, understanding, settlement (between two conflicting parties); Modus vivendi is a Latin phrase that literally means “mode of living” or “way of life”. 47. result in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring on, bring about, call forth, give rise to. 48. seemingly (adverb) – apparently, evidently, outwardly. 49. lock in (phrasal verb) – to prevent someone from leaving a house (by locking the door). 50. mortal (adjective) - physical, bodily. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM51. ensuing (adjective) – following, coming up next, cropping up (after as a result). 52. peculiar (adjective) – unusual, atypical, abnormal.

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53. litigate (verb) – dispute, take issue with, take a stand against (in a lawsuit).

54. envisage (verb) – foresee, anticipate, expect. 55. State List (noun) – it includes subjects that give powers to

the state governments. (as given in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India, the legislative section is divided into three lists: the Union List, State List and Concurrent List).

56. Concurrent List (noun) – the list which includes the power to be considered by both the union and state government (as given in the

Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India). 57. barring (preposition) – except for, with the exception of, apart from, other than, excluding. 58. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which

establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national government. 59. wherein (adverb) – in which. 60. centralism (noun) – the control under a single authority. 61. usurp (verb) – take over, appropriate, seize. 62. unsolicited (adjective) – uninvited, undemanded, voluntary.

63. interference (noun) – intervention, meddling, unwarranted involvement. 64. fall (within) (verb) - to be within; to fit within, to be classified as within. 65. domain (noun) – field, area, realm (of activity). 66. remit (verb) – pass, pass on, refer, send on, transfer. 67. adjudication (noun) – arbitration, settlement, resolution, verdict. 68. difference of opinion (phrase) – disagreement, difference, dispute. 69. bench (noun) – a court of law with a number of judges. 70. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion. 71. convoluted (adjective) – complicated/confused, complex, intricate. 72. interpretation (noun) – meaning, understanding, explanation, reading, definition. 73. aforesaid (adjective) – previous, earlier, previously mentioned. 74. inter alia (adverb) – Latin for “among other things”. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM75. consistent with (adjective) – compatible, agreeing, accordant, in tune, in line. 76. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 77. ambiguity (noun) – inexactness, doubtfulness, obscurity/opacity.

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78. elevate (verb) – raise, lift up (to a higher position/level). 79. Viceroy (noun) – administrator, chief, leader; The term derives from

the Latin prefix vice-, meaning “in the place of” and the French word Roy, meaning “King”. Viceroy is one who governs a country,

province, or colony as the representative of a monarch. 80. plenipotentiary (adjective) - unconditional, unlimited, unrestricted, unqualified, absolute, complete.

81. put simply/simply put (phrase) - used for saying that you are just giving the basic facts about a complicated situation.

82. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government that enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. 83. pursuance (noun) – seeking of, search for, pursuit of; effecting,

pursuing, doing. 84. recourse (noun) – option, possibility, possible course of action, resort, way out. 85. ballot (noun) – vote, poll. 86. hold someone to account (phrase) – to require a person to explain or to accept responsibility for his or her actions; to blame or punish

someone for what has occurred. 87. functionary (noun) – official. 88. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end). 89. constitutional court (noun) - The Supreme Court of India is the supreme judicial body of India and the highest court of India under the constitution. It is the most senior constitutional court, and has the power of judicial review. 90. conscience (noun) – a sense of right and wrong, moral sense, inner voice. 91. alive to (adjective) – responsive to, awake to, aware of, conscious of. 92. construe (verb) – interpret, analyse, understand. 93. legitimacy (noun) – legality, validity, lawfulness. 94. set-up (noun) - system, structure, organization, arrangement, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMframework. 95. semantics (noun) – the meaning of something (a word/phrase). 96. heed (verb) – pay attention to, take notice of, listen to, notice.

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1. muckraking (noun) – malicious gossip, malicious rumour, defamation, libel, scandalmongering. 2. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment.

3. impartial (adjective) – unbiased, unprejudiced, neutral, fair. 4. extortion(noun) – blackmail, demanding money (with threats),

extraction. 5. sensational (adjective) – shocking, appalling, horrifying. 6. nexus (noun) – connection, link.

7. policing (noun) – the enforcement of rules/regulations; overseeing, monitoring, inspection. 8. extort (verb) - extract, force, squeeze, obtain by threat, blackmail someone for. 9. nevertheless (adverb) – in spite of everything, in spite of that, nonetheless, even so, however. 10. credibility (noun) – trustworthiness, reliability, integrity. 11. hardly (adverb) – almost not. 12. inspiring (adjective) - encouraging, exciting, interesting, heartening. 13. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 14. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to, produce. 15. inglorious (adjective) – shameful, dishonourable/discreditable, disgraceful, humiliating, shocking. 16. National Investigation Agency (NIA) (noun) – The National Investigation Agency is a central agency established by the Indian Government to combat terror in India. It is functioning as the Central Counter Terrorism Law Enforcement Agency in the country. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is created following the terror attack in Mumbai on December 26, 2008. It came into being on December 31, 2008, with the passage of the NIA Act of 2008. 17. explosive (noun) – bomb, incendiary device. 18. perceive (verb) – consider, view, regard, judge, deem, interpret. 19. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 20. on the mat (phrase) - in a position to face a WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMreprimand/criticism/rebuke; become involved in argument/fight about something fiercely.

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21. retaliatory (adjective) – revenging, vengeful, avenging. 22. henchman (noun) – follower, supporter, assistant.

23. intriguing (adjective) – interesting, fascinating, arousing, compelling. 24. self-implicating (adjective) - self-confessing, self-blaming, self-

accusing, self-acknowledging. 25. act upon (phrasal verb) – take action according to, act in accordance with.

26. disconnected (adjective) - detached, separated, isolated, dissociated, unconnected; ill-thought-out, illogical, irrational, incoherent.

27. ceaseless (adjective) – constant, continuous, unending/unrelenting. 28. manoeuvre (noun) – (tactful) activity, action, operation, plan, scheme. 29. unlikely (adjective) – doubtful, implausible, improbable, questionable. 30. coalition (noun) – alliance, union, partnership. 31. setback (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue. 32. storied (adjective) – famous, celebrated. 33. speculation (noun) – prediction, guesswork, opinion/thought. 34. impending (adjective) – imminent, close at hand, about to happen, approaching, nearing/coming. 35. loom (verb) – emerge, appear, become visible, take a threatening shape. 36. unsettle (verb) – upset, disturb, make uneasy, disquiet, dismay. 37. tug of war (noun) – a dispute over power/supremacy; a rope pulling sport that directly puts two teams against each other in a test of strength. 38. instrument (noun) – agency, catalyst, tool, means (to achieve/attain something). 39. spring up (verb) – suddenly develop; suddenly appear. 40. defence (noun) – protection, shielding, safeguarding; security. 41. conspiracy (noun) – (unlawful) plan/plot, intrigue, collaboration/deception, collusion. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM42. topple (verb) – overthrow, oust, unseat. Note:

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43. close ranks (noun) – to support the other members of a group completely and oppose any outside criticism or attacks.

44. embattled (adjective) – (relating to something/someone) troubled by problems or difficulties.

45. lure (noun) - temptation, enticement, pull, attraction. 46. universal (adjective) – general, ubiquitous, common, widespread, rampant.

47. ideological (adjective) – relating to a system of ideas. 48. mismatch (noun) – discrepancy, inconsistency, contradiction.

49. match up to (phrasal verb) – be equal to, be as good as. 50. combat (noun) – battle, fighting, conflict. 51. instinct (noun) – (natural) urge/desire, tendency, inclination, compulsion. 52. in the face of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of; when confronted with. 53. onslaught (noun) – attack, incursion, invasion. 54. impatience (noun) – intolerance, disgruntlement, frustration, annoyance, dissatisfaction, displeasure. 55. bruised (adjective) – hurt, upset, offended/insulted. 56. ego (noun) - self-esteem, self-importance, self-worth, self-respect. 57. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 58. context (noun) – situation; circumstances, conditions, state of affairs. 59. transparent (adjective) – open/candid, forthright, straightforward, honest. 60. separate the wheat from the chaff (phrase) - to separate the valuable (people/things) from the useless/useless in a group. 61. chaff (noun) – (literally) husk (the dry outer covering of some ripe(n) seeds such as rice husks, wheat husks). (figuratively) worthless things; rubbish, waste, garbage, discarded matter. 62. sordid (adjective) – disreputable, disgusting, abhorrent, dishonest. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM63. tale (noun) – story. 64. reassuring (adjective) – comforting, encouraging, heartening.

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1. corrective (adjective) – remedial, restorative, curative, reparative; correctional, punitive, reformatory.

2. voice (noun) – expression; opinion, view. 3. patriarchy (noun) – a family/group/society/community/government

controlled by a man/a group of men, descent described through male line of the family. 4. lay down (phrasal verb) – formulate, stipulate, frame, draw up.

5. judiciary (noun) – judges. 6. the judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in

which judicial power is vested. 7. deep-rooted (adjective) – established, entrenched; fundamental, basic. 8. course correction (noun) – modifying, improving, rectifying (the plan of action). 9. go back (to) (phrasal verb) - revert to, return. 10. feisty (adjective) – energetic, aggressive, strong/active. 11. break free (phrase) – escape from. 12. familial (adjective) - established, orthodox, customary, conventional. 13. confines (noun) - boundaries, borders, limits. 14. notion (noun) – idea, belief, opinion, view, conception, conviction. 15. propriety (noun) – morality, correctness, rightness, good manners. 16. set aside (phrasal verb) – overrule, overturn, reverse, revoke, rule against, nullify. 17. absurd (adjective) – ridiculous, unreasonable, irrational, illogical, nonsensical, outrageous, shocking. 18. bail (noun) – conditional, temporary release of an arrested/imprisoned person when a specified amount of security is deposited or pledged (as cash or property) to ensure his/her appearance in court when required. 19. offender (noun) – criminal, wrongdoer/evil-doer, culprit. 20. bench (noun) – a court of law with a number of judges. 21. exclusively (adverb) – particularly, only. 22. masculine (adjective) – muscular, strong, potent, well built, powerfully built. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. proclamation (noun) – declaration, attestation, assertion, assurance. 24. in the aftermath of (phrase) – as a consequence of, as a result of. 25. reported (adjective) - supposed, seeming, apparent, alleged.

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26. virtual (adjective) – performing a task with the use of a computer, especially over a network.

27. find out (phrasal verb) – observe, notice, note, get to know. 28. misquote (verb) – misreport, misrepresent, misstate. 29. refrain from (verb) – stop oneself, abstain, desist from, hold back.

30. impose (verb) – force, thrust, inflict (an unwelcome decision). 31. mandate (verb) – require, necessitate, make mandatory.

32. compromise (noun) – agreement, understanding, settlement. 33. reiterate (verb) – repeat, say again, restate. 34. misogyny (noun) – prejudice, dislike, hatred (of women).

35. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, apart from. 36. of one's choice (phrase) - as decided/desired by oneself. 37. lean on (phrasal verb) – depend on, rely on, count on, bank on. 38. Bangkok General Guidance forJudges on Applying a Gender Perspective in Southeast Asia (noun) - "The Bangkok General Guidance for Judges in Applying a Gender Perspective" was discussed and adopted by judges from Philippines, Thailand, Timor Leste, and Indonesia, at a gathering in Bangkok from 24 to 25 June 2016, hosted by the ICJ (International Commission of Jurists) and UN Women. The General Guidance is aimed at assisting judges and others in the justice sector to effectively incorporate a gender perspective in their work. The General Guidance is especially significant as it reaffirms that customs and traditions should not be invoked to justify discrimination against women. 39. a host of (noun) – a lot, large number, great quantity. 40. stereotype (noun) – an oversimplified and/or unfair belief or idea that groups of people have particular characteristics or that all people in a group are the same. 41. household (noun) – family, house. 42. submissive (adjective) – non-resisting, compliant, yielding, obedient, accommodating. 43. obedient (adjective) - compliant, amenable, yielding, unresisting. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. ingrained (adjective) – entrenched, established, deep-rooted, firmly fixed. 45. prejudice (noun) – discrimination, partiality, intolerance, bigotry. 46. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, realize.

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47. bitter reality (noun) - painful reality, sad truth. 48. shroud (verb) – cover, cloak, veil, conceal/hide.

49. a culture of silence (noun) - a conspiracy of silence; it describes the behavior of a group of people of some size (large/small) that by

unspoken consensus (by silent agreement) does not mention, discuss, or acknowledge a given subject. 50. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote.

51. entrenched (adjective) – ingrained, established, embedded. 52. equation (noun) – equivalence, equalization, balance.

53. norms (noun) – standard, convention, guidelines, criterion. 54. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, demonstrate, exhibit. 55. incidence (noun) – occurrence. 56. clamp down (phrasal verb) - suppress, prevent, stop, put an end to. 57. gender/sex stereotype (noun) – unfair beliefs about how males and females should look/act/behave. For example, women are supposed to be sensitive, emotional and childish, and men are supposed to be tough and powerful. Another example is that girls should wear pink and play with dolls only and boys should wear blue and play with cars only. 58. counterpart (noun) – equivalent, equal (person); fellow, peer. 59. mission (noun) – assignment, a specific task/job, operation. 60. call out (phrasal verb) – criticize someone for something (bad/incorrect) publicly and ask them to justify/explain it. 61. paternalism (noun) – the behaviour of people in authority in a fatherly manner restricting rights or responsibilities of subordinate and make decisions on their own. 62. break the silence (phrase) - talk about something that has not been discussed for a long period of time; give voice. 63. bias (noun) – prejudice, partiality; unfairness, one-sidedness. 64. reiteration (noun) – the process of repeating something (some action) for clarity/emphasis. 65. stand on (phrasal verb) - be careful in carrying out something. 66. gender parity (noun) – gender equality; It is the view that everyone WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMshould receive equal treatment and not be discriminated against based on their gender. 67. far from (phrase) – not, not at all.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 24, 2021)

1. hustings (noun) – election platform/campaign. 2. rain (noun) - a large quantity/amount of something (coming down like

rain). 3. manifesto (noun) – a publication issued by a political party before a General Election. It contains the set of policies that the party stands

for and would wish to implement if elected to govern; (policy) statement, declaration, pronouncement. 4. wherewithal (noun) – resources, means.

5. front (noun) – political group. 6. electorate (noun) – all the people who entitled to vote in an election. 7. distributivism (noun) - It is also known as Distributism, is an economic

theory largely in response to the principles of Social Justice. Its key tenet is that ownership of the means of production should be as widespread as possible rather than being concentrated in the hands of a few owners (Capitalism) or in the hands of state bureaucrats (Socialism). 8. welfare payment (noun) – social security, state benefit, benefit payment, public assistance.

9. leave out (phrasal verb) – exclude, omit, miss out. 10. first off the mark (phrase) – doing something more quickly than anyone else. 11. enhancement (noun) – increase, improvement. 12. not to be outdone (phrase) – do something better than another person (and also wish that no one can do the same thing better than you). 13. payout (noun) – payment, reward. 14. household (noun) – family, house. 15. Below Poverty Line (BPL) (noun) – a benchmark used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. 16. unsustainable (adjective) – indefensible, undefendable, unjustifiable (pattern/method which disrupts the balance and then exhausts all of resources). 17. scepticism (noun) – doubt, suspicion/mistrust, wariness, lack of conviction. 18. debt (noun) – liability, financial obligation, borrowed capital. 19. government debt/public debt/sovereign debt (noun) – it represents the WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtotal outstanding debt of a central/state government. 20. per capita (adverb & adjective) – per person, for each, individually. 21. mobilisation (noun) – the act of bringing forces/people/resources together for a particular cause.

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22. public expenditure/spending or government expenditure/spending (noun) – money spent by the government.

23. profession (noun) - a group of people involved in a particular profession. 24. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in

humans. 25. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people

across a wide area. 26. ought (not) to (modal verb) – must (not), should (not). 27. hold back (phrasal verb) – stop, discontinue, withhold; restrict,

restrain, block. 28. aid (verb) - facilitate, help, assist. 29. elevate (verb) – raise, lift up (to a higher position/level). 30. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 31. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 32. inter- (prefix) – between.

