. ~939, .GO .~GR_ESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 2153 \. · HOUSE OF REPR~SENTATIVES The Democratic vote exceeds the Republican vote by 661,664. THURSDAY, MARCH 2, 1939 In other words, the Democratic vote, as compared with The House met at 12 o'clock noon. the Republican vote, was more than 3 to 1. The Reverend James A. Fitzpatrick, Order of Preachers, In the colored section of Chicago the Democratic vote for Dominican House of studies, Washington, D. C., offered the mayor in the second ward was 16,225. · The Republican vote , following prayer: for mayor was 15,057-a clear Democratic majority of 1,168. In the third ward the Democratic vote for mayor was 15,547; Omnipotent and merciful God who has vouchsafed to make the Republican vote for mayor was 9,521-a clear Democratic · known the truths and the principles which alone afford the majority in that ward of 6,026. In the two wards the total proper perspective to the lives of individuals and of nations, Democratic vote was 31,772, while the total Republican vote . and which alone exercise that directive influence which was 24,578-making a clear Democratic majority in these i restrains greed, condemns lawlessness, and exalts righteous two wards of 7,194. : ness, look with favor upon the Members of this legislative These figures are taken from the very partisan Republican I body whom Thou hast raised to the dignity of being coopera newspaper, the Chicago Daily News, owned and published : tors with Thee in the establishment and extension of Thy by Colonel Knox, candidate for Vice President on the Re : kingdom of justice and of love among men. publican ticket in 1936. , We are not unmindful of Thy manifold benefactions in Colonel Knox is one of the bitterest partisan Republicans 1 our regard. Thou hast placed at our disposal an abundance to be found in any State. His paper, like most of the great of natural resources; Thou hast caused us to be born to live metropolitan papers in the country, is engaged in an effort under a form of government which recognizes the sacredness to make the public feel that the New Deal and our great of human personality, safeguards the inalienable rights of President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, are being repudiated by the individuals and of families, and guarantees intellectual and 1 electorate of the country. With the great city of Chicago, religious freedom. speaking through its voters, saying to the country, "We not At this time when contrary ideologies are prevailing in only appreciate the fact that the New Deal, through the · other parts of the world and by infiltration are endangering leadership of our President and our mayor, Hon. Edward J. our own, we beseech Thee graciously grant to all those to Kelly, has saved our Government, for which we are deeply whom the destiny of this country is entrusted the prudence grateful," but we say more than that; by our overwhelming · and the courage necessary to resist these hostile influences vote "we say that we are unwilling to give up this program so that we may continue to be a people pleasing and accepta and to elect men to office who are pledged to pursue a course ble to Thee. different from that which has been so successfully pursued Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. by Mayor Kelly, a 100-percent new dealer." The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and Mayor Edward J. Kelly, an outstanding new dealer and approved. supporter of the President and his program, has made Chi EXTENSION OF REMARKS cago the greatest mayor the city has had during the more Mr. WARREN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to than 100 years of its existence. He has been nominated by extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include therein an overwhelming vote, and on the 4th of April will be reelected an editorial from the Christian Science Monitor of March by an even larger vote. If there are sections of our country 1 on the new reorganization bill. that are growing lukewarm toward the President and his Re 1 - The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the great program through the misrepresentation of partisan gentleman from North Carolina? publicans and a partisan press, they should take fresh cour There was no objection. age from the hearty approval Chicago gave the President Mr. SWEENEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to and the New Deal in last Tuesday's election. The Demo extend my own remarks and to include therein a statement cratic Party, while casting around for an outstanding states I made before the Ways and Means Committee on the sub man and new dealer to head our national ticket in 1940, ject of social security. would do well to consider that Democrat and leader, Mayor The SPEAKER. Without objection, it is so ordered. Edward J. Kelly. He is Presidential timber. There was no objection. Mr. Speaker, the country is still Democratic. [Applause.] [Here the gavel fell.J THE CmCAGO MAYORALTY ELECTION Mr. MITCHELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent EXTENSION OF REMARKS to address the House for 1 minute. Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the to incorporate in the RECORD a memorial from the Legislature gentleman from Illinois? of the State of Maine regarding the serious situation of the There was no objection. fishing industry and asking-the Congress for a sympathetic ~· Mr. MITCHELL. Mr. Speaker, I have just returned from consideration. the political battle front in the great city of Chicago and I The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the bring greetings to my colleagues on both sides of the House. gentleman from Maine? ' Last Tuesday we held our city primary for the purpose of There was no objection.
1 nominating candidates for mayor, candidates for city clerk Mr. IGLESIAS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ! and city treasurer, and electing 50 councilmen. A heated extend my own remarks in the RECORD on conditions in Puerto tcampaign was waged by both Republicans and Democrats. Rico. The New Deal was the most prominent issue and was attacked The SPEAKER. Without objection, it is so ordered. · viciously by the Republican candidates and by the daily press, There was no objection. .' which is 90 percent Republican. Mayor Kelly, the successful Mr. ALLEN of Tilinoi~. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con 1 Democratic contestant, defended the New Deal in all of his sent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD by including a ' speeches and took pride in the fact that he has been a new short article by Boake Carter on the T. V. A., which I think 1. dealer throughout his administration. With the New Deal will be enlightening to the membership. as the principal issue it is very interesting to note the results The SPEAKER. Without objection, it is so ordered. as follows: There was no objection. ~ The total vote cast in our primary last Tuesday was 1,224,290. WAR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATION BILL, 1940 , Total Democratic vote cast for mayor, 942,977. Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House resolve Total Republican vote cast for mayor, 281,313 . itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of . LXXXIV--136 215t CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 2 the Union for the consideration of the bill (H. R. 4630) mak was acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. So you see this ing appropriations for the Military Establishment for . the history for which Americans were responsible has had a most fiscal year ending June 30, 1940, and for other· purposes; important influence upon the growth and development of our and pending that I ask the gentleman from New Jersey what whole country. suggestion he has as to time for general debate? In the brief time allotted me I cannot call your attention to Mr. POWERS. I suggest to the gentleman from Pennsyl the many stirring episodes which are your heritage as Ameri vania that we let general debate run for the balance of the cans as well as mine as a Texan and an American, but I do afternoon. I have one request for a half hour tomorrow. I want to commend to you a study of this history. There are would further suggest to the gentleman that whatever de many books which tell the story. bate there may be tomorrow be confined to the bill. If this I wonder if I may call especially to your attention the letter is satisfactory and if the time is to be eqnalJ.y divided, I that was written by William Barrett Travis from the Alamo. think we have reached an agreement. It is enough to make our blood tingle with pride as it courses Mr. SNYDER. May I suggest to the gentleman from New. through our veins. This letter is still preserved in the State· Jersey that we say that time should not run ~ore than an capitol at Austin, Tex. It is addressed to all Americans in the hour or an hour and a half tomorrow? world. There were just a few more than 180 Americans in Mr. POWERS. I would not particularly object to that, Mr. the Alamo, surrounded by hosts of Mexican soldiers, and Speaker, but I do not know how ma;ny requests will be made while there was still time to get a messenger out of the walls, for time on the bill tomorrow. As I said, so far I have now Travis dispatched this letter: requests for only half an hour tomorrow. Fellow citizens and compatriots, I am besieged by a thousand or. Mr. SNYDER. Then suppase we say that we will try to more of the Mexicans under Santa Anna. I have sustained a con hold the time tomorrow to somewhere between an hour and tinued bombardment for 24 hours and have not lost a man. The an hour and a half. enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion, otherwise the garri son is to be put to the sword if the fort is taken. I have answered Mr. POWERS. We will try to hold the time to an hour or the summons with a cannon shot and our flag still waves proudly an hour and a half unless we find we do not need that much from the walls. I shall never surrender or retreat . time. Then I call on you in the name of liberty, of patriotism, and everything dear to the American character to come to our aid with Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, that is satisfactory. all dispatch. The enemy is receiving reenforcements daily, which The SPEAKER. Will the gentleman restate his request will, no doubt, increase to three or four thousand in 4 or 5 days. regarding time? Though this call may be neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible and to die like a soldier who never forgets Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent what is due to his own honor and that of his country. Victory or that general debate run on today to be equally divided and death! · controlled by the gentleman from New Jersey and myself, In attestation of the sincerity of those words everyone and tomorrow we will fix the time before we go into the Com within the Alamo-many of them coming from States which mittee of the Whole. you gentlemen represent-sacrificed his life. So it has been The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Pennsylvania moves said very appropriately, "Thermopylae had her messenger of that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole defeat, the Alamo had none." House on the state of the Union for the consideration of the This morning I call attention to this anniversary because bill H. R. 4630, the War Department appropriation bill, 1940; it is peculiarly American. It is your history and your heritage. and pending that motion asks unanimous consent that gen For instance, the first provisional President of the Republic eral debate on the bill continue throughout the day, the time of Texas hailed from New Jersey. The last President of the to be equally divided and controlled by himself and the gen Republic of Texas came from Massachusetts. tleman from New Jersey. Is there objection? Read this history and it will make you prouder still that- Mr. MAY. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object-and you boast the name of American. [Applause.] I do not intend to object-! thought it was definitely under [Here the gavel fell.J stood that general debate would go through today, and it Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself 30 minutes• . was agreed tomorrow there would be 1 hour and 30 minutes, Mr. Chairman, it is my purpose to bring to the attention to be equally divided between the two sides of the House? of the Committee what I consider to be the salient matters Mr. SNYDER. It was not definitely fixed. We will take in the military appropriation bill for the fiscal year 1940, care of that tomorrow. We will try to limit debate to an which I reported to the House on yesterday by direction of hour and a half on the bill. the Committee on Appropriations. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the We have heard much about national defense in recent gentleman from Pennsylvania EMr. SNYDER]? months. It has been on the front pages of the newspapers. There was no objection. It has been discussed pro and con over the radio and at The motion was agreed to. public gatherings. Quite recently it has been discussed at· Accordingly the House resolved itself into the Committee length in this Chamber in consequence of the President's of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the con national defense message of January 12 last. sideration of the bill (H. R. 4630) making appropriations for It seems to me all of you should be qUite satiated with the the Military EstabliShment for the fiscal year ending June 30, subject, so I shall try to be brief. 1940, and for other purposes, with Mr. CooPER in the chair. I think it will be a surprise to most of you to learn that the The Clerk read the title -of the bill. regular Budget, in the way of new availability, proposes ap- · The first reading of the bill was dispensed with. proximately $24,000,000 less than the new availability pro- . Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the vided in the military appropriation act for the current fiscal gentleman from Texas EMr. LANHAM]. year. Mr. LANHAM. Mr. Chairman, I have asked for this time We carried in the current appropriation act $34,603,394 of · to call attention to the fact that this is a very important contractual authority, and now we are called upon to pay · anniversary in our history, more so perhaps than many of the piper. It is that contractual authority which makes the you realize. pending Budget larger. On the 2d day of March 1836 Americans from all States Bear in mind, I am referring to the regular Budget. of the Union, as the Union then existed, assembled in Texas I call your attention to the lesser availability particularly at the little town of Washington, on the Brazos, and in a to stress the fact that the Budget was not influenced by con rude, unfinished building declared the independence of Texas siderations called to the attention of the House by the Pres from Mexico. That declaration of independence was made ident in his message of January 12, 1939, which was respon e1fective in the victory at San Jacinto on the 21st of April sible for the two legislative measures recently passed by the 1836. By reason of the boundary disputes that subsequently House, one out of the Military A1fairs Committee and the arose, the War with Mexico followed. As a result of this other out of the Committee on Naval A1fairs, and which was :war more territory was add.ed to the United states than res~onsible, also, fat the SUPJ2lemental estilliate considered by 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2155 your subcommittee in connection with the present bill, to Senator Copeland would put it back, and although a doctor which I shall later refer. we were successful in getting him to recede. Of course, when I say that this bill proposes less new avail The second reduction under "Pay of the Army" relates to ability than its predecessor, I do not mean to belittle its .size, Thomason Act officers. We provided for training 650 this because, as all of you know, the current appropriation act is year. The law provides that 10 percent of those completing the largest passed since the Budget and Accounting Act of the year's course shall be commissioned in the Regular Army, 1922 became law. The Budget is based on 65. The actual number on January We ·had an unusual bill last year for two reasons: First, 1, 1939, was 622. We, therefore, have figured on not more after ·the submission of the Budget, the President, as he has than 63 being commissioned. We probably would have been done this year, sent to us a message advising that we should safe in figuring on a lesser number. take cognizance of increasing armaments of other nations, The next item and the one just below it in the increase which he later followed with supplemental estimates totaling column I shall refer to together. Both relate to field appro.:. $16.,880,000. The House granted that additional amount and priations · devoted almost exclusively to personal services. later the Senate, without Budget support, added to the bill Like the Department in Washington, abou~ which I spoke a over $42,000,000. We compromised on $16,000,000. We got moment ago, there is no chance for advancement for the the Budget to send down a supplemental estimate of $6,- three-thousand-two-hundred-and-odd employees which these 000,000, and the pther $10,000,000 we gave in the way of appropriations cover, because the Budget lops off anticipated contractual authority. So for implementation, the current savings resulting from leave without pay, vacancies, and so act made available around $32,000,000 more than contem forth. We are proposing restoration of Budget cuts of such plated by the original Budget. estimated accruals in order that some of these people who The current appropriation act marks the first substantial work on and on without any pay change, however much step since armies have turned to mechanization and motor merited, may get some slight recognition for giving their best ization toward modernly implementing our land-defense e:fforts to their employer, the Government. forces. That brings us to the two reductions proposed under "Sub- . Something like $37,000,000 was allowed for that purpose, . sistence." The ration cost has not gone above 43.81 cents and the pending bill includes amounts approximately total so far this year, or, at least, upon the basis of cost figures ing that figure. _Prior to the present year we were going thus far available. Therefore, instead of 45 cents; as esti forward at a rate around seven or eight million dollars. mated by the Budget, we are allowing 44 cents. For· the Getting down to details, the regular Budget calls for a same reason, we are refusing to allow an increase ·of $500,000 total of $470,305,868. A supplemental estimate since has· asked to ·increase the capital of the provisions fund, now been received of $50,000,000 for airplanes, accompanied by $5,500,000. - We · based -the current appropriation upon a a recommendation that it be made immediately available. ration cost of 45 cents. If the price continues throughout The two amounts made· the total of the estimates we con the year below 44 cents or even slightly above that level, the · sidered $520,305,868. We have reduced that amount by saving can be employed in the purchase of reserve stocks to $941,944, and deferred until later the appropriation of $19,- the value of $500,000 or more. 505,988, giving contractual authority instead for the pres Next is a reduction of $1,500,000 we are proposing under ent. That makes a facial reduction of $20,447,932. We only "Military posts." The Budget includes $6,756,378 under this can claim credit, however, to the former figure, that is, head, which is itemized on page 7 of the report. Included $941,944. in the amount for Albrook Field, there shown, is a $1,500,000 If you will turn to the table on page 3 of our report on project for building a depot and warehouses at Albrook Field, the bill you will see at a glance what we have done to which is on the Pacific side of the Canal Zone. We now accomplish that result. I shall begin with the first item and have a depot and warehouses at France Field, on the At comment upon the several changes. lantic side of the Canal. The information the committee As of September 30, last, there were 2,446 employees in had was not sufficiently convincing to warrant us recom the War Department here in Washington. To give each mending the Albrook Field project, and we have called one of those employees one salary step up would cost $181,- upon the Department for further data. What our final 840. The amount of a step up depends upon classification recommendation will be I am sure I do not know until that and grade within classification. The lowest is $60 per year. information is at hand. It may be that we should have a Hundreds of these employees have worked for years without member of the subcommittee visit the Canal Zone before any advancement; without any reward of any kind, no mat coming to a conclusion. ter how much deserved. Under "Barracks and quarters" you will observe we are The Budget allows $33,960 to give advancements to 446 proposing an increase of $200,000. That is only a drop in employees with no restriction or salary limit as to employ the bucket. We could spend many times that amount, plus ment of the money. The committee has added $31,035 to what is in the Budget, for caring for buildings and other the Budget figure, and that addition represents what in improvements at military posts and still be way under plant cumbents of positions would earn if all of them drew their upkeep outlays of com1nercial establishments. full salaries throughout the year. We are giving back the That brings us to the Air Corps, and I want you to get savings estimated to accrue from leave without pay, vacan this picture straight. Up to this year we have been working cies, furloughs, and so forth, to give promotions to those toward possessing ourselves with 2,320 airplanes. The Army receiving $1,800 or less. In no case would the advancement has not advocated a larger number, and the planes we pro- _ exceed $60 per year. That rule is made to apply to the vided for in the current appropriation act--476-were sup Budget allowance also. The two amounts would permit of posed to provide us with that number by July 1, 1940, which the advancement of about 1,083 employees whose pay ranges meant that planes asked for in this Budget and s~bsequent from $600 to $1,800 per annum. Of the 2,446 employees, Budgets would be in the nature of replacements. The pend more than 1,400 of them receive $1,800 or less. · ing Budget evidently was built with that idea in mind. It . The next item is a small one. The index catalog of the includes provision for the procurement of 219 airplanes, 178 Army Medical Library is in arrears. The Budget refused to for the Regular Army, 19 for the National Guard, and 22 for allow two additional clerks for bringing the catalog up to the Organized Reserves. That is strictly a replacing or bal date, and we are putting the money in. This is the most ancing program within the total of 2,320 airplanes. complete and valuable medical library in the world. Then comes the President's message of January 12, 1939. Under "Pay of the Army" you will see two reductions. Let me read from that message what he says about aviation: The first should be familiar. For a number of years we have limited the number of ·medical officers in a flight pay In the case of the Army, information from other nations leads us to believe that there must be a complete revision of our es~i status to five. Each year we meet with a request to _raise mates for aircraft. The Baker Board report of a few years ago is the number. We have been turning it down and dear old completely out of date. No responsible officer advocates building ' I 2156 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.