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Microscopic Anatomy of the Eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian Globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog
Microscopic Anatomy of the eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog Arterial Blood Vessels of the Orbit General Anatomy Dog * Horizontal section Long Posterior Ciliary a. Blood enters the globe Short Post. Ciliary a Long Post. Ciliary a. Anterior Ciliary a. Blood Supply General Anatomy Dog Major arterial circle of the iris Orbital Anatomy Dog Brain Levator Dorsal rectus Ventral rectus Zygomatic Lymph node Orbital Anatomy Dog Orbital Anatomy Dog Cartilaginous trochlea and the tendon of the dorsal oblique m. Orbital Anatomy Dog Rabbit Orbital Anatomy Dog Zygomatic salivary gland mucinous gland Orbital Anatomy Dog Gland of the Third Eyelid Eye lids (dog) Eye lids (dog) Meibomian glands at the lid margin Holocrine secretion Eye lids (primate) Upper tarsal plate Lower tarsal plate Eye lids (rabbit) The Globe The Globe Dog Cat Orangutan Diurnal Horse Diurnal Cornea Epithelium Stromal lamellae Bowman’s layer Dolphin Descemet’s m Endothelium TEM of surface epithelium Cornea Doubling of Descemet’s Vimentin + endothelium Iris Walls: The vertebrate eye Iris Sphincter m. Dilator m Blue-eye, GFAP stain Iris Collagen Iris Cat Sphinctor m. Dilator m. Iris Cat Phyomelanocytes Iris Equine Corpora nigra (Granula iridica) seen in ungulates living without shade Ciliary body Pars plicata Ciliary muscle Pars plana Ciliary body Zonular ligaments Ciliary body Primarily made of fibrillin A major component of elastin Ciliary body Alcian Blue staining acid mucopolysaccharides: Hyaluronic acid Ciliary -
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of the Peripheral Retina and the Ciliary Body in Degenerative Retinoschisis Associated with Pars Plana Cysts
976 Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:976–982 Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the peripheral retina and the ciliary body in degenerative retinoschisis associated with pars plana cysts Giuseppe Mannino, Romualdo Malagola, Solmaz Abdolrahimzadeh, Gianfrancesco M Villani, Santi M Recupero Abstract pathogenetic mechanism has been attributed Aim—To evaluate the ciliary body and to circulatory disturbances, the motility of peripheral retina in degenerative retino- accommodation, vitreous traction, holes in the schisis associated with pars plana cysts inner lamina, autolysis of retinal cells in the using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). peripheral retina, osmotic procedures, and Methods—18 eyes of 12 patients with transudate from the choriocapillaris.17 Histo- degenerative retinoschisis associated with chemical studies have shown that the content pars plana cysts were selected through of the cystoid spaces and schisis of the periph- binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and eral retina is hyaluronic acid.18 The same mate- Goldmann three mirror lens examination, rial had been found in pars plana cysts,18–20 both with scleral depression. These pa- where it would accumulate owing to an active tients were studied in detail with UBM. secretion from the non-pigment epithelium of Results—Study of the ciliary body with the ciliary body and especially of the pars UBM showed pars plana cysts of diVerent plana.19 Subsequent splitting of the ciliary pig- size and uneven shape. In cross sections ment and non-pigment epithelial layers would the morphology of pars plana cysts in lead to pars plana cyst formation. Once the detail and the close relation of the cysts similarity of the content of pars plana cysts and with the oral region and the peripheral of cystoid degeneration and retinoschisis of the retina, where areas of cystoid degenera- peripheral retina had been disclosed, the tion and retinoschisis were present, were hypothesis that retinoschisis also was caused by observed. -
Ciliary Body
Ciliary body S.Karmakar HOD Introduction • Ciliary body is the middle part of the uveal tract . It is a ring (slightly eccentric ) shaped structure which projects posteriorly from the scleral spur, with a meridional width varying from 5.5 to 6.5 mm. • It is brown in colour due to melanin pigment. Anteriorly it is confluent with the periphery of the iris (iris root) and anterior part of the ciliary body bounds a part of the anterior chamber angle. Introduction • Posteriorly ciliary body has a crenated or scalloped periphery, known as ora serrata, where it is continuous with the choroid and retina. The ora serrata exhibits forward extensions,known as dentate process, which are well defined on the nasal side and less so temporally. • Ciliary body has a width of approximately 5.9 mm on the nasal side and 6.7 mm on the temporal side. Extension of the ciliary body On the outside of the eyeball, the ciliary body extends from a point about 1.5 mm posterior to the corneal limbus to a point 6.5 to 7.5 mm posterior to this point on the temporal side and 6.5 mm posterior on the nasal side. Parts of ciliary body • Ciliary body, in cross section, is a triangular structure ( in diagram it can be compared as ∆ AOI). Outer side of the triangle (O) is attached with the sclera with suprachoroidal space in between. Anterior side of the triangle (A) forms part of the anterior & posterior chamber. In its middle, the iris is attached. The inner side of the triangle (I) is divided into two parts. -
Conjunctival Primary Acquired Melanosis: Is It Time for a New Terminology?