33. incur (verb) – bring upon oneself, to become liable, accept liability or responsibility for the debt acquired. 34. trivial (adjective) – unimportant, superficial, insignificant. 35. undertake (verb) – take up, accept; begin, start. 36. leave behind (phrasal verb) – to leave a trace of something. 37. unconscionable (adjective) – unethical, immoral, unprincipled, wrong. 38. blanket (adjective) – overall, total, complete, extensive, outright, widespread. 39. turn in (phrasal verb) – provide something to someone (in power). 40. surplus (noun) – excess, oversupply, overabundance. 41. consideration (noun) – factor, issue, point, aspect, element. 42. sceptical (adjective) – doubtful, distrustful, disappointed. 43. Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB) (noun) - Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB) was established as the principal funding arm of the Government of Kerala on 11.11.1999 by the Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Act 1999 (Act 4 of 2000). The objective of KIIFB is to channelize funds for critical and large public infrastructure projects in Kerala. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 45. due diligence (noun) – reasonable, careful assessment/investigation done in advance. 46. viability (noun) – ability, practicality, feasibility (to work successfully).

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47. financial viability (noun) – the ability of an entity/organisation to continue to achieve its operating objectives and fulfill its mission over

the long term. 48. obligation (noun) – duty, responsibility, commitment. 49. lay (verb) – organize, frame, think up, formulate.

50. in particular (phrase) – to be specific, especially, specifically. 51. forecast (noun) – prediction, indication, projection, prognosis, speculation, calculation (of future events or trends).

52. stream (noun) – series, string, chain. 53. on the table (noun) – put forward/presented for discussion. 54. welfarism (noun) – the principles/policies of a welfare state.

55. well-being (noun) – healthy state/condition. 56. enable (verb) – permit, allow, facilitate. 57. legitimate (adjective) – valid, reasonable, reliable. 58. aspiration (noun) - aim, ambition, goal, target, objective. 59. far from (phrase) – not, not at all. 60. speak of (phrasal verb) – mention, talk about, discuss, refer to.

61. Great Depression (noun) – a worldwide economic depression that started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s (almost for 10 years until about 1939). Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country of the world. 62. fruition (noun) – realization, achievement, accomplishment/completion. 63. provision (noun) – supplying, providing, supply/delivery, furnishing, giving, allocation, distribution. 64. underlie (verb) – be fundamental, be basic, be essential. 65. signify (verb) – be evidence of, be a sign of, mark, signal, indicate, announce. 66. sort of (phrase) – to some extent, somewhat, somehow, slightly. 67. munificence (noun) - the quality of being extremely generous (with money); generosity, bountifulness, magnanimity, open-handedness, big- heartedness. 68. National Health Service (NHS) (noun) - a government-funded public service health care system of the United Kingdom (UK). 69. envy (noun) – desire, jealousy, covetousness, bitterness/resentment. 70. dare (verb) – challenge someone to do something. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM71. move on (phrasal verb) – leave & start doing something new. 72. out of pocket payments (OOPs) (phrase) - OOPs are defined as direct payments made by individuals to health care providers at the time of service use.

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73. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. 74. ascertain (verb) – find out, understand, recognize, get to know.

75. as far as – is concerned (phrase) – with regard to a particular person or situation. 76. schooling (noun) – education, teaching, pedagogy (at school).

77. inflexible (adjective) – unyielding, firm, resolute, uncompromising. 78. shoddy (adjective) – poor-quality/inferior, careless, improper. 79. temptation (noun) – appeal, allure, attraction, fascination; desire, urge,

impulse/inclination. 80. hand out (phrasal verb) – give out, issue, provide. 81. will (noun) – desire, wish, preference, intention.

82. mobilise (verb) – bring (resources) into use for a particular purpose/cause. 83. meagre (adjective) – small, little, paltry, inadequate/deficient. 84. end up (phrasal verb) – come/appear, find oneself (to a particular course of action in the end). 85. thin (adjective) - inadequate, insufficient, insubstantial.

86. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 87. debt trap (noun) – a situation which causes a damaging cycle of borrowing when someone cannot repay their debts on schedule. 88. Herculean (adjective) – arduous, laborious, strenuous, difficult, formidable, hard, tough. 89. welfare state (noun) – a form of government in which the state protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of the citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. A system wherein the government agrees to underwrite certain levels of employment, income, education, medical, social security and housing for all its citizens. 90. forthcoming (adjective) – impending, coming, approaching, nearing. 91. enormity (noun) – immensity, vastness, massiveness, hugeness, seriousness. 92. put something in perspective (phrase) - to assess the true value/importance of something. 93. Legislative Assembly (noun) – Vidhan Sabha; Legislative Assembly is the lower house, much like the Lok Sabha of the Parliament. Members WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMof the Legislative Assembly are directly elected by the people through assembly elections. The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years (unless it is dissolved earlier). A member of a legislative Assembly is referred to as an MLA.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 24, 2021)

94. broaden (adjective) – expand, enlarge, extend, widen. 95. tax net (noun) - the system for ensuring that people and firms pay their

taxes. 96. fall short of (phrase) – fail to meet/reach; be deficient/inadequate/insufficient.

97. welfarist (adjective) – relating to the principles connected with the welfare state. 98. reluctant (adjective) – unwilling, disinclined, unenthusiastic.

99. skew (verb) – cause to be asymmetrical, unevenly balanced, unequal. 100. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 101. derive (verb) – obtain, get.

102. levy (noun) – imposition, charging, collection (of a tax, fee, fine). 103. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate. 104. working class (noun) - blue-collar workers, common labourer, factory labourer. 105. disproportionately (adverb) – inordinately, immoderately, excessively. 106. equity (noun as modifier) – fairness/justness, neutrality, impartiality,

lack of discrimination, egalitarianism. 107. buoyancy (noun) – vigour/strength, high level of activity, growth. 108. conspicuous (adjective) – clearly visible, noticeable, discernible/perceivable. 109. rampant (adjective) – widespread, present everywhere/pervasive, unrestrained/out of control. 110. steeply (adverb) - sharply. 111. progressive (adjective) – forward-looking, forward-thinking, dynamic, advanced. 112. taxation (noun) – the act of levying or imposing a tax by a government/the taxing authority. 113. stand out (phrasal verb) – be noticeable, be visible, be obvious. 114. conspicuous by one’s absence/silence (phrase) – noticeably not present where one should be. 115. hallmark (noun) – distinctive feature, indication, sure sign. 116. socialism (noun) – it’s a state-controlled economy in which the state controls the means of production: factories, offices, resources, and firms. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMSince the government controls almost all of society’s functions, it can make better use of resources, labors, and lands.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 25, 2021) H 1. tactical (adjective) – calculated, strategic, diplomatic.

2. abstention (noun) – refusal to vote, abstaining, non-voting. 3. UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (noun) – The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system

responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for addressing situations of human rights

violations and make recommendations on them. The Council is created on 15 March 2006 and it is made up of 47 United Nations Member States which are elected by the UN General Assembly. The Human

Rights Council replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 4. resolution (noun) - motion, proposal. 5. keen (adjective) – discerning, sensitive, perceptive, clear, observant, insightful. 6. diplomatic (adjective) – (delicate & sensitive) consular, foreign-policy, political. 7. persuade (verb) – convince, influence, motivate. 8. devolution (noun) – decentralization, delegation, distribution. 9. abstain from (verb) - not vote, decline to vote, refuse to vote. 10. signal (verb) – indicate, communicate, express, signify. 11. unwillingness (noun) – disinclination, reluctance, hesitation. 12. neighbour (noun) – a country that is next to another country; (bordering) country. 13. reluctance (noun) – unwillingness, disinclination, hesitation. 14. meet (verb) - fulfil, satisfy, fill, match up to. 15. aspiration (noun) – aim, ambition, goal, target, objective. 16. endorse (verb) – uphold, support, ratify, approve, justify. 17. stubborn (adjective) – inflexible, uncooperative, difficult, resolute. 18. sort of (phrase) – to some extent, somewhat, somehow, slightly. 19. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 20. past (noun) – history, background, experience. 21. dismiss (verb) – reject, deny, repudiate; banish, disregard, brush off, shrug off, forget. 22. intent (adjective) - purpose, intention, objective. 23. shield (verb) – protect, save, guard. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM24. credible (adjective) – acceptable, trustworthy, reliable, dependable; believable, plausible, reasonable. 25. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 25, 2021) H 26. war crimes (noun) - War crimes are those violations of international

humanitarian law (treaty or customary law) that incur individual criminal responsibility under international law. As a result, and in contrast to the crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity, war

crimes must always take place in the context of an armed conflict, either international or non-international.

27. assessment (noun) – evaluation, judgement, analysis. 28. preserve (verb) – protect, conserve, continue, maintain, perpetuate, safeguard, uphold.

29. contain (verb) – control, curb, keep under control, restrain, limit. 30. pervasive (adjective) – penetrating, pervading, extensive, widespread, prevalent, ubiquitous, omnipresent. 31. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, leverage, weight. 32. equality (noun) – fairness, justness, impartiality. 33. dignity (noun) – self-esteem, self-worth, self-respect, pride/morale. 34. mandated (adjective) – authorized, empowered, designated. 35. mechanism (noun) – structure, system, procedure/method. 36. in favour of (phrase) – in support of, to the advantage of, approve of. 37. concurrence (noun) – agreement, acceptance, approval. 38. stress (verb) – emphasize, draw attention to, highlight, underline, underscore. 39. integrity (noun) – unity, wholeness, cohesion, togetherness, solidarity. 40. ‘either-or’ choice (noun) – an unavoidable choice (between two options). 41. amidst (preposition) – amid, in the middle of; during. 42. regress (verb) – go backwards, revert, relapse slip back (to a less developed state). 43. deficit (noun) – slippage, shortfall, deficiency, shortage. 44. regime (noun) – government. 45. predecessor (noun) – previous holder of the post; forerunner, precursor, antecedent. 46. constructive (adjective) – useful/helpful, productive, practical/effective/beneficial. 47. engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. consensual (adjective) – relating to consensus/consent; in agreement with those who involved.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 25, 2021) H 49. militarisation (noun) – the act of making something similar to armed

forces. the process of equipping something (an organisation/etc) with military forces/resources. 50. heightened (adjective) – intensified, increased, aggravated, exacerbated.

51. surveillance (noun) – monitoring, observation, scrutiny, inspection. 52. interference (noun) – intervention, meddling, unwarranted involvement.

53. prosecution (noun) – legal action, legal proceeding, legal case. 54. emblematic (adjective) – symbolic, indicative, representative, demonstrative.

55. emblematic case (noun) – an emblematic case seeks to create or influence case law in the countries in question. It aims to produce a social impact through law by testing existing legal structures, but also to encourage changes in social, institutional and cultural attitudes towards respect for human rights. 56. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 57. inform (verb) - characterize. 58. sense of (noun) – understanding, comprehension, discernment, acknowledgement. 59. well-being (noun) – a healthy state/condition. 60. foster (verb) – encourage, promote, develop. 61. emphasis (noun) – importance, significance; priority, insistence. 62. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 63. move away from (phrasal verb) – change/alter one’s ideas/beliefs/views and so. 64. reconciliation (noun) – reunion, resolution, compromise. 65. weigh down (phrasal verb) - burden, impede, depress, oppress, make difficult. 66. in accord with (phrase) - in accordance with, in agreement with, consistent with. 67. sentiment (noun) – general feeling, thought, view, opinion. 68. in the midst of (phrase) – in the middle of. 69. neutrality (noun) – non-alignment, non-participation, non-involvement, non-intervention; impartiality, detachment. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM70. pragmatism (noun) – common sense, realism, matter-of-factness. 71. measure (noun) – amount, degree, quantity. 72. way out (noun) – answer, solution.

Note:

1. narrate (verb) - tell, portray, describe.

2. recognise (verb) - reward, applaud, acclaim, honour officially. 3. quite (adverb as submodifier) – to a certain extent; fairly, reasonably.

4. draw (verb) - be the cause of some (controversial) reaction. 5. attribute (verb) – ascribe, assign, connect/associate with. 6. alignment (noun) – alliance, partnership, affiliation.

7. deserving (adjective) - worthy/praiseworthy, meritorious, creditable, commendable, admirable.

8. overlook (verb) – neglect, ignore, disregard, turn a blind eye. 9. there was no disputing the fact that (phrase) - there is no doubt that it is correct or true. 10. acknowledge (verb) – show appreciation for, express gratitude for, recognise, honour, praise. 11. well known (adjective) - familiar, popular, notable/prominent. 12. pocket (noun) – area, region. 13. recognition (noun) - reward, honour, acknowledgement, appreciation, gratitude, commendation, acclaim. 14. clutch (noun) – quantity, group, collection (of things). 15. thanks to (phrase) – as a result of, owing to, due to, because of. 16. (the) blurring (noun) - reduction, decrease, diminishing, unfocusing. 17. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 18. stand (verb) - be at a specific situation/stage. 19. pan- (combining form) – all inclusive of, all, of everything. 20. appreciate (verb) – admire, rate highly; acknowledge, recognize. 21. smudge (verb) - make something indistinct, blur, unfocus. 22. art house (noun) - a film genre which encompasses films where the content and style – often artistic or experimental – adhere with as little compromise as possible to the filmmakers’ personal artistic vision. The narrative (story portrayal) is often in the social realism style with a focus on the characters’ contemplation of their existence or immediate concerns. 23. mainstream cinema (noun) - popular cinema, commercial cinema WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM(that costs much to make and is created for profit).

Note:

24. mainstream (noun) - something (certain beliefs/ideas/activities) which

are accepted or recognized by most people as normal or typical. 25. laud (verb) – praise, hail, applaud, acclaim.

26. internalised (adjective) - making something (attitude/behaviour/character) as internal/natural. 27. magnum opus (noun) – Latin meaning, "great work"; masterpiece (of

something cinema, music, art, or literature). 28. bag (verb) - get, secure, obtain, acquire.

29. fiercest superlative adjective of fierce (adjective) – intense, powerful, vehement. 30. noise (noun) – clamour, uproar, tumult, din, commotion. 31. the spotlight (noun) – the public attention, the focus of public/media; the public eye. 32. Monpa (noun) - a major tribe of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. 33. conservation (noun) – preservation, protection, safeguarding. 34. a place in the sun (phrase) - a good, successful, advantageous or favourable position. 35. consume (verb) – use, use up, absorb, take up, occupy. 36. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 37. brush aside (phrasal verb) – dismiss, disregard, ignore. 38. high-pitched (adjective) – high/sharp, acute, penetrating, piercing. 39. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, critical, necessary, essential. 40. feature film (noun) - a full-length film that's long enough (40 minutes (it varies) or more). 41. non-feature film (noun) - documentary/short film. 42. rely on (phrasal verb) – depend on; resort to, have recourse to. 43. muscle (noun) – (figuratively) influence, power, strength, might. 44. framework (noun) – structure, system, organization. 45. limelight (noun) – the focus of attention, public attention, public notice. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM46. incentive (noun) – stimulus, impetus, boost. 47. strive (verb) – try, attempt, make every effort.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 25, 2021)

1. peril (noun) – danger, jeopardy, risk.

2. emphasis (noun) – importance, significance; priority, insistence. 3. welfare (noun) – social security, state benefit, benefit payment, public assistance.

4. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference.

5. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 6. contemporary (adjective) – modern, present-day. 7. socio-economic (adjective) – relating to the interaction of social

(position, rank, or importance) and economic (income, pay, and wealth) aspects. 8. disparity (noun) – imbalance, inequality, unevenness, disproportion. 9. relatively (adverb) – comparatively, proportionately, somewhat, to a certain extent/degree.

10. dimension (noun) – aspect, feature, side, element. 11. for instance (phrase) – as an example. 12. attain (verb) – achieve, accomplish, reach. 13. back (verb) – support, assist, endorse, favour. 14. dynamism (noun) – strength, powerfulness, potency/efficacy. 15. productive (adjective) – useful, profitable, valuable, effective, beneficial, helpful. 16. accompany (verb) – occur with, co-occur with, coincide with, coexist

with. 17. commensurate (adjective) – equivalent, equal, corresponding, comparable, proportional. 18. well being (noun) – healthy state/condition. 19. exemplify (verb) – clarify, represent, illustrate (as an example). 20. paradox (noun) – contradiction, mystery, conundrum, anomaly. 21. trickle-down approach (noun) - an approach to pass on benefits to the people at the bottom of the pyramid (by those at top of the system). 22. surplus (noun) – excess, oversupply, overabundance. 23. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to, produce. 24. trajectory (noun) – track/course, route, path, direction, approach. 25. buck (verb) - resist, oppose, contradict, defy, go against. 26. mobilisation (noun) – the act of bringing forces/people/resources WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMtogether for a particular cause. 27. populist (adjective) – relating to the political approach which claims that it is representing the common/ordinary people.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 25, 2021)

28. inequality (noun) – Inequality is simply defined as “the state of not

being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities; imbalance, unevenness, disproportion, disparity. 29. inclusive (adjective) – all-embracing, all-inclusive, with everyone

included, comprehensive. 30. modernisation (noun) – improvement, refurbishment, remodeling,

revamping. 31. abuzz (adjective) – filled with excitement, exciting experience, thrill. 32. seldom (adverb) – hardly, rarely, almost never.