-HOUSE MARCH. 2 our_air forces up to the. total elthe~: .of pianes on 1ll..and o:r of prcr planes, we are not. necessarily. committing ourselves to any ductive capacity- equal to the forces of certain ather nations. We are thinking in the terms of necessary detenses· and the conclusion expansion at all. The 565 planes may fit into the 2,320 pro is inevitable that our existing forces are sa utterly inadequate gram as replacements, or be the entire expansion thereof for that they must- be immediately strengthened. the present., or may be the first increment toward an expan It is proposed that $300,000,000 be appropriated for the pur sion ranging fircm 2:,32:0 to 5,50.0 airplanes. The whole matter chase of several types of airplanes for the Army. Thfs should provide a minfinum increase of 3,000: pranesy but it is. hoped that rests upon what you and the Hcuse ma.'Y dO- in consequence orde:rs placed on such a. large scale will materially; reduce the unit of any recommendations which later may be presented. cost and actually provide many more planes. The next money change we propose is under ordnance. We Military aviation is increasing today at an unprecedented and suggest a reducticm of $332,480. Frankly, I imagine- the alarming rate. Increased range, increased speed, increased capa.ctty of airplanes abroad have changed our requirements. !or def.ensive Department will oppose this reduction. Our -principal field aviation~ The additional planes recommended . will considerably weapon today is the old French 75-millimeter gun. There is strengthen the air defenses. of the Continental United States, n.o disputing the fact that it is a very splendid gun. The Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Canal Zone. If an appro Army has been engaged in modernizing a limited number of priation bill can be quickly enactecl. I. suggest tllat. $50,~,000 of the $300,000,000< for airplanes be made immediately available in these pieces to give mechanical traverse, greater- :range, and order to correct the present- lait in. atrcmft production Cilue. to idle improved . mobility by replacing the wooden wheels w:itb plants. wheels: equipped with rubber tilres~ permitting of towage at Subsequently. on January 26, last, the -President submitted high speedr The cost ot modernization per gun has run well a supplemental estimate of $50,000,000. with Ule reeommen in: excess. of $8.000- dation for immediate availability, for the: procurement of 563 You will not :find it in. the .hearmgs, but the Chief o:f FieicJ! airplanes, all over and above the 2,320 programr. OUr· infor Artillery told us that certain foreign armies. ha:ve: discarded mation is that those planes are to be· arde:red of different the 75-millimeter gun for a 105-millimeter gun,. which has a manufacturers with a view to gearing -up their production much greater range and throws a 35.- instead of a 15-poundi in order that they may be able rapidly to- p-oduee other missile... Of course, that can mean but one. thing. Other planes to be asked for in further supplemental estimates. armies are going to do likewise. We have a 105-millimeter As to what we shall be asked to provide for in. late.r s.upple gun in the deveiopment stage. Now, our thought is. fuat if we menta.r estimates,. I have nO. information beyooo tba.t con &Ee going to adopt the larger gun, sho.uld we nQt. stop light nowr tained in the President's message, from which I h&~e just spending such lar.ge sums on modernizing the old French 75'S? read. Undoubtedly, in addition to the $5(},000,000, we shall We are proposing to limit modernization to 4 instead 0-f th& be asked to make further funds available. Right, now 44 contemplated by the estimate, and those ~ Will be sent to amounts and numbers must be entirely conjectural West Point for instructional purposes. While we have been working toward the 2:~20 airplane Next, you will find two items of increase under Chemical objective-the. so-called Baker Boalrd quota-authority exists: Warfare. As to the one of $15,000, the Budget. persists in for the Army to have 4,120 serviCeable ai-11>lanes. We here cutting the: research std. They tried it. last year and we .tofore have provided for the entire number of 2.32Q. The turned thumbs do.wm., and now they are trying it on a smaller pending Budget, as I have stated, provides for replacements scale for 1940, and we are again refusing to go. abmg. · or balancing the program within that numbe:r~ The:reicnre, The second item, of $26,000, relates ~ supplYing chemical the 565 may be said to be in excess. of the- Baker Boo:rd. quota : tanks for use with aiilllanes, an important p:uoject in the and the first increment toward the 4,120- maximum presently opinion of, the subcommittee, for whicb Ule B\Wget refused to. authorized. · If that be true, then without waiting for the l provide. enactment of the legislation we recently passed raising the That brings u.s: to the National Gua!'d. As' usual, repre authorized number to 5,500, the President. is free to- submit sentatives of the National Guard Assooiatron came before the estimates right no.w for 1,.235 additional planes~ that is, the subcommittee mid expressed dissatisfaction with the· Budget· difference between 2,320 plus 5&5 and 4,120.& How~-ver, as I and urged more generous pr0vision. They advocated addl said,. what we shall be asked to do is wholly conjectural. and tiOnal appropnations aggregating $4,170,090. The. committee my thought is. that we should el'QSS tba.t bzidge when we has approved of additional amoonts totaling $1,028,200. . This come to it. sum you will :find itemized on page U of the report, below Getting back to our action, we have approved the supple which is set out the reasons. mental estimate of $50,0.Q9,000 and aze :recommending im ·You will be interested to know thai, we: provide f€1r th.e :final mediate availability, but are proposing the Sl:lbstit.utiml of increment of 5,000 officers and men to. bring the total strength $19,505,988 of contractual authority fcm a. like amcun.t of of the guard up to 210,000. We ha.ve been wo.:rking toward · direct appropriation, because we are not convineed that all that objective for a number of years. Tbis ~rease, however, of the 565 a.u:planes will be-delivered befm-e July 1, 1946. I wiU not ocmr until April1, 19:40. ask you to look at the last paragraph on page 8 af the report. Under- the Organized Reserves we propgse two· money Let me read it: changes. We increase the number- of officers wfio may at On December- Sl last there were 557 a!I:planea o:n order, some tend command and service schools f:rom 214- t€1 300, occasion under funds or contractual authority which became available as ing an addition of $94,600, and we raise the number of far back as July 1, 1936. On the same date orders had not been Thomason Act trainees from 500 to 650, which accords with placed for 348 ahrplanes for which the Congress lleretofore had made what we are doing this year. You wm recall that last year provision. Add to these 2'19 in the regular Budget. tor 1940 and 565 in the supplemental estimate, and the total becomes 1,690 for the House raised the number frcm 500 to 650l. The law per delivery during the 18-month period December 31, 1938. to June 30, mits 1,000 per year. The extra 150. adds tto the bill $282,757. 1940. Past performance suggests that to be an exceedingly am The bill provides for 14-da.y active-duty training for 30,000 bitious program. Reserve officers. That corresponds with the ctirrent year. It seems to me you must agree with us that past perform The final change relates to citizens' military training camps. ance, even though substantially bettered, does not waxrant This year we gave $2,275,000 with the idea of training the conviction, or scarcely the hope. that deliveries of 1,690 35,000 boys. Actually, training has been given to 35,831. airplanes will have been effected before the next fiscal year The Budget proposes an appropriation of $1,974,300 for shall have come to a close. As we say in the report, if our 1940, which would mean reducmg the number of trainees to guess should prove wrong, there will be time to right it early atround 30,000. The committee has restored the amount to in the next session. Frankly, I hope we are wrong. I am the current year level. The ·interest in this item is very sure all of you join me in the hope for a substantial improve widespread. It is a. very worthy project, as you all know, ment in production output. ami does a tremendous amount of good. n means more As to the number of airplanes we should have now ·or in than mere military training. It is a builde:r of a spirit of the near future, I am sure I do not care to exiX"ess an opin Americanism,. of patriotism, of immeasurable value to the ion. The House the other day- determined upon a maximum security of the Nation. of 5,500. By providing these 565 planes, presumably to be in I. think. I ha.ve covered the :field rathe:r thOToughly. I may addition to the Baker Board objective of 2,320 serviceable air- add that there is no new construction money in the bill for .1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2157 posts within the United States. The Army got a very big city that is protected by its :fire department and its. police slice of P. W. A. money this year. Possibly it is expected to department . get more from that quarter later. That depends upon what . . I should go farther than the President's recommendation we shall do later with such relief program as may be sent in training young men for air service. I should suggest a down. 5-year program in which we should train at least 50,000 In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I should say that unques young men to be pilots, mechanics, or technicians. I should tionably we shall' be asked in the very near future to add give that number an opportunity to enlist in the Army and substantially to the appropriation carried in this bill. A take a course for 3 years. If at the expiration of 3 years they considerable additional amount for aviation will be asked, did not want to reenlist, they would be prepared because of and very sizable amounts will be asked to provide "critical their schooling and training to go out into life's school and items" of equipment which would be needed in an emer :fit into our business and industrial institutions. Since it gency, such as antiaircraft artillery, semiautomatic rifles, would only cost about $42.50 per boy per month to train them antitank guns, tanks, light and heavy artillery, ammunition, for such service, and since we pay in my State $52.50 per and gas masks; also, for educational orders. person per month on W. P. A., it would cost the Government . We should reserve our judgment upon such matters until less in the end to prepare these 50,000 boys for life's work they actually are in hand. · I believe if you will read our than it does if we keep them on W. P. A. for the same space hearings and the hearings recently conducted by the Com of time and then they :find themselves without training for mittee on Military Affairs, you will be prepared to give more furtper advancement. [Applause.] intelligent. consideration to those supplemental proposals Mr. WIDTE of Idaho. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman when they come along. yield? I wish most sincerely, my colleagues, and I am sure all of Mr. SNYDER. I yield to the gentleman from Idaho. you join me, that instead of receiving supplemental esti Mr. WIDTE of Idaho. The gentleman speaks of training mates we might receive a communication telling us that 50,000 boys in productive work. Does the gentleman believe changed world conditions render it unnecessary to provide we should train them to be pilots and put them in the Army for expenditures for national defense even on the scale con as is done in Europe? Does not the gentleman believe it templated by the regular Budget. I regret as much as any would be better to direct our efforts to securing disarma of you this demand to put such vast sums into engines of ment in the nations of the world and have peace rather than human destruction, whether ever actually used for that pur war? pose or not. I am persuaded to the view that adequate Mr. SNYDER. My contention is that the only way we preparation is the best assurance that they will not. [Ap can go about securing disarmament among the nations is plause.] for us to build a sufiici~nt national defense armament in I recall vividly that when I studied ancient history I this country to show the other nations they cannot do with thought the Spartans, Athenians, the Huns, and the Van us as Japan is doing with China, and as other nations have dals were terrible, cruel people in warfare. I thought they done, because nations are never attacked when prepared. It were not civilized when they seized their swords and is only the weak nations that are attacked. strapped on their armor plate and went out to slaughter Mr. WffiTE of Idaho. Is the gentleman appr~hensive their opponents on the :field of battle. My teachers and my other nations can do to us what Japan is doing to China? fellow classmates classified those countries and nations as Mr. SNYDER. No; but I should feel very much better · 1f we had provided ourselves in fonner years with a better barbarians and uncivilized. measure of defense preparation. But how about many of our so-called civilized nations to Mr. WIDTE of Idaho. Does not the gentleman believe. day? What constitutes a civilized nation today? Can we · American ingenuity and American production will meet any· classify nations whose leaders go mad with greed and power situation that may arise in the future? for possession to the extent of deliberately killing hundreds Mr. SNYDER. I have great faith in our capacity to ac- of thousands of innocent and defenseless men, women, and complish big tasks. children with bursting bombs and explosives as · civilized [Here the gavel fell.l nations? Mr. POWERS. Mr. Chairman, I yield 40 minutes to the We ask ourselves as a people what must we do in order gentleman .from Minnesota [Mr. ALEXANDER]. that we as a Nation may not become a prey and be devoured UNITED STATES SUBSIDIES FOR FOREIGN MILLS and destroyed as a people and a Nation by such greed. Mr. ALEXANDER. Mr. Chairman, I have just introduced I think that fully 98 percent of our population bas come a resolution calling for an investigation of the present pro to the conclusion that the surest way of assuring the United gram of the Department of Agriculture. 1 States of continuous peace is for us to install adequate na Under the guise of "benefiting the farmer," the Secretary tional-defense installations on our mainland and in our pos of Agriculture, in July last, announced that the F. S. C. c. sessions-ample seacoast defense, ample antiaircraft equip that is the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation-in co ment, tanks, adequate guns, and munitions of all kinds-and, operation with the A. A. A., would grant from· the United above all, thousands of modern airplanes, pursuit, attack, and States Treasury subsidies on export wheat. bombers, and whatever other types are needed. If 5,500 are He dumped 25,000,000 bushels on London and Liverpool not enough, make it 10,500. Any number that will give us with a Government subsidy of $5,000,000-the effect of which assurance that our peace and well-being cannot be disturbed was to break down the Liverpool wheat market, and, Within by any foreign power. a few days the price of wheat on every produce market on Yes, my friends, it is far cheaper for us to spend $10,000,- the globe, and eventually the farm price for every bushel of 000,000 in adequate national-defense installations than to go American wheat. to war for 10 days. When we stop to think that by the time Moreover, this subsidy from the United States Treasury the last World War veteran will have been laid to rest that went, directly or indirectly, to British mills, cereal factories, the World War will have cost this Nation $100,000,000,000 in and bakeries, who got their raw material, that is, American cold money alone, to say nothing of the loss of lives of tens wheat, at a lower price than their competing American mills, of thousands of our boys who died on the battlefield or from cereal factories, and bakeries. These American food indus wounds received on the battlefield. tries, supplying bread to every home and worker in the United We take out insurance on our homes, automobiles, our own States, employ over 200,000 wage earners on a yearly pay lives, and the lives of our loved ones in order that we may roll of over $300,000,000. be compensated in case of accident or death. The money we Furthermore, our breadstuffs industry is the foundation of spend for national-defense equipment is merely an insurance the wheat-growing industry and, in favorable season,· has policy the Nation is carrying. The money we spend to main paid the fanners of the North and West as high as $900,000,- tain our Army and install our installations we spend for the 000 cash-the chief spot-cash reliance of the wheat-growing. protection of our people and our institutions. the same as the States. 2158 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOU.SE MARCH 2 During the first week of February 1939, the F. S. C. C. and The rate of the subsidy oii. this shipment may be estimated A. A. A. dumped 2,000,000 more bushels, at a subsidy of from the following items-the wheat being supposed to come around 35 percent--as measured in transportation costs, in from the Middle West: surance, and handling-upon the dairy producing and ex Transportation by rail from Minnesota or· Kansas to Gal porting interests of Holland, at the ports of Amsterdam and veston, around 18 cents; ocean freight from Galveston to Rotterdam. Thereby, American bran and shorts are fur Amsterdam, 12.7 cents; insurance, elevator charges, and rushed to the dairymen of Holland at lower cost than the sundry handling costs, 3.5 cents; or a total for transporta price paid for them by the butter makers of Minnesota, the tion and handling costs of 34.2 cents. Then, add to that the cheese makers of Wisconsin, or the milk producers of Iowa price loss of around 14 cents, the difference between the 61 and up-State New York. cents at which the wheat was furnished to Dutch mills and Every Member of this House well remembers that this cereal factories and the 75 cents paid by the mills and cereal same Holland, which is now thus subsidized from the United factories of Minnesota. States Treasury, shipped into this country during the 3 years What was the amount of that subsidy to the mill's of the ending 1937 upward of 8,000,000 pounds of butter and 10,000,- Netherlands? It cannot be fa.r from 40 cents per bushel. 