International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography
Contents Foreword 4 Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction 6 1.1 The Project 6 1.1.1 Terms of reference and commissioners 6 1.1.2 The evidence base 6 1.2 The National Academic Context 6 1.2.1 An audit culture 6 1.2.2 Marketisation 7
2. Research Quality 7 2.1 Positioning Human Geography in the UK 7 2.2 The Distinctiveness of UK Human Geography Since 1990 8 2.3 Thematic Areas in UK Human Geography 9 2.3.1 Cultural and social geography 9 2.3.2 Development geography 10 2.3.3 Economic geography 10 2.3.4 Historical geography and the history and philosophy of geography 11 2.3.5 Political geography 11 2.3.6 Population geography and demography 12 2.3.7 Quantitative geography, GIS, and cartography 12 2.3.8 Society and environment research 13 2.3.9 Urban geography 13 2.4 Emerging Research Areas 14 2.5 Evidence of Global Leadership 14 2.6 Areas for Improvement 15 2.6.1 Relative weakness in quantitative methods and GIS 15 2.6.2 Internationalisation 16 2.6.3 The institutional environment and research outputs 16
3. Research Capacity 17 3.1 Student and Faculty Numbers 17 3.2 Postgraduate Training 18 3.3 Early Career Scholars 18 3.4 Age Profile and Diversity 19 3.5 Funding and Infrastructure 19 3.5.1 QR and non-QR 19 3.5.2 Research funding and research risk 20
4. Research Impact 21 4.1 The Impact Criterion 21 4.2 Disciplinary Responses 21
5. Conclusions and Recommendations 22 5.1 The Primacy of UK Human Geography 22 5.2 Recommendations 22 5.2.1 Internationalisation 22 5.2.2 Quantitative methods and Geographical Information Science 23 5.2.3 Mitigating precarious early careers 23 5.2.4 Minority representation 24 5.2.5 Disseminating success 24 2 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography
Appendices Appendix 1: Panel Members 25 Appendix 2: Steering Group Members 25 Appendix 3: Impacts from Human Geography Research 25 Appendix 4: Departmental Submissions to the Benchmarking Review 26 Appendix 5: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) 26 Appendix 6: Steering Group Response to the International Panel’s Report 27
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Foreword The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) (RGS-IBG) and Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) have worked in partnership in order to review the standing and contribution of UK human geography against international standards. This is the sixth in the series of ESRC sponsored disciplinary reviews. A Steering Group, chaired by Dr Rita Gardner, CBE, RGS-IBG, comprising prominent UK academics, users of human geography research and funders was formed to initiate and oversee the review. The Group, in consultation with the UK human geography community, appointed an International Panel of leading international experts, chaired by Professor David Ley, The University of British Columbia. The Panel made an independent assessment of the UK’s performance in human geography research and identified a number of recommendations. The Steering Group Members are listed in Appendix 2 and the International Panel Members in Appendix 1. We, the review partners, endorse the Panel’s view that UK human geography ranks first in the world. Underpinning this are the findings that it is an empirically and conceptually innovative, diverse, vibrant discipline and in many areas sets the intellectual agenda. Furthermore, its interdisciplinary nature allows for the exchange of innovations beyond the discipline’s boundaries. The many accounts of research impact on policy and practice detailed in Appendix 3 and the confidence of the UK human geography community in embracing this agenda are also very welcome highlights of the report. The report’s recommendations will be considered by the review partners and actions planned in response. These actions will be publicised later in the year. We hope that the review’s findings will also be considered more widely by all those with an interest in the development of UK human geography. We would like to thank David Ley and the Panel members for their commitment to, and hard work in, producing this important review and all who participated in the discussions and consultations involved.
Professor Paul Boyle, Economic and Social Research Council
Dr Rita Gardner CBE, Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)
February 2013
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Executive Summary focused investment in GIS laboratories and renewed In our judgement, documentary and oral evidence commitment to hiring in this sub-discipline. support the conclusion that UK human geography 3) Mitigating precarious early careers. The Panel is is empirically and conceptually innovative, diverse, very concerned by the precarious conditions of early vibrant, and is resourcefully navigating the institutional career scholars, which threaten the reproduction of environment of UK higher education. In many sub- the talent pool that will provide the next generation disciplines it is world leading, setting the intellectual of disciplinary leaders. We recommend a series of agenda and providing articulate spokespersons mentoring and modest funding initiatives to build a and persuasive authors to present new knowledge more supportive infrastructure to create a more stable and fresh conceptual insights. The field is radically and attractive career pathway for early career scholars. interdisciplinary in its projects, partnerships, and 4) Minority representation. Like other social sciences, publications; the geographical imagination seems human geography has an under-representative faculty by inherently to cross boundaries. It absorbs new insights class, ethnicity and gender. The Panel makes suggestions and is in a state of constant re-invention. The quality for moving toward a more balanced staff structure. of its undergraduate students is superior to other social 5) Disseminating success. In a competitive science disciplines according to secondary education environment for students and funding we suggest a results, and this quality moves successively up the more pro-active approach to disseminating disciplinary student and faculty hierarchy. We note from bibliometric successes to the media and on to government and civil data that UK human geography surpasses in volume society networks. and citation impact the output from other countries and also exceeds comparator disciplines in the UK on most bibliometric indicators. Cumulatively, this evidence supports the conclusion that human geography as a whole in the UK ranks first in the world. There are many areas of strength in the nine sub-disciplines of human geography that the Panel reviewed in some detail. In the past decade cultural and social geography, political geography, and society and environment studies have been in the ascendancy in terms of intellectual innovation, but other fields have maintained their long-standing quality including historical geography, urban geography and others. In all fields there are contributions that set a global standard. Inevitably our survey revealed some points for improvement. We offer five recommendations. 1) Internationalisation. We noted some blind spots in international research coverage. There is a tendency when working within the advantages of an English- language environment to assume that others will make the effort of conceptual and linguistic translation. In a fast changing landscape of emerging economies and new global geopolitics, the Panel recommends faculty appointments with regional expertise in the Global South be added across the sub-disciplines of human geography. 2) Quantitative methods and Geographical Information Science (GIS). The Panel makes several suggestions for enhanced training in mixed methods including quantitative techniques. More surprising to us has been underinvestment in Geographical Information Science (GIS), a suite of spatial skills developed largely by geographers. The Panel recommends more 5 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography
1. Introduction geography in the UK (15 submissions were received) 1.1 The Project • A statistical profile of UK Human Geography: 1.1.1 Terms of reference and commissioners. Briefing Document: Statistical Overview and The review is charged ‘to benchmark the current Commentary by Paul Wakeling (2012) position of UK human geography research against • Bibliometric Data for the ESRC International the best done world-wide, highlighting strengths and Benchmarking Review of Human Geography by weaknesses as appropriate’. The emphasis of the Thomson Reuters (2012) report is to be on the past decade of research. The • A Short Introduction to UK Research Funding review is to include an assessment of research quality, Policy by David Mills (2012) research capacity and research impact. The human • Survey of Users of Human Geography Research by geography review is the sixth in a series commissioned Steve Johnson, David Gibbs and Ian Mills (2012). by the Economic and Social Research Council In addition, the RGS-IBG provided informative (henceforth, ESRC) in the UK. briefing notes as context for recent developments in The review is managed by the ESRC in partnership the discipline. Overall a rich source of evidence was with the AHRC and the RGS-IBG. It is overseen by a provided to the Panel, and these documentary and Steering Group including UK academics, non-academic interview materials are the basis of the assessment stakeholders and representatives of ESRC, AHRC and that follows. Inevitably our report is assembled RGS-IBG. from the evidence we received. At issue could be 1.1.2 The evidence base. The International Panel the representativeness of views expressed by the (Appendix 1) met in the RGS-IBG building in central stakeholders we spoke to, and the reports that London from 28 May-1 June 2012. Staff at the RGS- were submitted to us. Moreover, in the absence of IBG and ESRC were most welcoming and assisted international comparative benchmarking criteria – other the Panel in a professional and effective manner while than citation scores – the Panel has also used its own respecting the Panel’s independence. The week began judgement from experience in five different countries with an orientation from the ESRC and the Director and from frequent UK contact (where three of us of the RGS-IBG. The Panel then met close to 150 received at least one degree). stakeholders in UK human geography in morning and afternoon sessions. The largest single group of meetings 1.2 The National Academic Context was with members of nine research sub-disciplines, each Any review of an academic discipline, nationally session comprising 8-15 academic geographers. Other defined, should begin by sketching out the local context sessions included meetings with PhD students, early and in which scholarship is embedded. The institutional mid-career scholars, heads of departments, university environment was referenced on numerous occasions administrators, and public and private sector users of during interviews as shaping the organisation and even geographical research and Geographical Information the outputs of research. So we begin by briefly noting Science (GIS), most of whom were also employers of that context, which over the past generation has become geographers. All of these face-to-face sessions were constitutive of the academic landscape, and thus of immensely informative and are reflected in our analysis. scholarship itself. Of course we cannot judge the representativeness 1.2.1 An audit culture. The audits of university of some of the smaller groups in particular, nor the departments in the UK by periodic Research completeness of the information they shared with the Assessment Exercises (the RAE, and from 2014 the Panel. Research Excellence Framework, or REF) followed The ESRC also arranged for a number of valuable an initial ‘selectivity exercise’ in 1981. By the 1990s, submissions and consultants’ reports, most of which with significant prestige and financial awards at were available to the Panel before the London meetings: stake, competition in the research environment • Overviews of research trends and outputs since intensified both between and within departments, 2000 completed by representatives of the nine and administrative and research horizons were human geography sub-disciplines focused around generating outputs for the periodic • Two-page assessments by heads of UK geography performance assessments. There was some concern departments of strengths, weaknesses, overall health, at the time that ‘longer-term intellectual projects are and future opportunities and challenges to human threatened’.1