33. take note (phrase) – pay attention, take into consideration, watch. 34. at stake (phrase) – at issue, at risk; or in question. 35. institutionalise (verb) – set up a standard practice (in an organisation/culture). 36. foster (verb) – encourage, promote, develop.

37. comparatively (adverb) - relatively. 38. characteristic (noun) – attribute, feature, quality, aspect. 39. analytical (adjective) - systematic, logical, methodical, organized. 40. distinction (noun) – difference, differentiation, variation. 41. pertain to (verb) – concern, relate to, be connected with. 42. public good (phrase) – the benefit, advantage, or well-being of the public. 43. redistributive (adjective) – relating to the transfer

of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others by means of a social mechanism such as taxation, charity, welfare, public services and etc. 44. affirmative action (noun) – it means positive steps taken to increase the representation of (women and) minorities in areas of employment, education, and culture from which they have been historically excluded. 45. imperative (noun) – necessary condition, precondition, essential requirement. 46. absolute poverty (noun) – Absolute poverty is when household (family) income is below a certain level, which makes it impossible for the person or family to meet basic needs of life including food, shelter, safe drinking water, education, healthcare, etc. 47. subsidy (noun) – also called subvention; a financial contribution granted WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMto help an industry or business, mostly given by a government, in order to keep the price of service/goods at a low level. 48. elite (noun as modifier) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 25, 2021)

49. bias (noun) – prejudice, partiality; unfairness, one-sidedness.

50. scholar (noun) – academic, intellectual, expert/pundit, learned person. 51. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 52. bias (verb) - prejudice, influence, sway; incline, bend.

53. privilege (verb) – grant a right/advantage, give an advantage/benefit. 54. rather than (phrase) – instead of.

55. universalise (verb) – make (something) available for all. 56. tertiary care/hospital (noun) – highly specialized medical care. 57. primary health care (noun) – it is a whole-of-society approach to health

and well-being centred on the needs and preferences of individuals, families and communities. It addresses the broader determinants of health and focuses on the comprehensive and interrelated aspects of physical, mental and social health and well being. 58. public intervention (noun) - government involvement.

59. emphasise (verb) – draw attention to, put stress on, underscore, highlight. 60. go back (to) (phrasal verb) – revert to, return. 61. well known (adjective) – familiar, popular, notable/prominent. 62. infrastructure (noun) – the basic physical or organisational structure for something (to function properly). 63. reservation (noun) – a system of affirmative action in India that provides historically disadvantaged groups representation in education,

employment, and politics. 64. enable (verb) – permit, allow, facilitate. 65. broad-based (adjective) – wide-ranging, general. 66. indicator (noun) – measure, index, gauge. 67. fertility rate (noun) – a rate that measures the average number of children per woman. 68. mortality rate (noun) – (in a particular time/for a cause) the rate of death. 69. outcome (noun) – result, effect, consequence. 70. taskforce (noun) – unit, crew, outfit, section (mainly arranged for a task). 71. pool (noun) – a group of people available for work (when needed as a resource). 72. personnel (noun) – staff, employees, workforce. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM73. democratise (verb) – make something available to everyone. 74. case in point (phrase) – example, instance, typical case, sample. 75. pioneer (verb) – develop, introduce, start/begin.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 25, 2021)

76. provision (noun) – supplying, providing, supply/delivery, furnishing,

giving, allocation, distribution. 77. household (noun) – family, house. 78. incur (verb) – be subject to, meet with, bring upon oneself, to become

liable. 79. out of pocket payments (OOPs) (phrase) – OOPs are defined as direct

payments made by individuals to health care providers at the time of service use. 80. attainment (noun) - accomplishment, achievement, effecting.

81. sustain (verb) – uphold, approve, validate, ratify, vindicate, confirm. 82. perception (noun) – understanding, thought, impression, feeling. 83. entrepreneur (noun) – businessman, businesswoman, business person. 84. task with (verb) - assign a task to. 85. mobilise (verb) – bring (resources) into use for a particular

purpose/cause. 86. capital accumulation (noun) - the growth in wealth through investments or profits. 87. in addition (phrase) – as well as, additionally, moreover. 88. diffusion (noun) – distribution, spreading, dispersal, dissemination. 89. immune (adjective) – resistant (from the effects of something). 90. formal/organised sector (noun) – formal economy; it is the part of an economy that is taxed and monitored by the government.

91. informal/unorganized sector (noun) – informal economy, grey economy; it is the part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government. 92. dynamic (adjective) – modern, liberal, advanced, forward-looking. 93. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. 94. bargaining power (noun) – the relative ability of parties in a situation to exert influence over each other. 95. embed (verb) – incorporate, include; insert/fix. 96. solidarity (noun) – unity, unanimity, harmony, cooperation. 97. advance (noun) – breakthrough, development. 98. aid (verb) – facilitate, help, assist. 99. offset (verb) – even up, counterbalance, equalize, neutralize; make amends for, compensate for. 100.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM hand-in-hand (phrase) – together, in partnership, closely. 101. sequential (adjective) – continuous, consecutive, uninterrupted. 102. imbalance (noun) – disparity, variation, disproportion, unevenness, lopsidedness.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 25, 2021)

103. asymmetry (noun) – lack of equality, non-uniformity, unevenness, lack

of symmetry. 104. federal (adjective) – relating to a system of government in which establishments such as states or provinces share power with a national

government. 105. constraint (noun) – restriction, limitation, restraint.

106. chart (verb) – outline, describe, detail. 107. curtail (verb) – shorten, truncate; restrict/limit. 108. subnational (adjective) – relating to a region or group of people within a

nation. 109. arbitrary (adjective) – whimsical, irrational, casual; autocratic, draconian, anti-democratic. 110. imposition (noun) – burden, onus, strain, demand, pressure. 111. marginalised (adjective) – treated as insignificant, treated as

unimportant, neglected. 112. cause for concern (phrase) – a reason to worry (feel anxious). 113. reliance on (noun) – confidence in, dependence, belief in. 114. imply (verb) – say indirectly, suggest, indicate. 115. segmentation (noun) – division/separation into a different parts. 116. perceived (adjective) – regarded, considered, deemed; observed, discerned. 117. quantum (noun) – measure, amount, portion.

118. accommodate (verb) – favour, do someone a favour, assist, help. 119. aggravate (verb) – make worse, worsen, exacerbate, compound, increase/intensify. 120. efficacy (noun) – effectiveness, efficiency, power/ability to give estimated results. 121. central (adjective) - most important, essential. 122. privatisation (noun) – transfer of a business, industry, academic institutions, or service from public to private ownership and control. 123. intra- (prefix) – within. 124. inter- (prefix) – between. 125. axe (noun) - measure. 126. bloc (noun) – alliance, association, union. 127. reorient (verb) – change the focus on. 128.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM terrain (noun) – area, land, ground, territory. 129. forge (verb) – form, create, establish, set up. 130. substantive (adjective) – important, significant, considerable.

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 26, 2021) H 1. accelerate (verb) – increase, hasten, expedite, speed up, step up.

2. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a particular disease; immunization.

3. wherewithal (noun) – resources, means. 4. roll out (phrasal verb) – launch, introduce, organize, inaugurate (something officially).

5. comorbidity (noun) – the presence of one or more additional conditions (diseases/problems) co-occurring/co-existing with a

primary condition (disease/problem). 6. undertake (verb) – begin, start, launch into; engage in, become involved in, take part in.

7. course correction (noun) – modifying, improving, rectifying (the plan of action). 8. vaccinate (verb) – inoculate, administer, introduce (with a vaccine to provide immunity against a disease). 9. immaterial (adjective) - irrelevant, unimportant, inconsequential, insignificant, not germane. 10. band (noun) - group. 11. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 12. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 13. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably. 14. restrictive (adjective) – restricting, constraining, confining, prohibitive. 15. ignorant (adjective) – unknowledgeable, unaware, clueless about, unfamiliar with. 16. underlying (adjective) – latent, hidden, concealed, undisclosed/unidentified, undiagnosed; intrinsic. 17. underlying disease (noun) - chronic disease; a medical condition or disease that interferes with daily life or activities and requires continuous medical attention or care that lasts for longer than one year. Examples of a chronic disease include obesity, heart disease, cancer, hypertension or high blood pressure, lung disease, and WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMdiabetes. 18. belated (adjective) – late, behind time, not on time/delayed. 19. redundant (adjective) – unnecessary, not required, inessential, unwanted.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 26, 2021) H 20. commendable (adjective) – admirable, praiseworthy, laudable.

21. health equity (noun) – “Health equity” or “equity in health” implies that ideally everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full

health potential (and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential) regardless of demographic, social, economic or geographic strata (level/class/rank/echelon).

22. artificial (adjective) - false, unnatural. 23. more so (phrase) - it means that to a greater degree.

24. witness (verb) – see, observe, view, notice. 25. surge (noun) – sudden increase or rise of something. 26. hesitancy (noun) – reluctance, unwillingness, disinclination.

27. vaccine hesitancy (noun) – a reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated or to have one’s children vaccinated; reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines. 28. uptake (noun) – the action of taking up something (available/given). 29. willingness (noun) – readiness, preparedness, inclination, desire. 30. dose (noun) – an amount/quantity of something. 31. administer (verb) – dispense, provide, give, apply (a drug/vaccine). 32. thereafter (adverb) – after that, afterwards, subsequently. 33. Oxford vaccine/Covishield (noun) – (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or (AZD1222) is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca, UK Ltd. (named Covishield in India). Serum Institute of India (SII), a biotechnology company has partnered with global pharma giant AstraZeneca and Oxford University for this vaccine candidate ‘Covidshield’. 34. Covaxin (noun) – India’s first indigenous COVID-19 vaccine candidate (COVAXIN) developed by a Hyderabad-based company (Bharat Biotech) in collaboration with the ICMR (The Indian Council of Medical Research). 35. address (verb) - tackle, deal with. 36. shortage (noun) - shortfall, deficiency, inadequacy, insufficiency. 37. rolling (adjective) – occurring in a steady & continuous way. 38. lukewarm (adjective) – unenthusiastic, unresponsive, half-hearted, indifferent, dispassionate. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM39. facility (noun) – centre. 40. besides (preposition/linking adverb) – in addition to, as well, apart from.

Note:

WORD LIST-1 (MAR 26, 2021) H 41. fix (verb) - rectify, put right, set right.

42. Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) (noun) – Immunization Programme in India was introduced in 1978 as ‘Expanded

Programme of Immunization’ (EPI) by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. In 1985, the programme was modified as ‘Universal Immunization Programme’ (UIP) to be

implemented in phased manner to cover all districts in the country by 1989-90 with the one of largest health programme in the world. In

India’s national Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), policy is defined, vaccines procured and supplied by the Union government and vaccination implemented by State governments.

43. political will (noun) – political desire/intention. 44. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, demonstrate, exhibit. 45. absent (adjective) – missing, lacking, unavailable, non-existent. 46. permissibility (noun) - allowability. 47. walk-in (noun) - a person who is coming/going without an appointment for a service (vaccination- in this context). 48. immunisation (noun) – the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. 49. overreliance (noun) – excessive dependency. 50. CoWIN (noun) – a digital platform (app) developed by Union Health Ministry, India to help monitor the entire COVID-19 vaccination process in India. 51. passive (adjective) – inactive, lethargic, inert, sluggish, uninvolved, unresponsive. 52. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity. 53. microplanning (noun) - multi-level and decentralised planning. 54. outreach (noun) – the level of reaching out/activity/effort; involvement. 55. reach out (phrasal verb) – contact someone to obtain/offer WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMhelp/assistance/cooperation.

Note:

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 26, 2021)

1. providence (noun) - prudence, foresight, forethought, judgement, far-

sightedness; fate, destiny, kismet. 2. Provident Fund (PF) (noun) – a government-managed savings

scheme, where you invest your money and benefit from the accumulated interest over time. Salaried employees get this lump sum amount once they retire or exit from employment.

3. cap (noun) – limit, upper limit, ceiling. 4. provision (noun) – clause, requirement, condition.

5. discriminate (verb) – disfavour, be biased, treat differently. 6. steer (verb) – guide, direct, lead (something in a particular way/direction). 7. Finance Bill (noun) – ‘Finance Bill’ means the Bill ordinarily introduced in each year to give effect to the financial proposals of the Government of India for the following financial year and includes a Bill to give effect to supplementary financial proposals for any period. It concerns the country’s finances – it could be about taxes, government expenditures, government borrowings, revenues, etc. There are different kinds of Finance Bills-the most important of them is the Money Bill. The Money Bill is concretely defined in Article 110. 8. tweak (noun) – adjustment, modification, alteration, change. 9. abuse (verb) – misuse, misapply, misemploy, mishandle. 10. double (verb) - increase twofold, multiply by two. 11. threshold (noun) – it is an amount, level, or limit of something. Once the threshold is reached, something else happens or changes. point of entry, starting point. 12. remit (verb) – pay, make payment of, send (money). 13. Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF) (noun) – a retirement savings scheme in which employees of an organisation contribute a small portion of their basic pay monthly. In the same line, the employer also contributes a similar amount on their behalf towards the scheme. For a vast number of the salaried, the employee provident fund (EPF) is the only social security net they have. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM14. non-starter (noun) – failure, fiasco, catastrophe/mess. 15. implicit (adjective) – implied, indirect, understood, hinted.

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16. voluntarily (adverb) – intentionally, knowingly.

17. statutory (adjective) – legitimate, acceptable, permissible. 18. bound to (adjective) – obligated, obliged, under obligation,

compelled, required, duty-bound. 19. scenario (noun) – situation, background, context. 20. National Pension System (NPS) (noun) – a pension cum investment

scheme launched by the Government of India to provide old age security to Citizens of India. It brings an attractive long term saving

avenue to effectively plan your retirement through a safe and regulated market-based return. The Scheme is regulated by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA). National Pension System Trust (NPST) established by PFRDA is the registered owner of all assets under NPS. 21. concession (noun) – reduction, cut, discount, deduction. 22. General Provident Fund (GPF) (noun) – a type of PF account that is available only for all the government employees in India. Basically, it allows all the government employees to contribute a certain percentage of their salary to the General Provident Fund. And the total amount that is accumulated throughout the employment term is paid to the employee at the time of retirement. 23. defined (adjective) - fixed. 24. informal/unorganized sector (noun) – informal economy, grey economy; it is the part of an economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. 25. formal sector/organised sector (noun) – formal economy; it is the part of an economy that is taxed, or monitored by any form of government. 26. workforce (noun) – workers, employees. 27. sparse (adjective) – limited, minimal, least, distributed thinly. 28. social security (scheme/benefit) (noun) – (In India) social security schemes/benefits cover these (Pension, Health Insurance, and Medical Benefit, Disability Benefit, Maternity Benefit, Gratuity) social insurances. Employers in the organized sector are entitled to WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMcoverage under these social security schemes. A large number of Indian workers in the unorganized/informal sector may not have an opportunity to participate in each of these schemes.

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H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 26, 2021)

29. penalise (verb) – handicap, unfairly disadvantage, put in an

unfavourable position, cause to suffer. 30. smack of (verb) – suggest, hint at, have a suggestion of, give the

impression of, seem like, be a sign of something (bad/unpleasant). 31. bureaucratic (adjective) – rule-bound, rigid, inflexible, complicated; administrative, official, procedural.