000 pounds of cheese. And for what useful purpose, except to aid the. industries of So, it seems the New Deal policy is to subsidize the Neth the Netherlands and give cheaper bread to a foreign country erlands, so it may undersell American dairymen in their own than is enjoyed by the hungry in our own country? markets, and thereby enable the European Amsterdam to Did it benefit the American farmer? On the other hand, furnish European butter to "New Amsterdam" at below the the ultimate effect, because Liverpool is the price-fixing American farm cost of production-and this by aid of a market for the world wheat trade, was to lower the price subsidy from the United States Treasury. of wheat on all American markets where the wheat grower Letters which I have received during the past few days sells his crop. In furnishing foreign milling and cereal from American produce markets-wheat and dairy. producers, product factories with American wheat at below the Amer milling and other cereal industries--agree in this verdict as ican mill price the Government therehy cut down the to the net effect of this F. S.C. C. and A. A. A. subsidy grant market demand at all American primary markets. And to Europe and Asia since the beginning of the current so American prices began immediately to sag-and these fiscal year. They all agree: American prices are the dependence of the farmer for over First. That this wheat subsidy-and, also, it seems now, 80 percent of his wheat crop. subsidy on flour-has been the outstanding cause of lowering The repercussion of that Amsterdam-Rotterdam subsidized the price of wheat on every market on the globe, and thus wheat shipment was immediate on ali American wheat mar has reacted to cut down the farm value in every American kets. Listen to the following from the New York Times dis farm granary. patches of February 6, 1939: Second. That it has hurt, instead of helPed, the flour ex Liverpool led the decline and closed % to 2% cents a bushel port trade and cereal export trade of the wheat-processing lower. industries that employ American labor and furnish the Winnipeg futures were 1 to 1% cents lower. Kansas City closed wheat grower his principal market. %, to 1% cents lower, and Minneapolis was off 1%, to 1 Y2 cents f~m a week ago. Third. That the cheap bran and shorts of this subsidized Chicago closedyesterday with net losses of 1 to 1%, cents on the wheat is a prime cause of concern to every dairy-producing week. - community in the United States. Instead of being a benefit to the American farmer, the Mr. Chairman, I have here presented in brief outline a subsidized wheat dumped abroad hit the wheat grower in the sort of bird's-eye sketch of the theme which, if the House will home markets where he sells upward of 600,000,000 bushels of permit, r should now like to discuss in sufficient detail, so his crop, or 80 percent of all the wheat he grows. that all sections of our country may know what the latest One of the basic principles on which American industry new deal in government subsidy means us and our indus to has been built up during the past 80 years-until American trial future. mills and factories turn out a finished product equal in value And, let me say right here, that this harmless-looking to the combined factory product of the four leading coun wheat subsidy hits not only grain-growing .west but every tries of Europe, and distribute to wage-earners a yearly pay American industry and all of our 50,000,000 workers and roll that in normal times equals the entire factory pay roll 30,000,000 homes-north and south, east and west. of Europe-is this: To lay no Federal hand upon the oppor WHEAT SUBSIDY RESULTS, JuLY 1, 1930, TO MARCH 1, 1939 tunity of American industry to acquire its raw materials at From July 1, 1938, up to February 28 of the current fiscal a market price on terms of parity with competitors abroad. year, exports of American wheat to foreign mills and mar The present policy of this subsidized wheat plan is to give kets closely approximate 90,000,000 bushels: the foreign competitor in food products the benefit of a sub The bulk of these wheat exports have been subsidized from sidy which the Administrator admits, in his January 23 state the United States Treasury, or, more accurately speaking, ment, "averages 25 cents per bushel up to January 15." In from the Treasury deficit, pursuant to the new "two-price other words, the Government admits paying 25 cents per plan" proclaimed by Secretary Wallace at the beginning of bushel, which is equivalent to a subsidy of over 35 percent this fiscal year. in value, to build up foreign cereal industries at the expense The average subsidy per bushel announced by the Federal of an American industry, which even in 1935 in flour mills Surplus Commodities Corporation-the Bureau assigned by alone, as shown by the Census of Manufactures for 1935, Mr. Wallace to administer his plan-is estimated in the paid over $35,000,000 in wages to labor and paid over $750,- Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation offices, at the De 000,000 for raw materials, chiefly the products of the Amer partment of Agriculture, as an "average 25 cents" subsidy ican farm. :Per bushel. On December 14, 1938, after the Wallace subsidy plan had In fact, the rate and amount of the subsidy vary accord been operating in its·fifth month, the Department of Agri ing to the port of import and foreign competition at the culture gave out this announcement: given port. On January 23, 1939, the Department of Agri Corpo.ration officials estimate that the differential on the recently culture announced: announced sale of wheat to millers in the United Kingdom. The estimated losses to the Corporation on sales of wheat, in totaling about 25,000,000 bushels, will be slightly above 20 cents a cluding storage charges, and indemnity on flour for export, aver bushel. age approximately 25 cents per bushel up to January 15. That is to say, the United States Treasury is paying to But during the first week of the past month, February British millers and food manufacturers a subsidy of $5,000,000 1939, the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation dumped to enable British mills to shut American millers and cereal in the ports of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, Holland, 2,000,000 food manufacturers from what formerly was their best export bushels of American wheat at around 61 cents per bushel. market. Is this the present policy of developing American 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2159 industry? Is this the new way of feeding the "one-third of jection-shipped, I repeaf, into thls dafry country in the our population" that are supposed to be "undernourished"? fiscal year 1936-37, 2,463,000 pounds of Dutch butter in The pretense that it is benefiting the American farmer is competition with the farm cooperative butter makers of exploded by the fact that wheat prices on American primary Minnesota, and 5,439,000 pounds of Dutch cheese in compe markets started on the toboggan downward from that British tition with Wisconsin, to say nothing of their starch exporta subsidy dump to the present month. Wheat is dropping tions, under the same treaty, into this country as stated in during the very months when ncrmally it makes its chief my remarks in this House on February 1. gains in price--from December to March. Subsidy has killed In the fiscal year 1934-35, aided by a New Deal tariff treaty, the law of supply and demand-subsidy from the United the Netherlands shipped into the United States 4,796,000 states Treasury to EUrope. pounds of Dutch butter for American consumption, which is The blow to our export trade in processed cereal-food a close approximate to the Minnesota butter shipments to products, by subsidizing British manufacturers, has cut down New. York in November 1938. .the farmer's wheat price in every home market--the market At first glance, one might judge that the dairy interests had which is his dependence for a cash income to meet his taxes benefited from the Wallace panacea because it has cut down and mortgage payments. the price of wheat, and thereby the cost of bran and shorts On January 28, 1939, the Modern Miller, published in the for the cows. But note: Whatever benefits the dairy cows Chicago milling district, refers to the "3 months' supply of may have received from lower-priced wheat are completely flour milled by British mills from 25,000,000 bushels so ad annulled by the wheat expert subsidy-which gives the Eu-: vantageously purchased from the United States with a ropean dairyman his bran and shorts from even lower-priced $5,000,000 subsidy from the United States." wheat. Continues the Miller: The butter and cheese makers of Holland are getting their British millers added to their laurels in having the United States bran and shorts from 61-cent American wheat, while Ameri-· wheat duty removed and the discriminating duty on flour en can butter and cheese makers are getting their bran and larged, by a purchase of subsidized F. s. c. c. wheat, with the shorts from wheat priced at 70 cents to 80 cents a bushel agreement that the United States would cancel the flour indemnity (subsidy). Now, that United States, Canada, and Australian a price differential of 15 percent to 30 percent. millers may appreciate the dominance of British m11ls, the wheat Holland is given by the New Deal subsidy p!an a differen Will be dumped on British bakers in the form of flour. • • • tial averaging 20 percent in the essential feed costs of butter, British bakers enter the picture cast in an important role. • • • We wonder if the F. S. C. C. dreamed of such a thing. cheese, and milk, in competition with the dairymen of the United States. Here are three questions: First, is Secretary Wallace trying With that aid from the present Uncle Sam-a subsidy plus to punish the wheat-growing and wheat-processing States, a tariff treaty-the Netherlands should be able to extend its which, on November 8, 1938, turned down his "A. A. A. of dairy imports into American markets in the coming year and 1938" and elected from the wheat-producing States of Illinois, as long as the American people will submit to that kind of Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, bold experiment and;or "emergency." Idaho, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Note this record from the Agriculture Yearbook, 1938, page :Wisconsin, California, and the Dakotas---128 Republican 404: During the 5 years preceding this New.Deal experiment Members out of a total of 169 of the Seventy-sixth Congress, in butter, the Netherlands imported into the United States· of which a majority took the place of new dealers? just 1 pound of butter-probably a sample roll, which may Second. (a) n he punishing the farmers of Minnesota, and have been sent to "New Amsterdam" in the prosperous year the milling and wheat-processing cities and towns of Minne 1929. Apparently the sample did not rank up with the gilt sota, and the wage earners of those wheat-processing indus edged product of the Land O'Lakes in Minnesota. For, in .trial centers, for electing to this House a Minnesota delega the 4 succeeding years, according to the Wallace yearbook, tion opposed to his paternalistic subsidy grants and electing the butter imported into this country from. Holland is repre to the State capitol in St. Paul a new Republican Governor sented by the significant symbol "0"; that is to say, a com by a plurality of 291,576---the largest Republican plurality plete "goose egg" for 4 long years. in the history of Minnesota? From 1929 to 1934, until the New Deal struck its gait, all (b) Is he punishing the wheat growers and the mill and the butter from the Netherlands, all the butter which the elevator towns of the wheat-growing States of North and honorable countrymen of Peter Stuyvesant, the famous South Dakota, who send here a solid Republican delegation? Third. (a) Is he punishing the farmers and the mill and Dutch Governor of New Netherlands, could get into "New elevator towns of Kansas-the largest wheat-growing State in Amsterdam" was 1 pound and four·"goose eggs." the Union, or perhaps in the world-which in November 1938 Then the New Deal hit its gait-and in the 3 following put over an old-fashioned Republican landslide, a clean years to 1937 the butter shipments from Holland to American sweep except for one Member who may or may not approve ports made a total of 8,000,000 pounds of butter, not to men of the Wallace subsidy to British and Dutch cereal manu tion 10,000,000 pounds of cheese. facturers? Today, beginning with the first week of this month, Hol (b) Is he punishing the farming districts of Ohio, Pennsyl land, by the aid of a subsidy of around $700,000 from the vania, and northern New York-which, though called "east United States Treasury, plus an inviting tariff treaty and a ern industrial States" by people in the West, raised last year benevolent smile, may be able to get its bran and shorts at and are now processing 75,000,000 bushels of their own a low-price cost, sufficient to give our present "New Nether wheat--because they elected to this Congress 53 Republican lands" all the butter it needs from the old country, without Members, who hold mandates protesting against all of the calling upon the insurrectionist progressive dairymen of Min Wallace pater1;1alistic claptrap, from goose-stepping the farm nesota, or even New York up-State. ers to subsidizing John Bull and his tulip-growing Dutch Another question: Is Mr. Wallace out to purge Congress cousins? again, following the precedent set by the Senate purge in The case of this Amsterdam-Rotterdam subsidy raises a the primaries of last summer? new economic angle affecting the dairy industry of the United If the result of that purge is repeated in the political States. One of the important byproducts of wheat milling history of 1940, it is not beyond the range of possibility that is what is called the "offal"-the bran and shorts that are the farmers of the United States, and their cousins in the highly essential feed for the dairy industry. For the great towns, may seek a purge of the Cabinet--beginning with dairy interests of the Netherlands this byproduct may be of the first letter of the alphabet, which under the New Deal 'greater consequence than the protein content for flour. begins "A. A. A." Note the situation: The Agricultural Yearbook, 1938, SUBSIDIZED WHEAT AND VLADIVOSTOK BUT'I'EB issued by Mr. Wallace, states that the Netherlands shipped But hear this: In addition to the 2,000,000 bushels of sub into this country-by aid of a New Deal treaty not approved sidized wheat sent to Holland in aid of the imports of butter by the Congress or even submitted to the Congress for re- from the Netherlands, Wallace and the F. S. C. C. shipped 2160 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 2 1,000,000 bushels to Vladivostok and sundry Siberian ports of The yearly wages paid by these cereal manufacturing in Russia at a delivery price of around 58 cents per bushel. dustries exceed $313,000,000, which is of vital concern to every Why ship wheat to Russia, the greatest grain producer in industrial town in America. · the world? Is it because Russia is a communistic state, or, as The total amount of wheat processed and bought from now picturesquely described "communicratic" or Communist the farms would in normal times of prosperity, unhampered posing as democratic? Or is it because Russia is ambitious by tinkering panaceas and/or subsidies to foreign competi to invade the American butter market and needs our bran tors, amount approximately to $900,000,000, which is some and shorts in the Siberian district where there are few mills? what less than the 5-year average, 1924-28, inclusive, under The answer is found in the table of dairy imports in the the Coolidge. administration, when the father of the present Department of Agriculture. Here we find, though apparently Secretary held the portfolio of Agriculture. _ hitherto unspecified and unpublished: That Russia recently It is safe to say that under the administration of Calvin has become one of the chief shippers of foreign butter .into Coolidge, with the elder Wallace at the head of the Depart the United States-as high as 2,133,083 pounds in 12 months ment of Agriculture, no subsidy from the United States equaling even New Zealand and the Netherlands, and far ex Treasury would ever have been paid to foreign producers ceeding Argentina and Latvia, the two next countries in size to enable Europe to undermine American industries that of our butter imports. employ over 230,000 wage earners on a yearly pay roll of In the single month of January 1937 Russia shipped to us over $313,000,000 a year and furnish a home market for a 538,550 pounds of butter; in February 980,600, and in March $900,000,000 wheat crop. 584,528 pounds-or over 2,000,000 pounds in 90 days, which There is yet another angle of this foreign subsidy plan seems to beat all previous records-indeed, all butter im that directly affects even the industrial centers of the North port records since reciprocity treaties and subsidized rackets Atlantic group of States. We have been told that one-third began. of our population is underfed. Then why not, in the name But Siberian Russia has a very scanty milling development, of common logic, utilize our bread surplus to feed our under and it is a long haul from the wheat fields of European Rus fed instead of feeding Europe, Asia, and Africa and sending sia to the mills on the Pacific coast of Siberia. So our accom along a Santa Claus subsidy of millions of dollars to aid the modating Secretary of Agriculture and his F. S.C. C. are help British and the Dutch? [Applause.] ing our Siberian friends by giving them American wheat sub The practical problem which confronts you gentlemen sidized at 58 cents per bushel, which gives the Russian forces of the industrial Northeast is this: Your chief competitor, on the Pacific low-cost :flour, while at the same time making not only in the world ·export trade in manufactured goods Siberian Russia able to ship 2,000,000 pounds of communi but possibly at your own ports, is Great Britain and to less cratic butter into the United States within the brief period extent the Netherlands. One of the chief factors in world of 90 days. competition is the living cost and, first of all, the food cost. For the farm cooperative butter makers of Minnesota, When competition in manufactured products is close and North and South Dakota, Kansas and Nebraska, Iowa and made still more close by favorable tariff treaties, such as Wisconsin, Dlinois and Michigan, Ohio and up-State New the new treaty with Great Britain, the comparative food York here is a new deal in the new statescraft of "com cost may be the deciding factor in comparative production munocracy ," so-called. costs and thereby control of the trade. Subsidized wheat at 58 cents delivered by Secretary Henry Therefore, picture this. You will see in the market col .Agaard Wallace in exchange for imported Siberian butter umns of .Your daily press that the average ·price of wheat, from which your wage earners and homemakers get their delivered by Commissar R. J. Eikha, of Moscow and Lenin grad-agricultural reciprocity, aided by a subsidy from the daily bread, has averaged around 85 cents on Atlantic Coast markets. Whereas your British, Russian, and Dutch com United States . Treasury deficit in aid of the new commu petitors-thanks to this Government s:ubsidy on wheat-are nocracy. getting the same American wheat, and the :flour and bread This New Deal is lacking, however, in one essential par made from it, at 20 cents less per bushel than your local ticular, namely, endorsement by the people of the United fiour and cereal mills pay for it. States. And if you use the Minneapolis flour brands from my home Leaving that picture and getting back to the serious eco town, as many of you do, it amounts to the same thing. nomic aspects of this plan to subsidize foreign industries, London and Liverpool, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, are get our attention is first called to the large field of American ting their wheat at 10 cents to 15 cents per bushel below the industries directly affected. Minneapolis wheat market. The freight on our flour from The bread-making industries, all of which are threatened the Mississippi Valley mills to your town, added to our wheat by this reversal of the .American industrial policy, are in cost, makes the :flour and bread of your wage earners cost cluded in three classifications of the United States census of around 20 percent more than the British and Dutch cost, manufactures. First, there is the flour and other grain mill pursuant to this plan of Government subsidy in aid of products industry, which in 1929 engaged 4,022 establishments, industrial centers abroad. employing 27,000 wage earners and paying out $35,000,000 in So your industrial interests in the East, as our agricultural wages and processing $868,000,000 of raw materials, chiefly interests in the West, stand on the same foundation and the crops of the wheat growers. always against subsidizing Europe to give British dom Then comes the cereal-preparations industry, which in inance over American industry. And now, turning to our 1929 engaged 121 establishments, employing 6,488 wage friends of the Southland, the President has said that eco earners at wages amounting to $8,876,000 and buying farm nomic problem No. 1 is your section of the United States. products valued at $100,000,000. He is profoundly concerned in your welfare. One of his Also directly affected by the subsidy to foreign bread deep concerns, and rightly so, is your health-how he may makers is the bread and other bakery products industry, en rescue your rural communities from undernourishment, and, gaging over 20,000 establishments, employing over 200,000 particularly, from that dread disease pellagra, said to be wage earners, and meeting a yearly pay roll of $270,000,000. due to an unvaried corn-and-hog diet. Inasmuch as the raw materials of the baking industry, Not for a moment doubting the sincere concern of the largely :flour from the mills, does not come directly from the White House in your diet ration and the means of giving farm, the $700,000,000 invested by the bakeries in processed you a more varied menu, may I ask this practical question: grain is not included in the total of farm purchases, although Why, instead of shipping our northern bread products to it is one of the chief foundations of farm prosperity. Europe and Asia, with a subsidy from the United States The aggregate labor employment of American industries Treasury, and aiding the dairy and poultry production of affected disadvantageously by subsidizing foreign industries the Dutch-why, I ask, does he not consider the bread needs exceeds 230,000, and this at a time when unemployment is and the dairy product needs of problem No. 1, and make it one of our chief national problems. easier for your people to vary their com-and-hog diet by 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2161