1 N. Thrift and D. Walling (2001) Geography in the UK 1996-2000, The Geographical Journal 166 (2): 1-29, p. 2.
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Nonetheless, accountability aided an improvement 2. Research Quality in overall research standards and has supporters 2.1 Positioning Human Geography in the UK especially among departments who have benefitted Geography as a discipline has deep classical roots, substantially with high performance scores. A university with early prominence among Greek and Roman administrator told us that the geography department scholars; Strabo’s Geographica, written 2000 years ago, at his university had exceeded its performance targets ran to 17 volumes. Geography has always been an and was one of a few campus units to be rewarded, interdisciplinary project, concerned until the past half with its resource base to grow by one-third. Of course century primarily with the relations between peoples and in such a system other departments are losers. Another their natural environment. New scientific discovery was administrator told us that on his campus geography is closely bound up with exploration, and its correlates, challenged, because it cannot attract ‘research stars’. In a trade and colonialism. Exploration, map-making, new cost-benefit analysis, only large undergraduate numbers geographies, and military and economic expansion were presented a compelling reason for its continuity. often an integrated project. Competition then has led to concentration of resources The well-established prominence of geography in and capacities, and to broader inequalities within the UK education is not unrelated to the nation’s history system overall. On several occasions we heard of the of trade, exploration and imperialism; certainly the three cornerstones of the emerging research culture: cartography of empire – ‘the red patches on the world competition, concentration and collaboration (in map’ – was a source of broad public knowledge. research clusters and team projects). Geography’s strength as a school subject (unlike its 1.2.2 Marketisation. The onset of the full fee- lesser development in the United States) has contributed paying undergraduate teaching model for 2012-13 to the vigour of the discipline in UK universities, identifies further marketisation of higher education, and their shared leadership with the United States with the abolition of the block teaching grant in in producing Anglophone geographical knowledge.3 the face of national fiscal cutbacks. This new policy Undergraduate students in the UK are well-satisfied shift has accentuated system uncertainties. University with their programmes, retention rates are high, and administrators had different expectations of the impacts several surveys are in agreement that geography of the new fee structure, and were engaged in planning graduates perform well and above comparator exercises despite their variable readings of an unknown disciplines in the labour market.4 Moreover, the student future.2 There was concern that postgraduate fees pool is of high quality, with data examined by Paul would be adversely impacted and that rising fees might Wakeling describing applicants to human geography impede the recruitment of UK students in favour of programmes as ‘Having higher (achievement) scores wealthier overseas students. Might the profile of some on average than those applying to all comparator London institutions, with over half the student intake disciplines’.5 The quality and interdisciplinary character from overseas, become a broader aspiration? There was of geography students has aided their subsequent evidence too that student demand would be a driver of movement into kindred disciplines and also sustained the success of disciplines and, within them, of sub- the long-standing export of geographers to overseas disciplines. universities. From this intellectual stock has developed the global prominence of UK human geography over the past half century. Until the 1950s, society-environment relations in a regional context remained the dominant intellectual paradigm, but during that decade the ‘modernisation’ of human geography was announced by the quantitative revolution and its call to an analytic spatial science, with
2 Initial data suggest that human geography will lose 40 per cent fewer applicants than the average across the social sciences and humanities for 2012-13: R. Gardner and C. Souch (2012) Supplementary Briefing Notes from the RGS-IBG for the ESRC Human Geography International Benchmarking Review Panel, p. 6. 3 The UK and the US produced approximately equal numbers of geographical papers from 2000-10 whereas in comparator social sciences, US production exceeded that in the UK by a ratio of 2 or 3 to 1. Thomson Reuters (2012) Bibliometric Data for the ESRC International Benchmarking Review of Human Geography, p. 13. 4 R. Gardner and C. Souch(2012), pp. 6, 10. 5 P. Wakeling (2012) International Benchmarking Review of Human Geography: Briefing Document: Statistical Overview and Commentary, p. 25.
7 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography the later development of computer cartography and shaped a distinctive UK narrative in human geography. GIS. While this was an Anglo-American initiative (with One approach to documenting these is to compare significant outliers, for example in Sweden), seminal recent patterns of hiring between UK and American integrative statements came from UK authors. In short universities. order there followed an innovative Marxist agenda Recent job advertisements in human geography, stressing capitalist relations in the 1970s and 1980s and UK and US, by sub-discipline a humanistic critique concerned with an emphasis on Sub-discipline UK per cent US per cent human agency and the meanings of place in the same Cultural/Social 25 2 period. The critical intuition of Marxism has influenced of which: Cultural 15 a number of perspectives today (for example political Development 11 3 economy, post-colonialism, critical geopolitics) while Economic 10 3 humanistic orientations to culture and the meanings Environment/Sustainability 11 25 of place reappeared in the cultural turn of the 1990s. GIS/Quantitative 2 23 More recently, several new theoretical perspectives have Health 5 2 questioned the humanism of the cultural turn. Historical 2 2 Human geography has become a much more complex Human 19 discipline at the convergence of the social sciences, the Political 13 1 natural sciences and the humanities. Interdisciplinarity Population 2 and openness to innovation are core characteristics, as Regional/Area Studies 1 7 historical geographers work with those in museum and Urban 13 8 media studies, political geographers engage international Others 4 5 relations, and GIS faculty work with specialists in There are several caveats to note in making this computing and IT studies. comparison. Positions were defined by a simple count This status is conducive to creative experimentation, of keywords; so for example an advertisement that but also some occasional faddishness. It produces identified an ‘urban economic’ speciality would lead to a versatility and debate in interdisciplinary research but separate count of ‘urban’ and ‘economic’. UK data were also some ambiguity in terms of core identity. There are collected directly from departments by the RGS-IBG 62 named geography units in UK universities, located in in 2012 and cover appointments in human geography no fewer than 43 uniquely named schools or faculties. during the past three years, while US entries were Only half the units are in unmerged, stand-alone drawn from human geography advertisements posted departments or schools of geography.6 Geographers in the Jobs in Geography section of the Association themselves are equally nomadic; though data are soft, of American Geographers (AAG) Newsletter between one indicator suggests that more university geographers Spring 2008 and Spring 2012. The US data include job work outside geography departments than within listings by a larger number of small institutions that them, indicating the recognition of their skills in other may not have a strong research orientation, and where disciplines.7 This ingrained capacity for interdisciplinarity more generic teaching assignments (such as regional or and lateral vision may also explain why geographers are ‘human geography’ designations) are more likely. The found in senior university administration. AAG listings also include postings by some departments outside geography open to hiring a geographer.8 2.2 The Distinctiveness of UK Human Geography So this is an inexact comparison over a short time Since 1990 period, but nonetheless some general contrasts are In the increasingly networked world of the early 21st striking. First, the GIS/quantitative fields and to a Century, we might expect to find growing connection lesser extent environment/sustainability listings are far and convergence among national centres of academic more prominent in the US. Second, the primary status research. Yet national distinctions in academic cultures of the cultural/social category is evident in the UK, still remain. A specific institutional status, historical though there is a fair secondary balance across many trajectories, and idiosyncratic events have together sub-disciplines. However, the cultural/social cluster is
6 R. Gardner and C. Souch (2012), Figures A1, A2. 7 P. Wakeling (2012), p. 18. 8 The clearest example of postings from outside geography departments in Jobs in Geography was many listings for an ‘Urban Planner’ from university Planning Schools. These were omitted from the record (though they do illustrate the potential ‘export’ of geographers to other disciplines).
8 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography much reduced in the US to around the same number 2.3.1 Cultural and social geography includes of appointments as other systematic branches of the world leaders and is at the forefront of theoretical and discipline, and well behind the leading category of urban methodological developments in recent UK human geography. geography. Its practitioners are prominent in premier Contrasts as striking as these raise questions on geography publications. The journals, Cultural Geographies both sides of the Atlantic. The lack of specificity of and Social and Cultural Geography, have a strong UK American advertisements contrasts with the defined presence. The sub-discipline has a visible impact on systematic fields in the UK case. Has American human shaping intellectual thought and debates in cross- geography placed too much emphasis on the GIS/ disciplinary fields (eg, social theory; cultural economy; quantitative sub-discipline and too little on systematic material culture and landscape history; transnationality fields, while the UK discipline has under-valued the and mobilities; religion; feminism; sexuality and queer opportunities of GIS? Has human geography in the theory; childhood and youth; media and visual culture; UK placed too many eggs in the cultural/social basket and health). It has introduced new perspectives to other while overlooking other specialities such as historical sub-disciplines, notably economic, historical and political geography or area studies? geography. In addition to substantive contributions – for It is significant to note the continuing traction of UK example, its long-standing interests in social justice and cultural and social geography as illustrated by recent inequality – the field is known for its engagement with appointments. A review of UK geography in the 1992- social theory (including non-representational theory, 96 period noted how ‘above all else, the period… will actor-network theory and theories of relationality and be remembered as the years in which the theoretical hybridity) and methodological innovation, including high ground in UK human geography experienced visual and participatory methodologies. Social and a rapid and significant ‘cultural turn’, leaving other cultural geographers are also actively involved in policy- sub-disciplines ‘profoundly impacted’, not least by ‘the related research; with its emphasis on engaging public shift of large numbers of postgraduate students into agencies and championing socially relevant work, a the field’ and ‘the development of cultural perspectives focus on ‘impact’ accords well with this sub-disciplinary in almost every branch of human geography’.9 By the tradition. next quinquennial review, ‘Few would deny the current While cultural and social geography occupies high visibility of social and cultural geography in British a ‘mainstream’ place in UK human geography, it human geography’.10 A decade later the field continues remains at heart diverse, complex, transgressive, and to garner a high share of new appointments. Two points transdisciplinary. Engagement with transdisciplinary will have to suffice here. First, this trend is distinctive thinking, and the interweaving of empirical and to UK human geography. While there has been some theoretical work in theory building should continue transfer of this research focus overseas, the principal to deepen. Bridging the ‘social’ and ‘cultural’ sides in concentration remains in the UK. Second, the primary creative ways will reap dividends, as will developing status of cultural and social geography over a 20 year strategic interfaces with other sub-disciplines (for period raises the expectation of a significant continuing example, the new RGS-IBG ‘social justice’ study return on investment. group plans to build synergies with critical geopolitics). While large-scale research in interdisciplinary teams 2.3 Thematic Areas in UK Human Geography should be encouraged, a diverse funding landscape that The following remarks on sub-disciplines within human supports smaller grants is also crucial to encourage geography emerge in particular from interactions with bottom-up innovation, ownership, and risk-taking. the respective research groups as well as from our own Methods training for postgraduate students and observations. Inevitably the selection of these nine early career faculty need to cater to mixed methods, sub-disciplines leaves other fields under-represented especially in an era when large social data sets are in the report. As we have noted several times, human becoming increasingly available. Micro-studies with geography is inherently interdisciplinary, and emphasis small samples should be complemented by more on these units of knowledge should not obscure the consideration of larger social problems requiring mixed proclivity of the field to cross borders and participate in methodologies (for example, the 2011 riots, or austerity interdisciplinary teams to secure adequate explanations. and social polarisation). Innovative ways of supporting 9 K. Richards and N. Wrigley (1996) Geography in the United Kingdom 1992-1996, The Geographical Journal 162 (1): 41-62, from pp. 53, 54. 10 N. Thrift and D. Walling (2001), p. 11.