32. preservation (noun) - continuation, keeping up, upholding. 33. self-interest (noun) – self-seeking, self-regard, self-serving, self-

obsession, selfishness, own advantage. 34. deride (verb) – ridicule, mock, make fun of, insult. 35. equitable (adjective) – fair, just, impartial. 36. taxation (noun) – the act of levying or imposing a tax by a government/the taxing authority. 37. the least (pronoun) – the minimum, the smallest amount. 38. as it stands (phrase) – in the present condition. 39. cap (verb) - set a limit on, put a ceiling on, limit, restrict. 40. Section 80C of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (noun) - Under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act 1961, taxpayers can claim deduction benefit on payments, contributions, or investments in a way specified by the Income Tax law. These include payment for life insurance premium, contribution to any recognised provident fund and superannuation fund, subscription to National Savings Certificate, contribution to ULIP, Public Provident Fund (PPF), Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, 5- year tax-saving fixed deposit plans offered by banks, among others. In one financial year, the maximum amount of deduction under Section 80C or the Section 80C limit is Rs 1.5 lakh. 41. Income Tax Act (I-T Act), 1961 (noun) - a comprehensive statute that focuses on the different rules and regulations that govern taxation in the country. It provides for levying, administering, collecting and recovering income tax for the Indian government. It was enacted in 1961. The Income Tax Act contains a total of 23 chapters and 298 sections according to the official website of the Income Tax Department of Indi WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM42. superannuation (noun) – retirement (discharging someone after having reached a predetermined age or cause to retire someone due to age).

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43. dissonance (noun) – incongruity, disagreement, disparity,

discrepancy, contradiction. 44. unconscionable (adjective) – unethical, immoral, unprincipled, wrong.

45. disconnect (noun) – lack of connection. 46. aspiration (noun) – aim, ambition, goal, target, objective. 47. working class (noun) – blue-collar workers, common labourer, factory

labourer. 48. sunset (adjective) – declining.

49. sunset years (noun) - twilight years, old age. 50. top off (phrasal verb) - to finish something (in a satisfying way). 51. wage code (noun) – also known as code on wages, 2019, is an Act of the Parliament of India that consolidates the provisions of four labour laws concerning wage and bonus payments and makes universal the provisions for minimum wages and timely payment of wages for all workers in India. 52. compel (verb) - force, push. 53. rather than (phrase) – instead of. 54. virtually (adverb) – practically, almost, nearly. 55. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, demonstrate, exhibit. 56. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity. 57. system-wide (adjective) - throughout the system. 58. arm (noun) – branch, section, department, division. 59. at cross purposes (phrase) - If two or more people are at cross- purposes, they are with (opposite) aims/goals that are completely different from each other. 60. ingenious (adjective) – inventive, creative, imaginative, innovative. 61. ploy (noun) – (cunning) plan, scheme, tactic/trick. 62. stir up (phrasal verb) - cause, produce, generate, give rise to, trigger. 63. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, attend to, try to sort out. 64. put something on hold (phrase) - postpone, put off, put back, hold off. 65. think through (phrasal verb) – assess, contemplate, evaluate, ponder, reflect on. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM66. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion.

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ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 26, 2021)

1. electoral bond (noun) – an electoral bond is designed to be a bearer instrument like a Promissory Note — in effect, it will be similar to a

bank note that is payable to the bearer on demand and free of interest. It can be purchased by any citizen of India or a body incorporated in

India. it allows limitless, secret donations to political parties, including (and especially) by corporations. 2. tenet (noun) – principle, belief, doctrine, dogma, rule.

3. keep from (phrasal verb) - keep secret, hide, conceal, not tell. 4. reserve (verb) – defer, postpone, put off, delay, withhold (final

judgement for a while after the hearing). 5. stay (verb) – stop, delay, or prevent something temporarily (a judicial proceeding/trial through the order of a court). 6. dominant (adjective) – main, most important/prominent, most powerful. 7. design (noun) – intention, aim, purpose, plan. 8. anonymous (adjective) – nameless, incognito, unknown/unspecified. 9. deeply (adverb) – seriously, intensely, strongly, awfully, terribly. 10. destructive (adjective) - detrimental, deleterious, disadvantageous.

11. blow (noun) – shock, surprise; setback/misfortune. 12. cast (verb) – register (a vote). 13. fund (verb) - finance, pay for, sponsor, provide capital for, provide finance for. 14. beyond doubt (phrase) - entirely certain. 15. buy (verb) - buy off, pay off, bribe. 16. regulatory capture (noun) – the result or process by which regulation, in law or application, is consistently or repeatedly directed away from the public interest and toward the interests of the regulated industry, by the intent and action of the industry itself. Regulatory capture is a failure of normal government functions in which regulatory agencies become subservient (accommodating/yielding) to the industries they are meant to be monitoring and regulating. 17. skew (verb) – cause to be asymmetrical, unevenly balanced, unequal. 18. playing field (noun) - competitive situation; a set of common rules and standards that prevent businesses from gaining a competitive WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMadvantage over others. 19. in one’s favour (phrase) – to one’s benefit/advantage. 20. enable (verb) – permit, allow, facilitate. 21. in the dark (phrase) – unaware of, ignorant of, uninformed about.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 26, 2021)

22. quid pro quo (phrase) – “something for something”; support in exchange for something.

23. hold (verb) - rule, decide. 24. context (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation.

25. freedom of expression (noun) – the ability of an individual or group of individuals to express their beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and emotions about different issues free from government censorship, restraint, or

legal penalty. 26. thrive (verb) – progress, advance (vigorously).

27. influence (verb) – affect, have an effect on. 28. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 29. parity (noun) – equality, uniformity, sameness, levelness, unity. 30. a level playing field (phrase) – a situation in which everyone has a

fair and equal opportunity to succeed, and no one has an advantage over the other; a set of common rules and standards that prevent businesses from gaining a competitive advantage over others. 31. overwhelm (verb) – defeat easily/heavily, rout, beat. 32. cap (noun) – limit, upper limit, ceiling. 33. pre-existing (adjective) – previous, earlier, prior.

34. well-resourced (adjective) - well-funded. 35. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 36. asymmetrically (adverb) - unequally. 37. find out (phrasal verb) – observe, notice, note, get to know. 38. in turn (phrase) – in succession, successively, sequentially. 39. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 40. long-standing (adjective) – long-established, deep-rooted, fixed, persistent, continuing (for a long time). 41. misuse (noun) - misapplication, misemployment, abuse. 42. squeeze (verb) - reduce in (volume); constrict, make smaller, compress, condense; impede, restrict, inhibit, obstruct, limit. 43. coffers (noun) – funds, reserves/resources, treasury/exchequer. 44. incumbent (adjective) - current, existing, present. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM45. bear out (phrasal verb) – confirm, validate, vindicate, justify/support (a claim). 46. immensely (adverb) – extremely, exceedingly, especially. 47. debunk (verb) – negate, invalidate, prove to be false, expose.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 26, 2021)

48. rationale (noun) – reason, reasoning/thinking, logic, grounds, basis. 49. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to.

50. reservation (noun) – a system of affirmative action in India that provides historically disadvantaged groups representation in

education, employment, and politics. 51. as well as (phrase) – and in addition. 52. fall apart (phrasal verb) – disintegrate, break up, fall into pieces.

53. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation. 54. anonymity (noun) – a condition of being unknown; a situation where

the acting person’s name is unknown or not given. 55. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably. 56. shell company (noun) – a non-trading company used as a vehicle for various financial manoeuvres (operations).

57. prospects (noun) – possibilities, chances, opportunities. 58. institutional corruption (noun) - This goes beyond the ordinary definition of corruption as bribery, to encompass (include) a type of corruption that occurs when institutions develop improper dependencies, resulting in a loss of public trust and a weakening of the effectiveness of those institutions.

59. (be) rooted in (verb) – embed, fix, firmly establish, implant. 60. morality (noun) – ethics, ethos, correctness, ethicality. 61. enshrine (verb) – to enclose in, preserve, treasure, protect (as valuable). 62. furthermore (adverb) – moreover, additionally, besides. 63. uncap (verb) - remove a limit (on something). 64. bias (noun) – prejudice, partiality; unfairness, one-sidedness. 65. manifestly (adverb) – clearly, obviously, apparently. 66. arbitrary (adjective) – whimsical, irrational, casual; autocratic, draconian, anti-democratic. 67. judiciary (noun) – judges. 68. the judiciary (noun) – a branch of government in which judicial power is vested. 69. referee (verb) – umpire, judge, adjudicate. 70. fundamentals (noun) - basics, essentials, foundations, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMprimary, principal, basic principles. 71. legitimacy (noun) – legality, validity, lawfulness. 72. mandate (noun) – authority, endorsement, approval, authorization. 73. pursue (verb) – engage in, conduct, follow.

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74. undue (adjective) – excessive, extreme, immoderate. 75. interference (noun) – intervention, involvement.

76. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to, produce.

77. police (verb) – regulate, control, check. 78. vigilance (noun) – careful observation, watchfulness, surveillance, alertness.

79. taint (noun) – blemish, blot, discredit, dishonour, stigma. 80. taint (verb) - tarnish, damage, spoil, ruin, vitiate.

81. subject to (adjective) – conditional on, dependent on, controlled by, constrained by. 82. umpire (verb) - oversee, adjudicate, arbitrate, judge. 83. ground rule (noun) - a basic principle.

84. cognisant (adjective) – aware, well informed about, familiar with. 85. seek (verb) – try, aim, attempt. 86. entrench (verb) – settle, establish, embed, install/ingrain. 87. guilty (adjective) – culpable, at fault, blameworthy, accountable/responsible for misconduct. 88. strike down (phrasal verb) – abolish, annul, nullify (a law or

regulation). 89. unconstitutional (adjective) – undemocratic, autocratic, dictatorial, totalitarian. 90. in this regard (phrase) – in connection with the aspect/consideration/point referred to earlier. 91. conduct (noun) – performance, behaviour, way of working. 92. constitutional validity (noun) – it implies checking whether a particular law, procedure, act, etc. violates constitutional provisions or not. 93. unheard (adjective) - not listen to. 94. inaction (noun) – inactivity, negligence, disregard, apathy, laziness. 95. neutral (adjective) - unbiased, impartial, fair-minded, equitable. 96. distortion (noun) – misrepresentation. 97. optimism (noun) – hopefulness, hope, confidence, positive attitude, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbuoyancy. 98. distort (verb) - misrepresent, pervert, falsify. 99. in short order (phrase) - immediately, at once, instantly, directly.

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1. in-house (adjective) – internal, private, secret (an organisation). 2. charge (noun) - accusation, allegation, indictment. 3. waive (verb) - reject, renounce, abdicate.

4. confidentiality (noun) – secrecy, privacy, non-disclosure. 5. disclose (verb) – reveal, make known, communicate.

6. grave (adjective) – crucial/critical, important/significant, serious. 7. concerning (preposition) - relevant to, with regard to, with respect to. 8. propriety (noun) – morality, correctness, rightness, good manners.

9. characteristic (adjective) – particular, special, specific, exclusive. 10. opaqueness (noun) – uncertainty, mysteriousness, obliqueness.

11. dismiss (verb) – reject, deny, repudiate; banish, disregard, brush off, shrug off. 12. explosive (adjective) – tense, highly charged, critical, serious, dangerous, sensitive. 13. allegation (noun) – charge, accusation, indictment. 14. designate (postpositive adjective) - nominated/appointed. 15. finding (noun) – decision, verdict, pronouncement, judgement, order. 16. successor (noun) – inheritor, next-in-line, descendant. 17. go by (phrasal verb) – follow, observe, abide by. 18. inquire into (verb) - investigate, examine, probe. 19. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity. 20. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity. 21. hold (verb) – occupy, have, be in. 22. crux (noun) – essence, most important point, central point. 23. grievance (noun) – complaint, criticism, problem, objection/protest. 24. hostile (adjective) – opposed, inimical, antagonistic, ill-disposed; confrontational, belligerent, combative. 25. regime (noun) – government. 26. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. 27. influence (noun) – power, authority, sway, control, leverage, weight. 28. wield (verb) – exercise, exert, be possessed of, have. 29. proximity (noun) – nearness, presence, closeness (in a relationship). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM30. allege (verb) – claim, accuse, charge. 31. scam (noun) – fraud, swindle, fraudulent scheme. 32. speculative (adjective) – suppositional, conjectural, alleged, supposed. 33. commend (verb) - recommend, suggest, put forward.

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WORD LIST-1 (MAR 27, 2021) H

34. dismissal (noun) - rejection, repudiation, refusal, non-acceptance. 35. ipso facto (adverb) – Latin; owing to that fact/act, unavoidably, evidently.

36. level against (phrasal verb) – direct (an accusation/charge). 37. as well as (phrase) – and in addition.

38. contempt (noun) – it refers to the offence of showing disrespect to the dignity or authority of a court (& its officers). 39. merit (noun) – good point, strong point.

40. affidavit (noun) – sworn statement, self-attestation, self-declaration. 41. hold the field (phrase) – remain the most important.

42. substantiate (verb) - support, uphold, justify, vindicate. 43. unsavoury (adjective) – disreputable, unpleasant, disagreeable. 44. bound to (adjective) – certain/sure, very likely, guaranteed. 45. come up (phrasal verb) - arise, present itself, occur, happen, emerge. 46. stay (verb) – stop, delay, or prevent something temporarily (a judicial proceeding/trial through the order of a court). 47. prosecution (noun) – legal action, legal proceeding, legal case. 48. animosity (noun) – hostility, antagonism, enmity/aversion. 49. expedite (verb) - speed up, accelerate, quicken, hasten. 50. be bandied about (verb) – spread, discuss, propagate, rumour (an idea in a casual way). 51. overtly (adverb) – openly, transparently, clearly. 52. episode (noun) – incident, event, occurrence, happening. 53. notwithstanding (adverb) – nevertheless, nonetheless; in spite of, despite, regardless of. 54. lay down (phrasal verb) – formulate, insist on, establish, determine. 55. behove (verb) – be appropriate for, be expected of, be advisable for, be sensible for, be wise for. 56. demonstrate (verb) – show, indicate, confirm. 57. "justice should not only be done, but should manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done" (phrase) - an often used aphorism (saying/proverb) with the principle that Tribunals/Courts of Law to be not only actually independent from executive interference but to be WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMseen as being independent entities and not as departments of the Government. This dictum was laid down by Lord Hewart, the then Lord Chief Justice of England in the case of Rex v. Sussex Justices, [1924] 1 KB 256.

Note:

1. deadly (adjective) – fatal, lethal, life-threatening.

2. trail (noun) – path, pathway, route. 3. make public (phrase) – announce, communicate, make known,

disseminate. 4. absolute (adjective) – definite, unconditional, categorical, unquestionable, undoubted, unequivocal.

5. fire is a good servant but a bad master (phrase) - fire is useful if it is controlled properly, but it becomes dangerous/destructive if it is left

uncontrolled. 6. blaze (noun) – fire, flames, conflagration, inferno. 7. engulf (verb) – overwhelm, swamp, overtake, surround, cover, affect something completely. 8. axiom (noun) – saying, adage, aphorism, dictum, truism, accepted truth. 9. flame (noun) - fire, blaze, firestorm, inferno. 10. house (verb) - contain, accommodate. 11. snuff out (phrasal verb) – kill (in a sudden manner). 12. infant (noun) – baby, newborn, young child. 13. focus attention on (phrase) - highlight, spotlight, underline, call attention to, draw attention to; emphasize. 14. systemic (adjective) – structured, methodical, organized, orderly, planned. 15. imperative (noun) – necessary condition, precondition, essential requirement. 16. inferno (noun) – a very intense fire; blaze, conflagration, firestorm. 17. extraordinary (adjective) – unusual, uncommon, rare. 18. circumstances (noun) – situation, conditions, state of affairs. 19. equip (verb) – prepare (for a particular task/situation). 20. solatium (noun) – compensation. 21. decrepitude (noun) – infirmity, weakness, feebleness. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify. Note:

23. protocol (noun) – procedure, convention; method, system.

24. devastating (adjective) – destructive, ruinous, disastrous. 25. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention

to. 26. suo motu (phrase) – Latin term means “on its own motion”. It is used where a government agency acts on its own knowledge.

27. take cognisance of (phrase) – notice, attend to, take into account, give attention to.

