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How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention?
How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention? Mary Sarah Bilder* ABSTRACT The official records of the ConstitutionalConvention of 1787 have been neglected and dismissed by scholars for the last century, largely to due to Max Farrand'scriticisms of both the records and the man responsible for keeping them-Secretary of the Convention William Jackson. This Article disagrees with Farrand'sconclusion that the Convention records were bad, and aims to resurrect the records and Jackson's reputation. The Article suggests that the endurance of Farrand'scritique arises in part from misinterpretationsof cer- tain proceduralcomponents of the Convention and failure to appreciate the significance of others, understandable consideringthe inaccessibility of the of- ficial records. The Article also describes the story of the records after the Con- vention but before they were published, including the physical limbo of the records in the aftermath of the Convention and the eventual deposit of the records in March 1796 amidst the rapid development of disagreements over constitutional interpretation. Finally, the Article offers a few cautionary re- flections about the lessons to be drawn from the official records. Particularly, it recommends using caution with Max Farrand's records, paying increased attention to the procedural context of the Convention, and recognizing that Constitutionalinterpretation postdated the Constitution. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1621 A NOTE ON THE RECORDS ..................................... -
A Past So Fraught with Sorrow Bert H
A Past So Fraught With Sorrow Bert H. Barnett, Gettysburg NMP On May 23 and 24, 1865, the victorious Union armies gathered for one massive, final “Grand Review” in Washington, D.C. Among the multitude of patriotic streamers and buntings bedecking the parade route was one, much noticed, hanging from the Capitol. It proclaimed, perhaps with an unintended irony, “The only national debt we can never pay is the debt we owe the victorious Union soldiers.” One sharp-eyed veteran, a participant in almost all the war’s eastern campaigns, observed, “I could not help wondering, whether, having made up their minds that they can never pay the debt, they will not think it useless to try” [emphasis in original].1 The sacrifices demanded of the nation to arrive at that point had been terrific—more than 622,000 men dead from various causes. To acknowledge these numbers simply as a block figure, however, is to miss an important portion of the story. Each single loss represented an individual tragedy of the highest order for thousands of families across the country, North and South. To have been one of the “merely wounded” was often to suffer a fate perhaps only debatably better than that of a deceased comrade. Many of these battle casualties were condemned to years of physical agony and mental duress. The side effects that plagued these men often also tore through their post-war lives and families as destructively as any physical projectile, altering relationships with loved ones and reducing the chances for a fuller integration into a post-war world. -
Journal of the Continental Congress Excerpts Related to the Post Office Rev
Journal of the Continental Congress Excerpts Related to the Post Office Rev. 1 (1-2011) The Journals of the Continental Congress are the records of the daily proceedings of the Congress as kept by the office of its secretary, Charles Thomson. All Acts, Resolves and other information relating to the running of the Government are contained within its pages or references. The Journals were transcribed and published by the Library of Congress in 34 volumes issued from 1904 to 1937. About 25 years ago, I spent about a week at the Library of Congress making photocopies of anything relating to Post Office operations. These have been invaluable in understanding how the Post Office functioned from 1775 until 1792. These Journals have now been digitized and are available on the Library of Congress website at: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwjc.html This file includes the transcipts of those records relating to the Post Office that I've found to date. I'm continuing to add to this file, so it should be considered a work in progress. Entries marked with {Rev1} were added during that revision. Ed Siskin Voorhees, NJ [email protected] New Jersey Postal History Society www.NJPostalHistory.org 1 Free Digital File Journal of the Continental Congress 1774-1789 Excerpts Related to the Post Office WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 5, 1774, A.M. An address from William Goddard to the Congress was read and lie on the table. 1 MONDAY, MAY 29, 1775 As the present critical situation of the colonies renders it highly necessary that ways and means should be devised for the speedy and secure conveyance of Intelligence from one end of the Continent to the other, Resolved, That Mr.[Benjamin] Franklin, Mr. -
2018 Winter MOLLUS.Indd