9 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography international collaboration and fieldwork beyond the its largest country, Brazil), and limited in East Asia Anglo-American world (eg, partnership grants, building (including China) and South East Asia. The field has not doctoral networks) will expand international reach, and engaged adequately with emerging research networks reshape the field’s contours as it encounters less familiar in these latter regions. Its future potential hinges on terrain. whether there will be institutional support to ensure that 2.3.2 Development geography in the UK is development geography is well positioned to reorient its world leading in its research agendas and quality of own energies in a fast-changing world. scholarship, exemplified by its leadership roles in 2.3.3 Economic geography has achieved significant international interdisciplinary networks and empirically and frequently pioneering academic and policy impacts grounded as well as theoretically informed research. during the past decade. Core concerns with uneven Development geographers are among the most cited distributions and flows of economic activities, materials, authors in the top-ranking interdisciplinary journal, capital, and labour engage pressing contemporary World Development. At its best, development geography issues, including economic globalisation, the shift to serves as a beacon for the rest of the discipline through creative and knowledge economies, how firms, workers, its engagement with collaborative modes of knowledge consumers and finance are organised and governed production, often with non-academic partners, and its in globalising value chains, forms of urban, rural and concerns with poverty alleviation. Outstanding work regional growth that are sustainable, the heightened is currently being conducted on the rapidly changing role of financial networks, transport and logistics contours of a globalising world in research areas such underpinning international trade, and the formation of as climate change, human mobility, urbanisation and new markets. These topics mark the growing influence poverty, aided by the ability of some of its members to of economic geography in the social sciences, evidenced bridge human and physical geography. by expanding citation in neighbouring disciplines and The field is currently buoyant with a strong supply the productive liaison with economists in the new Journal of postgraduates taking up academic careers. The of Economic Geography. new impact criterion is not considered a problem as Since the 1970s UK and US economic geographers research already engages policy making, development have vied to lead theoretical advances, with the US practice and debate, and is enhanced by collaboration, relinquishing global intellectual leadership to the UK for example with the United Nations (UN), government in the 2000s. Seminal here have been ESRC strategic bodies, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) priorities and funding, collaboration with European as well as with poor and excluded communities. researchers, institution-building initiatives (like the Development geographers are also aided by access to Summer Institute in Economic Geography, and the a wide range of funding sources, so that postgraduates International Geographical Union Commission on The are less dependent on the ESRC. Given the centrality Dynamics of Economic Spaces), active trans-Atlantic of overseas fieldwork, however, there are deep-seated collaboration, and ESRC funded seminar series. concerns, across all career stages, about changes However, practitioners identified impediments that in research infrastructure. The decentralisation of together have slowed the progress of an otherwise funding to Doctoral Training Centres (DTCs), while productive decade. They include recent retirements by commendable in some respects, leads to unpredictable key scholars, fewer economic geography courses overall responses to the high costs of overseas fieldwork; in undergraduate programmes, a marked reduction regretfully in the Panel’s view the basic ring-fenced in analytical and quantitative training, and lessened funding allocation of £450 for every student is theoretical and methodological capacity with the current insufficient.11 pluralism that characterises economic geography. Some Other issues facing development geography include believe the rise of cultural geography may also help its modest profile within UK human geography; its explain reduced interest in the sub-discipline.12 At the scholarship needs to be placed more centrally in the same time the infusion of social and cultural insights discipline. Global coverage is uneven, emphasising has opened up new questions in economic research, for India, Africa and parts of Latin America (but not example in corporate behaviour. Economic geographers 11 In an August 2012 funding guide to DTCs, ESRC raised the possibility of additional discretionary funding. ‘The actual allocation of funds towards fieldwork is at the DTC’s discretion, based on the funding available within the DTC, and ESRC will not normally supplement the grant for additional fieldwork costs.’ But this outcome is at present probably too imprecise and contingent to be an incentive for overseas doctoral research. hwww.esrc.ac.uk/_images/PFG_DTC_Version_August_2012_tcm8-14766.pdf, at p. 27. 12 The ‘cultural turn’ in sociology was also seen as a cause for the reduced prominence of economic sociology, an interesting convergence of judgements with those in economic geography. See ESRC (2010) International Benchmarking Review of UK Sociology, p. 15.
10 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography are beginning to be hired into management schools this sub-field. Third, there seems less engagement (where restrictions are often placed on publishing in with environmental history in comparison to North geography journals). A noticeable consolidation of America, while limited foreign language training has led research clusters has appeared in a dozen universities, to the relative neglect of non-Anglophone historical offering local multipliers but at the same time overall geographies and philosophical traditions. Fourth, some shrinkage of economic geography across the higher decline in appointments and in the teaching of courses education network. A shrinking base makes it harder in the history and philosophy of geography (often to pursue new opportunities: to extend cross-border previously required courses) were also noted, with a initiatives with economics and with development related concern about capacity to continue to attract the geography around UK issues; to join other human best PhD students. Nonetheless overall, this sub-field geographers in new fields (such as geographies of waste, has continued to excel in research outputs through a social enterprise, agri-food and rural development, or difficult period of institutional reconfiguration and has higher education); and to expand a presence in public earned sustained support. debate. 2.3.5 Political geography has been growing in size 2.3.4 Historical geography and the history and and vibrancy in recent years. Its renewed reputation as philosophy of geography continue to be leading a world leading sub-discipline reflects the emergence sub-disciplines in UK human geography. They produce of a strong cohort of early-career scholars who have world leading and agenda-setting research respected introduced new research topics alongside some of the by global audiences within and outside the discipline, field’s traditional concerns. The Panel notes in particular particularly in history, heritage studies, the history the community-building role of the political geography of science, and science studies. Outstanding work research group. Areas of strength include critical continues, especially in the areas of geography and geopolitics and critical security studies, citizenship and empire, geography, science and technology, global governmentality, feminist political geography, electoral historical geographies, maps and mapping, print and geography, the geopolitics of energy and resource visual culture, historical GIS, and historical geographies geographies, and participatory political geography. of the environment. UK contributors are heavily Emerging themes include the political geography of represented in the important Journal of Historical global health, peace/alternative geopolitical studies, Geography and the triennial International Conference geopolitics of climate change, urban geopolitics and of Historical Geographers, a major global networking post-colonialism. New research directions appear on opportunity. the horizon, including the political geographies of A noteworthy indicator of the success of historical financialisation and austerity, new regionalisms and geography is its attraction of top-flight PhD students, nationalisms, and a cluster of topics emerging from the who find its combination of probing empirical work ‘nonhuman’ turn in social and political thought. and theoretical innovation compelling. Exemplary here Significant overlap with cultural and social geography is the sustained success of early career scholars who in some of this research has led to new sites for the have won prestigious Philip Leverhulme Prizes (10 in study of politics (for example, the body, affect) and the past decade). Equally significant are the effective some methodological innovation. Recent work in linkages with public history, efforts that augur well in the political geography of energy and resources also regard to the ‘impact’ agenda. Substantial collaborations overlaps strongly with society-environment research, with heritage organisations, museums, mass media, and while robust connections with economic and urban public policy agencies exemplify success in transmitting geography are evident in work on new regionalisms and the broader societal impact of research. global cities. The field maintains effective connections Four concerns were presented to the Panel. First, with North American political geography, many of the funnelling of funding exacerbates the current whose leading figures were UK trained. Additional concentrated nature of research within a smaller important interdisciplinary linkages exist with number of departments, leaving some scholars international relations. potentially isolated and with limited opportunities for Nonetheless, political geography faces several PhD training. Second, given the nature of historical unique challenges. The generational distribution means research, which tends to be produced through the that there are few senior scholars available to sit on ‘lone scholar’ and by archival immersion, we were told appointment and promotion committees. Political that the reduction of previous small grant schemes geography thus risks being under-represented in could have a disproportionately punitive effect on decision-making bodies. The discipline-wide challenges 11 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography facing early career scholars are of particular urgency. population centres with participation by geographers: the International field research is limited and regional or ESRC Centre for Population Change (Southampton and area studies scholarship in particular struggles to find St Andrews), and the interdisciplinary ESRC Centre on publication venues. While methodological innovations Migration, Policy and Society (Oxford). Also noteworthy – ethnography, visual methods, participatory research is the applied impact of some of this research (eg, – have been critical to the resurgence of the field, Diamond’s method for addressing census under- practitioners now frequently look to collaborators in reporting). other fields for quantitative expertise. Finally, political 2.3.7 Quantitative geography, GIS and geography is less well-represented in major funding cartography are important components of UK human initiatives than other sub-fields, an issue that could geography, producing world-class scholarship with high hinder further development. international impact. Important core methodological 2.3.6 Population geography and demography contributions have been made to studies of land use, in the UK is of high quality. Established on the three transportation modelling, complex systems modelling, legs of changing patterns of fertility, mortality, and micro-simulation, agent-based modelling and spatial migration, the sub-discipline also offers a demographic statistics. In addition, geographers in this sub-discipline perspective to cognate fields such as health geography are at the vanguard of three broader changes within and development studies. Research demonstrates the the social sciences. First, they have made significant role of space and place in demographic processes in contributions to what has been called ‘neogeography’ order to address such big interdisciplinary questions – developments in Web 2.0 mapping technologies as the impacts of climate change on global migration. that allow non-specialists to assemble and interact Overall, there is strong coherence within this sub- with online geographic information. Second, they discipline despite the fact that many scholars come from have been at the forefront of utilising large, open, different academic backgrounds and/or work outside spatially referenced government data sets in a range geography departments. The prominence of population of applications. Third, they have been heavily involved geography is advanced by the UK base of the important in developing innovative methods of visualisation, international journal, Population, Space and Place. modelling and simulation. Evidence of the international Further, participation by UK scholars is notable in EU impact of this sub-discipline includes the publication framework programmes. of several highly cited books, significant collaboration Important contributions within UK population in US and European initiatives, the fact that specialist geography include: ethnicity and segregation; fertility; journals are UK-edited, and that scholars publish in top health and illness; historical demography; migration journals, including Science and Nature which rank amongst (modelling and diaspora studies); population and those with the highest impact factors. development/environment; and population mapping However, the sub-discipline faces significant challenges. (especially the media-savvy Social and Spatial Inequalities Most importantly, there is a relatively small cohort of web site, www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk). The most important young geographers taking up these research interests emerging areas in this sub-discipline are methodological given the reduction of training in quantitative methods contributions to longitudinal studies; data linkage; in most undergraduate and postgraduate geography small-area population geography; and population ageing. programmes, and diminished departmental priorities in Important areas receiving limited attention include this research area, most surprising in light of the growth wider aspects of an ageing population (for example, of this field, particularly GIS, in the US. If the current implications for quality of life and how ageing will trend continues, UK geographers may soon lack the be affected by current health trends like the obesity skills necessary to analyse and interpret the large data epidemic). A major challenge will be the availability sets mentioned above, although several of the methods of accurate information on population change if the have been developed in UK. We were informed (though traditional census is abandoned, requiring innovative this could not be checked), that less than 10 per cent of database matching methods. Further, most work academics in human geography are skilled in quantitative currently being undertaken is UK-focused, with limited methods and are teaching or involved in research in the access or contributions to international research, which field. Given the trajectory of future research directions is a weakness that should be corrected for a ranking of in geography internationally that include an emphasis world-class status. on GIS and geospatial skills, renewed investment in the The research intensity of this sub-discipline is training of UK geographers in quantitative geography, evidenced by the establishment of two ESRC-funded GIS and cartography should be a high priority. 12 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography
2.3.8 Society and environment research is a flood governance; climate change and the management rapidly expanding, heterodox field that cross-cuts of extreme events; urban environmental planning; and many of human geography’s sub-disciplines. It is water resources and management. Scholars also fill also interdisciplinary, with research stretching across advisory roles on bodies such as the Royal Commission the social sciences, humanities and physical sciences, on Environmental Pollution, the Food Standards and with collaborations that sometimes include such Agency, the UK Cabinet Office, the UK Government disparate partners as science and technology studies, Office of Science Foresight, and the Department for anthropology, and geomorphology. Unlike other Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)/ sub-disciplines it has no home journal or recognised Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) study group, and the nature and extent of the field Social Science Expert Panel. remains a matter of debate even among those 2.3.9 Urban geography has played a major role in working in it. Nonetheless, any inventory of research UK human geography. The city was a central conceptual is bound to impress. Areas of particular strength category in the development of quantitative spatial include the political economy of natural resources and analysis in the 1960s/1970s, where urban form and land environmental change; urban political ecology and use were often the focus of explanation. Similarly the sustainable urbanisation; environmental risk assessment, rise of a Marxist geography in the 1970s/1980s was forecasting and disaster management; environment frequently mooted around urban questions. It is notable and development; sustainable consumption; climate that UK-trained geographers like Brian Berry and David adaptation; participatory environmental decision- Harvey were international pioneers in this work, though making; and histories of environmental thought. This subsequently based in the US. world leading field also includes distinctive recent work, More recently, there is a sense that although including the role of the nonhuman world (‘more-than- still prominent and popular, urban geography is human’ geography) and research on corporeality and no longer foremost in the discipline. Nonetheless embodiment as it relates to nonhuman nature. sustained innovative work in UK urban geography The rapid expansion of society-environment research continues, notably in such fields as the global/world partially reflects its abandonment in previous decades, city problematic (with both advocates and critics of when the trajectories of human and physical geography this concept), in the study of class relations in cities diverged. Its revitalisation is thus one of geography’s (especially gentrification) and ethnic/racial settlement, recent success stories. While current work is notable for in studying new forms of urban enterprise such as the its theoretical, philosophical and empirical contributions, creative economy, in critical approaches to neo-liberal it has offered less methodological innovation, which it urbanism with its impaired rights to the city among tends to borrow from elsewhere. It is also less engaged marginalised groups, and in new patterns of security and in areas traditionally strong in North America, such as surveillance regimes. In such areas UK urban geography land use/land change analysis, earth systems science and continues to rank at the highest level internationally. the application of GIS to society-environment research. Publications include highly cited contributions both Collaboration between the social and environmental to vanguard disciplinary journals and also to specialised sciences remains limited, due in part to institutional periodicals, including Urban Studies, Urban Geography and constraints. For the purposes of ESRC research grants, the International Journal for Urban and Regional Research. for instance, we were told by researchers that joint Urban geographers have often emerged as leaders in human-physical geography research is not deemed interdisciplinary research and are well represented as ‘interdisciplinary’, while studentships that previously students and faculty in Planning Schools and Urban encouraged such interdisciplinary work have been Centres. It was suggested that a new research initiative discontinued – though a new scheme offers some should be launched by ESRC to document and explain opportunities.13 Expertise in quantitative skills and the growing inequalities within and between UK cities GIS is also limited, although frequently present in and to outline policy options. Urban geography could interdisciplinary teams. contribute effectively to such an impact-oriented The problem-driven nature of the sub-discipline leads mandate as its practitioners did to earlier large research to substantial work of impact value. This is especially programmes such as the localities project. Urban true in natural hazards planning; flood forecasting and geographers identified some barriers to sustaining
13 More promising is a new initiative between ESRC and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) to fund 10 new interdisciplinary studentships across the DTC network for 2012-13. This is a small beginning to be sure, but an opportunity that might expand with high quality research outputs. 13 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography research excellence. First, the erosion of quantitative Research is characterised by intellectual diversity, skills limits capacity to work with new large data sets, openness to new ideas, significant theoretical and and, second, a growing shortfall in the provision of methodological innovation, and substantial empirical individual grants to scholars introduces a particular achievements. The diaspora of UK geographers still penalty for early career scholars. has significant influence globally, especially in North America and other English-speaking countries. Many 2.4 Emerging Research Areas key recent developments in the discipline have a UK The RAE overview report highlighted recent research provenance, including but not restricted to: research on at the borders between geography, social theory and imperialism and post-colonialism in geography; place philosophy, pointing to work focusing on natures- and science studies; electoral geography and critical cultures, and on understanding the relationships geopolitics; new materialisms, including ‘hybrid’ or between materialities, emotions and practices. Our ‘more-than-human’ geographies; new ethnic formations meetings with several sub-disciplinary panels (historical in cities; mobilities and migration research; feminist and geography, environment and society, social and cultural queer geographies; rural geographies; innovation in GIS; geography) reinforced this assessment. Indeed, many and new approaches to research methods, including among the environment and society sub-disciplinary innovations in visual and ethnographic methods. UK group felt strongly enough about the new work in geography is also notable for its contributions to the natures-cultures as to question the ontological basis ‘spatial turn’ in the social sciences and the humanities of the category ‘environment and society’ itself. UK more generally, as well as for lively and generative human geography is also poised to be at the vanguard engagements with philosophy and continental of productive linkages between geography and art, philosophy in particular. These engagements have begun particularly around rethinking creative practices as to resonate well beyond the boundaries of the discipline. shared forms of knowledge production. This emerging Not all areas of the discipline are equally strong. research area was highlighted in the historical/history Despite some brilliant innovators, Geographical and philosophy of geography sub-disciplinary overview, Information Science as a whole in the UK is under- as well as being reflected in recent AHRC grants. represented compared with the United States and Additional emerging areas discussed in department Canada, while quantitative methods are less widely heads’ reports included: political economy and social employed and taught in the UK today than in previous justice; energy and security; and the interrogation eras. Both trends may reflect the impact of the ‘cultural of technologies, economies and politics of global turn’ in UK geography. The rebalancing of the field surveillance and militarism. may also have led to a decline in the relative importance It was not possible under the constraints of this of economic geography and demography, although report to examine in detail nascent fields, of which the former in particular has benefitted from new health geography is perhaps foremost. This research perspectives arising from other parts of the discipline. area was mentioned by several sub-disciplinary groups But sub-fields are often thinly spread spatially, with (notably population and cultural/social) as vibrant, and a few scholars working in particular areas at any one case where interdisciplinarity has added real strength to institution. A culture of active sub-disciplinary research the old medical/epidemiological research model. Aided groups, organised on a national scale through the by relatively satisfactory funding options, geography has RGS-IBG, partially counteracts this tendency. The become a significant player in health research. Health reinvigorated Political Geography Research Group geographers have earned a very strong international is a leading example of the role these groups play in reputation highlighted by, for example, their leadership facilitating national conversations and supporting new in the journal Health and Place. Moreover, they exemplify and emerging research themes. the impact achievements of UK human geography The global prominence of UK human geography through their strong research links to policy makers and may also be assessed by additional indicators. Many of end users. the discipline’s leading journals are sustained from the UK. Nine of the top twenty human geography journals 2.5 Evidence of Global Leadership by Web of Science impact rankings are UK-based, Human geography in the UK has always played a with four UK-originating journals listed in the top five formative role in the international development of the (Global Environmental Change, Progress in Human Geography, discipline, producing seminal books and articles that Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, and are widely read and promote new research agendas. Journal of Economic Geography). Likewise, UK geographers 14 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography play a significant role as editors and/or editorial board significantly better than planning and development, members on most of the discipline’s top journals politics, and sociology. (though an exception is the Annals of the Association Finally, among a tentative assessment of book of American Geographers). publications by Thomson Reuters, UK human The international leadership of UK human geography geography far exceeded all comparator disciplines in is also evident in bibliometric data. While citation global share in the most recent five-year period. While analysis is an imprecise tool, it does offer one of the few journal articles remain the most important venue for comparative benchmarking indicators, and its general the publication of research, book publication remains trends agree with our qualitative assessment. During healthy. An impressive number of globally significant the 2000-10 period UK-based scholars contributed a volumes were published during the period analysed higher global percentage of articles in human geography across the sub-disciplinary groups. Accordingly, the journals than was true of equivalent outcomes among Panel affirms the recent decision to give books double all UK comparator disciplines: sociology, politics, urban weighting in the REF process. studies, development studies, social anthropology and The bibliometric measures are unambiguous in environmental studies.14 Indeed, with one exception, UK identifying the primacy of UK human geography. In human geography contributed a higher total number output levels, production matches even the United of papers than the other disciplines, and its share of States and in citation impact exceeds it. In comparison the world total over the decade was equal to that of the with other social sciences, human geography’s grasp of United States (28.6 per cent). UK output far exceeded the global market is equally impressive. Together with the levels in the remaining countries selected for the other markers of excellence noted earlier, there is comparison: Australia, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, unambiguous evidence for the global pre-eminence of New Zealand and Sweden. However, the global share UK human geography. accounted for by these countries rose during the decade at the cost of the UK and US proportions. 2.6 Areas for Improvement While the quantity of papers published in leading 2.6.1 Relative weakness in quantitative methods journals provides a rough sense of the vitality of UK and GIS. Quantitative geography, GIS and cartography geography, it must be kept in mind that geography produce world-class scholarship with high international is a somewhat larger discipline in the UK than in impact. Innovations have been initiated, including many other countries; in the United States, reflecting new mapping technologies, utilisation of large geo- underdevelopment in the schools, some leading referenced data sets, and visualisation, modelling and universities do not have geography departments, and simulation. To maintain the leadership position, more the size of the country’s leading departments is often young geographers should be attracted to the field by smaller than those in the UK. A somewhat better targeted training programmes, research opportunities measure of intellectual leadership is citation impact.15 and teaching positions. In contrast we heard repeatedly The citation rate of UK geography articles in the 2000- of reduced training and expertise in quantitative 10 period was 26 per cent above the world average, and methods, and to our surprise, that underinvestment rose through the period. Only Sweden had a higher in GIS positions and equipment was leading to some citation impact, but the smaller publication totals in that movement of the sub-field into more welcoming country render its scores far more volatile. Significantly, university niches. In an increasingly information-based the citation impact of UK human geography is society this disturbing trend should be corrected for considerably higher than that of the US. Moreover, the the sake both of research competence and also for the output of highly cited papers by UK geographers (those equipping of students in the professional and technical that are among the top 10%, 5% or 1% globally) in job market. the period 2000-10 is above the level expected in every The relative neglect of quantitative methods in year but 2010.16 Only social anthropology outperforms undergraduate and postgraduate training is not unique geography on this measure, and the discipline fares to human geography and has been observed in many
14 All bibliometric results are taken from Thomson Reuters (2012) Bibliometric Data for the ESRC International Benchmarking Review of Human Geography. 15 Citation impact measures citations per published paper. 16 The lower citation rates in 2010 are difficult to interpret, but may possibly reflect a cyclical anomaly linked to the RAE 2008 as they were shared by other UK comparator disciplines.