eating Minnesota bread and butter in e:::change for the of this Government subsidy to mills abroad-~nging 20 staple productions of the South? percent to 30 percent above the basic food cost to their chief And note you this: This wheat subsidy makes white bread foreign competitiors, the British. in the South cost 25 percent to 35 percent more than in British manufacturers, besides their superior merchant Europe, Asia, and Africa. shipping facilities, are now able, under the Wallace sub What both sections and all sections need above all is more sitlized wheat-export plan to beat New England and other liberty, more freedom from the paralyzing arm of Govern northeastern industrial centers in having lower-cost bread ment-less purge and paternalism-borrowed from Hitler for their workers-and by aid of subsidy from the United and Stalin-more government by the people, according to States Treasury-or Treasury deficit! the principles of Lincoln and Jefferson. [Applause.] Above In his first book or speech on international relations, all, we need less of the subsidized nostrums which dose the Secretary Wallace, about 5 years ago, proposed that the people of the United States and cut down their industrial United States rely upon the British merchant fleet for mar enterprises in the commercial interest of competitors abroad. keting the American surplus. That plan rejected, he tried Before closing these remarks let me quote briefly from the the A. A. A. That plan snowed under by farm revolt, he morning paper of my home town-the Minneapolis Tribune now tries that good old liberal plan-subsidy-and subsidy of February 10-showing the immediate effect of this Am for John Bull and the Dutch and Russians. sterdam-Rotterdam subsidized shipment upon the wheat But the most interesting item of all is this: Instead of markets of the Middle West during the first week thereafter. benefiting the farmer, the subsidized wheat dumping abroad In quoting from the Tribune, I am citing what likewise has broken down not only the foreign market, but has re appeared in the market columns of substantially all dailies acted on the American wheat market and reduced the price published in the states that constitute the country's chief of wheat on every produce market in North America. bread basket. The price of the farmer's wheat in his own home market The headline begins "Wheat drops sharply here." That is dropping steadily, week after week, with every dumping was the immediate effect of the Wallace two-price plan, in of subsidized wheat on an uncertain world market. Were supposed aid of the wheat grower. the latest Wallace plan put into song, it might well fellow -Then follow the Minneapolis wheat receipts. I quote: that old Sunday-school hymn, thus revised: ' "Decrease from week ago 135 cars." For the week . Dropping, dropping, dropping, hear the prices fall. Primary receipts were small. Shipments continued larger than Every one for Henry, he will get them all! receipts. Flour trade was moderate and disappointing. [Laughter.] Then appears this significant item, showing that F. S.C. C. Protests of American millers at Government action, 1n subsidy dumping affected the entire wheat trade world practically prohibiting exports of American flour, forced ~ even the Antipodes. Again I quote: Wallace to amend his plan by also giving the millers a Australian and Argentine offers slightly cheaper on account ot bite of subsidy pie in the shape of around 90 cents a barrel, : North American markets. or, in the case of exports to the Philippines, 95 cents per barrel. All that this amounts to is a hedge differential That is to say, the d~pression on American primary mar l kets for the farmer's wheat had its effect even in the which partly equalizes competition with foreign millers. The 90 cents per barrel-there being 4.6 bushels of wheat in a 1 Southern Hemisphere in cheapening the world market, and I thereby still further damaging the market future of the barrel of flour-is equivalent to not quite 20 cents per bushel ·farmer who was the loudly advertised subject of Wallace's on the wheat content. Under this aid to milling, the millers have managed to export, in the form of flour, about solicitude. 15 percent of the wheat furnished to foreign millers sub Winnipeg May wheat closed 1% cents lower. Chicago May lYa cents lower. sidized by the United States Government. And wheat cereal Wheat sag had its effect on other farm staples. All grains foods, such as Cream of Wheat; Minneapolis, get not even showed weaker tone, and fiax dipped sharply lower in sympathy. the subsidy bite allowed the millers. Cream of Wheat The Minneapolis Journal reported May wheat in Min- gets a "freezeout." P. S.-Maybe they forgot to advertise in neapolis is at 71¥2 cents on February 9-as compared with Wallace's Farmer. . 105% cents in the same week a year before-a drop of 34 The same goes for Wheaties, Shredded Wheat, Puffed ·cents per bushel, and a strange commentary for A. A. A. and Wheat, Grape Nuts, a score of wheat cereal products manu . subsidy which were to save the farmer from the evil effects factured by Kellogg Co., the National Biscuit Co., the abroad. General Foods Co., and dozens of cereal-manufacturing No. 1 heavy dark northern spring cash wheat bought by companies which my time does not permit cataloging. All r Minneapolis mills and wheat cereal manufacturers stood at of these wheat cereal productions, ma'nufactured in all the , 75% to 76% cents, or about 15 cents above the Government wheat-growing States of the Union, are .hit by this export i subsidy price at Amsterdam in aid of the Dutch. Minne- wheat subsidy of 25 percent to 35 percent-drawn from the sota and south Dakota winter wheat, not so high in protein United States Treasury to subsidize their competitors in content, was 71% to 72%-10 cents above the Amsterdam foreign countries. price Of Wheat WhiCh fUrniSh the bran and shortS tO enable VIOLATION OF THE DUMPING CLAUSE AND BOUNTY CLAUSE OP WORLD the Dutch to undersell Minnesota butter in Atlantic coast TARIFF ACTS-UNITED sTAns AND FOREIGN . markets. And now last, but not least, an outstanding feature of The Northwestern Miller, published in Minneapolis, re- this wheat-subsidy plan is its conflict with the dumping clause ·ported that the mills of the Northwest, based on telegraphic and the Government bounty clause of all the tariff acts of the i reports from 60 percent of all flour mills in the North Cen- world-including the tariff law of the United States. ; tral states, showed 1,110,144 barrels as the week's grist, The tariff laws of most foreign nations have a clause ! compared with 1,486,727 ~arrels in the same week 3 years similar to that of section 303 of the United States tariff law, I· before-that is to say, in 1936, after the United States to wit: r Supreme Court had knocked out the first A. A. A. SEC. 303. Countervailing duties: Whenever any country, de . From this direct evidence of the dire effect of the Wal- pendency, colony, or other political subdivision of government • • • shall pay or bestow, directly or indirectly, any bounty 1ace panaceas in damaging the cause of the American wheat or grant upon the manufacture or production or export of any 1 grower and dairy farmers, no one who looks at the election article • • • produced in such country • • • then upon returns of November will wonder why the wheat and cereal the importation of any such article or merchandise into the · United States • • • there shall be paid, in all such cases, in · manufacturing districts of the North and West placed Henry addition to the duties otherwise imposed by this act, an additional Agaard Wallace on the toboggan slide. duty equal to the net amount of such bounty or grant, however Our industrial friends of the northeastern group of states the same may be paid or bestowed. , may well also note this: That their wage earners and home That is to say, Government subidized exports are under the 1makers have a food_ c~t_ }'or_ br~~_ a;td _np.Ik-as a r~~L-~ b~~ _of __~he _ laws of all nations as "unfair_practices"~ ~~rld 2162 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 2 commerce. Subsidized exports stand in the same class as Mr. PACE. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? a "corrupt practice•• in violation of the principle of fair Mr. ALEXANDER. I yield. trade. Mr. PACE. I must first congratulate the gentleman on his Moreover, the danger is enhanced when the subsidy is presentation of this subject. It certainly shows a depth of arbitrarily controlled and administered by a bureaucratic thought and investigation that does credit to the gentleman. official, not elected by the people, or responsible either to While I cannot agree with all of his conclusions, I do admire the people for his arbitrary exercise of power over our for the interest he displays in the welfare of American producers. eign relations, or responsible to the Congress which, under As the gentleman knows, when he talks of surpluses, he is article I of the Constitution, is presumed to have exclusive on a sUbject that interests me very much on account of the power over the national purse strings. enormous surplus of cotton. As I understand, the gentleman In this particular case we have a commissar of subsidy objects to foreign subsidies because he wants our own people who has greater powers in our foreign commerce than any to have the benefit of any excess commodities. If we were to commissar in Moscow, except only Secretary-General release the excess commodities in this country, would not Joseph Dugasvili Stalin himself. Our commissar dumps they have the same depressing effect on the price that the American wheat and reaches into the Treasury for a Gov gentleman states has been caused by the foreign subsidies? ernment subsidy thereon, at any rate or figure he arbitrarily Mr. ALEXANDER. That is a very good question, and I chooses. He ·fixes the foreign delivery rate at 64 cents in thank the gentleman for it. I think I oan answer it, in part one harbor, at 61 cents in Amsterdam, at 58 cents in · at least, by saying this: My suggestion would be that, instead Vladivostok-and a European cable arrives while I am pre of dumping this raw material either. here or in Europe, we paring these remarks, to the effect that a wheat cargo is should run it through our own industries, our own process en route to Europe from the Argentine that may reduce ing plants, and give our own labor an opportunity to put these our delivery basis to 56¥.! cents-or little over one-half the things on the EUropean markets at these low prices, if the market price of good spring wheat paid by the mills of my Government wants to subsidize it, at least as to :flour; but do district 1 year ago. not give the foreign farmers a continuous chance to snipe at No man needs to be told what the natural effect of such our farmers by provi
In September 1936 he reassured the American people that United United reemployment was progressing rapidly: States Kingdom Reemployment in industry is proceeding rapidly. Government spending was in large part responsible for keeping industry going· Per capita tax______:______$95. 16 $100. 81 and putting it in a position to make this reemployment possible. Per capita debt------429. 99 1, 011. 25 But yet, after all these years of the New Deal, we still have 10,400,000 people unemployed. Authority: Reference Bureau, Congressional Library. He assured the American people that he would take care· In his Charleston speech of October 23, 1935, Preside.nt. of relief in this country and that the costs of relief would Roosevelt said, in part: continually decline. Thus, on January 3, 1934, he said: We are coming back more soundly than ever before because we If we maintain the course I have outlined, we can confidently are planning it that way. Don't let anybody te.p. you ·dif!erently. look forward to cumulative beneficial forces represented by in creased volume of . business, more general profit, greater employ He openly took whatever credit or blame due. ment, a diminution of relief expense. Here· is something on performance as of March 1936. The And on January 6, 1936, he promised us: United States ranked thirteenth among the leading nations We can look forward today to a continued reduction of deficits, of the world with respect to recovery. In August 1937 we to increased tax receipts, and to declining expenditures for the were eleventh in recovery, but in February 1938 we had needy unemployed. slipped down to seventeenth place. Perhaps someone can But what has been the course of expenditures for relief? explain that. I have taken that little extract from a very In 1934 it was $1,846,000,000; in 1935, $2,353,000,000; in 1936, useful publication entitled "Promise and Recovery," which is $2,387,000,000; in· 1937, $2,505,000,000; and in 1938, $1,983,- issued by the National Republican Committee, and I sug 000,000. gest to my Democratic friends that they send and get. a With all these efforts and all these promises, the total copy of it. number of people in the United States on relief has not Why has the number of persons on relief continued to stay declined. In January 1933 there were 18,224,000 persons so large? Why is it that business has not taken up the receiving relief; in December 1936 there ·were 18,872,000 slack of unemployment? The reason is that President Roose persons on relief; and in November 1938 there were 22,437,000. velt has considered as one of his major. problems-as -one of Mr. Roosevelt repeatedly assured us that we were on the his major tasks-to attack business at every turn. · · road to recovery.; that he would guarantee that we would Despite his repeated promises to ·the American people. of, a · never have depression; tltat we would continue to improve-in· breathing spell for business, he continued to make it the this country: whipping board of America. For have we not during the Today, for the first time in 7 years, the banker, the storekeeper, past 6 years passed at least 37 difi'erent laws harassing, con the small factory owner, the industrialist can all sit back and enjoy trolling, and restricting free private enterprise in this country? the company of their own ledgers. They are in the black. That is He promised the American .people the enforcement of the where we want them to be; that is where our policies aim them to be; that is where we intend them to be in the future (October antitrust laws: 14, 1936) . We advocate strengthening and impartial enforcement of the I am glad that prosperity is back with us again; and believe me, antitrust laws, to prevent monopoly and unfair trade practices, and it is going to stay (October 22, 1936). revision thereof for the better protection of labor and the. small But let us see what has happened. One of the easiest ways producer and distributor. (Democratic platfor~, 1932.} to see what has happened toward recovery in this country is Mr. Roosevelt accepted that platform 100 percent. to compare. it with what has happened in England to see The fundamental principles of the antitrust laws should be more whether we really have accomplished as much as he would adequately applied. Monopolies and private price fixing within assert. In England in 1932 the total national income was industries must not be allowed or condoned. "No monopoly should $11,759,000,000; in 1937 it was $23,672,000,000. Thus it is quite be private" (message to Congress, February 20, 1935). apparent the national income of Great Britain doubled from. But what has been the course of the administration with .. 1932 to 1937. What happened in the United States? In 1932 regard· to monopolies? From March 4, 1921, to March 4, the national income was $46,359,000,000; in 1937 it was $64,- 1933, there were an average of 13 cases a year prosecuted for 000,000,000. Thus, while the national income of England in violation of the antitrust laws. But under President Roose creased by 100 percent, ours increased by only 50 percent. velt the average has declined to 9 cases a year. Not only. Did England recover prosperity by spending its way out of a has he failed to prosecute cases under the antitrust laws, it depression, by deficit financing, and by infiationary moves? has been the deliberate policy of this administration to enact No. From 1932 to 1938 the British budget shows a surplus legislation that creates more monopolies. This was the pur of approximately $400,000,000. What did we do? From pose of the N. R. A., the National Bituminous Coal Act, the 1932 to 1938 the Budget of the United States, instead of show Connally Hot Oil Act, and the Costigan Sugar Control Act. ing any surplus, showed a deficit, a deficit of truly astronomi Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. Mr. Chairman, will the gen cal proportions---$20 ,400,000,000! tleman yield? Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman Mr. KNUTSON. Briefiy, to my good friend. yield? Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. I notice in the newspapers Mr. KNUTSON. If I can have a little more time. that over in Germany and in Italy they have practically .1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2165. maximum employment of the working classes, and that re regulation to restrict the claim of aliens to these wages. The cently those two countries have been weaning back their wage and hour law has been adopted and placed in effect, ,nationals from other countries, while we stagger along witb guaranteeing a minimum of $10 per week of 40 hours, or the some twelve or fifteen million unemployed. Can the gentle equivalent of $520 per annum for unskilled or even illiterate man explain that? workers. On the other hand, the Federal Government pays Mr. KNUTSON. Yes; I can explain it. There is no con but $50 per month, or the equivalent of $600 per year, to fidence on the part of the American people in this admin educated, intelligent employees trusted with important repairs. istration. Does that answer the gentleman's question? on Army aircraft, by resorting to apprentices, who are con Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. I think that is a very good tinued as such for periods of years. answer, and I am willing to accept it. Let me call your attention to the situation existing at the Mr. KNUTSON. Mr. Roosevelt has promised the American San Antonio air depot at Duncan Field, Tex. Understand, I people a reduction in labor disputes, primarily through the make no claim that the officers of the Army in charge are enactment of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. But solely responsible for these conditions. A large part of the what has happened? From 1931 to 1933 the average number blame must rest upon the Congress-a Congress which has of strikes per month was but 70, but from 1935 to 1938 the been most generous in almost every instance, but oblivious. average per month was 262. The average number of man to some of the most deserving and faithful of our regular days lost per month from 1931 to 1933 was 746,000, but from employees. 1935 to 1938 it was 1,752,000. And this is the way the Presi The San Antonio Air Depot, as other air depots, is in fact dent has reduced labor disputes. a gigantic airplane repair shop and storage center. It is During the campaign in 1932 he promised to do somett.ing equipped with machines, tools, and personnel capable of th<>r to relieve the railroad deficits and to protect them from oughly overhauling every kind of aircraft possessed by the. bankruptcy: United States Army. Its shops range from the instrument While I would do everything possible to avert receiverships which room, in which the almost human instruments of modem now threaten us, I seek to bring the operating balance sheeta of airplanes are rebuilt, to the shops in which the enormous the railroads out of the red and put them into the black. In other B-17 bombers are overhauled. There are between 900 and words, I want the railroads to stand on their own feet, ultimately to reduce their debts instead of increasing them, and thereby save 1,000 civilians employed in . these shops and warehouses. not only a great national investment but also the safety of em They are entrusted with access to millions of dollars of Gov ployment of nearly 2,000,000 American railway workers (September ernment property. Every minute detail of the latest equip 17, 1932, Salt Lake City). ment is known to them; therefore they possess our greatest On December 31, 1931, 4.99 percent of the total railroad military secrets. But beyond all of this, they are charged mileage in this country was in bankruptcy. By December 31, with the responsibility of so maintaining this equipment as 1933, it had increased to 16.24 percent; by December 31, 1935, to render it airworthy and safe for the flying personnel. Air it was 26.87 :Percent; and on June 1, 1938, 30.67 percent of the planes costing hundreds of thousands of dollars are placed in total railroad mileage of the country was in bankruptcy. their hands for overhauling. You would naturally suppose [Applause.] that men and women entrusted with these expensive and im The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Min portant items of property would be the best paid and most nesota has again expired. justly treated of all Federal employees. Then you will be sur Mr. TERRY. Mr. Chairman, I yield such time as he may prised to learn that in many cases they receive less than is paid· desire to the gentleman from Texas [Mr. KILDAY]. to an unskilled W. P. A. worker. Their pay runs from $50 per Mr. KILDAY. Mr. Chairman, this bill provides funds for month for a so-called apprentice to $200, that of a foreman. all phases of military activity during the coming fiscal year. Let us examine some cases: I am in favor of adequate national defense in all of its depart There are seven employees of whom I am informed-there ments. To this end I have supported, and I will support,· all may be more--receiving $50 a month as apprentices, not reasonable authorizations and appropriations for the Army withstanding the fact that they have rendered faithful and and Navy, upon the land, the sea, or in the air. efficient service for 2 or 3 years. Surely they have either There are those who feel, or profess to feel, that public progressed or they are not apt pupils and should have been employees receive benefits beyond their worth. Such an atti released. As a matter of fact, lack of funds keeps them at tude arises from a lack of knowledge of the facts. Federal their present status long after their apprenticeship has ended. · civil employees in many instances are inadequately compen Another employee, rated as a junior aircraft mechanic, sated for the service rendered and the circumstances under entered the Federal service in 1929 at that rating and at a which they work are far from ideal. We make stem demands salary of $1,800 per annum. Upon transferring to San · upon these employees. We exact of them efficient service, Antonio his salary was reduced $360 per year to $1,440, al absolute loyalty, and devotion to duty. I am happy to say though his rating was not changed. After 2 ¥2 years he that in my long association with them, and intimate knowl receives the same pay. After 10 years he asks, "I started as edge of them, I know they have not yet been found wanting a junior aircraft mechanic. Must I finish as one?" We must in what we demand of them. sympathize with him when, contemplating 10 years of faith My purpose today is to speak in behalf of a particular group ful service and receiving a salary of $360 per year less than of Federal employees. I speak for them today, because we when he started, he inquires, "I wonder how much less I'll have before us the Military Appropriation Act of 1940, which be making 10 years from now?" provides the funds for their compensation. It is my earnest Another has been with the Government continuously since hope that this Congress will adopt proper legislation for the 1919 as an aircraft electrician and is today receiving exactly · classification of all civil-service employees. Such action will the same salary which he received when he entered the serv eliminate many of the inequalities and injustices to which I ice. Surely he should have been entitled, as many other de shall refer. On the other hand, adequate funds must be partments recognize, to automatic increases in pay during a provided in appropriation bills or legislative enactments will, portion of his service. in many cases, fail to accomplish their purpose. Still another has been employed as an aircraft woodworker I am· not among those who feel there is no bottom to the since 1927, has received but one increase in pay during that Federal till. I am committed to a program of economy. time, and now receives but $135 per month, notwithstanding Adequate compensation for honest and efficient service can three employees in his department receiving $170 per month never be classed as extravagance. The most efficiently oper have retired. No one has been placed in their positions, and ated businesses in the land have learned that such is money he continues at $135. well spent. Further, we are diligent in providing that estab Aircraft mechanics receiving salaries which it required lished wage scales shall be observed in the compensation paid them years to attain, find themselves working beside new to relief clients. In many cases such wages have gone to comers admitted at the same salary, but no increase for the aliens, and the Congress has been reluctant to adopt any old, faithful employees. 