28. task (verb) – assign a task to. 29. claim (verb) – cause in the loss of, result in the loss of; take. 30. distinct (adjective) – clear-cut, definite, well defined, clearly noticeable, easily distinguishable. 31. entity (noun) – thing, piece of matter, substance, real thing. 32. literature (noun) – publications. 33. incapacitated (adjective) - disabled, debilitated, indisposed, unwell, sick, immobilized, paralysed, unfit. 34. oxygen-suffused (adjective) - oxygen-permeated, oxygen-spreaded (over). 35. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity. 36. strike (verb) – (of a disaster) affect, afflict, attack, come upon. 37. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) (noun) - The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister of India, is the apex body for Disaster Management in India. Setting up of NDMA and the creation of an enabling environment for institutional mechanisms at the State and District levels is mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005. 38. address (verb) – tackle, deal with. 39. characteristic (noun) – attribute, feature, quality, aspect. 40. comparative (adjective) – relative, comparable, proportional. 41. legacy (noun as modifier) – something received from a predecessor or WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMfrom the past; something that is given from one person to another. Note:

42. feasible (adjective) – practicable, viable, realistic.

43. infrastructure (noun) – the basic physical or organisational structure for something (to function properly).

44. retrofit (verb) – to add something to the one already done/constructed/manufactured. 45. the retrofitting (noun) - the process of adding something to the one

already done/constructed/manufactured. 46. fire retardant (adjective) – relating to a substance that is used to slow

down or stop the spread of fire or reduce its intensity. 47. triage (verb) - to determine the priority of patients' treatments by the severity of their condition or likelihood of recovery with and without treatment. 48. triage (noun) - the process of determining the priority of patients' treatments by the severity of their condition or likelihood of recovery with and without treatment. 49. recur (verb) – happen again, reoccur, occur again. 50. public health (noun) – the branch of medicine handling public health; public health is also the science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities through education, policy making and research for disease and injury prevention. 51. facility (noun) - centre. 52. populous (adjective) – densely populated. 53. reverse (verb) – alter/change, cancel, rule against, disallow, invalidate. 54. for-profit (adjective) – lucrative, moneymaking, profitable/remunerative. 55. pit against (verb) – set against, match against, put in opposition to, put in competition with.

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ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 27, 2021)

1. dormant (adjective) – inactive, passive, inoperative. 2. fade (verb) – disappear, vanish, wane, decline, diminish/decrease. 3. deterioration (noun) – decline, collapse/failure

degradation/breakdown. 4. mandate (noun) – In constitutional law, a mandate is a set of

principles that govern the relationship between the sovereign (voters) and the person who exercises the function for which he or she has been elected; order, directive, ruling, law, statute.

5. mandate (noun) – In politics, mandate is defined as the authority, granted by the electorate (people/all voters) to a person or to a party that wins an election, to carry out a policy and act as its representative. A mandate has a political, but also a legal, nature; authority, endorsement, approval, authorization. 6. campaign (noun) – a set of organized actions to achieve an ambition; drive/effort, movement. 7. forthcoming (adjective) – impending, coming, approaching, nearing. 8. curtail (verb) – decrease, lessen, shorten, truncate.

9. lockdown (noun) – an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that prevents people from leaving from a place; An extended state of confinement/encirclement/isolation of a person by the authority. 10. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 11. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 12. fiscal (year) (noun) – financial (year). 13. casualty (noun) – victim, sufferer, loser. 14. legislative/parliamentary scrutiny (noun) – the close examination and investigation of government policies, actions and spending by the parliamentary (standing & select) committees; the legislative scrutiny is a system for assessing the effectiveness of legislation/statutes/laws. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM15. legislation (noun) – a body of laws, rules, regulations, statutes. 16. grave (adjective) – crucial/critical, important/significant, serious.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 27, 2021)

17. Bill (noun) – A Bill is a draft statute that becomes law after it is passed by both the Houses of Parliament and assented to by the President. All legislative proposals are brought before Parliament in

the forms of Bills. 18. absence (noun) – lack, non-existence, unavailability; omission,

exclusion. 19. (Parliamentary) Standing Committee/Parliamentary panel (noun) – it is a committee (consisting of Members of Parliament) constituted

usually on an annual basis to enable detailed consideration/discussion on all bills (all proposed laws). 20. Parliamentary select committee (noun) – ‘parliamentary select committee’ can be formed for a specific purpose, for instance, to deliberate on a particular bill. Once the Bill is disposed of, that select committee ceases to exist. 21. The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) Act (noun) – The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was introduced in Lok Sabha on March 15,

2021. The Bill amends the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991. The Act provides a framework for the functioning of the Legislative Assembly and the government of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. The Bill amends certain powers and responsibilities of the Legislative Assembly and the Lieutenant Governor. 22. mechanism (noun) – structure, system, procedure/method. 23. the legislature (noun) – a deliberative body of persons, usually elective, who are empowered to make, change, or repeal the laws of a country or state. India follows a bicameral (two chambers/parts) system at both the centre and state level. Under this system, the state’s legislature is divided into two parts – Legislative Assembly or Vidhan Sabha and Legislative Council or Vidhan Parishad. 24. the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2021 (noun) - The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2021 was introduced in Lok Sabha on March 15, 2021. The Bill amends the Mines and Minerals WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM(Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. The Act regulates the mining sector in India. This Bill removes the distinction between captive and non-captive mines.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 27, 2021)

25. Mines and Minerals Act, 1957 (MMDR Act, 1957) (noun) - An Act to provide for the development and regulation of mines and minerals under the control of the Union.

26. captive mines (noun) - mines that produce coal or mineral for exclusive use by the company that owns the mines, while non-captive

mines are those that produce as well as sell the fuel. 27. The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) Bill, 2021 (noun) - The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha

on March 23, 2021. This bill is passed to set up the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID) to fund infrastructure projects in India. 28. Insurance (Amendment) Bill, 2021 (noun) - The Insurance (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was passed in the Lok Sabha on Monday, March 22. This bill seeks to raise the FDI limit in the insurance sector to 74% from 49%. 29. foreign direct investment (FDI) (noun) – Investment from one country into another (normally by companies rather than governments) that

involves establishing operations or acquiring tangible assets, including stakes in other businesses. 30. abdication (noun) – disowning, rejection, refusal/avoidance, abandonment. 31. scrutinise (verb) – examine carefully, inspect; investigate. 32. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 33. efficacy (noun) – effectiveness, efficiency, power/ability to give estimated results. 34. stellar (adjective) – exceptional, extraordinary, remarkable, outstanding. 35. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) (noun) – Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 was implemented through an act of Parliament. It got Presidential assent in May 2016. The law was necessitated due to huge accumulation of bad (non-performing) loans of banks and delay in debt resolution. Insolvency resolution in India took 4.3 years on an average against other countries such as United WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMKingdom (1 year) and United States of America (1.5 years), which is sought to be reduced besides facilitating the resolution of big-ticket loan accounts.

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36. insolvency (noun) – a condition in which the financial difficulties of an individual or organisation are such it is unable to pay its debts. 37. bankruptcy (noun) – legal state of insolvency. An individual or

organisation is declared bankrupt if a court judges that the party involved can no longer meet debt payments to creditors. It is defined

as the outcome of a legal procedure. 38. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (noun) – an Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to motor vehicles.

39. money bill (noun) – The Bill deals with issues such as receipt and spending of money, such as tax laws, laws governing borrowing and expenditure of the government, prevention of black money etc. Under India’s constitutional design, money bill requires only the Lok Sabha’s affirmation/approval (bypassing Rajya Sabha’s affirmation/approval) only for it to turn into law. 40. classification (noun) – sorting, classifying, categorization. 41. dubious (adjective) – suspicious, questionable, doubtful. 42. get past (phrasal verb) - if something such as

a proposal gets past someone, it is accepted by someone who has the power to stop it happening; able to overcome. 43. Aadhaar Act, 2016 (noun) - The Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016 is a money bill of the Parliament of India. It aims to provide legal backing to the Aadhaar unique identification number project. It was passed on 11 March 2016 by the Lok Sabha. 44. read down (phrase) – an instance of a court urging that a statute must be construed/interpreted legally, if fairly possible, so as to save it from being declared illegal. 45. dissenting (adjective) – opposite, contradicting, disagreeing, conflicting. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM46. invalidate (verb) - nullify, overrule, negate, cancel. Note: 1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. 2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

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47. Finance Bill (noun) – ‘Finance Bill’ means the Bill ordinarily introduced in each year to give effect to the financial proposals of the Government of India for the following financial year and includes a

Bill to give effect to supplementary financial proposals for any period. It concerns the country’s finances – it could be about taxes,

government expenditures, government borrowings, revenues, etc. There are different kinds of Finance Bills-the most important of them is the Money Bill. The Money Bill is concretely defined in

Article 110. 48. tribunal (noun) – panel, committee (set up to resolve some disputes particularly). 49. electoral bond (noun) – an electoral bond is designed to be a bearer instrument like a Promissory Note — in effect, it will be similar to a bank note that is payable to the bearer on demand and free of interest. It can be purchased by any citizen of India or a body incorporated in India. it allows limitless, secret donations to political parties, including (and especially) by corporations.

50. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020 (FCRA 2020) (noun) - An Act further to amend the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010. The FCRA regulates foreign donations and ensures that such contributions do not adversely affect internal security. First enacted in 1976, it was amended in 2010 when a slew of new measures were adopted to regulate foreign donations. The FCRA is applicable to all associations, groups and NGOs which intend to receive foreign donations. 51. Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 (noun) - An Act to provide for the nationalisation of life insurance business in India by transferring all such business to a Corporation established for the purpose and to provide for the regulation and control of the business of the Corporation and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 52. bench (noun) – a court of law with a number of judges. 53. interpretation (noun) – meaning, understanding, explanation, reading, definition. 54. guide rail (noun) - something that directs the movement/positioning WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMof something else. 55. expenditure Budget (noun) - it provides complete information about the total expenditure of the Union government in a financial year.

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56. in line with (phrase) – in alignment with, in accordance with, conforming to. 57. striking (adjective) – noticeable, obvious, evident, visible, distinct.

58. Article 93 Constitution of India (noun) - Article 93 makes it obligatory upon the Lok Sabha to appoint a speaker and deputy

speaker to conduct house proceedings. 59. exception (noun) – an anomaly, special case, deviation. 60. elapse (verb) – pass, go by, go past.

61. show up (phrasal verb) – be conspicuous; be clearly visible. 62. starkly (adverb) – clearly, distinctly, strikingly; completely. 63. valedictory (adjective) - farewell. 64. carry out (phrasal verb) – conduct, perform, execute. 65. phenomenon (noun) – situation, circumstance. 66. go on (phrasal verb) – continue, carry on, proceed. 67. motion of no confidence (noun) – According to rule 198 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of the Lok Sabha, a no-confidence motion is “a motion expressing want of confidence in the Council of

Ministers.” It’s a vote in which MPs from all parties decide whether they want the government to continue. It has the power to trigger a general election and could see a new prime minister appointed. 68. representative body (noun) - (in this context) Parliament (with all of its elected members); it is voted for and elected by the electorate (people/voters). 69. nuance (noun) – fine distinction, subtle difference/subtlety/nicety, subtle variation. 70. implications (noun) – consequence/outcome, ramification, repercussion. 71. provision (noun) – clause, requirement, condition. 72. the way forward (phrase) – something (a plan/action) that leads to success in the future. 73. imperative (adjective) – vitally important, crucial, critical, necessary, essential. 74. in sum (phrase) – briefly, in a nutshell, to come to the point, in WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMessence. 75. proposal (noun) - scheme, plan, motion.

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1. opacity (noun) – opaqueness, non-transparency, obscurity, lack of clarity.

2. electoral bond (noun) – an electoral bond is designed to be a bearer instrument like a Promissory Note — in effect, it will be similar to a bank note that is payable to the bearer on demand and free of interest.

It can be purchased by any citizen of India or a body incorporated in India. it allows limitless, secret donations to political parties,

including (and especially) by corporations. 3. undermine (verb) – weaken, subvert, sabotage, damage. 4. stay (verb) – stop, delay, or prevent something temporarily (a judicial

proceeding/trial through the order of a court). 5. issuance (noun) – an act of issuing/providing something. 6. unconvincing (adjective) – implausible, unbelievable, unthinkable; unsatisfactory. 7. bench (noun) – a court of law with a number of judges. 8. stay (verb) – stop, delay, or prevent something temporarily (a judicial proceeding/trial through the order of a court). 9. impediment (noun) – barrier, obstruction, restriction. 10. safeguard (noun) – protection, precaution, safety measure, buffer. 11. interim (adjective) – provisional, temporary, transitional. 12. ought to (modal verb) – must, should. 13. deem (verb) – consider, regard as, view as; think. 14. in-depth (adjective) – complete, thorough, comprehensive. 15. favour (verb) – support, back, approve of, recommend, advocate/champion. 16. year after year (phrase) - regularly/continuously every year. 17. anonymous (adjective) – nameless, incognito, unknown/unspecified. 18. tilt (verb) – change. 19. tilt the scales/balance (phrase) – to change the balance of a situation, so that one side is gaining an advantage. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM20. in favour of (phrase) – in support of, to the advantage of, approve of. Note:

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21. in detail (phrase) – fully, thoroughly, carefully, completely, in-depth. 22. underscore (verb) – underline, emphasize, highlight.

23. weighty (adjective) – important, significant, major; powerful, potent, strong. 24. tremendous (adjective) – huge, massive, immense.

25. have a bearing on (phrase) – have a relevance/relation to something. 26. sanctity (noun) – ultimate importance, inviolability; righteousness,

goodness, purity. 27. context (noun) – situation; circumstances, conditions, state of affairs. 28. defy (verb) – resist, take a stand against, confront.

29. take up (phrasal verb) – become involved in, engage in, take part in; accept, say yes to, agree to. 30. disposal (noun) – conclusion. 31. particular (noun) – detail. 32. one-time (adjective) – old, previous, erstwhile. 33. subsequent (adjective) – following, ensuing, successive. 34. tranche (noun) – part, section, portion (of something). 35. vital (adjective) – key, essential, important. 36. fall under (phrase) - to come under; to be classified as; to be considered as something. 37. consideration (noun) – thought, deliberation, examination, inspection, scrutiny, analysis, review. 38. infirmity (noun) – weakness, feebleness, impairment; unsteadiness, hesitation, instability. 39. labour (verb) - overemphasize, overstress, over-elaborate, exaggerate, overdo. 40. point out (phrasal verb) – identify, mention, indicate, draw attention to. 41. solely (adverb) – only, exclusively. 42. channel (noun) – means, method, medium, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM instrument, mechanism. Note:

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43. Know Your Customer (KYC) (noun) - it refers to the process of identity and addresses verification of all customers and clients by

banks, insurance companies and other institutions either before or while they are conducting transactions with their customers. 44. compliant (with) (adjective) – in accordance with, in agreement with,

in conformity with, in line with. 45. entity (noun) – (business) organization, institution, establishment.

46. crux (noun) – essence, most important point, central point. 47. anonymity (noun) – a condition of being unknown; a situation where the acting person’s name is unknown or not given.

48. absence (noun) – omission, exclusion, non-existence. 49. ceiling (noun) – upper limit, maximum, highest permissible level. 50. abridge (verb) – shorten, curtail, truncate, lessen/decrease. 51. impenetrable (adjective) - inaccessible; incomprehensible, impossible to understand, mysterious, baffling, perplexing. 52. shell company (noun) – a non-trading company used as a vehicle for various financial manoeuvres (operations). 53. veil (noun) - covering, cover, screen, shield, mask. 54. pierce (verb) – make a hole in, penetrate, puncture, drill through. 55. statutory (adjective) – legitimate, acceptable, permissible. 56. off the mark (phrase) - inaccurate, incorrect, wrong. 57. cumulative (adjective) – total, collective, aggregate, amassed. 58. inference (noun) – conclusion, reasoning, conjecture, speculation, assumption. 59. draw (verb) – reach a conclusion by inference from the circumstances; deduce, infer, conclude, derive, gather. 60. disclosure (noun) – revelation, report, declaration, announcement.

Note:

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1. succour (noun) – aid/help/support, assistance, relief (during difficulty).

2. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

3. mitigate (verb) – reduce, lessen, decrease, make less severe. 4. seek (verb) – ask for, request, demand, appeal.