PERSPECTIVE Conjunctival Primary Acquired Melanosis: Is It Time for a New Terminology? FREDERICK A. JAKOBIEC PURPOSE: To review the diagnostic categories of a CONCLUSION: All pre- and postoperative biopsies of group of conditions referred to as ‘‘primary acquired flat conjunctival melanocytic disorders should be evalu- melanosis.’’ ated immunohistochemically if there is any question DESIGN: Literature review on the subject and proposal regarding atypicality. This should lead to a clearer micro- of an alternative diagnostic schema with histopathologic scopic descriptive diagnosis that is predicated on an and immunohistochemical illustrations. analysis of the participating cell types and their architec- METHODS: Standard hematoxylin-eosin–stained sec- tural patterns. This approach is conducive to a better tions and immunohistochemical stains for MART-1, appreciation of features indicating when to intervene HMB-45, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor therapeutically. An accurate early diagnosis should fore- (MiTF), and Ki-67 for calculating the proliferation index stall unnecessary later surgery. (Am J Ophthalmol are illustrated. 2016;162:3–19. Ó 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights RESULTS: ‘‘Melanosis’’ is an inadequate and misleading reserved.) term because it does not distinguish between conjunctival intraepithelial melanin overproduction (‘‘hyperpigmenta- ONJUNCTIVAL MELANOMAS ARE SEEN IN 2–8 INDI- tion’’) and intraepithelial melanocytic proliferation. It viduals per million in predominantly white popula- is recommended that -
Visual Impairment Age-Related Macular
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION Macular degeneration is a medical condition predominantly found in young children in which the center of the inner lining of the eye, known as the macula area of the retina, suffers thickening, atrophy, and in some cases, watering. This can result in loss of side vision, which entails inability to see coarse details, to read, or to recognize faces. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, it is the leading cause of central vision loss (blindness) in the United States today for those under the age of twenty years. Although some macular dystrophies that affect younger individuals are sometimes referred to as macular degeneration, the term generally refers to age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD). Age-related macular degeneration begins with characteristic yellow deposits in the macula (central area of the retina which provides detailed central vision, called fovea) called drusen between the retinal pigment epithelium and the underlying choroid. Most people with these early changes (referred to as age-related maculopathy) have good vision. People with drusen can go on to develop advanced AMD. The risk is considerably higher when the drusen are large and numerous and associated with disturbance in the pigmented cell layer under the macula. Recent research suggests that large and soft drusen are related to elevated cholesterol deposits and may respond to cholesterol lowering agents or the Rheo Procedure. Advanced AMD, which is responsible for profound vision loss, has two forms: dry and wet. Central geographic atrophy, the dry form of advanced AMD, results from atrophy to the retinal pigment epithelial layer below the retina, which causes vision loss through loss of photoreceptors (rods and cones) in the central part of the eye. -
Condensed Table of Contents