15 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography social sciences.17 Consequences are (1) a decline in degree, the paucity of language training opportunities, quantitative literacy, (2) a smaller recruitment base for as well as seemingly modest awareness of international advanced quantitative methods, (3) a lower return to funding opportunities. Perceptions here, however, may investment in longitudinal and space-referenced data be bleaker than realities, for DTCs can allow up to because many lack necessary data-analytic skills, (4) one extra year’s support if a student needs to acquire a lack of necessary competence among students for or develop a working ability with a difficult language entering the professional workplace where such skills in order to carry out fieldwork or other parts of their are in demand, and (5) a growing methodological divide research. Increased participation is required in language between human and physical geography. training to ensure human geography’s full involvement It is important to change perspectives so that different in a world increasingly shaped by BRIC (Brazil, Russia, methods are seen to be complementary, emphasising the India and China) and other emerging economies. The additive rather than divisive attributes of quantitative geographical imagination should encompass all possible methods, qualitative methods and visualisation (mainly worlds, including those beyond the Anglo-American GIS and cartography). For example, modelling and heartlands. One of the challenges of English-language simulation would benefit by incorporating behavioural research is the default expectation that conceptual as rules, values, norms and perceptions in models. Agent- well as linguistic translation is a problem for others. The based modelling provides a point of departure. More erosion of the area studies tradition has not helped here, serious attention to mixed methods may have a desirable and appointments in human geography with Global side effect: a growing interest in quantitative methods South expertise are urgently needed. and GIS/cartography. In an information society where Turning from field research to conceptual visualisation is becoming a dominant and effective mode development and the use of public data sets, the level of of information dissemination, GIS and cartography international engagement is far more favourable. Many provide unique opportunities to innovate and strengthen researchers – one example is the globalisation and world the field and increase its impact. It is recommended cities network – are involved in international research that the ESRC support visualisation of time- and geo- with standardised data sets that does not require the referenced data, building on work by Dorling, Rogers logistical challenges of working in the field, though (at The Guardian), Rosling (Gapminder), Centre for neither does it lead to detailed regional knowledge, nor Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA) and others. in most cases, the possibility for acquisition of non- 2.6.2 Internationalisation. In conversations with UK Western ways of knowing. geographers (aside from development geographers), the 2.6.3 The institutional environment and research Panel did not discern a priority in extending the global outputs. Research in science studies by historical reach of human geography. There was considerable geographers and others has shown that place matters confidence that the discipline is world leading and in the construction of knowledge. Applying this insight that its innovations and publications travel well. But to the present, the national institutional context today the discussion tended to falter concerning meaningful matters in the shaping of research questions and engagement with other regions on their own terms, research practice. It is important to ask what work is through the whole cycle of conducting fieldwork to facilitated and what is impeded by the institutional building theory from non-UK precedents. There are context of UK human geography. A conjecture earlier exceptions of course, scholars who have developed in the RAE cycle was that, ‘longer-term intellectual deep roots in other places (mainly development projects are threatened’.18 In this light we are concerned geographers). But there was little evidence of a priority that work requiring longer lead times to publication to engage with the international field widely conceived, might be sacrificed, for example projects involving through comparative work, multi-sited study, or border- overseas field-intensive research, especially when crossing fieldwork. language acquisition is a necessary preparation, or This raises issues of the modest resources for large projects with lengthy periods of data collection conducting field research outside the UK, the lack of or complex problem-solving. So too in terms of time for extended overseas fieldwork within the PhD outputs, the past disincentive to write books could
17 For example, ‘the deficit in quantitative methods’ drew a rebuke from the International Panel reviewing UK Sociology: ESRC (2010), pp. 23-4, 38. See also the recent position statement on a ‘quantitative skills deficit’ by the British Academy (2012), Society Counts: Quantitative Skills in the Social Sciences and Humanities: www.britac.ac.uk/policy/Society_Counts.cfm 18 N. Thrift and D. Walling (2001), p. 2.
16 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography affect the scope of research objectives. In this context, 3. Research Capacity is there a danger that research outputs are becoming 3.1 Student and Faculty Numbers19 foreshortened by the RAE cycle? Might the scale of In 2011 2,746 undergraduate students were admitted research ambition have become more limited? These are to human geography degree programmes, comprising important questions though the evidence base does not 70 per cent of the applicants and 18 per cent of the permit definitive answers. applications (UCAS code L7).20 Applications rose by 23 Another concern is whether new institutional per cent, 2006-11, though there was a small dip in 2011. contexts are facilitating or impeding young and early Accepted applicants are well qualified, with significantly career scholars. The substantial barriers to a secure higher school A-level results than five comparator social career trajectory in the current fiscal environment of sciences. This excellent student body provides a strong higher education are an abiding anxiety. The erosion base for postgraduate recruitment. Few undergraduate of individual research grants was constantly raised applicants come from abroad though their number is as a significant concern. Though fully unintended, to growing. compromise young scholars would be the worst of In 2010-11 the number of undergraduate students outcomes. Aside from broader funding policy, there is in human geography was 9,745 FPE (full-person opportunity too for more formalised mentoring models equivalent) (Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) initiated by departments and sub-disciplinary research data). Since a large number of students combine groups. geography with another degree, the number studying geography is considerable higher.21 The number of FPEs has fluctuated since 2006, but overall showed a slight gain by 2011. Seven geography units have more than 600 FPEs in their degree programmes (led by the Open University). The number of postgraduate students was 1,915 FPE in 2010-11, with two locations containing more than 200 FPEs: LSE and King’s College London. Like most other comparator social sciences, the number of students has increased slowly. Manifest changes include a shift from part-time postgraduate students to full-time and a more rapid growth in taught postgraduates (MA/MSc) than in research postgraduates (PhD). Two-fifths of postgraduates are from overseas, indicating a significant international component. Staff numbers are difficult to determine because of coding problems. HESA data show 1,165 FTE (full- time equivalent) staff in UK institutions of higher education naming human geography as their subject discipline by highest degree qualification. Of these only 450 are within the geography cost centre.22 If this figure is accurate it means that two-thirds of human geographers are working outside geography units. The total FTE staff in the Geography cost centre was 1,935 in 2010-11; the mean size of units was 29. While
19 Most of this section is drawn from Paul Wakeling’s (2012) statistical overview. Wakeling notes that with coding problems and changing definitions these figures are less robust than they might appear to be. 20 Each applicant can make up to five applications through the UCAS scheme. Note that data apply to single-degree programmes only. Many other students take geography in combined degree programmes. In addition numbers exclude applicants for Physical Geography (UCAS code F8). 21 N. Castree (2011) estimated that in Britain 22,500 students were taking a degree in geography in 2008-09, of whom 19,500 were full-time undergraduates: N. Castree (2011) ‘The future of Geography in English universities’, The Geographical Journal 136 (4): 512-519. 22 The HESA Cost Centre code is commonly used to categorise staff. Cost centre coding is not satisfactory, however, and HESA announced a revision of the ‘Geography’ cost centre in May 2011, to be redefined as ‘Geography and Environmental Studies’ in data collection as of 2012-13. With its diffuse identity and shifting definitions in official statistics, existing figures on as basic a variable as staff numbers in human geography must be considered to be uncertain.
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Durham and LSE recorded over 80 staff, there are more on the stability and growth of the academic job market. than 20 units with ten or fewer staff. Some 56 per cent In this distressing environment, they do see human of permanent FTE staff in the Geography cost centre22 geography training as permitting passage to a number are aged under 45, giving the discipline an encouragingly of cognate departments, and this was acceptable, if not youthful age profile. their first preference. The versatility of geography in an interdisciplinary milieu is regarded as a bankable asset. 3.2 Postgraduate Training While it is early days to judge the success of the While doctoral training in the UK is considered ESRC’s DTCs, there was agreement that the centres effective in producing scholars who are theoretically would provide a comprehensive training, with the caveat innovative and attuned to taking risks, there is less that training of qualitative methods prior to the DTCs emphasis on a broader overview of the field including has been stronger than quantitative methods; additional instructor training in comparison with North emphasis on mixed methods approaches will also be American PhDs where training includes up to two needed. We understand that it is the ESRC’s intent to years of course work and teaching experience and increase capacity in the training of quantitative methods training. UK-based postgraduate students we spoke across the DTC network. to considered it important to offer training in both quantitative and qualitative techniques while giving 3.3 Early Career Scholars them freedom to determine their own methods to While the pipeline of PhD students in human facilitate innovative work. Aside from coursework geography is strong, the bleak job market for early Master’s degrees, the continuing model of the (quasi-) career scholars could lead to the loss of a new independent scholar unimpeded by much course generation of geographers if key issues are not work continues to be the approved genre, and was addressed; some potentially top scholars have already seen by the student group as encouraging not only left for other disciplines (for example, Planning and independence but also creativity, quality and Business Schools) or left academia. Early career scholars research innovation. spoke of the development of two tracks after the PhD: At the same time the group expressed stress in a small number who would benefit from prestigious having to finish a PhD in three or four years, with the postdoctoral fellowship schemes that come with additional requirements of publication in international generous research funding and time for publishing peer reviewed journals, presenting conference papers, and building the next project; and a larger group who and organising conference sessions. Teaching experience will have to be content with fixed term posts with is also increasingly seen as desirable in job applications; no research funding and heavy teaching loads if they the emphasis was on any teaching experience as remain in academic geography. The disjuncture is opposed to having taught a full course which is particularly sharp for those who have garnered little increasingly expected in the North American context. teaching experience within the three- to four-year frame Work-life balance in time management and job mobility for completing a PhD. There is broad agreement that is an added factor. These issues led to ambivalence at there should be more support for carving out post-PhD the prospect of additional professional training, for career pathways to reach less precarious positions within example in statutory methods courses. Further training a given time frame. in quantitative methods, foreign languages, or studying Providing some resources, even at a modest level, abroad were all trumped among respondents by the to support junior scholars to make the leap from pressure to finish on time. doctoral research to the next innovative project will reap Approximately 50 per cent of UK doctoral students in dividends. Small grants that are within the reach of early human geography entered an academic career in 2009- career scholars will encourage continued innovation 10 following their graduation (a slightly lower figure at a time when they may be at their most open and than in other social sciences). The doctoral students entrepreneurial. Creating the infrastructure to support we met anticipated an uncertain future of temporary grant writing and access to mentorship in the immediate appointments lasting from nine months to three post-PhD period will make considerable difference years, with the opportunity to go immediately from to future careers (particularly in the context of time- postgraduate status to a permanent appointment now squeezed PhDs). Research assistantships, for example, considered virtually impossible. There is considerable can facilitate the learning of new skills (eg, research pessimism among this cohort about current funding proposal development) and also allow junior researchers cuts to higher education and the effect of fee increases to engage in joint publishing by working in a research 18 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography team under the leadership of senior scholars.23 While the to the gender profile, the white/ethnic minorities Future Leaders scheme is promising, it will be targeted imbalance increases greatly as one moves up the ranks, at the few. What is needed is an ecosystem that can with minorities accounting for only one per cent nurture excellence for a larger number. At the same time of FTE staff at the Professorial rank. Government mentoring must include the option of alternative career Widening Participation (WP) initiatives and other trajectories, including industry, NGOs, international programmes offer encouragement for diversifying the agencies like the UN, and in some specialties, self- discipline, though there is also a view that while the WP employment consultancies. is admirable in principle, it may be hard pressed to reach its objectives. Greater diversity may well encourage more 3.4 Age Profile and Diversity internationalisation in teaching and a broadening of A general demographic concern about the ageing and research experiences. 27 future supply of social scientists does not seem to be a relevant worry. According to Paul Wakeling’s statistical 3.5 Funding and Infrastructure overview, the age profile for FTE staff in geography 3.5.1 QR and non-QR. A quite differentiated picture departments is younger than the other cost areas to of departmental funding opportunities emerges when which it was compared (archaeology, architecture and considering the following: a department’s location in planning, and social studies). Almost 30 per cent of the institutional ranking of the RAE/REF exercises, FTE staff in geography are under the age of 35, while which determines its share of the ‘Quality Related’ (QR) 56 per cent are under the age of 45.24 An exception funding of £31 million granted in 2010-11 for research to this trend was stated in our meeting with the infrastructure and environment in Geography;28 and quantitative/GIS/cartography sub-disciplinary group, whether the department is in a DTC which will affect who noted their increasingly ‘senior’ age profile and its ability to compete for a portion of non-QR funding were concerned that with the next wave of retirements (a total of approximately £41 million was awarded to there will be a shortage of replacements among a DTCs in 2011-12). shrinking younger cohort. While some figures are difficult to interpret as In terms of gender and ethnic diversity human they combine revenues for both human and physical geography has a record as unsatisfactory as most other geography,29 funding within geography departments social sciences. For full-time staff, men outnumber is markedly unequal in both QR and non-QR revenue women by a ratio of 2:1, with more women at the lower streams. Over half of all non-QR research revenue ranks and a narrowing cohort in more senior positions. of £180 million between 2005-06 and 2009-10 was Women account for 44 per cent of FTE under the concentrated in ten departments (out of 67), and these age of 35, but only 16 per cent of FTE at the level of coincided closely with high performers on the QR Professor.25 Data on minority status are incomplete, stream.30 Although average annual growth in earned but confirm what is evident from any gathering of research income during this period averaged 11 per UK human geographers, or indeed most other social cent, recently human geography has submitted a lower science groups. The lack of ethnic diversity among number of ESRC grant applications and has tended to Geography FTE is notable according to ethnic self- have a variable but currently low success rate; in 2010- declaration: 9 per cent of staff are members of ethnic 11 ESRC funded six of 42 applications. Nonetheless minorities, and excluding non-UK nationals the figure ESRC was funding 111 human geography projects falls to four per cent.26 To situate this data, the UK in 2010-11 worth over £58 million from a range of census (2001) indicated a population that was 92 per programme categories. Many other funding bodies cent white and eight per cent ethnic minorities. Similar were awarding grants to human geography, including
23 The ESRC’s Research Grants Scheme can provide opportunities of this type- see: www.esrc.ac.uk/funding-and-guidance/funding- opportunities/research-schemes.aspx. 24 P. Wakeling (2012), pp. 20-21. 25 Ibid., p. 22. 26 Ibid. 27 See W. Locke and A. Bennion (2010) The Changing Academic Profession in the UK and Beyond (Open University: Centre for Higher Education Research and Information), p. 19. 28 P. Wakeling (2012), p. 8. Wakeling notes that a quarter of the total was awarded to only five of the 48 competing units in 2011-12. Overall, the Geography ‘Unit of Assessment’ has fared well in comparison to comparator subjects in funding council QR support. 29 For physical geography’s role in raising Geography’s QR budget, see Gardner and Souch (2012), p. 4. 30 P. Wakeling (2012), p. 13. He notes an r2 of 0.83 in departmental performance from the QR and non-QR funds. Data in the rest of this paragraph are taken from Wakeling (2012).