5. waiver (noun) – deferral, rejection, renunciation (with no stipulations/restrictions). 6. moratorium (noun) – a temporary suspension/postponement of an

activity (for example; payment of a debt). 7. compound interest (noun) - the interest on a loan/deposit calculated based on both the initial principal and the accumulated interest from previous periods. 8. simple interest (noun) - the interest that is applied only to the original amount of money borrowed or deposited. 9. juridical (adjective) – judicial. 10. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference. 11. central bank (noun) – The banking regulator of a county’s banking system. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India. 12. petitioner (noun) – supplicant, pleader, applicant, claimant. 13. wisdom (noun) – understanding, common sense, insight/foresight, judgement/discernment. 14. advisability (noun) – preferability, desirability, sensibleness. 15. ordinarily (adverb) - usually, normally, as a rule, generally. 16. amenable to (adjective) – manageable, responsive, easily handled. 17. bench (noun) – a court of law with a number of judges. 18. all but (phrase) - all except; nearly, almost. 19. plea (noun) – appeal, petition. 20. hold (verb) - decide, rule. 21. arbitrary (adjective) – whimsical, irrational, casual; autocratic, draconian, anti-democratic. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. discriminatory (adjective) – biased, unfair/unjust, inequitable, partisan. 23. levy (verb) – impose, charge (a tax, fee, fine).

Note:

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24. justly (adverb) – fairly, with reason, rightly, properly. 25. flag (verb) – indicate, identify, point out.

26. absurdity (noun) – incongruity, stupidity, unreasonableness, irrationality, illogicality. 27. by its very nature (phrase) - in essence, intrinsically.

28. penal interest (noun) - a type of penalty interest levied by the loan provider if a borrower does not pay the loan EMI as per the

repayment schedule of the loan. 29. wilful (adjective) – deliberate, intentional, purposeful. 30. default (noun) – non-payment, failure to pay.

31. defer (verb) - postpone, put off, delay, hold off. 32. avail (verb) – use, utilize, take advantage of (an opportunity/resources). 33. not by any stretch or by no stretch of the imagination (noun) – used to emphasize that something is not definitely correct/possible. 34. relatively (adverb) – comparatively, proportionately, somewhat, to a certain extent/degree. 35. foot the bill (verb) - pay the bill for something (a large amount). 36. spare (verb) - make free. 37. cost (noun) - loss. 38. Disaster Management Act (noun) – the Disaster Management Act, 2005 The stated object and purpose of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 is to manage disasters (e.g. cyclone, earthquake & etc.,), including preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building and more. To address the current epidemic outbreak, the Central government has included the Covid-19 outbreak as “Notified Disaster” as a “critical medical condition or pandemic situation”. 39. provision (noun) – clause, requirement, condition. 40. contravene (verb) – break, breach, fail to comply with, violate. 41. fallout (noun) – adverse results/consequence; after-effects, repercussions. 42. acknowledge (verb) – admit, accept, recognize, realize. 43. due to (phrase) – because of, owing to, on account of, as a result of. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM44. biological emergency (noun) - a biological emergency can happen by accident or when germs or other biological hazards are released on purpose to make people sick.

Note:

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45. undermine (verb) – weaken, subvert, sabotage, damage. 46. stability (noun) - strength, firmness, solidity.

47. financial stability (noun) – financial stability is a condition where the financial system is able to withstand internal or external economic shocks and also able to smoothly conduct its core tasks.

48. undeniably (adverb) – undoubtedly, clearly, obviously, noticeably. 49. germane (adjective) – relevant, pertinent, applicable.

50. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 51. in terms of (phrase) – with regard to, regarding/concerning, in connection with.

52. evoke (verb) – invoke, cause, give rise to, bring forth. 53. holistic (adjective) – relating to an integrated approach that takes care of the “whole thing”, instead of certain parts in it. 54. fiscal (adjective) – financial. 55. as well as (phrase) – and also, and in addition.4 56. informal/unorganized sector (noun) – informal economy, grey economy; it is the part of an economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. 57. formal sector/organised sector (noun) – formal economy; it is the part of an economy that is taxed, or monitored by any form of government. 58. enterprise (noun) – business, company, firm. 59. household (noun) – family, house. 60. saddle (verb) – burden, hamper; inflict something on. 61. debt (noun) – liability, financial obligation, borrowed capital. 62. bound to (adjective) – certain/sure, very likely, guaranteed. 63. service (verb) - pay interest on (a debt). 64. in the absence of (phrase) – without. 65. mechanism (noun) – structure, system, procedure/method. 66. notwithstanding (adverb) – nevertheless, nonetheless; in spite of, despite, regardless of. 67. behove (verb) – be appropriate for, be expected of, be advisable for, be sensible for, be wise for. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM68. come up with (phrasal verb) – produce, put forward, present/submit. 69. measure (noun) – programme, procedure, course of action. 70. mitigate (verb) – overwhelm, overload, overrun, engulf.

Note:

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 29, 2021)

1. weigh in (phrasal verb) – to have influence (in a decision/discussion/plan/argument/activity); be important to, carry

weight, make an impression on, make a strong contribution to. 2. saga (noun) – story, lengthy explanation/statement, lengthy story. 3. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a

particular disease. 4. Oxford vaccine/Covishield (noun) – (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or (AZD1222) is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Oxford

University and AstraZeneca, UK Ltd. (named Covishield in India). Serum Institute of India (SII), a biotechnology company has partnered with global pharma giant AstraZeneca and Oxford University

for this vaccine candidate ‘Covidshield’. 5. logistics (noun) – the process of planning and executing the efficient transportation and storage of goods from the point of origin to the point of consumption. 6. transparency (noun) – clarity, straightforwardness, openness, honesty, unambiguity.

7. count (verb) – matter, enter into consideration, be important/significant,

signify. 8. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 9. adenovirus (noun) – common cold virus; common viruses that typically cause colds or flu-like symptoms. 10. strain (noun) – variety, kind, type; variant, mutant. 11. chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (noun) - it means that the company took a virus that normally infects chimpanzees, and genetically modified to avoid any possible disease consequences in people. This modified virus carries a portion of the Covid-19 coronavirus called the “spike protein.” When the vaccine is delivered into human cells, it triggers an immune response against the spike protein, producing antibodies and memory cells that will be able to recognize the virus that causes Covid-19. The AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine is a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine. 12. engineer (verb) – manipulate, modify, and recombine DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to modify an organism. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM13. replicate (verb) – emulate, recreate. 14. candidate vaccine or vaccine candidate (noun) – a “potential” vaccine prepared in the research and development (R&D) centres and it can be used in human clinical trials.

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15. pathogen (noun) – bacteria/virus that causes disease.

16. influenza (noun) – it is commonly known as “the flu”, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.

17. zika virus (noun) – it is primarily transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly Aedes aegypti, in tropical and subtropical regions.

18. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (noun) – Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia

in 2012. 19. coronavirus (CoV) (noun) – a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases. common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of

breath, and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death. 20. Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) (noun) - CEPI is an innovative global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organisations. They're working together to accelerate the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases and enable equitable access to these vaccines for people during

outbreaks. 21. Disease X (noun) - Disease X represents the knowledge that a serious international epidemic could be caused by a pathogen currently unknown to cause human disease. The R&D Blueprint explicitly seeks to enable early cross-cutting R&D preparedness that is also relevant for an unknown “Disease X". 22. sequence (noun) – the complete order of compounds/building blocks (nucleotides) of nucleic acids, such as RNA or DNA. 23. trial (noun) – test, pilot study, experiment (phase 1, 2,3, and or human/clinical trial). 24. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 25. pilot (adjective) – test, trial, experimental. 26. human trial/clinical trial (noun) – a type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMoutcomes. 27. dose (noun) – an amount/quantity of something. 28. figure out (phrasal verb) – understand, comprehend, work out, find an answer/solution to.

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29. Nasal (adjective) - for the nose.

30. conglomerate (noun) – corporation, group, consortium/merged companies. 31. immunisation (noun) – the process whereby a person is made immune or

resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect

the person against subsequent infection or disease. 32. interpret (verb) – explain, elucidate, clarify, make clear. 33. incredibly (adverb) – extremely, remarkably, really.

34. bumpy (adjective) – fluctuating, irregular, inconsistent. 35. transverse (adjective) - extending across something; intersecting, diagonal. 36. myelitis (noun) - inflammation of the spinal cord which can disrupt the normal responses from the brain to the rest of the body, and from the

rest of the body to the brain. 37. neurolupus (noun) - neurological complication/disease. 38. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to, produce. 39. regulator (noun) – an association that supervises a particular business activity. 40. efficacy (noun) – In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect;

effectiveness, efficiency, power. 41. peculiar (adjective) – unusual, atypical, abnormal. 42. turn out (phrasal verb) – transpire, emerge; happen. 43. wind up (phrasal verb) – conclude, bring to a close, end/finish. 44. viral vector (noun) - tools designed to deliver genetic material into cells. 45. scramble (verb) – struggle, hurry/hasten, rush (to do something to achieve a goal/result). 46. hypothesis (noun) – reason, basis, thinking. 47. antibody (noun) – it is also called ‘immunoglobulin’; a protective protein produced mainly by plasma (blood) cells in the immune system in response to the presence of antigens (disease- causing organisms (bacteria & viruses) and other harmful/toxic foreign substances like insect venom). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM48. inhibit (verb) – hinder, restrain, prevent. 49. unlikely (adjective) – doubtful, implausible, improbable, questionable. 50. immune (adjective) – resistant (from the effects of something).

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51. messy (adjective) – (of a situation/condition) chaotic, confused,

disorganized, difficult to deal with. 52. sequential (adjective) – continuous, consecutive, uninterrupted. 53. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (noun) -

The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency regulates medicines, medical devices, and blood components for

transfusion in the UK. MHRA is an executive agency, sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Care. 54. authorisation (noun) – approval, sanction, permission, consent,

clearance. 55. vaccination (noun) – treatment with a vaccine to protect against a particular disease; immunization. 56. The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (noun) - It is an independent expert advisory committee that advises United Kingdom

health departments on immunisation, making recommendations concerning vaccination schedules and vaccine safety. 57. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) (noun) – a decentralised agency of the European Union (EU) responsible for the scientific evaluation, supervision, and safety monitoring of medicines in the EU. 58. COVAX (noun) – COVAX is co-led by Gavi, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and WHO. Its aim is to accelerate the development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines,

and to guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the world. 59. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of. 60. lack of (noun) – absence, deficiency, scarcity, dearth. 61. subset (noun) – subdivision, section, segment. 62. haematological (adjective) - relating to the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood. 63. platelets (adjective) – tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. 64. so far (phrase) – until now, up to the present, up to this point. 65. baseline (noun) – a starting point (used for comparisons). 66. thromboembolic event (noun) - Clotting of blood within an artery or WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMvein so that the blood flow is reduced or impeded. 67. picture (noun) – situation, condition, circumstances. 68. label (verb) – categorize, classify, describe, identify. 69. vaccine-induced (adjective) – produced by vaccine.

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70. prothrombotic (noun) - tending to support blood clotting.

71. thrombocytopenia (noun) - low platelet level. 72. far (adverb) – very much, considerably, markedly, significantly. 73. outweigh (verb) – be greater than; take priority over, prevail over; offset,

cancel out. 74. await (verb) – wait for, expect, anticipate, look/hope for.

75. Operation Warp Speed (OWS) (noun) - It is a public–private partnership initiated by the United States government to facilitate and accelerate the development, manufacturing, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines,

therapeutics, and diagnostics. 76. swiftly (adverb) – rapidly, quickly. 77. Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) (noun) - an independent group of experts who monitor patient safety and treatment efficacy data while a clinical trial is ongoing.

78. outdated (adjective) – old, out of date, outmoded. 79. throw up (phrasal verb) – produce something. 80. bring up (phrasal verb) - mention, introduce something. 81. candidate vaccine mRNA-1273 (noun) – mRNA-1273 is an mRNA vaccine candidate which was co-developed by Moderna and investigators from NIAID’s Vaccine Research Center. 82. candidate vaccine BNT162b2 (noun) – mRNA-based vaccine candidate produced by Pfizer and BioNTech.

83. interim (adjective) – provisional, temporary, transitional. 84. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (noun) – The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the government agency responsible for advancing public health by helping to speed innovations that make medical products more effective, safer, and more affordable and by helping the public get the accurate, science-based information they need to use medical products and foods to maintain and improve their health. 85. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 86. put to rest (phrase) – to stop people from concerning/doubting about an issue by explaining/resolving it. 87. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM88. as much as (phrase) – almost, nearly the same as.

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1. fierce (adjective) – intense, powerful, strong, aggressive. 2. spare (verb) - do without, manage without; not harm, leave unhurt.

3. witness (verb) – see, observe, view, notice. 4. turnout (noun) – attendance. 5. (make) inroads into (phrase) – progress/advance into (a new

area/territory). 6. pull out all the stops (phrase) - to make every effort to succeed; to do

everything possible, try hard to achieve something. 7. wrest (verb) - secure, acquire, seize, grab, take (by force/effort). 8. far (adverb) – very much, considerably, markedly, significantly.

9. partisanship (noun) – bias, prejudice, one- sidedness, partiality, discrimination. 10. set to (adjective) – likely (to do something). 11. ridicule (verb) – laugh at, deride, mock, tease, make fun of. 12. counterclaim (noun) – a claim made against a (previous) claim. 13. read (verb) – interpret, construe, see, understand. 14. rival (noun) – competitor, opponent, contestant, contender, challenger. 15. alike (adverb) – equally. 16. notable (adjective) – important, significant, obvious, visible. 17. campaign (noun) – an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group. 18. hold (verb) – conduct, organize, preside over. 19. defensive (adjective) – self-justifying, oversensitive, thin-skinned, easily offended. 20. shenanigans (plural noun) – deception, double-dealing, dishonesty, cheating, fraudulence. 21. result in (phrasal verb) – cause, bring on, bring about, call forth, give rise to. 22. unmistakable (adjective) – noticeable, evident, apparent, undoubted. 23. anti-incumbency (noun) – a situation which is against elected officials currently in power; discontent against ruling government/ party in WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMpower.

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24. lose ground (phrase) – retreat or lose (a commanding position/advantage) to become less popular.

25. ride on (phrasal verb) – depend on. 26. command (verb) - receive, be given, get, gain, obtain. 27. consequence (noun) – fame, distinction, eminence, prominence,

reputation, celebrity, notability. 28. spearhead (verb) – lead, head (a movement/protest); be in the

forefront of. 29. harvest (verb) - obtain, gain, get. 30. sentiment (noun) – general feeling, view, opinion.

31. paradox (noun) – contradiction, mystery, conundrum, anomaly. 32. machinery (noun) – system, apparatus, structure. 33. in the midst of (phrase) – in the middle of. 34. trigger (verb) – cause, prompt, set off, bring about. 35. come under (phrasal verb) – be subjected to. 36. ripple effect (noun) – an event (or a process/action) that causes several other events to happen indirectly one after the other. knock-on effect, secondary/indirect effect, consequence/implication, chain of events; domino effect. 37. polarisation (noun) – separation of two contrasting groups (based on different opinions/beliefs). 38. ever-present (adjective) - always there. 39. hateful (adjective) – heinous, terrible, horrible, unpleasant, offensive, awful, disgusting. 40. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively & persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 41. step in (phrasal verb) – act, take action, become involved, get involved.

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1. try out (phrasal verb) - test, experiment (something new). 2. thrill-a-minute (adjective) - thrilling.

3. sweep (noun) - comprehensive win (in a contest). 4. comprehensively (adverb) – completely, thoroughly, fully. 5. formidable (adjective) – impressive, indomitable, strong, powerful,

mighty. 6. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, demonstrate, exhibit.

7. outfit (noun) – team, group. 8. reigning (adjective) – prevailing, existing, present/current. 9. bilateral (adjective) – involving two groups or countries.

10. triumph (verb) – prevail, win, succeed. 11. thanks to (phrase) – as a result of, owing to, due to, because of. 12. crunch (noun as modifier) – critical (point). 13. astonishing (adjective) – impressive, amazing, striking. 14. array (noun) – list, line-up. 15. made to order (adjective) - specially made/designed; custom-made. 16. exploit (noun) – feat, deed, act, move (a bold/courageous one). 17. full-fledged/fully-fledged (adjective) – fully established. 18. comeback (noun) - return. 19. astounding (adjective) – amazing, astonishing, impressive, notable. 20. leg (noun) - part, stage, phase, segment. 21. at home (phrase) – in one’s own country. 22. baggage-free (adjective) - free of past (burdensome) experiences. 23. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 24. allude to (verb) – refer to, mention, speak briefly of, imply. 25. formulaic (adjective) – standard, routine, conventional, run-of-the- mill. 26. prioritise (verb) – make a point of, highlight, call attention to (something as very important).