Condensed Table of Contents 1 Introduction G.O.H. NAUMANN, FRIEDRICH E. KRUSE 1 2 General Ophthalmic Pathology: Principal Indications and Complications, Comparing Intra- and Extraocular Surgery G.O.H. NAUMANN, F.E. KRUSE 7 3 Special Anatomy and Pathology in Surgery of the Eyelids, Lacrimal System, Orbit and Conjunctiva L.M. HOLBACH 29 3.1 Eyelids L.M. HEINDL, L.M. HOLBACH 30 3.2 Lacrimal Drainage System L.M. HEINDL, A. JÜNEMANN, L.M. HOLBACH 45 3.3 Orbit L.M. HOLBACH, L.M. HEINDL, R.F. GUTHOFF 49 3.4 Conjunctiva and Limbus Corneae C. CURSIEFEN, F.E. KRUSE, G.O.H. NAUMANN 67 4 General Pathology for Intraocular Microsurgery: Direct Wounds and Indirect Distant Effects G.O.H. NAUMANN, F.E. KRUSE 76 5 Special Anatomy and Pathology in Intraocular Microsurgery 5.1 Cornea and Limbus C. CURSIEFEN, F.E. KRUSE, G.O.H. NAUMANN 97 5.2 Glaucoma Surgery A. JÜNEMANN, G.O.H. NAUMANN 131 5.3 Iris G.O.H. NAUMANN 152 5.4 CiüaryBody G.O.H. NAUMANN 176 5.5 Lens and Zonular Fibers U. SCHLÖTZER-SCHREHARDT, G.O.H. NAUMANN 217 Bibliografische Informationen digitalisiert durch http://d-nb.info/973635800 gescannt durch XII Condensed Table of Contents 5.6 Retina and Vitreous A.M. JOUSSEN and G.O.H. NAUMMAN with Contributions by S.E. COUPLAND, E.R. TAMM, B. KIRCHHOF, N. BORNFELD 255 5.7 Optic Nerve and Elschnig's Scleral Ring C.Y. MARDIN, G.O.H. NAUMANN 335 6 Influence of Common Generalized Diseases on Intraocular Microsurgery G.O.H. -
Pigmented Epibulbar Lesions
igmentar f P y D o i l so a r n d Alena et al., Pigmentary Disorders 2014, 1:3 r e u r o s J Journal of Pigmentary Disorders DOI: 10.4172/jpd.1000121 World Health Academy ISSN: 2376-0427 Review Article Open Access Pigmented Epibulbar Lesions: Overview Furdova Alena*, Alsalman Ali Jameel, Krcova Ivana, Horkovicova Kristina and Furdova Adriana Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia Abstract Eyes can be affected by a wide variety of epibulbar lesions. The incidence and prevalence of the epibulbar lesions is significantly high, with an incidence of 89.8% of the benign lesions as compared to the malignant lesions that accounted for 10.2% of the lesions. Considering the significance of the knowledge of the different types of epibulbar lesions, there is a need to perform a brief discussion of these lesions to develop the information of these lesions among the general population and the healthcare professionals. This would enable the successful diagnosis of the different types of epibulbar lesions. Epibulbar pigmented lesions include conjunctival epithelial melanosis, conjunctival freckle, primary acquired melanosis, conjunctival nevus, congenital ocular melanocytosis, and malignant melanoma. Keywords: Conjuntival pigmented tumor; Nevus; Melanoma; fold) is present nasally, medial to which lies a fleshy nodule (caruncle) Primary acquired melanosis; Racial melanosis consisting of modified cutaneous tissue containing hair follicles, accessory lacrimal glands, sweat glands and sebaceous glands. Introduction Microscopically conjunctiva consists of three layers- epithelium, The complexity of the structure of eyes is extreme as they have adenoid layer and fibrous layer [2]. Epithelial layer is the most superficial a vital function that requires several small structures to perform the layer of the conjunctiva and is made up of epithelial cells arranged functioning of vision. -
Anatomy of the Globe 09 Hermann D. Schubert Basic and Clinical
Anatomy of the Globe 09 Hermann D. Schubert Basic and Clinical Science Course, AAO 2008-2009, Section 2, Chapter 2, pp 43-92. The globe is the home of the retina (part of the embryonic forebrain, i.e.neural ectoderm and neural crest) which it protects, nourishes, moves or holds in proper position. The retinal ganglion cells (second neurons of the visual pathway) have axons which form the optic nerve (a brain tract) and which connect to the lateral geniculate body of the brain (third neurons of the visual pathway with axons to cerebral cortex). The transparent media of the eye are: tear film, cornea, aqueous, lens, vitreous, internal limiting membrane and inner retina. Intraocular pressure is the pressure of the aqueous and vitreous compartment. The aqueous compartment is comprised of anterior(200ul) and posterior chamber(60ul). Aqueous and vitreous compartments communicate across the anterior cortical gel of the vitreous which seen from up front looks like a donut and is called the “annular diffusional gap.” The globe consists of two superimposed spheres, the corneal radius measuring 8mm and the scleral radius 12mm. The superimposition creates an external scleral sulcus, the outflow channels anterior to the scleral spur fill the internal scleral sulcus. Three layers or ocular coats are distinguished: the corneal scleral coat, the uvea and neural retina consisting of retina and pigmentedepithelium. The coats and components of the inner eye are held in place by intraocular pressure, scleral rigidity and mechanical attachments between the layers. The corneoscleral coat consists of cornea, sclera, lamina cribrosa and optic nerve sheath. -
