La Prima Ondata Dell'emigrazione Russa: Gli Anni Venti In

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La Prima Ondata Dell'emigrazione Russa: Gli Anni Venti In Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e Letterature Europee e Americane Classe LM-37 Tesi di Laurea La prima ondata dell’emigrazione russa: gli anni Venti in Cecoslovacchia Relatrice Prof.ssa Donatella Possamai Laureanda Correlatore Valeria Molteni Prof. Alessandro Catalano n° matr.1146780 / LMLLA Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 Indice Introduzione 1 Capitolo I: La prima ondata 1.1 Dopo l’Ottobre 11 1.2 Dall’emigrazione alla diaspora 16 1.3 Mito e cultura 22 1.4 Letteratura sovietica e letteratura d’emigrazione: il Modernismo 30 1.5 Le capitali della cultura russa d’esilio 36 Capitolo II: La Cecoslovacchia e l’emigrazione russa 2.1 L’emigrazione russa in Cecoslovacchia 53 2.2 “Il comunismo in Russia esiste solo sulla carta” 56 2.3 L’Oxford russa 70 Capitolo III: La vita letteraria della “Praga russa” 3.1 La voce degli esuli 77 3.2 L’ambiente letterario e Al’fred Bem 85 3.3 Lo Skit Poėtov 89 3.4 “Padri e figli” 92 3.5 Il profilo artistico e gli autori 98 Conclusioni 113 Bibliografia 119 Краткое изложение содержания дипломной работы I Introduzione Il fenomeno sociale dell’emigrazione in risposta a condizioni avverse di natura culturale o sociale, ecologica o economica, è sempre esistito nella storia dell’umanità. Quando, a seguito della rivoluzione bolscevica, centinaia di migliaia di russi abbandonano la madrepatria, non è di certo la prima volta che l’Occidente assiste all’emigrazione politica e religiosa di una massa consistente di cittadini di una nazione, e in particolare di un’élite intellettuale. Nella storia moderna avvenimenti simili erano già successi e sono destinati a succedere ancora. Pensiamo all’espulsione degli Ugonotti dalla Francia nel XVII secolo, all’emigrazione di massa dei polacchi dopo il 1831 e, storicamente ancora più vicino a noi, alla fuga degli ebrei dai paesi nazi-fascisti. Se osserviamo più da vicino, tuttavia, scopriremo che ognuna di queste storie è profondamente diversa dalle altre e ha un impatto storico, sociale e culturale irripetibile. L’emigrazione russa degli anni Venti e Trenta è, pertanto, un fenomeno sui generis, non solo come parte della storia e della letteratura russa, ma anche come contributo allo sviluppo culturale, politico e sociale dell’Occidente nel periodo tra le due guerre mondiali. Di qui nasce l’obiettivo fondamentale di questo lavoro di tesi, ovvero capire e approfondire, attraverso lo studio degli aspetti più importanti, cosa le conferisca il suo carattere particolare. Il primo capitolo offre innanzitutto un indispensabile inquadramento storico. Nello studio del flusso migratorio russo dopo l’Ottobre, si rende una conditio sine qua 1 non far procedere l’osservazione del fenomeno insieme con gli avvenimenti in corso in Russia. Tutto nella vita dei russi emigrati, in relazione al loro atteggiamento, alla loro produzione artistica, al rapporto con l’ambiente circostante, ne sarà fortemente condizionato. Del resto, non potrebbe essere altrimenti: la loro mentalità, le loro idee, la loro stessa condizione di esuli subiranno dei cambiamenti profondi in conseguenza degli eventi in patria e, almeno per quanto riguarda la prima generazione di émigrés, resteranno legate alla Russia. Formulata dai suoi stessi rappresentanti come mito dell’esodo bianco, in realtà l’emigrazione russa ha un carattere molto più variegato. Cercheremo di fare chiarezza su cosa significhi trovarsi fuori dalla Russia e in che misura sia possibile far rientrare l’emigrazione russa nella categoria che Klaus Blade definisce come emigrazione involontaria, ovvero causata da persecuzioni politiche, etniche e religiose e dislocamento forzato1. Nella convinzione errata, pur parzialmente giustificata, che l’allontanamento dalla Russia sia nulla più che una fase temporanea di smottamenti politici e che il potere bolscevico non sarebbe potuto durare a lungo, gli esuli conducono una vita in tutto simile a prima, tanto che per definire le comunità russe all’estero si usa spesso il termine enclave. Da un punto di vista sociale, questo significa isolamento rispetto all’ambiente circostante, mentre, da un punto di vista culturale, rivela un forte attaccamento alla tradizione letteraria russa (tra tutti, Puškin) e porta a riproporre forme di messianesimo così tipiche della cultura russa nei secoli. Coagulo di sentimenti nazional-patriottici, il messianesimo russo vuole dare un senso nuovo alla vita d’emigrazione, assegnandole il compito di preservare la vera identità della Russia, minacciata di deterioramento e brutalità in quella 1 K.J. Bade, Europa in Bewengug. Migration vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart, Monaco, CH Beck, 2000, p. 11. 