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27. crafty (adjective) – clever, shrewd, astute, canny; cunning, sharp. 28. build-up (noun) – increase, escalation, development.

29. reveal (noun) - display, exhibition, disclosure. 30. flourish (noun) - bold action. 31. template (noun) – model, pattern, sample, prototype.

32. setting (noun) - position, situation, environment. 33. variables (noun) - something (an element/factor) that is subjected to

change/vary. 34. all but (phrase) – nearly, almost, just about, more or less, practically, virtually.

35. take out (phrasal verb) – remove, detach, separate. 36. equation (noun) – (consideration of) the situation, the problem, the case. 37. set-up (noun) – system, structure, organization. 38. epitomise (verb) – symbolize, represent, illustrate. 39. all-out (adjective) – intense, aggressive, vigorous, powerful. 40. understate (verb) – play down, downplay, de-emphasize. 41. relentless (adjective) – determined, resolute, purposeful, dogged, single-minded, tireless. 42. indicative (adjective) – expressive, suggestive, representative. 43. patent (verb) - get a patent for something. 44. the likes of (phrase) – someone/something considered as a type. 45. come in (phrasal verb) - get involved in. 46. acme (noun) – the level/point where something is at its best; summit, pinnacle, top level. 47. impending (adjective) – nearing, approaching, forthcoming. 48. set to (adjective) – ready, prepared, likely to do something. 49. fine-tune (verb) – regulate, calibrate, alter.

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1. polarisation (noun) – separation of two contrasting groups (based on different opinions/beliefs).

2. dispossession (noun) – deprivation/deprival, privation, eviction, legal ouster. 3. advocacy (noun) – support, endorsement, backing, approval.

4. put an end to (phrase) – stop, terminate, abolish. 5. trajectory (noun) – track/course, route, path, direction, approach. 6. UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (noun) – The Human Rights

Council is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for addressing situations of human rights

violations and make recommendations on them. The Council is created on 15 March 2006 and it is made up of 47 United Nations Member States which are elected by the UN General Assembly. The Human Rights Council replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 7. resolution (noun) – settlement, compromise; ruling, verdict, decision,

declaration, decree.

8. accountability (noun) – responsibility, liability, answerability. 9. haunt (verb) – torment, oppress, disturb, trouble, worry, burden, beset. 10. decade (noun) – a period of ten years. 11. prospects (noun) – possibilities, chances, opportunities. 12. swing (verb) – have a definite influence on something (vote/election). 13. geopolitical (adjective) – relating to (the study of) the geographical factors (a country’s position on the earth, size, climate, and natural resources & etc.) in world politics and inter-state relations. 14. reflect (verb) – indicate, show, demonstrate, exhibit. 15. abstain from (verb) – not vote, decline to vote, refuse to vote. 16. shoot oneself in the foot (phrase) - to do or say something that causes trouble/difficulty for oneself. 17. repress (verb) - suppress, oppress, dominate, quell, crush. 18. alienate (verb) – set apart, drive apart, isolate, detach, distance. 19. unanimously (adverb) – without opposition, agreed to by everyone involved. 20. overwhelming (adjective) – very great/large, huge, enormous. 21. indeed (adverb) – in fact, actually, undeniably. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM22. exception (noun) – an anomaly, special case, deviation. 23. reconciliation (noun) – reunion, settlement, agreement, resolution, compromise. 24. at large (phrase) - as a whole, as a body, generally.

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25. polarised (adjective) – separated into opposing two. 26. Brexit (noun) – a term used for the (supposed) departure of the United

Kingdom from the European Union. 27. unilateral (adjective) – relating to a method of taking decisions (particularly on international relations) by a state (country) individually

without considering other states (countries). In general, it is relating to the decision taken individually without consulting with the others concerned.

28. arrogance (noun) – egotism, self-importance, high-handedness, imperiousness. 29. dependence on (noun) – reliance on, need for, confidence in.

30. scrutiny (noun) – examination, inspection, investigation. 31. deteriorate (verb) – worsen, get worse, decline, degenerate. 32. shrink (verb) – lessen, reduce, decrease. 33. authoritarian (adjective) – oppressive, draconian, undemocratic, dictatorial, totalitarian. 34. rivalry (noun) – competitiveness, competition, contention.

35. exacerbate (verb) – intensify, increase, heighten, aggravate, worsen,

compound. 36. constant (adjective) – continuous, persistent, round-the-clock. 37. majoritarian (adjective) – relating to a philosophy that states that a majority (sometimes categorized by religion, language, social class, or some other identifying factor) of the population is entitled to a certain degree of primacy (priority) in society, and has the right to make decisions that affect the society. 38. ally (noun) – a country/state with an alliance with another one in which they promise to support each other militarily and to defend each other. 39. mounting (adjective) – increasing, growing, rising, escalating. 40. islamophobia (noun) – the fear, hatred of, or prejudice against, the Islamic religion or Muslims generally, especially when seen as a geopolitical force. 41. setback (noun) – problem, difficulty, issue. 42. abominable (adjective) – very bad, poor, terrible. 43. protracted (adjective) – very long, long-lasting, prolonged/extensive. 44. reckoning (noun) – opinion, view, judgement, evaluation, way of thinking, estimation, consideration. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM45. ethnic (adjective) – relating to a population subgroup (cultural, national, traditional/folk) with a common national or cultural tradition. 46. play with (phrase) - take advantage of, impose on, exploit, make use of, use, abuse, misuse.

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47. heightened (adjective) – intensified, increased, aggravated, exacerbated. 48. rhetoric (noun) – the art of speaking or writing effectively &

persuasively or impressively (but, often lacking substance); bombast, loftiness, hyperbole/extravagant language. 49. sound bite (noun) - sentence, phrase, group of words.

50. consumption (noun) - reception (of news by the audience). 51. year after year (phrase) – regularly/continuously every year. 52. lead-up to (noun) – circumstances, conditions, situation (before an

event). 53. prosecution (noun) – legal action, legal proceeding, legal case. 54. legacy (noun as modifier) – something received from a predecessor or

from the past; something that is given from one person to another. 55. parallel (verb) - be similar to, be like, emulate, equal. 56. radical (adjective) – extremist, fanatical, militant. 57. backlash (noun) – a strong negative reaction; adverse response, counteraction. 58. culminate (verb) – come to an end with, finish with, conclude with,

terminate with.

59. overwhelmingly (adverb) – with a great majority; to a very great degree. 60. thumping (adjective) – huge, massive, very great. 61. subdued (adjective) – restrained, controlled, toned down, muted. 62. eclipse (verb) – outshine, overshadow, surpass, outclass. 63. fragment (verb) – break up; disintegrate, fall apart, collapse, break down. 64. coalition (noun) – alliance, union, partnership. 65. regime (noun) – government. 66. consolidate (verb) – strengthen, secure, stabilize, reinforce, fortify. 67. unfettered (adjective) – unrestrained, unrestricted, unconstrained. 68. the executive (noun) – the executive is a branch of government that enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. 69. show of force (phrase) - a display/demonstration of one's power/influence. 70. apparent (adjective) – evident/clear, visible, noticeable, recognizable. 71. blatantly (adverb) – openly, flagrantly, glaringly, shamelessly. 72. discriminatory (adjective) – biased, unfair/unjust, inequitable, partisan. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM73. measure (noun) – step, procedure, course of action. 74. cremation (noun) – the practice of burying a dead body. 75. blow (noun) – shock, surprise; setback/misfortune.

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76. heaping (adjective) - accumulating. 77. coherent (adjective) – united, consolidated, joined, combined; logical,

reasonable, rational. 78. awful (adjective) – shocking, terrible, horrible, very unpleasant/bad. 79. dilly-dally (verb) – waste time, delay, linger.

80. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area.

81. the legislature (noun) – a deliberative body of persons, usually elective, who are empowered to make, change, or repeal the laws of a country or state.

82. instability (noun) – uncertainty, unpredictability, precariousness. 83. woes (noun) – trouble, difficulty, problem. 84. underneath (preposition) – beneath, below. 85. devastating (adjective) – destructive, ruinous, disastrous. 86. ravage (verb) – devastate, ruin, destroy. 87. consequence (noun) – outcome, ramification, repercussion.

88. liberalise (verb) – to make something (regulations/norms) less strict.

89. capital movement/flows (noun) – capital flows; when money for investment goes from one country to another. 90. loom (verb) – emerge, appear, become visible, take a threatening shape. 91. push (someone/something) over the cliff/edge (phrase) - to make someone/something start to behave uncontrollably. 92. depression (noun) – recession, slump, decline, downturn, slowdown. 93. boiling point (noun) – the point at which a condition becomes more serious (due to angry). 94. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive set of political, economic, and security interests). 95. deflect (verb) – deviate, distract, turn aside, aver, sidetrack. 96. distress (noun) – difficulty, trouble, hardship. 97. citizenry (noun) – all the people/citizens (of a place/country considered as a whole). 98. galvanise (verb) – to cause someone to take action by exciting or shocking them; stimulate, encourage, inspire, stir, arouse, prompt, shock/stun. 99. bread and butter (phrase) – living, livelihood, means of subsistence, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMincome. 100. hit the roof (phrase) - to become very angry. 101. furthermore (adverb) – moreover, additionally, besides.

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102. the clock is ticking (phrase) – the time is passing quickly and there is not much time.

103. default on (verb) - fail to pay, fail to honour, go back on, default on, break one’s word/promise (a commitment/contract). 104. debt (noun) – liability, financial obligation, borrowed capital.

105. grandstanding (noun) – a way of speaking or acting to get attention from the spectators (people) and then influencing them. 106. chauvinist (adjective) - sectarian, isolationist, jingoistic.

107. ideologue (noun) – an uncompromising follower/supporter/advocate of an ideology. 108. context (noun) – situation; circumstances, conditions, state of affairs.

109. escalating (adjective) – rising, increasing, intensifying. 110. unprecedented (adjective) – not done or experienced before. 111. mobilise (verb) – bring (resources) into use for a particular purpose/cause. 112. mobilisation (noun) – the act of bringing forces/people/resources together for a particular cause.

113. upcountry (adjective) - innermost (part of a country).

114. amidst (preposition) – amid, in the middle of; during. 115. desperation (noun) – hopelessness, despair, distress. 116. trigger (verb) – cause, prompt, set off, bring about. 117. inclusivity (noun) – the quality of being inclusive without excluding people on grounds of gender, race, class, disability & etc. 118. hard-line (noun) – strict & uncompromising policy. 119. diaspora (noun) – the people who spread/scatter from their own country to places across the world. 120. hijack (verb) – commandeer, seize/take over, expropriate, confiscate. 121. forge (verb) – form, create, establish, set up. 122. theatrics (noun) – (highly emotional and dramatic) incident, scene, spectacle. 123. elite (noun) – high society people; the group of most powerful people in a society. 124. opportunism (noun) – expediency, exploitation, taking advantage, pragmatism, realism. 125. embroil (verb) – involve, entangle, mix up. 126.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM engagement (noun) – participation, taking part, involvement. 127. aggravate (verb) – make worse, worsen, exacerbate, compound, increase/intensify. 128. debacle (noun) – fiasco, failure, disaster.

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129. eventually (adverb) – in the end, finally, at last. 130. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to,

produce. 131. cataclysmic (adjective) – disastrous, catastrophic, devastating, destructive.

132. moreover (adverb) – besides, furthermore, in addition. 133. address (verb) – tackle, deal with. 134. squander (verb) – waste, misspend, misuse.

135. hubris (noun) – excessive pride, vanity, self-importance, feeling of superiority/arrogance, self-confidence. 136. polarise (verb) – separate into two opposing groups.

137. undermine (verb) – weaken, subvert, sabotage, damage. 138. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 139. frustration (noun) – disappointment, annoyance/irritation, dissatisfaction. 140. renege (verb) – fail to honour, go back on, default on, break one’s word/promise (a commitment/contract).

141. East Container Terminal (ECT) (noun) – Sri Lanka, Japan and India (in

May 2019) signed an agreement to jointly develop the East Container Terminal at the Colombo Port. 142. terminal (noun) – a specific part of a port dedicated to a particular activity. For example, on a port, there can be different terminals for oil and gas, crude oil, building materials, automobiles, and so on. A port is a central station that houses all of the terminals. 143. impending (adjective) – imminent, forthcoming, coming, approaching. 144. betrayal (noun) - disloyalty, bad faith, faithlessness, falseness. 145. narrow (adjective) – intolerant, illiberal, conservative. 146. lobbying (noun) – a group of people attempting to influence (the government / its official group/elected legislators) to create the actions, policies, or decisions to help a particular organization. 147. nonsensical (adjective) - ridiculous, irrational, absurd. 148. campaign (noun) – an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group. 149. International Criminal Court (ICC) (noun) - it is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMNetherlands. The ICC is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

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150. nevertheless (adverb) – in spite of everything, in spite of that, nonetheless, even so, however.

151. intervention (noun) – the process of intervening in something; involvement, interference. 152. equality (noun) – fairness, justness, impartiality.

153. dignity (noun) – self-esteem, self-worth, self-respect. 154. devolution (noun) – decentralization, delegation, distribution, pride/morale.

155. beacon (noun) – guiding light; a source of inspiration. 156. credibility (noun) – trustworthiness, reliability, integrity. 157. call out (phrasal verb) – criticize someone for something (bad/incorrect)

publicly and ask them to justify/explain it. 158. despicable (adjective) – contemptible, loathsome, hateful. 159. forthright (adjective) – frank, direct, straightforward, honest, candid, open. 160. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize, call attention to. 161. ongoing (adjective) – continuing, happening/occurring.

162. abuse (verb) – misuse, misapply, misemploy, mishandle.

163. the spotlight (noun) – the public attention, the focus of public/media; the public eye. 164. free fall (noun) – sudden decline of something; relating to something declining rapidly. 165. indebted (adjective) – obliged, obligated, bound, duty-bound. 166. disgruntled (adjective) – aggrieved, dissatisfied, unhappy/disappointed. 167. aghast (adjective) - stunned, shocked, horrified, appalled, afraid, frightened, scared, spooked. 168. destructive (adjective) – detrimental, deleterious, disadvantageous. 169. resistance (noun) – opposition, refusal, denial. 170. scapegoat (noun) – a person blamed for the wrongdoings/faults that someone else has done. 171. in the face of (phrase) – despite, notwithstanding, regardless of; when confronted with. 172. repression (noun) – suppression, oppression, quelling, restraining/stifling. 173.WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM pregnant with (adjective) – filled, charged, heavy, fraught, replete. 174. fascist (noun) – authoritarian, isolationist; extreme right-winger, totalitarian.

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1. neighbour (noun) – a country that is next to another country; (bordering) country.

2. ties (noun) – association, relationship, bond, connection. 3. aware (adjective) - conscious of, acquainted with, familiar with, informed about.

4. commemorate (verb) – celebrate/honour the memory of someone/something with a ceremony/event; pay tribute to, pay homage to.

5. The war of liberation (noun) - The Bangladesh War of Independence; It began on 26 March 1971 and ended with the liberation of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971. It was an armed conflict between West Pakistan

(now Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The armed struggle was the culmination of a series of events, situations and issues contributing to the progressively deteriorating relations between East and West Pakistan. 6. liberation (noun) – freedom, independence. 7. centenary (adjective) – relating to the hundredth anniversary. 8. showcase (verb) – display, exhibit, unveil, show to the public. 9. emotive (adjective) – emotional. 10. confer (verb) - present to, award to, honour with, bestow on. 11. The Gandhi Peace Prize (noun) - It is an annual award instituted by the government of India since 1995, the 125th birth anniversary commemoration year of Mahatma Gandhi. It is for Social, Economic and Political transformation through Non-violence. The Award comprises an amount of Rs. One Crore and a Citation. 12. posthumously (adverb) – happening after the death (of a person). 13. memorial (noun) – a structure built in order to remind people of a famous person or event; monument. 14. pay homage to (phrase) - pay tribute to, commemorate, honour/salute. 15. massacre (verb) - murder, kill. 16. regime (noun) – government, authorities. 17. highlight (verb) – underline, underscore, emphasize. 18. aid (noun) – support, help, assistance. 19. shelter (noun) – protection, shield, cover. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM20. assassinate (verb) – murder, kill. 21. bring about (phrasal verb) – cause, create, give rise to, produce. 22. build on (phrasal verb) – develop, enhance, expand on.