2166 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSm MARCH 2 · Another, who entered the service in 1930, has never re vidual rights. It is, therefore, somewhat of a surprise to a ceived an increase in salary and now finds himself receiving number of our citizens to recall the fact that the political lib less tha:Q. when he entered the service. erty, and in fact the entrance into the American Union, of One employee struggled along for 5 years on a salary of $65 more than one-third of our great territory of continental per month, upon which he attempted to support himself, wife, United States is traceable, not to the Philadelphia Declara and daughter. During all this time he was denied an increase tion, but to a declaration of independence written by a group in pay, but upon his death a new man was employed at a of pioneers who were not at that time even citizens of the salary of $120 to do his work. United States. That this declaration was not directed at One of these employees, a capable, intelligent, and patri the misrule- ,of King George but at the oppression of prob otic man, entered the service in 1920 and has remained since. ably the first totalitarian dictator of the Western Hemi He received one reduction in pay of $10 per month upon sphere, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, the self-styled Na change of station and received one increase of $10 per month poleon of the West. This declaration was not written in a under the Welch bill, so he is now receiving the same pay he stately hall on the banks of the mighty Delaware but in an received when he entered the service nearly 20 years ago. He humble log hut on the banks of the yellow stream known holds nine efficiency records from the days when such were to the Spaniards as the "Arm of God. Here at old Wash issued; two of these rate him No. 1 in his group, and none ington on the Brazos," on March 2, 1836, 103 years ago to place him lower than tenth. Therefore, inefficiency has not day, there gathered one of the most remarkable groups of been the cause of his lack of promotion. men who ever assembled on this continent. They came from These instances alone show the injustice of the conditions. Tennessee, from ¥fssouri, from New York, and Connecticut, They are aggravated by knowledge of the fact that employees and from the old South. They came from Spain and Yuca in identical positions at other depot-s receive much larger tan. Many of them had followed Moses Austin and after salaries. Recently employees have been transferred to Dun his death, his outstanding son, Stephen F. Austin, fro~ Mis can from other depots. Their salaries do not compare to souri, down the Father of Waters and west across the Sa those received by Duncan employees. True, they are not too bine to the Spanish, and later Mexican, domains. Many of large and should not be reduced; they do show the increase these men had joined the democratic faction in Mexico and necessary for Duncan employees. had struggled to give to that unhappy land a real freedom. As an instance, aircraft fabric workers with 10 years of Time and again they had been given assurance that their service at Duncan receiving $900 per year work beside those tights would be protected. Time and again they had seen transferred in, who receive $1,260 and $1,320 per year for the their hopes of freedom crushed. At last they had marched identical work. A senior commercial ·electrician working at to San Antoriio de Bexar, the seat of the Mexican Govern Duncan for 17 years receives $1,980, while one who has been ment, north of the Rio Grande. and had driven its garri transferred there and holds the same rating receives $2;600 son back to Monclava. All winter now they had tried to for identical service. The foreman of the parachute depart carry out the provisions of the Mexican Constitution of ment receives $2,000, while two fabric workers on parachutes 1824, but now General Santa Ana was besieging their , fel transferred to that department at Duncan from elsewhere lows at the Alamo with a force of trained and well-equipped receive $2,400 per year. Three senior packers with service regulars, many times larger than the entire force which they ranging from 4 to 20' years work beside one from elsewhere could ever hope to gather. But these representatives of a who is rated only as a packer. The packer receives $1,620, free people reflected the same spirit and determination that while the senior packers receive but $1,320. was to be exemplified by their comrades in San Antonio 4 The machinist foreman at Duncan receives $2,400, senior days later when to a man they died rather than retreat. machinist $1,860, and machinists $1,620; but a machinist Thermopylae had her messenger of defeat. The Alamo had none. transferred there receives $2,600. At Duncan a senior aircraft mechanic receives $2,000; aircraft mechanics receive $1,620; Six weeks later many of these same men who wrote this but they work beside an aircraft mechanic who receives document were to follow the great Sam Houston at San Ja $2,300. Duncan aircraft engine mechanic helpers receive cinto in one of the decisive victories of modern times. It is $1,020; elsewhere they receive $1,440. Aircraft sheet metal not surprising, therefore, that we should find them flinging workers' helpers receive $1,020; elsewhere they receive $1,320. down the gauntlet to a nation then nearly as large and as These are some of the cases only, but they serve to illustrate populous as the United States of that time. the point. The Texas declaration of independence bears the unmis In the face of all these facts, these men and women con takable marks of the familiarity of its authors with the writ tinue to render faithful service; they will continue to do so. ing of Thomas Jefferson, but it' is not, as some have supposed, You and I should not require nor permit them to do so. In but a revised copy of that document. It recites the griev the face of such conditions, it is now boasted that Duncan ances of Anglo-Saxon citizens against a Latin oppression, can turn out a "better job for less money." This has ceased and for the first time in recorded history these frontiersmen to be the standard of comparison~ The new vogue is an ade wrote as one count of the indictment against the Mexican quately paid force for all service. Surely the Federar Gov tyrant the fact that they bad been denied the advantages of ernment can do ·no less. a free school system, and publicly proclaimed- The officers of the Army Air Corps recognize the faithful It is an axiom in political science that unless a people are edu service of these employees and state it has been a trying cated and enlightened it is idle to expect the continuance of civU period of years for a great many of these employees; and that liberty or the capacity for self-government. their honest and faithful services have been most deserving A few months later these same men and their fellows were of reward in dollars and cents rather than in words. to draft the constitution of a new republic and were to set I hope that adequate provision will be made for these em aside great tracts of public land-their only wealth-for the ployees. [Applause.] support of both a system of public free schools and for a Mr. TERRY. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the gen "university of the ·first ·class." tleman from Texas [Mr. PoAGE]. For 10 years the Lone Star shone over the Southwest. Not Mr. POAGE. Mr. Chairman, I want to stand over here until after our independence had been recognized by all the where I will be directly under the Lone Star of my native world and our place as a sovereign nation had been made State, which is outlined yonder in the ceiling of this Cham secure, did the Lone Star join the great American constella ber. [Applause.] tion. That union p'ut in motion a train of event that brought Ladies and gentlemen of the Committee, all true Ameri into the American Union not only our largest State, but cans delight to claim as their very own the great Declara it brought the whole great Southwest and forced the United tion penned by the founder of the Democratic Party and States to take action to acquire undisputed title to the North enacted by Congress on July 4, 1776. And truly every Amer west. The annexation of the Republic of Texas immediately ican citizen todaY, no matter where he resides, does rest his brought into the Union all of present-day Texas, parts of liberties on this fundamental charter of human and indi~ Oklahoma, Kansas, and, Wyoming, all central Colorado, and 1939 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2167 all of Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California. By forcing a Mr. ANDERSON of 1\fissouri. Does the gentleman realize settlement of the Oregon Territory issue it was likewise re that Jesse James and Frank James came from Tennessee sponsible for the inclusion of parts of Wyoming and Mon to my State? [Laughter and applause.] tana, as well as ali of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. Well, the James boys did not Thus did the men of all the older States to the East gather enter upon a career of crime without some provocation. at Washington on the Brazos to give to the world the docu Mr. POAGE. And they were residents of Missouri, not ment that was to bring all of the newer States to the west Texas, when they became outlaws. into the great American Union of States. And today we look Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman back through the long corridors of time and see that the yield? history of the world was changed that cold and rainy morn Mr. POAGE. I yield. ing when those 58 patriots met in a frontier village 103 years Mr. CRAWFORD. I desire to congratulate the gentleman ago, and in the face of one of the largest military forces up on the statement which he has made here today. It is my until that time ever mobilized on the American Continent, good fortune to be the grandson of the last surviving signer raised their Lone Star banner, not only in behalf of Texas of the Texas declaration of independence. [Applause.] liberty but of American destiny.· [Applause.] · Mr. POAGE. It is the good fortune of Texas that the gen Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. Mr. Chairman, will the gen tleman was born in our great State and we regret that he tleman yield? should have moved away and joined the Republicans. Mr. POAGE. I yield. Mr. CRAWFORD. I thank the gentleman. I remember Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. I just want to compliment my grandfather very distinctly, and it was my opportunity to the gentleman on the very eloquent tribute which he has spend a great deal of time around his knee when I was a paid to the Lone Star State. Tennessee, the old Volunteer child. State, is very proud of the contribution she has made to the State of Texas. Mr. TERRY. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. POAGE. And we are proud of the acts that Tennes Mr. POAGE. I yield. . seeans have had in our history. Mr. TERRY. According to the statement of the gentle Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. When Sam Houston heard of man from Tennessee [Mr. TAYLOR], Tennessee is a good State the death of David Crockett he was living over in Blount to be from. [Laughter.] ' · County, Tenn. He got on his horse and rode out of Blount Mr. POAGE. If you get away from it soon enough. County, saying to his neighbors as he rode away, "All of you [Laughter.] · who want to avenge the death of David Crockett follow me." Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. Mr. Chairman, will the gen Sam Houston was perhaps the outstanding Texan of all time. tleman yield? Mr. POAGE. Sam Houston was one of the men who was Mr. POAGE. I yield. at Washington on the Brazos on March 2, and he actually Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. I wish to say that Texas can rode from Washington on the Brazos and made that state have the proud claim of having been the mother of much of ment that the gentleman attributes to him, and led the the West. All of the long-horned cattle that came into army of the Texas Republic to Gonzales to drive the Mexicans Arizona and that part of the West came out of Texas. But back. along with those came the cowboy, and along with him oame Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. In addition to contributing the seeds of civilization which we have throughout the Rocky Sam Houston to that State, we gave your State the intrepid Mountain region. [Applause.] David Crockett, who taught the Mexicans how to die. Inci Mr. ENGEL. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? dentally, David Crockett represented in this Chamber the Mr. POAGE. I yield. district now so ably represented by Hon. JERE CooPER, who Mr. ENGEL. Do they raise any Republicans down there in occupies the chair today. Texas? [Laughter.] Mr. POAGE. That is right. Mr. POAGE. They seem to migrate and go to Michigan Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. We are also proud of the when we do raise them there. [Laughter.l more recent contributions which we have made to your Mr. ANDERSON of Missouri. Will the gentleman yield? State. SAM RAYBURN, majority leader of this House [ap Mr. POAGE. I yield. plause], was born in the district which I have the honor of Mr. , represent. ANDERSON of Missouri. Does the gentleman realize HATTON SUMNERS, Chairman of the Committee on the that the tough corned beef which we got in France came Judiciary, is also a Tennesseean. [Applause.] The father from those tough Texas steers which the gentleman just of Representative LUTHER JoHNSON of Texas was formerly mentioned? !a Tennesseean and resided in the town of London in my Mr. POAGE. It was a long walk from Texas to France. congressional district. [Applause.] [Laughter.] l · Also Mr. THoMASoN, of the State of Texas, was born in Mr. CRAWFORD. Speaking of the question raised by my 1.Rutherford County, Tenn. [Applause.] colleague the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. ENGEL], let me ' Mr. KERR. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? remind him and others that had they lived very long close Mr. POAGE. I yield. to the Mexican border, having in mind the Mexican products Mr. KERR (addressing his question to Mr. TAYLOR of that might come into this country, they would get some Tennessee). And does not my good friend from Tennessee knowledge of Republican protection. think that, had all these fine gentlemen remained in Tennes- [Here the gavel fell.] 1see, that the chances are that none of them would have been Mr. TERRY. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the prosecuted? [Laughter.] . gentleman from Missouri [Mr. NELSONL \ Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. I am sure if they will return Mr. NELSON. Mr. Chairman, as has been said by my col to Tennessee they will not be prosecuted because the statutes league from Minnesota, with whom I have had the pleasure of of limitation has run against them. serving in this House for a number of years, 6 years ago Will the gentleman yield further? Franklin D. Roosevelt became President of the United States. Mr. POAGE. I yield. I would add that 6 days ago Arthur M. Hyde, Secretary of Mr. TAYLOR of Tennessee. Furthermore, I do not know Agriculture under Herbert Hoover, in a characteristic fault that JACK GARNER was born in Tennessee, but I know his finding speech delivered in Missouri, said, "For all this Frank ancestors came from Tennessee. [Applause.] They came lin D. Roosevelt is responsible." from Grainger County, and they were of sturdy stock as Obviously Mr. Hyde, in asserting that "for all this Franklin reflected in the character of "Cactus Jack." D. Roosevelt is responsible," did not have in mind present Mr. ANDERSON of Missouri. Mr. Chairman, will the livestock and grain prices as compared with prices at the end gentleman yield? of the Hoover-Hyde administration. His object was not to Mr. POAGE. I yield. credit but to criticize. 2168 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 2 I want us, tben, in all fairness, to consider a few figures. In Mr. ANDERSON of Missouri. Is this the same Arthur fact, the date selected by this modern Missouri Jeremiah sug Hyde who was Governor of our State and later Secretary gests comparisons. So let us see. Last week when Mr. Hyde of Agriculture? spoke cattle in Chicago sold at $13.75, hogs at $8.60, and sheep Mr. NELSON. I regret to say that this is true. at $9 per hundredweight. Mr. ANDERSON of Missouri. Was not his main contribu Six years ago this week, when, almost by unanimous con tion to the farmer that famous book put out by the Repub sent, Herbert Hoover ceased to be. President and Arthur M. lican National Committee on the love life of the bullfrog? Hyde ceased to be Secretary of Agriculture, beef steers were Mr. NELSON. I cannot say as to that, but I do recall quoted at $3.25 to $6.50 per hundredweight; hogs, $3.70 top, that in one speech made in Kansas City, Mr. Hyde, instead with lightweights at $2.50 to $3.15 per hundredweight. Con of offering a program of relief, is quoted as ·saying: "De· firming, I quote from the Kansas City Times of October 10, pression, hell! It's a state of mind." 1932: In his speech of last week, as indicated by press reports, Everything that Kansas produces (and the same was true of other the one-time Hoover Secretary of Agriculture touched but States) is selling at heart-breaking prices if there is any market for lightly upon farm conditions. It was a subject to be avoided. it. Wheat around 30 cents a bushel, com at from 15 to 20 cents, Comparisons as between farm prices and benefits in the oats at from 10 to 12 cents, cattle at 5 to 7 cents a pound, and hogs Hoover-Hyde years and under the Roosevelt-Wallace pro at 3 to 4 cents. gram would not only have been odious, but awful. If we On December 14 of the year referred to, the Associated add to present market prices for grain the payments which Press, under a Kansas City date line, said: growers participating in the soil-conservation program are The hog market here establishes a new low level today for many now receiving, the spread between prices then and now will years as a result of a further decline of 5 to 10 cents, which carried be much greater. In fact, in some cases Government pay the best offering to $2.80 a hundredweight. ments are now about the same as prices were in the Hoover And here are some United States Department of Agriculture Hyde low years. figures as of September 29, 1932: Hogs, $3.78, sheep, ·$2.17, So, while the farm problem has not been solved-and this I beef cattle, $4.31 per hundredweight, and wool 9.1 cents per freely concede-it is clear to every fair-minded man that pound. gre-at progress has been made. "For all this," let it be said, Still speaking of 1932 farm prices, I have here a cartoon "Franklin D. Roosevelt is responsible." from the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of October 20, 1932. It When ·Secretary Hyde was a member of the Cabinet he pictures a farmer starting to town with farm produce. There found much fault with those who criticized President Hoover. are three big, sideboard high wagonloads of corn. On top He said: of one load is a coop of chickens, ducks, and geese, and em They are specialists in villfication, misinstruction, ·and misrepre another a can of milk. Following behind the wagons are sentation, and slander. They have falsely interpreted every act o:f cattle and hogs for market. In his hand the farmer carries the President. his shopping list: "One spool thread, one pair shoe laces, If abuse was to be condemned then, surely it is no less in and a lead pencil." As the husband starts away from the order now. Rather do I believe that it will be much to the barnyard the wife calls to him, "Oh, HenryJ We need a new good of all concerned if, instead of carping criticism, credit dishpan." He answers back, HWe'll have to wait for next is given where credit is due. year's crop to get the dishpan. Got about all on the list now Mistakes have been made during the 6 years since Franklin we can buy with this one." That cartoon, an exaggerat!o~ D. Roosevelt became President of the United States. The of course, graphically calls attention to farm conditions program has been in human hands. The historian of the when Mr. Hyde was Secretary of Agriculture; when a team future, though, will write that never before was such a broad of good Missouri mules could not pull enough corn to pay humanitarian program carried forward so unselfishly and so for the harness that was on them; when the price of wool successfully. As the American people, regardless of politics, went so low that the clip from a flock of sheep was needed concede this, greater good will result to all concerned. Be it to pay for a suit of clothes; and when a pound of live hog said to the credit of many individuals and to a part of the would not buy a postage stamp. press that there is evidenced a finer spirit of fairness. As I have referred to the fact that this week marks the siXth an example, I quote in part from an editorial in the Kansas anniversary of the Roosevelt administration. We are ap City Times of February 27: proaching another anniversary. June 15, 1939, will be the I MORE MEN AT WORK tenth anniversary of the Hoover Farm Board, under which It's a ·sare guess that a news article in the Star yesterday morning agriculture, as a whole, suffered as never before. Although amazed most readers. It was. the report that 16,000 more persons are employed in Greater Kansas City this month than were employed a member of the Agricultural Committee, I was one of 35 in the same month 3 years ago. Members of the House to vote against the Farm Marketing · A gain of 14 percent in private industry in spite of 3 years that Act, under which the Hoover Farm Board was authorized. included drought and a Nation-wide dep1·esslon! Under that Board, and with Arthur M. Hyde as Secretary of We have heard so much gloomy conversation in recent years that some persons have got into a defeatist mood. They have seen no Agriculture in the United States, agriculture lived, but barely hope. They have talked despairingly about the future. They have lived, through its darkest days. While prices were ruinously shown all the symptoms of being licked. low, extravagant salaries were paid. For instance, to have It is time to forget the gloom talk. Gloom can only paralyze action. Its time to take advantage of the momentum the employ paid the annual salaries of two Farm Board officials would ment figures reveaL Its time to unite and push ahead, with every have required 25 trainloads of corn, 50 cars to the train and ' one doing his share. 