5333 Home Number ° D N0t scanned Author Dryden, Forrest E. Corporate Author Walk, Haydel & Associates, Inc., New Orleans, Louisian RODOrt/ArtiClBTitlO Dioxins: Volume III. Assessment of Dioxin-Forming Chemical Processes Journal/Book Title YBaP Month/Day June Color n Number of Images ° Volume III of a three-volume series. Contract No. 68-03- 2579; EPA-600/2-80-158 Tuesday, March 05, 2002 Page 5333 of 5363 United States Industrial Environmental Research EPA-600/2-80-158 Environmental Protection Laboratory June 1980 Agency Cincinnati OH 45268 Research and Development &EPA Dioxins Volume III. Assessment of Dioxin-Forming Chemical Processes RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate- gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en- vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The nine series are: 1. Environmental Health Effects Research 2. Environmental Protection Technology 3. Ecological Research 4. Environmental Monitoring 5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies 6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR) 7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development 8. "Special" Reports 9. Miscellaneous Reports This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH- NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem- onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en- vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment of pollution-sources to meet environmental quality standards. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa- tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. EPA-600/2-80-158 June 1980 DIOXINS: VOLUME III. ASSESSMENT OF DIOXIN-FORMING CHEMICAL PROCESSES by Forrest E. Dryden, Harry E. Ensley Ronald 0. Rossi, E. Jasper Westbrook Walk, Haydel & Associates, Inc. New Orleans, Louisiana 70130 Contract No. 68-03-2579 Project Officer David R. Watkins Industrial Pollution Control Division Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory Cincinnati (lERL-Ci), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. FOREWORD :; When energy and; material resources are extracted, processed, converted, and used, the related :pollutional impacts on our environment and even on our health often require, that new and increasingly more efficient pollution con- trol methods be used. The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory- Cincinnati (lERL^Ci) assists in developing and demonstrating new and im- proved methodologies that will meet these«needs both efficiently and economically. This report is one of a three-volume series dealing with a group of hazardous chemical compounds known as dioxins. The extreme toxicity of one of these chemicals, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), has been a concern of both scientific researchers and the public for many years. The sheer mass of published information that has resulted from this concern has created difficulties in assessing the overall scope of the dioxin problem. In this report series the voluminous data on 2,3,7,8-TCDD and other dioxins are summarized and assembled in a manner that allows compari- son of related observations from many sources; thus, the series serves as a comprehensive guide in evaluation of the environmental hazards of dioxins. Volume I is a state-of-the-art review of dioxin literature. Detailed information is presented on the chemistry, sources, degradation, transport, disposal, and health effects of dioxins. Accounts of public and occupa- tional exposure to dioxins are also included. Volume II details the devel- opment of a new analytical method for detecting part-per-trillion levels of dioxins in industrial wastes. It also includes a review of the analytical literature on methods of detecting dioxins in various types of environmental samples. Volume III identifies various routes of formation of dioxins in addition to the classical route of the hydrolysis of chlorophenols. The possible presence of dioxins in basic organic chemicals and pesticides is addressed, and production locations for these materials are identified. For further information, contact Project Officer David R. Watkins, Organic and Inorganic Chemicals Branch, lERL-Ci. Phone (513) 684-4481. David G. Stephan Director Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory Cincinnati m PREFACE This report is Volume III in a series of three reports dealing with a group of hazardous chemical compounds known as dioxins. This volume details the chemistry of dioxin formation, and identifies the types of organic chemicals and pesticides which may have dioxins associated with them as impurities or byproducts. Other volumes of this series examine the occur- rence, environmental transport, toxicity, and disposal of this class of compounds, analytical techniques used to identify dioxins, and commercial products with potential for containing dioxin contaminants. An extensive body of published literature has appeared during the past 25 years that has been concerned primarily with one extremely toxic member of this class of compounds, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Often described in both popular and technical literature as "TCDD" or simply "dioxin," this compound is one of the most toxic substances known to science. This report series is concerned not only with this compound, but also with all of its chemical relatives that contain the dioxin nucleus. Throughout these reports, the term "TCDD's" is used to indicate the family of 22 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin isomers, whereas the term "dioxin" is used to indicate any compound with the basic dioxin nucleus. The most toxic isomer among those that have been assessed is specifically designated as "2,3,7,8-TCDD." The objective in the use of these terms is to clarify a point of tech- nical confusion that has occasionally hindered comparison of information from various sources. In particular, early laboratory analyses often re- ported the presence of "TCDD," which may have been the most-toxic 2,3,7,8-isomer or may have been a mixture of several of the tetrachloro isomers, some of which are relatively nontoxic. Throughout this report series, the specific term 2,3,7,8-TCDD is used when it was the intent of the investigator to refer to this most-toxic isomer. Since early analytical methods could not dependably isolate specific isomers from environmental samples, the generic term "TCDD's" is used when this term appears to be most appropriate in light of present technology. IV ABSTRACT Concern about potential contamination of products and wastes by dibenzo-p-dioxins in the production of organic chemicals and pesticides is the reason for this study of products and processes subject to such contam- ination. In addition, speculative consideration is given to other possible dioxin sources. Chemical reaction mechanisms by which dioxins may be formed are reviewed, particularly those likely to occur within commercially significant processes. Various routes of formation are identified in addition to the classical route of the hydrolysis of trichlorophenol. Basic organic chemicals and pesticides with a reasonable potential for dioxin byproduct contamination are surveyed as to current and past producers and production locations. Classifications are presented both for general organic chemicals and for pesticides that indicate likelihood of dioxin formation. Conditions are noted that are most likely to promote dioxin formation in various processes. This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-03-2579, by Walk, Haydel & Associates, Inc., under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency. This report covers the period October 31, 1978, to March 16, 1980, and work was completed as of March 16, 1980. CONTENTS Page Foreword ill Preface iv Abstract v List of Figures viii List of Tables x List of Abbreviations xi Acknowledgment xii 1. Introduction 1 2. Conclusions 3 3. The Chemistry of Dibenzo-p-Dioxins 4 4. Speculative Sources of Dioxins 39 5. Organic Chemicals 43 6. Pesticide Chemicals 64 7. Chemicals, Producers, and Plant Locations 90 References Bibliography vii FIGURES Number ' Page 1 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol . • '' 53 2 2-Chloro-4-f1uoropheno1 54 3 Decabromophenoxybenzene 55 4 2,4-Dibromophenol 56 5 2,3-Dichlorophenol 57 6 2,4-Dichlorophenol 58 7 2,5-Dichlorophenol 59 8 2,6-Dichlorophenol 60 9 3,4-Dichlorophenol 61 10 Pentabromophenol 62 11 2,4,6-Tribromophenol 63 12 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5-T and esters and salts 71 13 Silvex and esters and salts 72 14 Ronnel 73 15 Erbon and Sesone 74 16 2,4-D and esters and salts 76 17 2,4-DB 77 18 2,4-DP 78 19 Dicapthon and Dichlofenthion 79 20 Bifenox 80 viii FIGURES (continued) Number Page 21 Nitrofen 81 22 Dicamba 82 23 Pentachlorophenol