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23. virtual (adjective) – performing a task with the use of a computer, especially over a network.

24. (virtual) meeting (noun) – (interactive) online meeting. 25. bolster (verb) – strengthen, support, reinforce/buttress. 26. infrastructure (noun) – the basic physical or organisational structure for

something (to function properly). 27. framework (noun) – structure, system, organization. 28. memorandum of understanding (MoU) (noun) – a formal (written)

agreement between two (bilateral) or more (multilateral) parties outlined in a formal document. 29. Disaster Management (noun) - It can be defined as the organization

and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. 30. mark (verb) – indicate, represent, signify. 31. difference (noun) – disagreement, difference of opinion, misunderstanding, dispute. 32. shut down (phrasal verb) – cease activity, close down, cease operation. 33. mistrust (noun) – suspicion, distrust, doubt, misgivings. 34. Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) (noun) - The 2015 Land Boundary Agreement served a historic role in advancing the exchange of 111 enclaves (17,160.63 acres) from India to Bangladesh and reciprocatively, the latter transferred 51 enclaves (7,110.02 acres) to India. In addition, the choice of citizenship in either country was offered by states to enclave residents. It was the most important bilateral initiative between Bangladesh and India to resolve the longstanding border dispute that arose after the Partition of 1947, by means of the 2015 Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) and the exchange of enclaves (chhitmahals) and adverse possessions between the two countries. 35. tribunal (noun) – panel, committee (set up to resolve some disputes particularly). 36. in favour of (phrase) – in support of, to the advantage of, approve of. 37. maritime (adjective) – of or related to the sea. 38. confidence-building (measures/mechanisms) (noun) – confidence- WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COMbuilding measures (CBMs) are planned procedures to prevent hostilities, to avert escalation, to reduce military tension, and to build mutual trust between countries.

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39. pose (verb) – constitute, present, create, cause (a problem or danger or risk).

40. Teesta water dispute (noun) – The Teesta river, a tributary (branch river) of the Jamuna River (Brahmaputra River), originates in Sikkim and flows through West Bengal as well as Bangladesh. Negotiations on

how to share the water have been going on since 1983. Currently, Bangladesh’s share is lower than that of India’s. Sharing the waters of the Teesta river is the most contentious issue between two friendly

neighbours, India and Bangladesh. 41. civilian (noun) – non-military, non-combatant, civil. 42. dent (verb) – weaken, undermine, diminish, reduce, lessen.

43. impetus (noun) - motivation, stimulus, incitement, inducement, inspiration, encouragement. 44. Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) (noun) – The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 seeks to grant citizenship to religious minorities of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, who had to flee their homeland facing persecution. The six minority groups that have been specifically identified are Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians, and Parsis. 45. address (verb) – tackle, deal with, grapple with. 46. rally (noun) – gathering, march, meeting. 47. Matua (noun) - The Matua Mahasangha, a religious reforms movement and a sect, was formed by Harichand Thakur in East Bengal in the mid- 1800s. The word 'matua' means to be absorbed or remain absorbed in meditation, specifically to be absorbed in the meditation of the divine. Matuas are Namasudras, a Scheduled Caste group, trace their ancestry to East Bengal, and many of them entered West Bengal after Partition and after the formation of Bangladesh. 48. raise eyebrows (phrase) – show surprise. 49. repercussion (noun) – consequence, result, effect, outcome. 50. reprisal (noun) - retaliation, counterattack, counterstroke. 51. mob (noun) – a large, disorganized, and often violent crowd of people. 52. underline (verb) – underscore, emphasize, highlight. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM53. count (verb) – matter, enter into consideration, be important/significant, signify.

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1. territorial (adjective) – local; relating to a particular territory (area/region).

2. leverage (verb) – use, make use of, utilize (to maximum gain). 3. bring down (phrasal verb) – overthrow, depose, oust, unseat, overturn,

topple. 4. engineer (verb) – bring about, cause, mastermind, orchestrate, manipulate.

5. legislator (noun) – a member of a legislature (parliament/legislative assembly); lawmaker, representative.

6. wounded (adjective) - damaged. 7. landscape (noun) – the distinctive features of a field of activity. 8. woo (verb) – seek the support of, try to win, try to attract, pursue, persuade, coax. 9. electorate (noun) – all the people who entitled to vote in an election. 10. play the — card (phrase) - to make use of something to gain advantage/sympathy. 11. on the ground (phrase) – in a situation/place where things are happening really/practically. 12. non-entity (noun) - lightweight, unimportant person/thing. 13. token (adjective) – nominal, symbolic, emblematic, indicative. 14. forfeit (verb) – lose, give up, renounce, be stripped of, be deprived of. 15. alliance (noun) – association, union, partnership. 16. cede (verb) – lose, give up, concede, surrender, relinquish (power/authority). 17. cede/lose ground (phrase) - lose one's advantage. 18. ally (noun) – partner, confederate, supporter (in a political alliance). 19. perception (noun) – impression, feeling, observation, picture, notion, thought, belief. 20. influence (verb) – affect, have an effect on.

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21. reception (noun) – response, reaction. 22. go to town (phrase) -to do something with great energy and in an

enthusiastic way. 23. insatiable (adjective) – unappeasable, uncontrollable, never

satisfied/impossible to satisfy. 24. appetite (noun) – longing, yearning, strong desire/liking. 25. merely (adverb) – only, simply, just.

26. fancy someone’s chances (phrase) - to have faith in someone’s talent and believe that he/she is likely to be successful.

27. irrespective of (adjective) – notwithstanding, without regard for, regardless of. 28. outcome (noun) - end result. 29. mission mode (noun) – it means that the projects/targets have clearly defined objectives, scopes, implementation timelines and milestones, measurable outcomes and service levels. 30. make inroads (into) (phrase) – progress/advance into (a new area/territory). 31. electoral (adjective) – relating to electors/voters. 32. parachute (verb) - appoint, assign (from another place). 33. wean away (from) (phrasal verb) – to detach, disconnect, separate someone from depending on something. 34. page in-charge/pramukh (noun) - The 'panna pramukh' or page in- charge is the first point of contact for most voters in the BJP's election management machinery (system). 35. point to (verb) – indicate, suggest, denote. 36. determination (noun) – will power, resolve, strength of will, strength of character, single-mindedness. 37. allegedly (adverb) – reportedly, supposedly, purportedly, ostensibly, apparently.

Note:WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM

H WORD LIST-2 (MAR 31, 2021)

38. Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) (noun) - The Unique Identification Authority of India is a government body.

UIDAI is created with an objective to issue Unique Identification Numbers UID), which is also known as ‘Aadhaar number’ to all the

residents of India. 39. project (verb) - convey, put across, put over, communicate, present (a specific view/image).

40. erstwhile (adjective) – old, previous, former, then. 41. hub (noun) – centre of activity; focal point.

42. stubborn (adjective) – adamant, uncompromising, inflexible, uncooperative, headstrong, resolute. 43. given (preposition) – considering, taking into account, bearing in mind. 44. scream (verb) - cry out, yell, call out, criticize. 45. hurdle (noun) – obstacle, difficulty, problem, barrier, impediment, obstruction, hindrance. 46. pose (verb) – constitute, present, create, cause (a problem or danger or risk). 47. leave behind (phrasal verb) – to leave a trace of something. 48. bitterness (noun) – resentment, dissatisfaction, discontent. 49. concede (verb) – yield, give up, relinquish, cede, hand over. 50. earnestly (adverb) - seriously, sincerely, intently, resolutely, firmly. 51. tenure (noun) – incumbency, a term of office, a period in office, time in office. 52. advertisement (noun) – publicity, favourable review.

Note:

1. Click each one of the words above for their definition, more synonyms, pronunciation, example sentences, phrases, derivatives, origin and etc from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM2. Definitions (elementary level) & Synonyms provided for the words above are my personal work and not that of Oxford University Press. Tentative definitions/meanings are provided for study purpose only and they may vary in different context. 3. This word list is for personal use only. Reproduction in any format and/or Commercial use of it is/are strictly prohibited

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 31, 2021)

1. gleam (verb) – shine/glow, glitter, glimmer. 2. architecture (noun) – structure, form/shape, formation, composition, organization.

3. from the ground (phrase) – elementary level. 4. lives (mass noun) - way of life, lifestyle.

5. vaccine (noun) – a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. 6. shot (noun) – injection, inoculation (of a vaccine/drug).

7. abroad (adverb) – to a foreign country. 8. get back (phrasal verb) – recoup, reclaim, recover, regain, retrieve. 9. startle (verb) – surprise, shock, frighten/scare. 10. lock in (phrasal verb) – to prevent someone from leaving a house (by locking the door). 11. break out (of) (phrasal verb) – to escape from, to flee from. 12. shelter (noun) – a place of safety, place of shelter, accommodation; safe house; home, housing.

13. novel coronavirus (nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) (noun) – a new strain (type/variety) coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 14. pandemic (noun) – the worldwide spread of a new disease; The illness spreads around the world and typically affects a large number of people across a wide area. 15. expose (verb) – reveal, uncover, display, exhibit, disclose, manifest, unveil. 16. precariousness (noun) - insecurity, vulnerability, uncertainty. 17. rush (verb) – act rapidly/hurriedly. 18. vows (noun) – a set of promises. 19. build back better (BBB) (noun) – a slogan of the Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign. 20. resilient (adjective) – strong, sturdy, well built, buoyant, quick to recover, flexible, durable. 21. just (adjective) – fair, fair-minded, equitable, even-handed, impartial. 22. indices plural of index (noun) – indicator, guide. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM23. march (noun) – progress, advance, development, evolution. 24. keen (adjective) – determined, desirous, ambitious. 25. quarter (noun) – source, direction, point.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 31, 2021)

26. Gross domestic product (GDP) (noun) – a measure of economic activity in a country. It is the total value of a country’s annual output of goods and services.

27. lose sight of (phrase) – pay no attention to, fail to consider, fail to be aware of.

28. pooh-pooh (verb) - dismiss, reject, brush aside, play down. 29. Global Hunger Index (GHI) (noun) – a tool for comprehensively measuring and tracking hunger at global, regional, and national

levels. GHI scores are based on the values of four component indicators: the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake (undernourishment), wasting (under five), stunting (under five) and child mortality. 30. amongst (preposition) – between, with one another, together. 31. World Happiness Report, 2021 (noun) - a landmark survey of the state of global happiness that ranks 156 countries by how happy their citizens perceive themselves to be. The rankings of country happiness

are based this year on the pooled results from Gallup World Poll surveys from 2017-2019 and continue to show both change and stability. The top countries tend to have high values for most of the key variables that have been found to support well-being, including income, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom, trust, and generosity. 32. Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) (noun) - The UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) was set up in 2012 under the auspices of (with the help of) the UN Secretary- General. SDSN mobilizes global scientific and technological expertise to promote practical solutions for sustainable development, including the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. SDSN works closely with United Nations agencies, multilateral financing institutions, the private sector, and civil society. 33. perception (noun) – impression, feeling, observation, thought, belief. 34. well-being (noun) – a healthy state/condition. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM35. perhaps (adverb) – maybe, possibly. 36. inequity (noun) – unfairness, unjustness, one-sidedness, partisanship, bias, prejudice, discrimination.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 31, 2021)

37. aerodynamic (adjective) - relating to aerodynamics (the way air moves around things. The rules of aerodynamics explain how an aeroplane is able to fly. Anything that moves through air reacts

to aerodynamics). 38. stress test (noun) – a test to analyse the function of a system when it is

subjected to more pressure. 39. flaw (noun) – defect, fault, imperfection/weakness. 40. stock market (noun) – equity market, share market, a stock

exchange. It is where traders buy and sell shares of companies on a public exchange. 41. account for (phrasal verb) – constitute, comprise, form, represent. 42. buzz around (verb) – move around quickly & busily; to be busy. 43. migrant (adjective) – travelling, wandering, moving. 44. capital (noun) – All wealthy people as a whole. 45. at will (phrase) - as one wishes, to suit oneself, at one's pleasure, at one's discretion.

46. vie (verb) – compete strongly with someone to get/achieve something; fight, contend, lock horns. 47. foreign capital (noun) - a comprehensive term and includes any inflow of capital (resources) in the home country from abroad. 48. bend (verb) – deviate, diverge, change/alter. 49. regulation (noun) – rule, ruling, order, directive, act. 50. migrant (noun) – a person who moves from one region to another – either within a country or across national borders in order to find work or better living conditions. 51. Ease of Doing Business (noun) – it is about different parameters which define the ease of doing business in a country; (Ease of doing business index is annually published by the World Bank. Doing business ranking is based on quantitative indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency). WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM52. perspective (noun) – position, stand, angle, interpretation. 53. moreover (adverb) – besides, furthermore, in addition. 54. at the cost of (phrase) – by sacrificing/losing/giving up something.

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 31, 2021)

55. assessment (noun) – evaluation, judgement, analysis. 56. framework (noun) – structure, system, organization. 57. strategy (noun) – plan of action (in order to achieve a more expansive

set of political, economic, and security interests). 58. sustainability (noun) – the ability to exist constantly; it refers

generally to the capacity for the biosphere and human civilization to co-exist. 59. externality (noun) – products, by-products; end result, outcome,

repercussion/reverberations. 60. trample (upon) (verb) – disregard, show no consideration for, treat disrespectfully, treat with contempt. 61. rush (noun) - hurry, haste, urgency. 62. universally (adverb) – broadly, generally, commonly; invariably, without exception (including all). 63. scorecard (noun) – a report used to estimate success/growth. 64. weightage (noun) – importance, significance, value.

65. arrive at (verb) – attain, reach, gain, accomplish. 66. objective (adjective) – factual, actual, real. 67. miss the point (phrase) - overlook, fail to understand. 68. subjective (adjective) – personal, personalized, individual, internal. 69. fairness (noun) – impartiality, integrity, righteousness. 70. socialist (adjective) – adhering to the principles of socialism; leftist. 71. per capita (adverb & adjective) – per person, for each, individually. 72. lead to (verb) – result in, cause, bring about, call forth, give rise to, produce. 73. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (noun) – The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets, and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years. 74. lapse into (verb) - revert, relapse, fall back; deteriorate, decline, worsen, degenerate; 75. chase (verb) – try to obtain, seek to attain/achieve something. 76. tout (verb) – endorse, praise, recommend, support. WWW.EDITORIALWORDS.COM77. centralise (verb) – concentrate, bring under one roof, consolidate, control (under one authority).

ADVANCED WORD LIST-1 (MAR 31, 2021)

78. (with/at the) stroke of a pen (phrase) - used to highlight that something important is done quickly & easily by signing a document. 79. indifference (noun) - unconcern about, apathy about, lack of interest

in, disregard for. 80. less well off (adjective) – less wealthy, less well-to-do, less affluent.

81. backwardness (noun) – the condition/state of not developed. 82. God-given (adjective) – gotten from God. 83. lot (noun) – wealth.

84. tyranny (noun) – absolute power, autocracy, dictatorship, undemocratic rule, totalitarianism, Fascism. 85. common good (noun) - general welfare, or public benefit. 86. ideology (noun) – a system of belief, set of principles. 87. individualism (noun) – independence, self-direction, self-reliance. 88. societal (adjective) – relating to society. 89. conveniently (adverb) – suitably, favourably, advantageously. 90. substantially (adverb) – considerably, significantly, largely.

91. well-off (adjective) – wealthy, rich, affluent. 92. campaign (noun) – an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group. 93. Tryst with Destiny (phrase) – Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, delivered his “Tryst with Destiny” speech on the eve of independence (15th, Aug 1947, towards midnight on 14th, Aug 1947). It is considered to be one of the greatest speeches of the 20th century. This phrase means that “independence/freedom of India destined to happen”. Literally ‘tryst with destiny’ means “to make a secret deal with something that is in destined for us”. 94. set out (phrasal verb) – present, describe, set forth. 95. ravage (verb) – devastate, ruin, destroy. 96. leave behind (phrasal verb) – abandon.