19 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography the AHRC tally of £3.8 million for projects in cultural and these funds and others have been consolidated and historical geography. The vast bulk of non-QR into the Future Leaders Scheme (70 – 80 awards research income between 2005-06 and 2009-10 was per annum). It remains to be seen whether as many received from the UK Research Councils (40 per cent), early career human geographers will be supported by with the rest coming from other UK government Future Leaders’ funds as by the earlier programmes. bodies (20 per cent), UK government and health One funding stream for which there has not been authorities (20 per cent), and the remaining 20 per significant interest by researchers is Secondary Data cent from UK industry, UK charities, and EU and Analysis Initiatives. This is an important source of overseas sources. Given cuts in government funding funding that might be more widely promoted. the potential of this latter group of funders might be The most common funding demand among early more fully explored. and mid-career scholars was for small grants and most 3.5.2 Research funding and research risk. The importantly, the time to do research. Indeed, some effect of the changes taking place in the academic scholars feel that having small pools of university landscape as a result of increasing ‘competition, monies are as important as ESRC funds. It was argued concentration and collaboration’ can be understood in that people often feel more invested in small grants relation to risk, specifically the degree to which attempts as they can do the research themselves. Large grants, to reduce institutional risk may affect intellectual risk moreover, run the risk of reducing the ‘biodiversity’ taking. Of particular concern to respondents was of human geography research, though they have their whether the option for creative ‘blue sky’ thinking - place in terms of being able to deal with scale and risk characteristics that make UK human geography complexity. world class – was being squeezed out of the system as Overall there was dissatisfaction with the amount of it becomes increasingly competitive and concentrated. time spent applying for grants and the low success rates, The view was expressed by some that funding for which are thought to be a disincentive for maintaining ‘blue sky’ thinking is now really only available through submissions. There is also pressure to be engaged in the European Research Council. The aim of ESRC to more collaborative and interdisciplinary grants, which reduce research applications by 50 per cent by 2015 are more time consuming to assemble, although they to drive up quality through demand management is generate significant opportunities and geographers have expected by some to favour more established scholars been effective in this competition. leading to diminished opportunity for more risk-inclined Much concern was expressed about the potential early career scholars. Hopefully, this tendency will be for the DTCs to eliminate ‘fair’ competition through mitigated by the new call by ESRC for ‘transformative the concentration of PhD training into centres, which research’, an initiative that supports projects at exclude many post-1992 universities. Specific examples the frontiers of the social sciences that challenge of this perceived unfairness include the inability for current thinking. Early career scholars are particularly joint ESRC/Department for International Development encouraged to submit applications. (DFID) funds to include support for a PhD student if It was considered to be too early to tell how the the applicant is not affiliated to a DTC. The majority of increase in fees would affect university funding, the comments about unfairness centred on the internal except that, ironically, it would increase the level allocation mechanisms of DTCs and the degree to of institutional risk in the system with fears that which the number of awards for each discipline were departments excluded from DTCs would face the determined collegially or by university managers, the possibility of downsizing (or worse) as well as the latter route being interpreted as introducing a lack of very real possibility of a two tier level of staff being transparency. created, some with teaching only posts and while The current allocation of ESRC doctoral studentships others would be research intensive. Neither of these shows that Politics/International Relations and developments was viewed positively, particularly as Economics received studentships over 50 per cent they further reduced possibilities for early career above target.31 While geography did not suffer from researchers. There have also been changes of late in this allocation, other disciplines did. Such figures could programme delivery. The ESRC’s First Grants Scheme raise the risk that some disciplines are gaining research and Postdoctoral Fellowships have been discontinued capacity at the expense of others. 31 Data appear in R. Gardner and C. Souch (2012), Appendix B. Part of this outcome is attributed to co-funding that raised the number of available DTC studentships from 600 to 645. Clearly human geographers need to be alert to the opportunities of co-funding. See www.esrc. ac.uk/funding-and-guidance/guidance/postgraduates/dtc/dtc-policy/studentship-distribution.aspx
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4. Research Impact 3). Heads of department that we met were confident 4.1 The Impact Criterion from past experience that the discipline could take this The off-campus impact of research is becoming a additional challenge in its stride. We are told this view is new research assessment criterion. Impact language not shared by everyone, but limited contrary evidence is already embedded in UK Research Council grant was presented to us in discussion or documentation to submissions, and will account for 20 per cent of assess opposing views. assessment for the next (2014) REF exercise. There is The diversity and length of the inventory of past a great deal of debate and some confusion about the research in Appendix 3 demonstrates that emphasis on nature and parameters of impacts and uncertainty over impacts brings this version of research accountability how to document and measure them. There appears to a habitat where human geography has long been at to be incomplete information and misinformation in home.32 Importantly, the Survey of Users of Human the academy around the details of impact evaluation. Geography Research commissioned for the Panel, plus For example, we were told by researchers that impact the meetings with public and private sector employers, is supposed to refer to the assessment period, which NGOs and community groups, allowed a robust is widely considered to be inappropriately short for probing of the relationships that appear to be emerging social science based research, the impact of which can as human geographers engage more actively with often take years to materialise. In contrast, ESRC notes users who are increasingly sensitised to the challenges that Higher Education Funding Council for England and opportunities of re-configuring extra-academy guidelines allow for examples of enabling impact from relations. The range, strategic intent and effectiveness research completed during the REF assessment period of impacts elaborated in statements and presentations (1 January 2008 to 31 July 2013) to be underpinned by of sub-disciplines and heads of department were excellent research dating from 1 January 1993. Again, confirmed by these presentations. The special insights while impact is usually designated as any influence or and capabilities that human geographers bring through benefit outside of academia, respondents reminded their research into decision-making settings were noted. the Panel that such an interpretation precludes impacts One positive outcome is that the impact programme within academia, which can be wide ranging, from is mobilising conversations between researchers training the next generation of scholars, to setting and those who will be impacted upon, making the a research agenda, to conceptual, theoretical and research design and conduct of the research more methodological innovation. But ESRC observes that participatory. This was commented on very favourably such contributions will in fact be assessed separately in by early career researchers as well as some of the user the REF process. group participants. Other user groups were hesitant However, despite these concerns there was overall an to conclude a culture shift had been made, suggesting optimistic spirit through the discussions: motivated by instead that in the end academic research was ruled first past achievements, there was confidence that research and foremost by its own criteria and not by real world in human geography would successfully meet the applications. Postgraduate students considered impact challenges of impact criteria. to be important; they wanted their research to do new work that was socially relevant, but were concerned 4.2 Disciplinary Responses that REF impact indicators might not encompass We have already referred to the impact agenda a number their definition of impact. Encouragingly, a sense of of times in this report. The subject emerged in most partnership was often expressed, as users suggested of the sub-disciplinary meetings, and as reported earlier and explored avenues that might reproduce the vitality there was limited concern about its implications due of human geography in new directions. The ability to to the practical and policy-related outputs of existing achieve such aspirations, they noted, would be greatly research, other than as another hurdle to climb in facilitated by continued access to available data sets assembling a research proposal. The sub-disciplinary and involvement in the development of new databases. reports commissioned for the Panel included abundant Also assumed is literacy in quantitative and qualitative illustrations of the impact content of past geographical methods.33 research across a wide swath of human geography (we Although many human geographers and users spoke have assembled this impressive dossier in Appendix positively about the impact project, there was a strong 32 See also the list of topics identified by public, private and NGO users of human geography research in S. Johnson et al. (2012) Survey of Users of Human Geography Research. 33 ‘Quantitative research skills are highly valued, especially at national government levels’, S. Johnson et al. (2012) p. 2.