Historical Journal Winter 2018 www.mollus.org Remember the Loyal Legion Memorial Fund and Preserve Our History Help preserve Civil War History for future generations when you contribute to the Loyal Legion Memorial Fund. Among American hereditary orders, none stands more proud in its unwavering allegiance to our Republic and its ideals than the Loyal Legion. Founded in sorrow as the na- tion reeled from the death of Abraham Lincoln, it has stood the test of time and remains true to its promise to remember and to honor. Members of MOLLUS and DOLLUS pay homage at the grave of The Loyal Legion Memorial Fund, through its fi nancial Elizabeth Van Lew in Richmond’s historic Shockoe Hill Cemetery. support of various initiatives, helps provide the means by which our Order lives out its promise. When you read the Another Event-Packed Congress Wraps Up Loyal Legion Historical Journal…when you attend the annual Lincoln ceremonies in Washington and Springfi eld… 2018 Congress provided opportunities to learn, serve, and honor. when organizations like the American Battlefi eld Trust save blood-soaked land from being developed, or the Abraham For the third time in their histories, the Loyal Legion and the Lincoln Foundation in Philadelphia mounts a new museum Dames of the Loyal Legion convened a Congress in Richmond, exhibit…when you see our historical documents being Virginia —the capital of the Confederate States and a prime identifi ed and preserved…you are seeing how the Memorial destination for Civil War enthusiasts. Members of both groups Fund can aff ect our world for the better. -
Information from State Historical Society of Iowa Resources
Standard Form For Hembers of the Leq1s l ature 2. Harria9e (s) date place """ . I 3. Si9nificant events for example: A. Business /9tjtf I I c. 4. Church membership _______________~~~ -~~~· ~~~~--------------------- A. Local ______________________________________________________ __ B. State ______________________________________________________ __ 7 . 8. 9. Kames of parents _________________________________________________ Source: Iowa Territorial and State Legislators Collection compiled by volunteers and staff at the State Historical Society of Iowa Library, Des Moines, Iowa. lO.Education --- ------- ------ Source: Iowa Territorial and State Legislators Collection compiled by volunteers and staff at the State Historical Society of Iowa Library, Des Moines, Iowa. sources Loq For Leqislation Entries Applicability Source Non Applicabl.e Applicable Information obtained V J · I I / - ~~~~~- ~~~~~~~· ~9~~~/~qG~, ; 9~·~· ~ ·~- ~~~~~---------------- . ;1 . : ...... Source: Iowa Territorial and State Legislators Collection compiled by volunteers and staff at the State Historical Society of Iowa Library, Des Moines, Iowa. Source: Iowa Territorial and State Legislators Collection compiled by volunteers and staff at the State Historical Society of Iowa Library, Des Moines, Iowa. • • inal reading on Sept. 19. Recycling Center. is scheduled to open in Oc state requirements without building a recycl- city staff to rework the tober. Its operation will coinCide with the start . ing center. · . ceep the rates as low as of weekly curbside collection of recycables. "I felt strongly we should have waited," / I Construction of the recycling center was Callendar said. than $3 before we're driven by state mandates that require cities to But other council members said the city has recycle at least 25 percent of waste collected. a responsibility tO deal with an issue the ne,...t~d a $3.50 hike, Curbside pickup - which will be voluntary public cares deeply about. -
John White Geary: “Giant of His Times”
JOHN WHITE GEARY: “GIANT OF HIS TIMES” Anthony Waskie, Ph.D. Early Life Few men have ever had such an impact on the history of their times, nor contributed more to the development of their nation and state, and, was thrust into more critical and pivotal roles at the very flash point of action, nor have more often influenced the course of historic events than John White Geary in the Mid-19th Century. Geary was born in Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland County in Pennsylvania on December 30th, 1819. He was descended from the sturdy Scotch- Irish pioneers, who had scratched out farms from the vast wilderness.1 His father, Richard Geary was well educated and refined for his day. He had failed at the iron business and opened a school, teaching for the remainder of his life.2 Geary’s mother, Margaret White hailed from Washington County in Western Maryland. Geary grew to be a giant in stature, reaching 6’6’’ tall, and weighed over 250 pounds. in his adulthood. He had a sturdy and athletic physique, a long dark beard in keeping with the style of the day, dark piercing eyes, and a dark complexion, all which gave Geary a most commanding presence.3 Geary's father educated his two surviving sons at home and sought to instill in them his love of learning, but also his intense ambitious quest for success. Geary's older brother, Edward became a noted and influential Presbyterian minister, and an early figure in the history of the Oregon Territory, which he pioneered. John White Geary, after a solid preparation at his father's school entered Jefferson (now Washington & Jefferson) College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.4 After his father's death Geary withdrew from college to provide for his family by opening his own school at the age of fifteen.5 With hard work, doing, among other things, a teaching stint in a school he opened, and following a thrifty lifestyle, Geary was able to return to Jefferson College and graduated with his Bachelor’s degree. -
Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society Have Yielded Data of Great Value
UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH & <h % '781i# LIBRARY Founded 1791 COLLECTIONS VOLUME 77 Committee of Publication GEORGE FOOT MOORE CHESTER NOYES GREENOUGH HENRY WINCHESTER CUNNINGHAM GARDNER WELD ALLEN WORTHINGTON CHAUNCEY FORD O O C o «J i- JS o ^ 5M 5 e c 2 2 d *- c u o o a u U <J . .E . »"".g-o Ufa s/i rt o - J= * « *v '-5 c = •,v\ $ 3. o -S < =2 :-«>Zw-2 .5 o .5 w %'g ?>« „ -S (S E IIS* Si a 1 o Stf SOS.S ^ jr o 3 o fV^V .£ -J fe g < z B, C-C/) g - > 5 <* Ok ° 5 5 o -" r- < <3 13— p N». O < u W - § "m, .* -5 ^ o u 15 ~ ,~ - z <1 > * Q < ? O MASSACHUSETTS PRIVATEERS OF THE REVOLUTION BY GARDNER WELD ALLEN PUBLISHED AT THE CHARGE OF THE LAWRENCE FUND The Massachusetts Historical Society 1927 Five hundred copies of this volume have been printed from type and the type distributed. PRINTED AT THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. ILLUSTRATIONS A Privateersman's Commission Frontispiece State Archives, 166, 72. Letter urging the Need of Armed Vessels .... facing page 20 State Archives, 193, 277. Petition for a Commission for a Vessel which has already taken Prizes without one 32 State Archives, 165, 477. Bond of a Whaler 38 State Archives, 139, 65. A State Bond 44 State Archives, vu, 204. Inquiry as to Disposal of Prisoners 56 Massachusetts Historical Society, Pickering Papers, xxxiii, 138. Bond not to recruit in any Town which has not raised its Quota for the Continental Army 66 State Archives, 139, 127. -
How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention?
How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention? Mary Sarah Bilder* ABSTRACT The official records of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 have been neglected and dismissed by scholars for the last century, largely to due to Max Farrand’s criticisms of both the records and the man responsible for keeping them—Secretary of the Convention William Jackson. This Article disagrees with Farrand’s conclusion that the Convention records were bad, and aims to resurrect the records and Jackson’s reputation. The Article suggests that the endurance of Farrand’s critique arises in part from misinterpretations of cer- tain procedural components of the Convention and failure to appreciate the significance of others, understandable considering the inaccessibility of the of- ficial records. The Article also describes the story of the records after the Con- vention but before they were published, including the physical limbo of the records in the aftermath of the Convention and the eventual deposit of the records in March 1796 amidst the rapid development of disagreements over constitutional interpretation. Finally, the Article offers a few cautionary re- flections about the lessons to be drawn from the official records. Particularly, it recommends using caution with Max Farrand’s records, paying increased attention to the procedural context of the Convention, and recognizing that Constitutional interpretation postdated the Constitution. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1621 A NOTE ON THE RECORDS -
How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention? Mary Sarah Bilder Boston College Law School, [email protected]
Boston College Law School Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School Boston College Law School Faculty Papers 10-17-2012 How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention? Mary Sarah Bilder Boston College Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp Recommended Citation Mary Sarah Bilder. "How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention?." The George Washington Law Review 80, no.6 (2012): 1620-1682. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Law School Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Bad Were the Official Records of the Federal Convention? Mary Sarah Bilder* ABSTRACT The official records of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 have been neglected and dismissed by scholars for the last century, largely to due to Max Farrand’s criticisms of both the records and the man responsible for keeping them—Secretary of the Convention William Jackson. This Article disagrees with Farrand’s conclusion that the Convention records were bad, and aims to resurrect the records and Jackson’s reputation. The Article suggests that the endurance of Farrand’s critique arises in part from misinterpretations of cer- tain procedural components of the Convention and failure to appreciate the significance of others, understandable considering the inaccessibility of the of- ficial records. The Article also describes the story of the records after the Con- vention but before they were published, including the physical limbo of the records in the aftermath of the Convention and the eventual deposit of the records in March 1796 amidst the rapid development of disagreements over constitutional interpretation. -