Chapter 1 Anatomy
LN_C01.qxd 7/19/07 14:37 Page 1 Chapter 1 Anatomy Learning objectives To learn the anatomy of the eye, orbit and the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves, to permit an understanding of medical conditions affecting these structures. Introduction A knowledge of ocular anatomy and function is important to the understanding of eye diseases. A brief outline is given below. Gross anatomy The eye (Fig. 1.1) comprises: l A tough outer coat which is transparent anteriorly (the cornea) and opaque pos- teriorly (the sclera). The junction between the two is called the limbus. The extra- ocular muscles attach to the outer sclera while the optic nerve leaves the globe posteriorly. l A rich vascular coat (the uvea) forms the choroid posteriorly, which is lined by and firmly attached to the retina. The choroid nourishes the outer two-thirds of the retina. Anteriorly, the uvea forms the ciliary body and the iris. l The ciliary body contains the smooth ciliary muscle, whose contraction allows lens shape to alter and the focus of the eye to be changed. The ciliary epithelium secretes aqueous humour and maintains the ocular pressure. The ciliary body pro- vides attachment for the iris, which forms the pupillary diaphragm. 1 LN_C01.qxd 7/19/07 14:37 Page 2 Chapter 1 Anatomy Cornea Anterior chamber Schlemm's canal Limbus Iridocorneal angle Iris Conjunctiva Zonule Posterior chamber Lens Ciliary body Uvea Ora serrata Tendon of Choroid extraocular muscle Sclera Retina Vitreous Cribriform plate Optic nerve Fovea Figure 1.1 The basic anatomy of the eye. l The lens lies behind the iris and is supported by fine fibrils (the zonule) running under tension between the lens and the ciliary body. -
(PMEL) Gene Are Associated with Pigment Dispersion Syndrome/Pigmentary Glaucoma and Cause Biochemical Defects
Non-Synonymous Variants in the Premelanosome Protein (PMEL) Gene are Associated with Pigment Dispersion Syndrome/Pigmentary Glaucoma and Cause Biochemical Defects by Adrian Alexander Lahola-Chomiak A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science Medical Sciences-Medical Genetics University of Alberta © Adrian Alexander Lahola-Chomiak, 2018 i Abstract Pigmentary Glaucoma (PG) is a common glaucoma subtype that results from release of pigment from the iris (Pigment Dispersion Syndrome) and its deposition throughout the anterior chamber of the eye. Although PG has a substantial heritable component, no causative gene variants have yet been identified in humans. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) of two independent pedigrees identified the first candidate gene for heritable PDS/PG - premelanosome protein (PMEL), which encodes a key component of the organelle (melanosome) essential for melanin synthesis, storage and transport. Targeted screening of PMEL in three independent replication cohorts (n= 394) identified nine additional PDS/PG-associated variants. These variants exhibited either defective post-translational processing of the PMEL (5/9), altered amyloid fibril formation (5/9), or both (3/9). Suppresion of the homologous pmela in zebrafish caused profound pigmentation and ocular defects further supporting PMEL’s role in PDS/PG. Taken together, these data support a model in which protein altering PMEL variants represent dominant negative mutations that impair PMEL’s normal ability to form functional amyloid fibrils. While PMEL mutations have previously been shown to cause pigmentation and ocular defects in animals, this research is the first report of mutations in PMEL that cause human eye disease. ii Preface This thesis contains an original work completed by Adrian Lahola-Chomiak in partial fulfillment towards a Master of Science degree. -