21 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography view from all quarters that the discipline needs to extent is the research process and its outputs geared to be more effective in communicating its relevance as the timing and expectations of the RAE/REF cycle context and issues change. A strategy for more effective rather than conventional models of scholarship? What messaging of geographical research to the networks of kinds of research are suffering – such as long-term the market, government, and civil society might be an projects or overseas projects? – in the current research important assignment. environment? And what kinds of people? How, for example, is the move away from individual research 5. Conclusions and Recommendations grants affecting early career scholars, or sub-disciplines 5.1 The Primacy of UK Human Geography like historical geography? Moreover, competitive Our unanimous conclusion from the evidence presented national allocation policies have widened the gap to us is that human geography in the UK is innovative, between departments, with a leading group of very vibrant, and in most sub-fields is the world leader. Its successful and well-positioned units and a tail of often students and staff are gifted and committed, its research gifted but less well-endowed departments. Creation outputs are disproportionately influential, read and of the Russell Group, comprising universities where referenced throughout the English-reading world – and, geography is strong, presents the institutionalisation of in translation, beyond. It is radically interdisciplinary advantage, and is unlikely to mitigate growing inequality. and with the spatial turn in the humanities and social We note in addition growing complexity in the sciences has become an exporter of ideas and faculty to research and funding environment. This clearly other disciplines. In the 1960s and 1970s the overseas accounted for some of the frustration among scholars export of geographers was substantial, and though about the addition of a new impact criterion. Growing slower today and more likely to be two-way, this trade in institutional complexity also contributed to incomplete academic knowledge continues. UK geographers have information and some misperceptions held by our an art not only for innovation but also for synthesis respondents to programme availability and eligibility. and a large number of the seminal publications (books as well as articles) continue to have a UK origin. So 5.2 Recommendations too among the major disciplinary journals – the UK Despite global primacy, there are inevitably areas for publishes more than its share. Bibliometric indicators improvement, and the charge to the Panel was to reveal that both in volume and in citation impact identify weaknesses as well as strengths. UK human geography exceeds the scores of other 5.2.1. Internationalisation. Of all disciplines, countries and almost all UK comparator social sciences. geography – ‘earth writing‘ – should have a Cumulatively, this evidence supports the conclusion that cosmopolitan outlook. But human geography in the human geography as a whole in the UK ranks first in UK is unequally international. First, much of the effort the world. is left to development geography; it is important that In addition, at an institutional level, the RGS-IBG all sub-disciplines share an international curiosity so with its presence in central London is an outstanding that Anglo-American preconceptions can be critically resource for promoting the discipline (see Appendix 5). assessed. Second, global coverage is variable, with Many departments have responded effectively to the particular under-representation in East and South East challenges and opportunities of an institutional audit Asia and parts of South America. Extending the global environment. While the impact agenda might be seen reach to position the discipline effectively to navigate a as another administrative intervention to the research rapidly changing world of emerging economies, shifting process, we are confident from the past record – as were geopolitics, and different definitions of geographical heads of department we spoke to – that the discipline knowledge will require increased international will meet the challenge creatively and successfully (see collaboration at all levels, from postgraduate student Appendix 3). More broadly, there can be little doubt exchange to intercontinental research collaborations that the audit culture has profoundly affected human on major grants to strengthen reciprocal intellectual geography like other social sciences. While it is intended development. Levers such as joint research funding to shape the research agenda and has successfully raised with international partners, greater engagement with productivity and resourced targeted fields effectively, area studies, and building networks through former there are concerns that some impacts may be less postgraduate students who have returned ‘home’ advantageous. To what extent is the relative fortune should be explored. More passive internationalisation of sub-disciplines shaped by student demand rather through the use of accessible comparative data sets than by more objective curricular objectives? To what is useful, but is unlikely to lead to a more critical view 22 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography of Western presuppositions or the acquisition of subsidised courses through 2011/12 in conjunction with detailed regional knowledge. Increasing incentives participating DTCs and the NCRM. and resources are necessary for conducting overseas Such proposals run into at least one practical barrier: fieldwork, for providing language training opportunities, the desire of students and the funding requirement for and for increasing awareness of international funding an on-time completion of the doctoral programme opportunities. There is also some urgency for may well trump the advantages of further training. The appointments with Global South expertise, including cost of this straitjacket needs to be measured against language facility and an ability to engage those regional methods training that is often incomplete, and limited or geographies on their own terms and not as an exemplar no teacher training among graduates that impede their of an Anglo-American conceptual model. subsequent effectiveness as instructors. This limitation 5.2.2. Quantitative methods and Geographical is likely to become increasingly serious if more Information Science. The Panel heard concerns postgraduates move into jobs with heavier teaching frequently expressed about the erosion of quantitative loads (notably in units with less research and RAE/ literacy. This of course is not particular to human REF-based funding). geography, but is a problem in many social sciences. 5.2.3 Mitigating precarious early careers. We Nor is it particular to the UK, but is an issue in other were dismayed by the precarious status of early countries (though perhaps less so in the US). More career scholars, who represent the next generation surprising to us is the state of play with GIS. From what of disciplinary leaders. Academic careers must be we were told there has been underinvestment in this supported at crucial transitions to ensure that top- field by UK geography departments, and parts of the flight scholars remain in the academic system. Securing field are migrating to more welcoming places, including an eventual permanent position is uncertain and separate institutes (eg, CASA) and other disciplines revolving short-term posts are a fact of life. The (such as Planning, Architecture, and Computer immediate post-PhD years should be stabilised by a Science). In comparison, geography departments in more generous competitive programme of postdoctoral the US have seen significant advantages to promoting scholarships, which would also give clearer and earlier GIS as a priority. Funding opportunities, institutional signals to both successful and unsuccessful candidates development, and the consolidation of significant about eventual career probabilities. We heard very research skills that have strong applications and student little about formal mentoring or formal professional job prospects provide GIS with a significant asset development programmes in departments, which could base. In light of large new databases, demand for GIS prepare students more adequately for an academic skills will be maintained and UK geography would career. Mentoring is needed too in the early years of a benefit from stronger endorsement for the field in new career; in the department of one of the panelists, each positions and laboratory funding. new faculty member selects two mentors and meets The decline of quantitative literacy requires a broader with them at least twice a year to discuss professional range of remedies. The pilot project on teaching milestones and research strategies. At the same time in quantitative geography by the RGS-IBG is a valuable the present bleak economic environment, mentoring development, and discipline-wide recognition of this should include discussion of other career tracks outside problem and mobilisation to address it is an important the university, including industry, NGOs, international step forward. Free web-based training modules and agencies, and for some, self-employment consultancies. webinars are valuable. At the same time the cross- The active sub-disciplinary research groups could also disciplinary nature of the problem suggests additional play a mentoring role, with workshops on professional proactive measures at all levels. The new DTCs should development including the preparation of grant be committed to a full programme of research methods: applications, and with networking that brings young quantitative, qualitative and mixed. We recognise that scholars into contact with large collaborative projects. the ESRC endorses quantitative training programmes, We were told that gaining such access is difficult. including its support for the National Centre for This is another reason why ESRC and other funding Research Methods (NCRM) – where training courses bodies should offer small grants for lone scholars to include GIS applications – plus the European Science launch research careers. To ensure high success rates Foundation’s Quantitative Methods in the Social for young scholars it would be necessary to limit such Sciences programme. A significant resource for human a programme to applicants within a fixed period (we geographers as well as other social scientists is ESRC’s suggest 5 years) of receiving the doctorate. Advanced Training Network which provided 400 What is required is a full support infrastructure for 23 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography early career scholars so as to create pathways out of present precarious conditions: such pathways should include postdoctoral fellowships, research assistantships, small grants and grant writing support, and mentorship with senior scholars. 5.2.4 Minority representation. UK geographers agree that the under-representation of social, cultural and gender minorities, especially in the top echelons of the discipline, is unacceptable. The Panel does not write from a superior vantage point for the same might be said of our own departments, and indeed of other social sciences. We are aware that there is no quick fix to a pattern of class, ethnic and gender under-representation. From the composition of current postgraduate programmes the gender differential will be the first to be reduced, but the same cannot easily be said of ethnic and class minorities. Here change will need to begin at undergraduate recruitment and perhaps before. The RGS-IBG is already active with its Geography Ambassador scheme sending undergraduates into high schools to talk to students who would not necessarily be thinking of applying to university to study geography. These same students could be encouraged to apply for postgraduate degrees by drawing on an initiative similar to that of PIKSI (Philosophy in an Inclusive Key Summer Institute) at Pennsylvania State University. Ten students from under-represented groups are competitively chosen to attend a one week residential programme where two eminent professors in the field lead seminars, including sessions on how to apply to postgraduate school. The summer institute model could be adapted by one or several geography departments. 5.2.5 Disseminating success. In an environment that values research impacts and where sharp competition for students and funds prevails, the dissemination of research achievements is a significant task. The Panel recommends that a committee including the RGS- IBG and several heads of department determine best methods to communicate research successes and impacts effectively to the media and onward to government and civil society.
