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Brominated Diphenyl Ethers

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Brominated Diphenyl Ethers THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA SERIES Acetonitrile (No. 154, 1993) 1,2-Dichloroethane (No. 62, 1987) Acrolein (No. 127, 1991) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (No 29, Acrylamide (No 49, 1985) 1984) Acrylonitrile (No. 28, 1983) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - environmental Aged population, principles for evaluating the aspects (No. 84, 1989) effects of chemicals (No. 144, 1992) 1,3-Dichloropropene, 1,2-dichloropropane and Aldicarb (No. 121, 1991) mixtures (No. 146, 1993) Aldrin and dieldrin (No. 91, 1989) Dichlorvos (No 79, 1988) Allethrlns (No. 87, 1989) Diethylhexyl phthalate (No. 131, 1992) Amitrole (No. 158, 1994) Dimethoate (No. 90, 1989) Ammonia (No. 54, 1986) Dimethylformamide (No. 114, 1991) Arsenic (No. 18, 1981) Dimethyl sulfate (No. 48, 1985) Asbestos and other natural mineral fibres Diseases of suspected chemical etiology and (No. 53, 1986) their prevention, principles of studies on Barium (No. 107, 1990) (No. 72, 1987) Benomyl (No 148, 1993) Dithiocarbamate pesticides, ethylenethiourea, and Benzene (No. 150, 1993) propylenethiourea: a general introduction Beryllium (No. 106, 1990) (No. 78, 1988) Biomarkers and risk assessment· concepts Electromagnetic fields (No. 137, 1992) and principles (No. 155, 1993) Endosulfan (No. 40, 1984) Biotoxins, aquatic (marine and freshwater) Endrin (No 130, 1992) (No. 37, 1984) Environmental epidemiology, guidelines on Brominated dlphenylethers (No. 162, 1994) studies in (No. 27, 1983) Butanols - four Isomers (No. 65, 1987) Epichlorohydrin (No 33, 1984) Cadmium (No. 134, 1992) Ethylene oxide (No 55, 1985) Cadmium - environmental aspects (No. 135, 1992) Extremely low frequency (ELF) fields (No 35, Camphechlor (No. 45, 1984) 1984) Carbamate pesticides. a general introduction Fenitrothion (No 133, 1992) (No. 64, 1986) Fenvalerate (No 95, 1990) Carbaryl (No. 153, 1994) Fluorine and nuorides (No. 36, 1984) Carbendazim (No. 149, 1993) Food additives and contaminants in food, Carbon disulfide (No. 10, 1979) principles for the safety assessment of Carbon monoxide (No 13, 1979) (No 70, 1987) Carcinogens, summary report on the evaluation Formaldehyde (No. 89, 1989) of short-term in vitro tests (No. 47, 1985) Genetic effects In human populations, Carcinogens, summary report on the evaluation guidelines for the study of (No. 46, 1985) of short-term in vivo tests (No 109, 1990) Glyphosate (No. 159, 1994) Chlordane (No. 34, 1984) Heptachlor (No 38, 1984) Chlordecone (No. 43, 1984) Hexachlorobutadiene (No 156, 1994) Chlorine and hydrogen chloride (No 21, 1982) Alpha- and beta-hexachlorocyclohexanes Chlorobenzenes other than hexachlorobenzene (No. 123, 1991) (No. 128, 1991) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (No. 120, 1991) Chloronuorocarbons, fully halogenated (No. 113, n-Hexane (No. 122, 1991) 1990) Hydrazine (No. 68, 1987) Chloronuorocarbons, partially halogenated Hydrogen sulfide (No 19, 1981) (ethane derivatives) (No. 139, 1992) Hydroqulnone (No. 157, 1994) (methane derivatives) (No. 126, 1991) Infancy and ear1y childhood, principles for Chlorophenols (No 93, 1989) evaluating health risks from chemicals Chromium (No 61, 1988) during (No. 59, 1986) Cyhalothrin (No 99, 1990) lsobenzan (No. 129, 1991) Cypermethrin (No. 82, 1989) Kelevan (No. 66, 1986) Cypermethrin, alpha- (No. 142, 1992) Lasers and optical radiation (No 23, 1982) DDT and Its derivatives (No. 9, 1979) Lead (No. 3, 1977)' DDT and its derivatives - environmental aspects Lead - environmental aspects (No. 85, 1989) (No. 83, 1989) Lindane (No. 124, 1991) Deltamethrin (No. 97, 1990) Magnetic fields (No. 69, 1987) Diaminotoluenes (No. 74, 1987) Man-made mineral fibres (No. 77, 1988) • Out of print continued inside back cover This report contains the collective views of an in­ ternational group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Interna­ tional Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 162 BROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS First draft prepared by Dr G.J. van Esch, B1lthoven, Netherlands Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Organization