1,000 bushels to the car. Hundreds of millions of dollars were spent but ·With no direct benefits to farmers. The Mr. Chairman and my fellow Members, let us, then, at this whole history is one of colossal failure. sixth anniversary say, "For all the good that has come we are thankful, and for a full share of this Franklin D. Roosevelt Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? is responsible." [Applause.] Mr. ENGEL. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the gen Mr. NELSON. I yield. tleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. F'ENTONl. Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. I take it from the figures Mr. FENTON. Mr. Chairman, in the United States the reported by the gentleman that the ex-Secretary of Agri only anthracite coal of any commercial importance lies in four culture, Mr. Hyde~ is better in criticism than he was in major fields in eastern Pennsylvania, within an area of only construction. 3,300 square miles-less than 500 square miles of which are Mr. NELSON. That is very characteristic of the gentle- ' underlain by workable coal beds. The present reserves of man. anthracite coal are estimated at 16,500,000,000 tons, which is Mr. ANDERSON of Missouri. Mr. Chairman, will the about three-fourths of the original reserve. gentleman yield? The northern coal field, commonly known as the Wyoming Mr. NELSON. I Yield. region, covers the counties of Luzerne and Lackawanna, with 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2169 Wilkes-Barre and Scranton as the principal centers, and with a northeastern, southwestern direction. In many instances- many mining towns of varying population in the region. in fact, in most instances-the .centers of these veins of coal The eastern middle coal field, commonly known as the are many feet underground, while the edges or outcroppings . Lehigh region, covers Carbon County, with Hazleton as the frequently coincide with the surface of the earth. When principal center, and the northeastern part of Schuylkill this latter condition is the case it is possible to readily secure County, which is part of the Thirteenth Pennsylvania Dis coal by shoveling or stripping directly from the surface. But trict, which I have the honor to represent. in the majority of instances, however, it is necessary to sink The western middle coal field covers Schuylkill and ·North ·deep shafts or slopes in order to reach the coal in or near umberland Counties, and the southern coal field covers the bottom of the veins. Schuylkill and Dauphin Counties. According to geology classifications, therefore, these basins All of the large and extended deposits of anthracite coal in of anthracite coal in eastern Pennsylvania have been the western middle field, with mining centers of Shamokin, grouped into four primary divisions known as the northern, .Mount Carmel, Centralia, Ashland, Girardville, Frackville, eastern middle, western middle, and southern fields. In the Gilberton, Mahanoy Plane, Shenandoah, and Mahanoy City. northeastern extremity of this tenitory these basins slope in The major portion of the deposits in the southern coal field rather gentle curves, while in other sections, particularly in have mining centers of Pottsville, Minersville, Tremont, and my district, the warping of the earth's surface during the Tamaqua, and all these are in the Thirteenth Pennsylvania glacier era was much more severe, with the result that the District. coal beds frequently lie in a vertical position and in some CONSERVE NATIONAL RESOURCES cases have sometimes even been completely overturned since With the administration and the National Resources Com the original formation. mittee advocating the conservation of our national resource~ According to no less an authority than Dr. A. C. Fieldner, especially oil, it is with added significance that I call your of the Federal Bureau of Mines, anthracite coal in Penn attention to the importance of H. R. 4109. sylvania was discovered as early as 1762, and that the first Admittedly, from many authoritative sources, there is an Lehigh coal mining company was formed in 1793. We find, inexhaustible supply of hard coal, and I believe that if an however, that it was not until about 1812 that the "black anthracite laboratory is provided by the Federal Government, stones" of eastern Pennsylvania began to receive recogni it will fulfill the twofold purpose of creating new uses for tion on the Philadelphia market as being a highly desirable anthracite and substantially aid in carrying out the program domestic fuel. In 1830, the first American-built locomotive of conserving other national resources, the supply of which is used anthracite, and in 1835 this fuel was burned on the limited. steamship Portland. In 1839 the application of hot blast The anthracite-coal industry is our basic and fundamental to Mauch Chunk and Pottsville blast furnaces started an 'industry. It is the backbone of all our business enterprises. important industrial use for anthracite that persisted for We have few diversified industries in the region. The exist over half a century. By 1838, the yearly production reached ence and prosperity of our people, therefore, must depend on $1,000,000, and that year may be taken as the beginning of the utilization and mining of anthraCite coal. anthracite as an important American fuel. FORMATION OF ANTHRACITE COAL It can, therefore, be seen that anthracite coal was the In my studies I find the word "anthr&cite" is derived from first of our mineral fuels to find extensive domestic and in the Greek word "anthrax," meaning coal of fossil substances dustrial use. It is, therefore, equally true that it would which kindle and burn like wood. Historical records seem naturally also be the first fuel to experience the exhaustion .to indicate that the first recorded mention of anthracite was of easily mineab~e beds. It is, therefore, my humble and made by Theo Phrastus, in 371 B. C., in a treatise on stones. frank opinion that if the anthracite industry is to continue This historian records that it was found in Liguria and Elis and survive that we must apply progressive mining methods and was used by smiths. We find today, however, the wor~ and research in developing means and methods for in "anthracite" and "hard coal" are synonymous. creasing the utilization of anthracite coal products. It is now generally recognized that anthracite, like all Naturally, I am interested in scientific achievements. For coal, was formed from the vegetation of prehistoric forests. years I have been engaged in the practice of medicine and The story of the formation of anthracite coal is in itself an I have been in close coritact with the achievements of science intensely interesting romance. ln the fields of chemistry, biology, and related sciences. Geologists in general practical language, tell us that trees I know something of the progress science has made in and ferns which grew to gigantic size and unparalleled di combating contagious diseases and in the improvement of mensions in an atmosphere very large in carbon dioxide, fell, our health and sanitary conditions. I, therefore, can be rotted, and decayed, thus forming a deep layer of decayed expected to have an appreciation .of the value of scientific plant life. In time the earth's surface moved and submerged research and the importance and application of fundamental this vegetation beneath an ocean covering the earth with and applied research work. It is with this in View that I mud and sand. have for· some time been devoting attention to the pos · -Centuries and centuries passed, and thousands of year~ sibility of scientific chemical and engineering research in later the earth rose out of the water and was again covered the development of new uses for anthracite coal and its with vegetation. . Submersion again followed, and in the products. comse of many centuries this process was repeated a number FARM PRODUCTS RESEARCH of times. The combined forces of heat and pressure trans MY interest in this matter has been renewed and strength formed the mud and sand of the ocean bed into rock and ened by the recent action of the Department of _Agriculture every separate layer of former bituminous vegetation hard in the establishment of regional laboratories for scientific ened successively into peat, lignite, soft-or bituminous research in the utilization of farm products at Wyndmoor, coal and 1lnally into anthracite. Montgomery County, Pa.; New Orleans, La..; Peoria, Ill.; and Then as the result of vital earthquakes and the erosion. of Albany, calif. glaciers many miles in thiqkness, these fields of anthracite in In section 202 of the Agriculture Adjustment Act of eastern Pennsylvania, which I have previously referred to, were left- in their present uneven and disconnected form. 1938: The Secretary is authorized and directed to establish, equip, Scientists and geologists, in relating this marvelous ro and maintain four regional research laboratories, one in each mance, tell us further that as the earth's surface cooled and major farm-producing area., a.nd a.t such places to conduct re contracted, our beautiful hills and valleys in eastern Penn searches into a.nd to develop new scientific, chemical, and tech sylvania were formed. nical uses and new and extended markets and outlets for farm commodities and products and byprod.ucts thereof. Such research These beds of anthracite were correspondingly twisted and development shall be devoted primarily to those farm com · with the result that anthracite now lies in a number of modities 1n which there are regular or seasonal surpluses and their basins or veins extending roughly parallel to each other in products and byproducts. LXXXIV--137 2170 ()ONGRESSIONAL RE.CORD-HOUSE MARCH 2 Press releases issued by the Department of Agriculture on We have extensive deposits of coal and oil shale in the February 10 contain detailed information about the location United States, and methods for producing gasoline and motor and design of these four regional laboratories at the points fuels from them should be actively prosecuted and the prac stated. The buildings are being designed as centers for car ticability of these methods from the economic and cost point rying on chemical engineering and related research by a staff of view should be definitely determined. of approximately 250 persons, consisting of chemists, engi · We note that farm crops, for instance, especially grains neers, and other trained technologists. and tubers, can be malted and fermented to produce ethyl · The primary purpose of these laboratories is to find and alcohoi, a liquid which chemists tell us can very well be used develop new uses of farm commodities in the region in which in place of gasoline. It has been suggested that this alcohol :they are located. made from farm crops be blended with gasoline as a practical The eastern regional laboratory to be located at Wynd source of motor fuel, and I am sure science will determine moor, for instance, will devote attention to new uses for in the next few years the practicability of this process. It potatoes, tobacco, milk products, apples, and vegetables. is again a very splendid example of the value of scientific The southern regional laboratory at New Orleans will research in solving these important national problems. give attention to cotton, peanuts, sweetpotatoes, and other HEATING VALUE OF ANTHRACITE foods generally produced. It is ·interesting to observe that when we think of gasoline The northern regional laboratory located at Peoria will as a symbol of concentrated fuel we find that a small lump give attention to corn, wheat, and agricultural wastes from of anthracite coal will yield nearly 1 ~ times as much heat ·the farm area in the Middle West. as the same volume of gasoline. The several percent of hy The western regional laboratory to be located at Albany, drogen which anthracite coal contains gives it considerable Calif., will direct attention to surplus fruits, vegetables, wheat, advantage, for instance over coke, in heating value. It is potatoes,. and alfalfa and similar crops. seldom realized that Pennsylvania anthracite contains from · PROPOSED LINES OF RESEARCH ON UTILIZATION OF ANTHRACITE COAL 400 to 1,000 more .British thermal units per pound than by It is very gratifying to me~ as a scientifically trained man, product or Beehive coke of the same ash and moisture con to see this splendid development in the Department of Agri tents. These statements can be verified from analyses made ·culture, whereby the chemists, engineers, and other tech by the United States Bureau of Mines. nologists in the Department are going to exert every effort For example, their Report of Investigations, No. 3283, shows to develop new uses for surplus farm commodities in the that the moisture-free analysis of domestic sizes--egg, stove, _. ·'Various regions in which these regional laboratories are chestnut, and pea-of Pennsylvania anthracite samples from located. 41 coal breakers averages 9.9 percent ash and 13,535 British I have followed very closely the developments in connec thermal units per pound. Their Report of Investigations, No. tion with the utilization of soybeans in various industries and 2980, states that the typical composition of moisture-free, regard this new undertaking in the Department of Agricul high-temperature coke is 10 percent ash and 12,900 British ture as one of the most constructive steps taken by the De thermal units per pound. In other words, while the ash con partment to bring the scientist into the field as a direct aid tents of the typical coke and anthracite coal are almost iden and help to the farmers of this country. tical, the anthracite has 635 more British thermal units per I therefore feel that scientific research can be used in a pound, which amounts to 5 percent more heat units. similar manner in affording relief to the depressed anthra I am told the explanation for the higher heating value of cite miners in my district and in eastern Pennsylvania. I anthracite as compared with coke lies in its extra hydrogen am convinced that science can render a most important content, since hydrogen has the highest heating value of any service in the development of new uses for utilization of our substance. Although bituminous coal contains more hydro valuable anthracite deposits. gen than anthracite, it also contains more oxygen, which has · In my studies of the anthracite situation in my own dis no heating value. trict I have endeavored to secure the advice of chemists and It is generally agreed by combustion engineers that there engineers not only in the industry but in scientific institu is therefore no other fuel, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, tions, State and Federal agencies. I have given consider that is so concentrated as anthracite and which contains so able attention to this subject and I have had an outline many heat units per cubic inch. It is not my purpose in this prepared of some proposed lines of research on the utiliza speech, however, to enter into any more details regarding tion of anthracite coal that would be of vital importance the heating and combustion advantages of anthracite coal. to all engaged in coal mining, including both the operators I am particularly interested at this time in directing atten and miners of eastern Pennsylvania. tion to the national importance and significance of scien In preparing this research program, recognition has been tific research looking to the development of new uses for made of the marked advances in methods of transportation anthracite coal and its products. It is therefore very evi and communication, and the increased need and deinand dent to me that many of the following lines of research for satisfactory motor fuels. should be undertaken as soon as possible for the utilization As a very marked example, the development of the auto of anthracite coal: mobile to its present outstanding position in both domestic PROPOSED RESEARCH and industrial fields has resulted in a tremendous demand First. Anthracite coal as a source of liquid fuels for auto for gasoline. The supply of gasoline has always been plenti motive needs: ful but will it continue to be so from the present sources of <1) Passenger automobiles. production? (2) Diesel engine power on (a) trucks, (b) busses, (c) rail Already serious questions have been raised regarding our roads, (d) stationary power plant, (er marine engines. oil reserve, and experts are predicting a marked depletion Second. Anthracite coal as source of compressed gas· and in future years. Just how long it will be possible to discover producer gas for motor fuel! new oil reserves is now a much-debatable question. Some (a) Gas-producer-driven motor vehicles. Gas-producer prominent authorities think a decline may begin within the driven motor vehicles, principally trucks and busses, have next 10 years, while others estimate it will be a little longer received extended trials in England, Germany, and France. period. At any rate, it is generally recognized that all oil Although wood charcoal is the preferred fuel, anthracite and resources are being depleted, and active measures should be low-temperature coke have given satisfactory service. In adopted for the conservation of this valuable natural resource. 