Corneal Anatomy
FFCCF! • Mantis Shrimp have 16 cone types- we humans have three- essentially Red Green and Blue receptors. Whereas a dog has 2, a butterfly has 5, the Mantis Shrimp may well see the most color of any animal on earth. Functional Morphology of the Vertebrate Eye Christopher J Murphy DVM, PhD, DACVO Schools of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis With integrated FFCCFs Why Does Knowing the Functional Morphology Matter? • The diagnosis of ocular disease relies predominantly on physical findings by the clinician (maybe more than any other specialty) • The tools we routinely employ to examine the eye of patients provide us with the ability to resolve fine anatomic detail • Advanced imaging tools such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) provide very fine resolution of structures in the living patient using non invasive techniques and are becoming widespread in application http://dogtime.com/trending/17524-organization-to-provide-free-eye-exams-to-service- • The basis of any diagnosis of “abnormal” is animals-in-may rooted in absolute confidence of owning the knowledge of “normal”. • If you don’t “own” the knowledge of the terminology and normal functional morphology of the eye you will not be able to adequately describe your findings Why Does Knowing the Functional Morphology Matter? • The diagnosis of ocular disease relies predominantly on physical findings by the clinician (maybe more than any other specialty) • The tools we routinely employ to examine the eye of patients provide us with the ability to resolve fine anatomic detail http://www.vet.upenn.edu/about/press-room/press-releases/article/ • Advanced imaging tools such as optical penn-vet-ophthalmologists-offer-free-eye-exams-for-service-dogs coherence tomography (OCT) provide very fine resolution of structures in the living patient using non invasive techniques and are becoming widespread in application • The basis of any diagnosis of “abnormal” is rooted in absolute confidence of owning the http://aibolita.com/eye-diseases/37593-direct-ophthalmoscopy.html knowledge of “normal”. -
Eye Anatomy Slides File
EYE ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Dr. Cesar Carrillo [email protected] Sight For All **Disclaimer** The images contained in this presentaon are not my own, they can be found on the web Eye Anatomy and Physiology A thorough understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the eye, orbit, visual pathways, upper cranial nerves, and central pathways for the control of eye movements is a prerequisite for proper interpretaon of diseases having ocular manifestaons. Furthermore, such anatomic knowledge is essen;al to the proper planning and safe execu;on of ocular and orbital surgery Eye Anatomy and Physiology Objecves: Brief overview of eye anatomy and relevant physiology — Embriology — The Orbit, Cranial Nerves, Blood supply and Venous drainage — The Ocular Adnexa — The Extraocular muscles — The Conjunc;va, Sclera and Cornea — The Uveal tract — The Lens — The Re;na, Vitreous and Op;c Nerve — The Visual Pathway Embryology The eye is derived from three of the primi;ve embryonic layers: — Surface ectoderm, including its derivave the neural crest — Neural ectoderm — Mesoderm — Endoderm does not enter into the formaon of the eye — Mesenchyme is the term for embryonic connecve ssue. Ocular and adnexal connec;ve ;ssues previously were thought to be derived from mesoderm, but it has now been shown that most of the mesenchyme of all of the head and neck region is derived from the cranial neural crest Embryology Development of the structures of the head and neck occurs between 3-8 weeks of gestation — Eye develops as an ectodermal diverticulum from the lateral