Geneva, 1994 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main obJective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chermcals on human health and the quality of the envuonment. Supporting activities include the development of epidermolog1cal, expenmentallaboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activ1ties carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for copmg with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Brominated diphenylethers. (Environmental health critena ; 162) l.Phenyl ethers - adverse effects 2.Environmental exposure 3. Occupational exposure l.Senes ISBN 92 4 157162 4 (NLM Classification: QD 34l.E7) ISSN 0250-863X The World Health Orgamzatwn welcomes requests for perrmsswn to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Pubhcatwns, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, wh1ch will be glad to prov1de the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translatiOns already ava1lable. ©World Health Organization 1994 Publications of the World Health Organization enJOY copynght protection in accordance w1th the proviswns of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretanat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, terntory, c1ty or area or of 1ts authonties, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a smlilar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and ormssions excepted, the names of propnetary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRINTED IN FINLAND 94/10266- V AM MALA - 5500 CONTENTS Page GLOSSARY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 BROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS - GENERAL INTRODUCTION 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 1. GENERAL REMARKS 27 20 GENERAL INFORMATION ON BROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 2 ol Analytical methods 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 202 Production levels and processes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 203 Resins, polymers and substrates in which PBDE are used 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 30 FORMATION OF BROMINATED DIBENZOFURANS AND DIBENZODIOXINS FROM POL YBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 3 ol General 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 302 Additional data on pyrolysis of non-specified PBDE and/or polymers containing non-specified PBDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 40 WORKPLACE EXPOSURE STUDIES 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 401 Exposure to PBDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 402 Exposure to PBDF/PBDD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 50 EXPOSURE OF THE GENERAL POPULATION 0 0 0 46 5 ol General population 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 502 Possible exposure to PBDE and PBDF/PBDD 0 0 0 46 50201 Television sets 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 50202 Fire tests and fire accidents 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 60 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY PBDE 0 0 0 0 0 51 601 Ultimate fate following use 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 602 Air 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 3 EHC 162: Brominated diphfHJylethers 6.3 Soil ............................ 52 6.4 Water 52 6.5 Sediments and sewage sludge . 53 6.6 Aquatic vertebrates . 53 6.7 Aquatic mammals . 54 6.8 Terrestrial vertebrates . 54 6.8.1 Birds ....................... 55 6.8.2 Humans 55 DECABROMODIPHENYL ETHER . 57 1. SUMMARY, EVALUATION, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 59 1.1 Summary and evaluation . 59 1.1.1 Identity, physical and chemical properties . 59 1.1.2 Production and uses . 59 1.1.3 Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation . 59 1.1.4 Environmental levels and human exposure . 60 1.1.5 Kinetics and metabolism in laboratory animals and humans . 61 1.1.6 Effects on laboratory mammals and in vitro test systems . 62 1.1. 7 Effects on humans . 63 1.1. 8 Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field . 63 1.2 Conclusions . 63 1.2.1 DeBDE .
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