1936 about 800 gas-producer-equipped trucks and busses were So the fact that gasoline, which is now produced from operating in Germany. Encouraging experimental results petroleum, a mineral resource which we confidently believe have also been obtained in England and France. wm some day be exhausted, the study of new sources of sub Third. Anthracite coal for gas production: stitute fuel, such as coal, oil shale, and farm crops, should (a) Possibility as future fuel in gas producers for heavier be encouraged by the Federal Government. types of motor vehicles, (b) source of hydrogen for liquefaction 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2171 of· bituminous coal or for production of synthetic hydrocar union, asked Mrs. Spangler's daughter to testify falsely against bons, (c) source of fuel for water gas and gas producers, (d) the company. ' . possibility of use as raw material for production of synthetic · Mrs. Spangler testified at the hearing that this Labor Board products from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, (e) production attorney and union organize},' attempted to induce Miss Violet of water gas by utilization of off-peak electrical energy for Spangler to testify that she was fired for union activity, and heating anthracite fuel beds and passage of steam through the after the daughter explained that- she had never been a mem bed, (f) utilization of anthracite coal in processes for gasifica ber of the union and had quit the company voluntarily they tion of carbonaceous materials. still insisted that she sign a statement to the effect that she Fow·th. Hydrogenation of anthracite coal: had been fired for union activity. (1) Heavy oil production for use in (a) Diesel motors; (b) Mrs. Spangler testified that the Labor Board attorney, Mr. furnaces. Smoot, and the union organizer told her daughter that they (2) Gasoline production for use as (a) motor fuel, (b) did not care whether she was a member of the union or not, solvents. and that she would get paid enough to open a beauty parlor Fifth. Liquefaction of anthracite coal: of her own. (1) Emulsified finely ground coal for use as Diesel Now, this is not the first instance of reprehensible activity engine fuel, (b) furnace oil. by the St. Louis officials of the National Labor Relations {2) Heat treatment for use as (a) Diesel-engine fuel, (b) Board. During the last session of Congress I referred to the furnace oil. official transcript of the case against the Ford Motor Co., in Sixth. Grinding of anthracite: which three witnesses were prevented from testifyi_ng that (1) Pulverized form for use in (a) steam generation, (b) they had been told by the Labor Board regional office that Diesel engine, (c) household heating. they would be incriminating themselves if they did not join Seventh. Blending of anthracite coal: the C. I. 0., which at that time was attempting to organize (1) Heavy oil blended with (1) regular anthracite coal the workers in the St. Louis branch of the Ford Motor Co. sizes, (2) pulverized anthracite coal. But the trial examiner in this case would not permit this For use as (a) steam generation, (b) household heating. testimony to be admitted and it had to be put in the record (2) Bituminous coal blended with fine anthracite. by offers of proof. For use as (a) steam generation, (b) household heating. Also, in the case against the International Shoe Co. at Eighth. Chemical Utilization of anthracite coal for use as Hannibal, Mo., it is general information that the Labor filtering media, (b) scrubbing, (c) conversions, (d) car Board attorney made speeches at meetings called against bonization. the company and pleaded with those in the complaint not Ninth. Anthracite ash utilization: to desert the union and made promises of back pay for all (a) Soil conditioner, (b) steel alloying with fine coal, (c) the time the case was in litigation. chemical utilization of ash constituents. I notice also, Mr. Chairman, in yesterday's press dispatches Tenth. Anthracite for producer gas: a statement from Dr. Towne Nylander, Los Angeles regional (a) Power production, (b) city gas, (c) gas engine. director of the Labor Board, to the effect that he was mis ANTHRACITE RESEARCH LABORATORY quoted in the statement that "When we go into a hearing The results of my studies and surveys of the anthracite the employer hasn't got a chance," which statement was coal situation in Pennsylvania and the importance of making placed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD by the distinguished early provision for the initiation of a program of scientific gentleman from California [Mr. FoRD]. research on the utilization of anthracite coal has encour_aged The Labor Board has suddenly become very religious. me to prepare and introduce my bill, H. R. 4109, which puts It suspended Dr. Nylander. Yet the Board knows if it reads the Federal Government back of the anthracite coal miner the transcripts of its cases, that a year ago an attempt was in his :fight for future existence. made to introduce as evidence in one of the aircraft cases My bill provides for the establishment by the Department of virtually the same statement by Dr. Nylander. The gentle the Interior, of an anthracite research laboratory in eastern man from California knows that those who have followed :Pennsylvania to carry out a broad and extensive program the proceedings of the Labor Board in southern California such as I have referred to. My bill provides sufficient funds are quite familiar With the policy of Dr. Nylander,' and the for the operation and maintenance of this research labora-: Board in not giving the employer a chance. tory to permit the Department of the Interior to carry out this I believe, Mr. Chairman, that the tinie has come for Con program and I will greatly appreciate the cooperation of the gress to quit shadow-boxing on this question of the Labor Members of the House in making possible this program, Board's activity and its personnel. I urge the nie~bership which means so much to the entire population in the anthra of this House to support . the resolution I introduc~d some cite coal regions of Pennsylvania. , time ago and which is now before the Rules Committee, I expect to again address the House in further detail on calling for a complete and thorough investigation of the this important subject, regarding and pertaining to the. safety National Labor Relations Board and its personne~. and health in anthracite coal mining operation. [Applause.] Mr. Chairman, there is no longer any question or doubt that Mr. TERRY. Mr. Chairman, I yield 1 minute to the gen..; the Labor Board personnel, in its attempt to build up a tleman from Missouri [Mr. ANDERSON]. statistical record to justify its existence, has used the bait Mr. ANDERSON of Missouri. Mr. Chairman, I should like of back pay for the purpose of creating labor strife instead to call the attention of the House to a bit of testimony in a of eliminating it. National Labor Relations Board case which is now being tried Mr. Chairman, while I have no personal knowledge of in St. Louis and concerning the conduct of the regional office attempts by Labor Board attorneys to have WitneSses to of the National Labor Relations Board. testify falsely, I do know that in the Ford case in st. Louis I am not in a position to offer the official transcript, and the Labor Board attorney, when put on the stand by the I am depending upon press accounts which have just reached respondent's attorney, admitted that he knew and permit me. But since the descriptions of the testimony are virtually ted one of his witnesses to testify falsely. And I do say the same in the three St. Louis newspapers I have every without fear of contradiction that the Labor Board 'regional ~eason to. believe their accuracy. office in my district, St. Louis, has been used for the pur Brie:fiy, the testimony is this: pose of particular union organization activities and the Mrs. Ethel Spangler, a former organizer for the Interna promotion of labor strife. · · tional Ladies' Garment Workers Union, who was one of the I feel that the time has come when we must look inside complainants for -the union against t~e Forest City Manu and see what is going on. I urge you to .consider my reso !acturing Co., testified that Thurlow Smoot, attorney for the lution calling for an U1vestigation of the National Labor Labor Bcu.rd, and Miss Eva Lackey, another organizer .of the Relations Board, its conduct and personnel. [Applause.] 2172 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 2 Mr. TERRY. Mr. Chairman, I yield to the gentleman that the Federal power over external or foreign affairs clifiered from Texas [Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON] 15 minutes. greatly from the Government's power over internal or domes Mr. LUTHER A. JOHNSON. Mr. Chairman, with the tic affairs; that with respect to domestic affairs the power convening of Congress, the open season for political sniping of the Federal Government is limited, while there is no limi was begun. Critics of the President and the administration tation or reservation of power in the States as to foreign or have been using this forum to lay down a barrage of crit external affairs, and in this sphere unlimited power is vested icism and condemnation. Of course, this is their right and in the Federal Government. Furthermore, that in dealing privilege, which no one would deny them. with foreign governments the power to consider and initiate Our Republican colleagues, realizing that their party is negotiations is vested exclusively in the President of the short in voting power, have tried to compensate for it by United States. I quote from the Court's opinion in that case: the exercise of vocal power. They realize full well that it is Not only, as we have shown, is the Federal power over external easier to criticize than it is to construct, and the role of the affairs in origin and essential. character different from that over complainer and the faultfinder requires more talking than internal affairs, but participation in the exercise of the power is significantly limited. In this vast external realm, with its impor it does thinking. tant, complicated, delicate, and manifold problems, the President There has been some constructive criticism and this the alone has the power to speak or listen as a representative of the Members of the House and the people of the country always Nation. He makes treaties, with the advice and consent of the welcome. An eminent textbook writer I think well said, Senate, but he alone negotiates. Into the field of :Q.egotiation the. Senate cannot intrude, and Congress itself is powerless to invade it. "The informing function of Congress is equally as important As Marshall said in his great ~rgument on March 7, 1800, in the as its legislative function." But many of the speeches at this House of Representatives, "The President is the sole organ of the session have been scant in information, consisting prin Nation in its external relations, and its sole representative with cipally of loose talking, actuated in many instances by po foreign nations." litical animosity and prompted by political expediency. But The opinion of the Court in this same case also quote with even this I am willing to forgive, for I realize that politics approval an excerpt from a report made to the Senate of the is politics, and under the two-party system the party that is United States by its Committee on Foreign Relations at a very out must, or they think they must, continually bombard the early day in our history, on February 15, 1816, which reads as party that is in. follows: There is one subject, however, upon which I draw the line, The President is the constitutional representative of the United and even my political tolerance, and I believe my service in States with regard to foreign nations. He manages our concerns this House justifies me in claiming to be tolerant, will not with foreign nations and must necessarily be most competent to determine when, how, and upon what subjects negotiation may be permit me to remain silent or go unchallenged. I refer to urged with the greatest prospect of success. For his conduct he is the reckless, extravagant, and unjustified attacks made upon responsible to the Constitution. The committee considers this our Government in its foreign policy and its relations to responsibility the surest pledge for the faithful discharge of his other governments. I am referring specifically to those who, duty. We think the interference of the Senate in the direction of foreign actuated either by partisan politics or hostility and hatred negotiations calculated to diminish that responsib111ty and :thereby of the President and his administration, here an(l elsewhere to impaii' the best security for the national safety. constantly seek to discredit the President of the United The nature of transactions with foreign nations, moreover, re States, our Secretary of State, and our Government in their quires caution and unity of design, and their success frequently depends on secrecy and dispatch (8 U. S. Senate Reports, Com dealings with the other countries of the world. Radio mittee on Foreign Relations, p. 24). speeches, statements to the press, and this forum are used by some of these carping critics in leveling a barrage of The Supreme Court, further speaking in the same case, condemnation at every act or word of the President and his said: Secretary of state which relate to foreign affairs or our rela It is quite apparent that if, in the maintenance of our inter tions to other governments. I am not talking about the con national relations, embarrassment--perhaps serious embarrass~ ment--is to be avoided and success for our aims ,achieved, con structive and conscientious critic, but of the chronic com gressional legislation, which is to be made effective through nego plainer who talks and thinks afterward. tiation and inquiry within the international field, must often The realm of criticism relating to domestic policies and accord to the President a degree of discretion and freedom from statutory restriction which would not be admissible were domestic foreign policies differs widely. Unfounded criticism of do affairs alone involved. mestic legislation will not do irreparable injury, for the Moreover, he, not Congress, has the better opportunity of knowing American people, for whose ears it is intended, know how the conditions which prevail in foreign countries. He has his to discount extravagant statements or denunciations, and confidential. sources of information. He has his agents in the form of diplomatic, consular, and other omcials. Secrecy in out of the furore of debate and the cooling time which in respect of information gathered by them may be highly necessary, tervenes before election, they will evolve the truth, for we and the premature disclosure of it productive of b,armful results. Americans understand one another. But a reckless, extrava Indeed, so clearly is this true that the first President refused to gant, or unjustified statement condemning the President's accede to a request to l.ay before the House of Representatives the instructions, correspondence, and documents relating to the nego act or word relating to foreign policies will be published and tiation of the Jay treaty-a refusal the wisdom of which was heard, not only here but abroad, and when reproduced in recognized by the House itself and has never since been doubted. the foreign press will be magnified rather than minimized, In his reply to the request, President George Washington said: and though the critic may be in a hopeless minority, pos · "The nature of foreign negotiations requires caution, and their success must often depend on secrecy; and even when brought sibly voicing his own sentiment alone, it will be cited abroad to a -conclusion a full disclosure of all the measures, demands, or as an evidence that America is divided and the President is eventual concessions which may have been proposed or contem not backed up or sustained by his own people. Such form plated would be extremely impolitic; for this might have a per nicious influence on future negotiations, or produce immediate of criticism may give aid and comfort to other governments inconveniences, perhaps danger and mischief, in relation to other with which we are in dispute, but certainly. not to our own. powers. The necessity of such caution and secrecy was one cogent The founders of our Government vested in the President reason for vesting the power of making treaties in the President, of the United States the handling of our foreign relations, with the advice and consent of the Senate, the principles on which that body was formed confining it to a small number of members. and in him alone is vested the power of initiating nego To admit, then, a right In the House of Representatives to de tiations. mand and to have as a matter of course all the papers respecting Those who challenge the right of the President to act in a negotiation with a foreign power would be to establish a dan our relations to foreign governments display an ignorance of gerous precedent." (1 Messages and Papers of the Presidents, p. 194.) the power and function of the Chief Executive under our form of government. Further quoting trom the same opinion of the Court, I The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of read: United States against Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation and The marked difference between foreign affairs and domestic others, in an opinion delivered in December 1936, reviewed at affairs in this respect is recognized by both Houses of Congress in the very form of their requi;>itions for information . from the length the historical background-and the constitutional power executive departments. In the case of every department except of the President in this regard. It was therein pointed out the Department of State. the resolution directs the omctaJ. to 1939 CONGRESSIONAL . RECO.RD-HOUSE 2173 furnish the information. In the case of the State Department me read again three sentences I have already quoted from dealing with foreign affairs, the President is requested to furnish the information, "if not compatible with the public interest." the opinion in the CUrtiss-Wright case: A statement that to furnish the information is not compatible Moreover, he, not Congress, has the better opportunity of know· with the public interest, rarely, if ever, is questioned. lng the conditions which prevall in foreign countries. He has his confidential sources of information. He has his agents in the This opinion was rendered by the Supreme Court in up form of diplomatic, consular, and other officials. Secrecy in re holding an act of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in pro spect of information gathered by them may be highly necessary, and hibiting the exportation of arms to Paraguay and Bolivia, the premature disclosure of it productive of. harmful results. under an act of Congress authorizing him .so to do when he Our Department of State is the clearing house·of·happen found that by so doing it might contribute to the reestablish ings in every nook and corner of the globe that may directly ment of peace between those countries. Its validity was. or indirectly affect our own country or the peace of the challenged on the ground that Congress had no power to world. There is recorded not only a record of such happen-· delegate its law-making power to the President. It was a · ings but the confidential report of the result of investiga· unanimous decision, except for the dissent of Mr. Justice tions made by our representatives abroad as to secret or McReynolds. The majority of the Supreme Court, at the undisclosed reasons prompting such happenings, and the time of the rendition of the opinion, was not of the same reaction to such happenings by the people in the country political faith as that of the President, and the writer of which is the scene of their enactment, and other reports the opinion was Mr. Justice sutherland, a ·Republican and a of their effect on citizens of other countries. The habits, former Member of the Senate of the United States. I men customs, and character of peoples differ, and the same act tion this to show that by no stretch of the imagination could will affect the people of one nationality entirely differently it be charged that the opinion was actuated by political bias from those of another. It is only by having personal rep in favor of the President. It was a clear-cut judicial finding resentatives of this Government in other countries, who and clarifies the power of the President in dealing with inter know the people of such countries, that accurate informa national affairs. tion can be acquired as to happenings, their motive, and I have quoted at length from this opinion not because of effect. The individual who only has fragmentary informa any interest at the moment in the statute construed or the tion gained from the press about some event happening in a particular legal question therein decided but because it is remote country of the world, where he has never been and a clear enunciation and an authoritative declaration by the about the character and customs of whose people he knows highest court in the land as to the power and the duty of nothing, expounds dogmatic opinions and criticizes the the President in dealing with foreign problems. In these President and the Secretary of State for doing or not doing days of excitement, political turmoil, and criticism it is well what he with his scant information believes should be done. to get our bearings and calmly consider and determine first It was to avoid mistakes of this kind that the power to deal what is the President's authority and responsibility, and this and negotiate with foreign countries was centered in the opinion tells us in judicial language, fortified by a historical President, and he was given the Secretary of State and his review and background of our early history and quotations . Department, with their foreign representatives, to secure for from eminent statesmen, just what part the President is him the fullest information so that he might act intelli expected and required to. take in carrying on our relations gently and not in the dark. with other governments. The international relations of a country is always a deli To those critics of the President who charge that the Presi- ~ate matter, requiring tact, diplomacy, and unanimity of dent is meddling where he has no business, I would remind support, if such dealings are to be effective. Even in normal them that under our Constitution and laws the President is times this·is true, but when the whole world is on the brink the constitutional representative of the United States with of a volcanic eruption, such as now prevails, this is doubly regard to foreign nations. It is his job and his business, and true. he would be recreant to his duty if he failed so to do. There are those who do not like President Roosevelt, some To those critics who, in order to try to bring odium and who actually entertain bitter feelings of hostility against reproach upon the President in his dealings with other gov him, but he is the President of the United States and as ernments, have charged that he has inaugurated a policy of such is entitled to the respect of the American people. All secret diplomacy, I would say that the President has been polls of every kind indicate that a majority of the American frank and outspoken,. not only with his own people but with people still believe in him. the nations abroad; but if secrecy in any degree has been· President Roosevelt and his able Secretary of State, Hon. maintained, I would remind his critics that no less an au Cordell Hull, are charged with the responsibility of steering thority than George Washington, while he was President, in our Nation through a very troubled and tempestuous inter a message