H. Doc. 108-222
1482 Biographical Directory 25, 1800; attended the common schools; moved to St. Ste- LYON, Matthew (father of Chittenden Lyon and great- phens (an Indian agency), Ala., in 1817; employed in the grandfather of William Peters Hepburn), a Representative bank at St. Stephens and in the office of the clerk of the from Vermont and from Kentucky; born near Dublin, County county court; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1821 Wicklow, Ireland, July 14, 1749; attended school in Dublin; and commenced practice in Demopolis; secretary of the State began to learn the trade of printer in 1763; immigrated senate 1822-1830; member of the State senate in 1833; re- to the United States in 1765; was landed as a redemptioner elected to the State senate in 1834 and served as president and worked on a farm in Woodbury, Conn., where he contin- of that body; elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty- ued his education; moved to Wallingford, Vt. (then known fourth Congress and reelected as a Whig to the Twenty- as the New Hampshire Grants), in 1774 and organized a fifth Congress (March 4, 1835-March 3, 1839); was not a company of militia; served as adjutant in Colonel Warner’s candidate for renomination; resumed the practice of law and regiment in Canada in 1775; commissioned second lieuten- also engaged in agriculture; in 1845, when the State banks ant in the regiment known as the Green Mountain Boys were placed in liquidation, he was selected as one of three in July 1776; moved to Arlington, Vt., in 1777; resigned commissioners to adjust all claims and -
Dauphin County Parks, Recreation, Open Space and Greenways Study
Dauphin County Parks, Recreation, Open Space and Greenways Study Prepared for: Dauphin County Parks and Recreation Department Dauphin County Planning Commission Tri-County Regional Planning Commission Prepared by: Urban Research and Development Corporation Bethlehem, PA in association with Herbert, Rowland & Grubic Harrisburg, PA This project was financed in part by a grant from the Community Conservation Partnership Program, Keystone Recreation, Park and Conservation Fund, under the administration of the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Recreation and Conservation. Approved by the Dauphin County Commissioners — 15 April 2009 Dauphin County Parks, Recreation, Open Space and Greenways Study ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dauphin County Commissioners Jeff Haste Dominic D. DiFrancesco II George P. Hartwick III Dauphin County Parks and Recreation Department Dauphin County Planning Commission Tri-County Regional Planning Commission Special thanks to the volunteer study committee members. Dauphin County Parks, Recreation, Open Space, and Greenways Study CONTENTS PAGE Executive Summary ........................................................ vii Introduction........................................................ 1–1 Greenway Types and Functions ..............................................1–2 Greenway Benefits........................................................1–5 Study Purposes...........................................................1–8 Goals and Objectives ...................................................1–9 -
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774-2005
Biographies 1357 JUDSON, Andrew Thompson, a Representative from January 1, 1921, and served until December 31, 1922, when Connecticut; born in Eastford, Windham County, Conn., No- he resigned; resumed the practice of law until his death vember 29, 1784; received a limited schooling; studied law; in Chicago, Ill., on December 4, 1929; interment in Mount was admitted to the bar in 1806; moved to Montpelier, Vt., Olive Cemetery. where he began the practice of law; returned to Connecticut and settled in Canterbury in 1809; State’s attorney for Windham County 1819-1833; member of the State house K of representatives 1822-1825; elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress and served from March 4, 1835, KADING, Charles August, a Representative from Wis- until July 4, 1836, when he resigned; appointed by President consin; born in Lowell, Dodge County, Wis., January 14, Jackson United States judge for the district of Connecticut 1874; attended the country schools, Lowell graded school, June 28, 1836, and served until his death in Canterbury, Horicon High School, and the University of Wisconsin at Conn., March 17, 1853; interment in Hyde Cemetery. Madison; was graduated from the law department of Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Ind., in 1900; was admit- JULIAN, George Washington, a Representative from ted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Indiana; born near Centerville, Wayne County, Ind., on May Watertown, Wis.; also interested in agricultural pursuits; 5, 1817; attended the common schools; studied law; was city attorney