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Appendix 1: Panel Members critiquing female circumcision in Gambia, mining in El Professor David Ley (Chair), University of British Salvador, Ecuador, Canada and the US, compensation Columbia, Canada payments to farmers in Peru for human rights Professor Bruce Braun, University of Minnesota, US violations, and advocating fair tracing giving consumers Professor Mona Domosh, Dartmouth College, US more traceability information (www.fairtracing.org), Professor Susan Elliott, Dean of Applied Health as a political and ethical strategy in value chains to Sciences, University of Waterloo, Canada make visible knowledge-power relations. There is work Professor Richard Le Heron, University of Auckland, on changing practices in development organisations, New Zealand advice to the Wales Rural Observatory and the Welsh Professor Linda Peake, York University, Canada Assembly, and developing Chatham House processes Professor Frans Willekens, University of Groningen, around discussions of UK food. The Netherlands Human geographers are active in UK, European Professor Brenda Yeoh, Dean of Arts and Social and international debates in such fields as segregation, Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore gentrification, rural and urban homelessness, low paid workers in London, in mapping and visualisation of Appendix 2: Steering Group Members urban inequalities, in immigration policy and outcomes, Dr Rita Gardner CBE (Chair), Director, Royal in showing educational outcomes from parental choice Geographical Society (with IBG) policy, social inequality and injustice (www.worldmapper. Professor Tim Allen, PRA Consultancy Services Ltd org) and in making the case for social sciences. Then Professor Paul Boyle, Chief Executive, Economic and there is information dissemination in civil society and Social Research Council the media communicating climate change (including Professor Michael Bradshaw, University of Leicester Polar: The Arts and Science of Climate Change Professor Harriet Bulkeley, Durham University conference held at the British Library, The Empire of Professor Paul Cloke, University of Exeter Climate Change, a BBC radio series), and assessing UK Professor Stephen Daniels, University of Nottingham constituency boundaries, Tibetan-Chinese relations, Mr Rowan Douglas, Willis Research Network UK/ democratisation in Europe Organisation for Economic Europe Co-operation and Development (OECD), security Mr Gary Grubb, Arts and Humanities Research Council measures and the 2012 Olympics, and science priorities Professor David Livingstone OBE, Queen’s University for the Canadian Arctic. Consultation has informed the Belfast European Commission on growing socio-economic Professor David Martin, University of Southampton inequalities across Europe, Her Majesty’s Treasury on Professor Paul Milbourne, Cardiff University and ESRC the competitiveness of London’s financial district, the Evaluation Committee Member UK government’s Financial Inclusion Taskforce, and the Professor Gill Valentine, University of Leeds World Bank and OECD on the globalisation of trade in Professor Katie Willis, Royal Holloway, University of retail services. London A significant number of human geographers contribute as advisors (eg, Royal Commission on Appendix 3: Impacts from Human Geography Research (from Environmental Pollution, DEFRA’s Science Advisory sub-disciplinary submissions) Council, Food Standards Agency, UK Farm Animal Notable examples include identifying ‘food deserts’ in Welfare Council, Genetically Modified Organism UK cities (subsequently taken up by the US Congress), (GMO) Advising for UK Cabinet Office, DEFRA/ the first mapping of UK creative industries and creative DECC Social Science Expert Panel, Lead Expert ‘hot spots’, incorporating cultural services in national Group for UK Government Office of Science, ecosystem assessments, instituting competency groups British Antarctic Survey, Foreign and Commonwealth (knowledge-controversies/ouce.ox.ac.uk ), applied Office, Ministry of Defence, Advisory Panel on work in health geography (deliberative-mapping.org), Public Sector Information, UK Statistics Authority) novel ensemble forecasting methods for the European and make high level impacts in the UN framework Flood Alert System, influencing World Bank thinking (eg, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, on gender and violence and DFID’s thinking and UN HABITAT: State of African Cities 2010, State of policy around state formation, offering design input Women in Cities: Gender and the Prosperity of Cities into the Chilean state e-procurement platform, and 2012-13, the International Organization for Migration). expert witness testimony on violence in Latin America, There is growing evidence of new frontiers: films 25 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography
(eg, Liquid City: water, landscape and social formation • University of Newcastle 21st Century Mumbai (2007), Robinson in Ruins • University of Nottingham (2010)); research exhibitions (eg, touring exhibitions • Open University on archaeologies of ‘race’ at Hadrian’s Wall, families • Queen’s University Belfast and food (Sheffield and Victoria & Albert, London), • Queen Mary, University of London Waste of the World (The Bargehouse in London’s Oxo • Royal Holloway, University of London Tower Wharf), Hidden Histories of Exploration, Paul • University of Sheffield Sandby: Picturing Britain); public history and heritage • University of Southampton (eg, Scotland: Charting the Nation, A Vision of Britain • Swansea University Through Time, Cultures of Enthusiasm); working with new media (eg, Memoryscapes using downloadable Appendix 5: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute audio-walks for MP3 and CDs, Atlas of Rural of British Geographers) (RGS-IBG) England GIS, a web resource produced by English The merger of the Royal Geographical Society with the Heritage), participatory geographies (eg, promotion Institute of British Geographers in 1995 has created a of local alternative economies, public art in areas of formidable institutional presence in central London to disadvantage, participatory GIS, catalytic effects of advance the case for geography. The well-used RGS- public engagement), and activism in pedagogy. IBG building on Kensington Gore is a centre of public The sheer scale and diversity of these education and community outreach and its library accomplishments provide basis for optimism as and artefacts provide a significant research archive human geography addresses impact criteria in research on the history of discovery and exploration. With its assessment. substantial membership of over 15,000, and a staff of over 50, the RGS-IBG is successful in fund-raising and Appendix 4: Departmental Submissions to the Benchmarking in initiating new projects in geographical education, as Review well as in providing seed grants for postgraduate and All UK Heads of Geography Departments were invited early career research. The building has become the to make a submission to the review using the following venue most years for the Society’s annual international headings: conference, with around 1300 delegates. The RGS- • UK Human Geography in an International Context - IBG publishes three important journals: Area, The your impressions of the strengths and weaknesses of Geographical Journal, and Transactions of the Institute of the UK Human Geography research area set within British Geographers, and amongst other publications an international context, including any thoughts also co-ordinates a series of research monographs in you have about cross-cutting and emerging research collaboration with Wiley-Blackwell. The Society also themes; supports 28 research groups across the range of the • Health of the Discipline - your views of the health subject, including both established and new cross- of the discipline and its sub-disciplines in the UK, cutting research interests. The groups are significant for including training and capacity issues; networking and hold regular seminars, small conferences • Future Opportunities and Challenges for the and special sessions at large conferences. Under creative Discipline - your thoughts on opportunities and leadership, the Society is a versatile organisation with issues that need to be addressed (both within your a rapid response to new national policy opportunities own institution and nationally) and on the wider and challenges, with a proactive ability to advocate for impact of human geography research beyond the geography in decision-making circles. Current initiatives, academy to ensure UK human geography continues for example, include a new project funded from several to grow. sources on best practices for the teaching and learning • Other Issues - any other issues that you would like of quantitative methods. The RGS-IBG is a most the panel to be aware of. significant dimension of the institutional capacity of Submissions were received from: UK human geography, and is unequalled in any other • Birkbeck College, University of London country. It is an extraordinary disciplinary resource • Cardiff University with the capacity to act as a research depository, to • Glasgow University launch pilot initiatives, to lobby for geography, and to • University of Hull present the discipline to a larger membership and public • Leicester University audiences through publications and frequent lectures • Loughborough University and outreach events. 26 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography
Appendix 6: Steering Group Response to the International themes. Information sources have ranged from formal, Panel’s Report synthesizing reports and data digests to individual, Human Geography International Benchmarking Review sometimes anecdotal, comments from more than 160 Response of the Steering Group to the Report individuals in discussion groups. The Steering Group warmly welcomes the International This is a timely Report that contains important Benchmarking Review Report and thanks the members recommendations for the discipline during a time of of the International Panel for their expertise, hard work significant changes in, and pressures on, UK research and commitment to the process, and for producing a and higher education. The Group welcomes the high quality report. We also thank the many members recommendations, has discussed them, and comments of the human geography community in UK higher as follows: education for the time and effort they put into drafting 1. Internationalisation: While the Report recognises reports, presenting evidence, and in face to face that UK human geography is well placed for the future, discussions with Panel members. with its traditions of inter- and multi-disciplinarity, The Group is especially pleased with the unanimous international engagement and research impact on conclusion of the Panel that human geography in the policy and practice, the Panel urges that the discipline UK is innovative, vibrant, and that as a whole it ranks continues to be outward-looking, responding in its first in the world. This is a position enjoyed by no other research and its staff resources to new agendas arising social science discipline in the UK that has been through from international geo-political and economic change. the ESRC-led review process. The Steering Group welcomes the recommendation Among the other many positive aspects of the that UK human geography needs to continue to invest assessment, the Group welcomes and endorses, in in appointments with an international focus to maintain particular, the following statements and conclusions: and advance its full engagement with geographical 1. UK human geography students and staff are research in a changing world. It is also of the view that gifted and committed and its research outputs are there is already a significant amount of international disproportionately influential, read and referenced work currently being undertaken by UK geographers throughout the English-reading world – and, in in the Global South, Europe and elsewhere, and by translation, beyond. scholars from a wide range of traditions and sub- 2. The UK publishes more than its share of major disciplinary areas, that is strong and provides a good disciplinary journals; bibliometric indicators reveal platform on which to build further. international primacy both in volume and citation 2. Quantitative methods and Geographical Information impact; and a large number of the seminal publications Science: The Report recognises the declining levels of (books as well as articles) continue to have a UK origin. quantitative literacy as an issue that spans the social 3. Research is characterised by intellectual diversity, sciences, including human geography; and expresses openness to new ideas, significant theoretical and concerns about relative under-investment in GIS methodological innovation, and substantial empirical within human geography. The recommendation made achievements. is for stronger endorsement for GIS in new positions 4. UK human geography is radically interdisciplinary and laboratory funding; and for a broad range of and with the spatial turn in the humanities and social remedies for quantitative skills development, noting sciences has become an exporter of ideas and faculty to that some are already in hand. The Steering Group other disciplines. recognises the different emphasis on GIS in the UK 5. The range, strategic intent and effectiveness of and North America, and sees the forthcoming review human geography’s research impact beyond the of the UK Benchmark Statement for HE teaching and academy were confirmed. learning in geography as an opportunity to reconsider, The Steering Group is acutely aware of the amount and potentially reinforce, existing statements on the of work required for Panel members to understand importance of rigorous training in all methodologies, the rapidly changing UK Higher Education landscape and specifically in quantitative methods and GIS. and its potential implications; and of the difficulties The Group also believes human geography is well that have arisen from UK data sources that do not placed to pilot and develop ways of addressing some meaningfully split human and physical geography. of the generic issues around quantitative literacy in The very nature of the process has also meant that the social sciences, as shown by recent, project-based the focus, of necessity, has been on a limited number investment. The specific recommendation for ESRC of key sub-disciplines, rather than on cross-cutting to invest in visualisation of geographic data in addition 27 International Benchmarking Review of UK Human Geography to continuing support for quantitative agendas is also 1. If a specific initiative to further geographical welcomed. collaboration with key emerging economies should be 3. Mitigating precarious early careers: The Report pursued and, if so, how. expresses serious concern for the position of early 2. How the community may in future best stimulate career scholars, in the context of the pre-eminence and support quantitative methods and GIS in human of UK human geography and the importance of geography teaching and research, beyond current sustaining disciplinary leadership in the future. The programmes. recommendation is for modest initiatives, including 3. The key pinch points and the options for funded mentoring, to create a more supportive infrastructure initiatives to sustain early career scholars more fully; and and more stable and attractive academic career how current good practice in institutional support can pathways. While the Steering Group accepts that this is be shared more widely. an important concern, it considers it a generic issue in 4. What approaches might be effective, feasible and the HE sector rather than a subject-specific issue, but it fundable to encourage more young people from shares concerns about its possible long term impact on ethnic minorities to study geography at school and as research capacity in human geography and it sees some undergraduates at university. groups being more affected than others. While formal 5. How an initiative to further co-ordinate discipline- support is in place for new lecturers; such permanent wide dissemination might be funded/resourced. post are relatively scarce at present, and it is the case that postgraduates and post-doctoral research assistants are often less well supported in formulating and establishing early career pathways. This is a matter that needs to be monitored. 4. Minority representation: The Report recognises that like other social sciences, human geography has an under-representation of minority ethnic groups among university students and staff, and of women especially in the more senior ranks of academic staff. The Panel, while realising that there is no quick fix to either issue, points to one example from the USA and welcomes current UK initiatives (Geography Ambassador Programme) in schools. The Steering Group accepts that these are widely recognised challenges, and agrees that examples of good practice in encouraging and supporting under-represented groups could usefully be drawn together and shared. 5. Disseminating success: Noting the increased emphasis on research impact and the increasingly competitive environment for students, the Panel recommends a more pro-active approach, involving the RGS-IBG, to disseminating research success (impact) to HE institutions, to the media, to government and to civil society. The Steering Group notes that while Research Councils, HEIs and departments are increasingly pro- active in this realm, there is both the scope and the need to enhance further the co-ordination of discipline-wide dissemination, led by the RGS-IBG. In responding more fully to these recommendations, the Review partner organisations (ESRC, AHRC and RGS-IBG) will consider a number of specific initiatives and actions, involving other stakeholders and Steering Group members as appropriate. These will include considering: 28
The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) is the UK’s largest organisation for funding research on economic and social issues, supporting independent, high quality research which has an impact on business, the public sector and the third sector. The ESRC’s total budget for 2012/13 is £205 million and at any one time it supports over 4,000 researchers and postgraduate students in academic institutions and independent research institutes. Economic and Social Research Council Polaris House North Star Avenue Swindon SN2 1UJ Email: [email protected] Website: www.esrc.ac.uk
The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) is the learned society and professional body for geography and geographers. Founded in 1830, today the Society is a world centre for geography: supporting research, education, fieldwork and expeditions, geography in society and also advising on policy issues. Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) 1 Kensington Gore London SW7 2AR Website: www.rgs.org
The Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, along with the other UK Research Councils. The AHRC is governed by its Council, which is responsible for its overall strategic direction, and we are incorporated by Royal Charter. Arts and Humanities Research Council Polaris House North Star Avenue Swindon SN2 1FL Email: [email protected] Website: www.ahrc.ac.uk