2 che, nel frattempo, è ormai diventata l’Unione delle Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche. Per quanto riguarda l’atteggiamento nei confronti della letteratura, nel primo capitolo ci si limiterà a indagare in particolare la diversa sostanza, da parte degli intellettuali emigrati e quelli sovietici, dell’approccio nei confronti del Modernismo, inteso come ciclo storico- culturale precedente il cui naturale sviluppo era stato interrotto dai fatti dell’Ottobre. In ultimo, verrà offerta una panoramica delle capitali europee che maggiormente hanno permesso l’espressione e la crescita della cultura russa d’oltreconfine: Berlino, Parigi e Harbin. Come vedremo, i russi riescono, grazie alle condizioni favorevoli create dai paesi ospitanti, a mantenere una vivacità creativa e una partecipazione intellettuale notevole. Nonostante le profonde differenze, troveremo molte costanti: i russi intraprendono una vita culturale dinamica, un’attività editoriale intraprendente e complessa, fondano club e associazioni letterarie e animano il quotidiano di numerose occasioni di confronto e dibattiti. L’attenzione del secondo capitolo è concentrata su uno dei maggiori centri d’emigrazione russa: Praga. Il flusso dei russi nel paese ha carattere meno spontaneo rispetto a quello di Berlino o Parigi. Nel 1921 il presidente della neonata Repubblica Cecoslovacca, Tomaš Masaryk, dà inizio a una cospicua rete di aiuti agli emigrati russi che prende il nome di Azione Russa. Approfondiremo l’iniziativa per due ragioni fondamentali. Innanzitutto, è interessante capire i motivi che spingono il governo cecoslovacco a sostenere un’impresa così impegnativa, sotto il profilo tanto economico quanto sociale; analizzando il quadro internazionale dopo il primo conflitto mondiale, la posizione della Cecoslovacchia e i suoi rapporti con la Russia del passato, con il bolscevismo del presente e con le sue aspirazioni future, cercheremo di andare oltre alla motivazione maggiormente proposta dalla critica, quella che vedrebbe la Cecoslovacchia 3 agire spinta solo da un intento umanitario. La seconda ragione, più importanti ai fini dello studio, è legata al fatto che è proprio l’Azione Russa a permettere l’arrivo nel paese di molti dei più importanti rappresentanti dell’intelligencija russa e, di conseguenza, la creazione di una realtà culturale russa nel paese. Verranno quindi presi in esame gli aspetti economici, sociali, etnici e politici della questione. In particolare, la speranza nella costruzione di un futuro che si basi sull’idea di slavjanstvo, i sentimenti di anti bolscevismo, il desiderio di salvaguardare il paese rispetto a qualsiasi scenario politico possibile, sono tutti fattori che ricoprono un ruolo fondamentale nella condotta nei confronti dell’URSS e degli émigrés decisa da Masaryk, insieme con il primo ministro Karel Kramář e il ministro degli affari esteri Edvard Beneš. Negli anni della diaspora e, ancora oggi, negli studi sulla presenza degli intellettuali russi in Cecoslovacchia, la capitale del paese è conosciuta anche come “Oxford russa”. La maggior parte degli émigrés che nel 1921 ricevono l’incoraggiamento del governo a trasferirsi nel paese in cambio di un consistente aiuto è costituita da studenti e accademici. Assecondando la linea politica del paese, Praga viene resa un importante centro scientifico e educativo russo. I russi non solo trovano in Cecoslovacchia un appoggio materiale; riescono anche a proseguire i propri studi o i propri lavori di ricerca, soprattutto grazie alla fondazione di numerose istituzioni russe. Come vedremo, questi enti coprono tutti gli aspetti della vita russa all’estero, rispondendo a tutte le necessità, di carattere economico, sociale, scolastico, sanitario e così via. Accanto ai comitati di assistenza, ci sono poi altre organizzazioni che si concentrano sull’aspetto culturale e letterario, in particolare svolgendo da una parte un ruolo conservativo della tradizione russa, dall’altro offrendo opportunità di partecipazione attiva. Questo è l’obiettivo che si propongono, ad esempio, l’Archivio russo, l’Università popolare russa e le altre 4 associazioni di carattere storico, giuridico, filosofico, pedagogico che vedranno la partecipazione di personalità eminenti dell’ex Impero zarista. Infine, accenneremo al contributo fondamentale dei circoli letterari che si dedicano all’organizzazione di serate letterarie, momenti di dibattito pubblico e di lettura, per poi guardarli da più vicino nel capitolo terzo. L’ultimo capitolo è dedicato alle attività culturali e alla produzione delle forze creative dei russi a Praga. Inizieremo osservando la stampa periodica, che non solo costituisce uno dei mezzi più efficaci per aiutare la coesione della comunità emigrata nel paese e anche oltreconfine; ma rappresenta inoltre una fonte preziosa di informazioni per chi voglia approfondire la vita d’emigrazione sul
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