to Congress, quoted in the opinion which I read, national sea, and I am convinced, and the American people declared that the success of negotiations required secrecy are convinced, that they are striving as best they can tO and that necessity of secrecy in dealing with foreign n~tion~ steer us safely, maintain our own self-respect and the re~ was one reason why the power so to do was. vested ·in the spect of other nations, and bring us safely to the harbor of President~ · And that from every administration since Wash :Peace. Constant and carping ctlticism will not aid them, ington's it has always been the recognized and uniform policy but rather hinder and embarrass them. There may oo to accord to the President and· the Department of State the acts or words spoken at times that may not seem to square right of secrecy when in the President's judgment it was with your idea of what should be done, but we must remem required. Every Congress, beginning With Washington's time ber that we do not know the entire sittiation, and isolated to now, has recognized and accorded this ·right to the Presi instances may be related to other acts and facts of which dent and the Department _of State, and none know this better we are not aware. than some of the most blatant critics who have been crying It will not help him, either with our people at home or "secret diplomacy." these abroad, to impugn his motives and denounce him as To those critics of the President, both in Congress and a war monger or as instigator of war. These charges are out of Congress, who claim to know just how our foreign groundless and false, as those who make them well know affairs should be conducted, and who glibly criticize an iso them to be, but the foreign press give the widest publicity lated act here and another one there, let me remind them to adverse criticism, especially of the inflammatory type. that not only is the President of the United States the orily President Roosevelt is a great humanitarian, and an enemy official of our Government vested with power under the law of war and a lover of peace, and I do not think that any to deal with foreign governments but that he of all persons is President was ever actuated by a higher or purer motive to in a position to be best informed on conditions abroad. He best serve his country and preserve peace than he, and that and his Secretary of State know better than anyone elSe is exactly what he is striving to do. what is happening in the various countries of the world and Those who cry longest and loudest for peace do not the .effect of such happenings. both here and abrood. Let always know best how it may be attained. Mere declaration 2174 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 2 that we are for peace, and shouting shibboleths of peace Mr. GRAHAM. Mr. Chairman, on Saturday in this legis to warring nations will not prevent war, but may cause acts lative Chamber, in the presence of the President of the of aggression that will provoke it. United States, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Communities infested with bandits have long since other distinguished visitors, and "in pursuance of House Con learned that you cannot suppress banditry by telling the current Resolution 4, we will meet for the purpose of com outlaws you -are for peace and do not want to have any memorating the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the trouble with them. Fear instilled in the heart of the bandit First Congress of the United States under the Constitution. is the only deterrent. · It is fitting and proper that we should do this. In thus There are bandit governments abroad in the world today honoring our legislative predecessors we honor ourselves;· seeking whom they may devour and. who, by the use of for no true student of history can study the times, the con prute force, having no regard for the law of God or man or ditions, the men, the institutions of the period of 150 years the sanctity of treaties or international law, are crushing ago and not realize that ours is a goodly heritage. A."tld other governments, taking territory which does not belong that those who laid the legislative foundations of our Na to them and destroying human life as their own selfish. greed tional Government were master workmen worthy of all com-· dictates. So long as these bandit governments are loose and mendation._ _ wreaking their vengeance, no milk-and-water policy of mere As we read the Annals of that First Congress under the kind words and appeasement will sumce to deter them. Constitution, our imaginations are quickened, our. memories England, for several years, has followed the policy of ap refreshed, our sense of responsibility is deepened and there peasement with these dictator nations, and each act of wells up within us the heartfelt appreciation of the lives, appeasement has only brought them nearer to the brink of the characters, the deeds, and the accomplishments of these, war, and the imminence of war today is partly attributable our ancient brethren in the Congress of the United States. to a lack of firmness of the democracies of the world in For on the foundations they laid upon the abiding rock meeting the demands of the dictators. Firmness, fairness, of the Constitution there has been reared the finest struc ~nd -fearlessness are required by the United States today in ture of constitutional government, of civil liberty, of free its deaiings with other governments. We want no war, we dom of the individual that this world has ever known. So covet no territory, we crave peace; but we realize, from the in the words of the sweet singer of the heart songs of life: bitter experience of the past, that the world is so small Walk about Zion, and go round about her; number the towers and science and invention have made it even smaller than thereof; mark ye well her bulwarks; consider her palaces: That ye it was 20 years ago--that the outbreak of another European may tell it to the generation following. world war will desperately and dangerously hazard our own peace. Strive as we undoubtedly would and should to pre Thus their works do follow them. vent our involvement, the danger of our being inexorably In _his work, Our Wonderland of Bureaucracy, the late swept into its awful vortex is so great that I shudder at its James M. Beck, former Solicitor General of the United States, contemplation. Peace in Europe is our best insurance- for and a former Member of this House, states:· peace in America. . When in 1789 the curtain first arose upon a new form of gov ernment for the American Commonwealth, it consisted of a roll The United States is the world's greatest democracy and of parchment, George Washington, and Congress. the richest and most powerful of the nations of the earth; and, in my judgment, the firm policy of our Government in The merits of the :first and the virtues of the second have dealing with other countries, coupled with our rearmament been eloquently extolled, it is now my desire to pay this small program, has already had a psychological effect in deterring tribute to the memory of the third. · and discouraging the outbreak of a general war in Europe. And now, if we may stir up your pure minds by way of Indeed, many believe that but for it, war might already have recollection, we will ask you to think for a little while on been begun. · that period in our national life, of 150 years ago, in the early · I regret the necessity of spending large sums for armament, formative p~riod .of our country. For it ~s a far cry from a and if conditions were normal throughout the world, no such little group of earnest men assembled at Annapolis, Md., in necessity would exist. But so long as the rule of brute force September 1786 for the purpose of "remedying the defects and not reason, and the doctrine that might makes right is of the Federal Government" to the scene that will be enacted the controlling motive of major governments, the peace of the Saturday in this magnificent structure wherein unite the world is menaced and we must be prepared to meet conditions crowning glories of architecture, the idealizing dream of the as they exist. architect, the chiseling stroke of the sculptor, the brilliant . We recall that in Washington's Farewell Address, read a hues of the artist's brush, all skillfully united under the few days ago in this Chamber, was contained this admonition, guiding mind of the thoughtful artificer whose silent yet "To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means shaping hands fabricated this Capitol into a thing of mar of preserving peace." velous beauty and symmetry. ·we do not want to be the world's policeman, but common For just as we can trace the erection of this beautiful prudence demands that we must be prepared to adequately edifice from that September day in 1793 when President police America and all parts of it against all attacks from Washington laid the cornerstone of this building, destined foreign governments, and thereby maintain the Monroe Doc to house the greatest deliberative legislative bodies in the trine and give notice to the dictators of the earth that we world, within its spacious confines, just so can we trace the are prepared and will defend our country and its people constitutional history of this Congress from that little gath against the aggressions of those who seek by force to domi ering of September 11-14, 1786, for in that assembly, among nate the world. others, there met Egbert Benson, of New York; George Read "Let us mind our own business" is the popular slogan of and Richard Bassett, of Delaware; James Schureman, of New some of these superficial and thoughtless critics who take no Jersey; and James Madison, Jr., of Virginia, four of whom thought of tomorrow or the awful consequences to our own not only had sat in the Continental Congress prior to the country if another world war breaks in all its fury. If the calling of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, but three President of the United States, in his dealings with other of whom were likewise destined to sit in that glorious Con countries of the world, is aiding even in a slight degree in the vention, and all five of whom were to be Representatives in iessening of the probability of war, he is "minding our own the First Congress under the Constitution; and to George business" and is rendering a service to America for which the Read is accorded the additional honor of being one of the American people will forever hold him in grateful remem signers of the Declaration of Independence. brance. [Applause.] Significant indeed are the closing words of the proceedings Mr. ENGEL. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the gen of that meeting in which we read as follows, referring to tleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. GRAHAM]. the attitude of the several States represented: THE FIRST CONGRESS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION And use their endeavors .to procure the concurrence of the other "Remove not the ancient landmark, which thy fathers have States in the appointment of commissioners to meet at Philadel set." (Proverbs 22: 29.) phia on the second Monday in May next to take into consideration 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2175 the situation of the Uni~d States to devise such further provi It had removed from Trenton, N.J., on December 24, 1784, sions as shall appear to them necessary to render the Constitu tion of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of and its first session in the city of New York opened on Jan the Union, and to report such an act for that purpose to the uary 11, 1785. Its final session covered the period from United States in Congress assembled as when agreed to by them November 3, 1788, to March 2, 1789. and afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State, will Its last president was Cyrus Griffin, of Virginia, and its sec effectually provide for the same. (Dated at Annapolis, September 14, 1786.) retary was Charles Thomson, of Pennsylvania, who was first elected on September 5, 1774, and had served continuously in The story of the Federal Convention and its hand work are that capacity until the closing day, March 2, 1789. still fresh in our minds, but let us always remember that the Constitution devised in those days f1·om May to September THE PLACE OF MEETING--FEDERAL HALL 1787 is still, after 150 years, the greatest bulwark of human The Congress of the Confederation had its final roll call on liberty in the world. October 10, 1788. Orily 20 delegates answered to their names We know full well the contents of the resolution of the and there was no quorum of States. It is stated that every Federal Convention, dated September 17, 1787, submitting the day four or five delegates would meet in a room in the City Constitution to Congress, and likewise do we keep in mind the Hall, in New York, where the Congress had sat for 4 years, resolution of Congress of September 28, 1787, submitting the have Secretary Thomson record their names in the journal Constitution to the several States; and we all remember in and then disperse. It was a moribund assemblage. grateful appreciation that it was on the 21st day of June On March 2, 1789, only one delegate appeared, and the 1788 that New Hampshire ratified the Constitution and Continental Congress ended its existence. thus, under its own terms, brought it into being and made it At sunset on March 3, 1789, 13 guns were fired from the old effective. · fort on the Battery, in New York, to indicate that the con We are the creatures of that Constitution, for by the pro federation had come to an end; and at sunrise on the 4th, also visions of section 1 of article I- at noon and at night, salutes were fired and the bells of the churches were rung to welcome the birth of the new constitu AU legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States which shall consist of a Senate and House of tional Government. Representatives. · The old City Hall, in Wall Street, at the head of Broad But it is in the resolution of Congress dated July 2, 1788, Street, where the Subtreasury of the United States now submitting ratification of the Constitution to a committee , stands, had been prepared for the use of the First Congress wherein the story of our legislative, executive, and judicial under the Constitution. When it was determined to trans lives begins to unfold, for there we read: form the old building into a Federal Hall for the new Con gress, the merchants of New York subscribed $32,500 for the The State of New Hampshire having ratified the Constitution, transmitted to them by the act of the 28th of September last and purpose. The work of construction was given into the hands transmitted to Congress their ratification; and the same being of Maj. Pierre Charles L'Enfant. read, the President reminded Congress that this was the ninth The Representatives room was 61 by 58 feet and 36 feet to ratification transmitted and laid before them. the ceiling. It was octagonal in form. The Senate Chamber On motion of Mr. Clarke, seconded by Mr. Edwards: was 40 by 30 and 20 feet in height. Besides these Halls of Ordered, That the ratifications of the Constitution of the United Congress there were also committee rooms, spacious lobbies, States transmitted to Congress be referred to a committee to exam and a guard room on the :floor above, for it was then the ine the same and report an act to Congress for putting the said custom for the Regular Army to protect the building and its Constitution into operation in pursuance of the resolutions of the late Federal Convention. occupants. The Senate Chamber and the Hall of Representatives pre And finally in the "resolution of the Congress of Septem sented an exceedingly handsome appearance with fine ma ber 13, 1788, fixing date for election of a President and the hogany desks and chairs, national :flags in festoons, and large organization of the Government under the Constitution, in paintings. The chairs of the presiding officers had rich the city of New York," that we learn the final story of how silken canopies over them. we came into existence. Entering from Broad Street there was a square room open Congress assembled: Present, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, to the public, the room of the Representatives was to the left Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, and from Rhode Island Mr. and the Senate Chamber to the right. Arnold, and from Delaware Mr. Kearny. New York at that time had a population of 25,000 and was a Whereas the convention assembled in Philadelphia pursuant to thriving, bustling community. the resolution of Congress on the 21st of February 1787 did on the 1st of September in the same year report to the United States in The First Congress held three sessions. Congress assembled a Constitution for the people of the United North Carolina not having ratified the Constitution until States, whereupon Congress on the 28th of the same September did November 21, 1789, was not represented in the first session; resolve unanimously: nor was Rhode Island, which did not ratify the Constitution That the said report with the resolutions and letter accompany ing the same be transmitted to the several legislatures in order to until May 29, 1790. Hence only 11 States were represented in be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the first session which extended from March 4, 1789, to Sep the people thereof in conformity to the resolves of the convention tember 29, 1789. Th~ proceedings of both the Senate and the made and provided in that case; and . House.for the first few days of this session are set out below. Wh-ereas transmitted to the several legislatures has been ratified in the manner therein declared to be sumcient for the establtSh The second session began on January 4, 1790, and termi ment of the same and such ratifications duly authenticated have nated on August 12, 1790. In the House a quorum was not been received by Congress and are filed in the otllce of the Secretary; had until Thursday, January 7, and in the Senate on the 6th. Therefore Resolved, That the first Wednesday in January next be the day These two sessions were held in New York City. for appointing electors in the several States, which before the said The following entry, taken from the proceedings of the day shall have ratified the said Constitution; that the first Wednes House, on Thursday, August 12, 1790, being the closing day day in F-ebruary next be the day for the electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President; and that the first of the second session, explains that a change in the place of Wednesday in March next be the time and the present seat of meeting was to be made: Congress the place for commencing proceedings under the said Agreeably to the concurrent vote of the two Houses an adjourn Constitution. ment took place this day-to meet in the city of Philadelphia on the first Monday 1n December next. Previous to the adjournment The preliminaries are thus completed, and now we tum an unanimous vote passed both Houses, returning thanks to the for a moment to witness the closing scenes of the Continental corporation of this city for the elegant and convenient accommo Congress, which for so long a time had ineffectually sought dations furnished the Congress of the United States. to unite the Colonies under the J)ersuasive but noneffective Adjourned sine die. provisions of the Articles of Confederation. The Continental The third session was held in Philadelphia, commencing Congress then called the Congress of the Confederation, at on the first Monday of December (6th) 1790, and terminating that time was sitting in the City Hall on the 3d of March 1791. 2176 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 2
THE THIRD SESSION had also been a Member of the Congr.ess and the Convention; The meetings of this last session were held in Philadelphia, Pierce Butler and Ralph Izard, of South Carolina; both had in a substantial brick building erected on the southeast corner been Members of the Congress and Butler had attended the of Chestnut and Sixth Streets for a courthouse, and had Convention; William Grayson, John Walker, James Monroe, been tendered to Congress by the authorities of Philadelphia and Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia; upon the decease of and Major L'Enfant was again called upon to put this bUild Grayson on March 12, 1790, Walker was appointed and took ing in order. The House of Representatives occupied the his place on April 20, 1790; Monroe was elected to fill the entire first floor. vacancy caused by the death of Grayson and took his seat The Senate had a handsomely furnished chamber on the December 6, 1790. second story, where also were various rooms used by the All but Walker had been Members of the Congress and committees and officers of Congress. Richard Henry Lee had been a signer of the Declaration and The following quotation taken from the minutes of De a member of the Convention. cember 11 clearly explains how this had been accomplished: North Carolina and Rhode Island had no Members in the Senate during the first session, but subsequently from North On Saturday, December 11, 1790, a letter was received from the commissioners of the city and county of Philadelphia., giving an Carolina appeared Samuel Johnston and Benjamin Hawkins, account of the measures taken to accommodate the Federal Legis both of whom had been Members of the Congress; and from lature during their residence in Philadelphia, by preparing the Rhode Island appeared Theodore Foster and Joseph Stan new courthouse in the best manner the size of the building would permit and appropriating the same to their use. ton, Jr. In the House the Members suffered nothing by comparison At this session a quorwn was had in the House on Decem in ability with those in the Senate. They were Roger Sher ber 7 and in the Senate on the opening day. man, Jonathan Trwnbull, Benjamin Huntington, and Jere The following is taken from the proceedings of the House miah Wadsworth, of Connecticut; all but Trwnbull had Monday, December 6, 1790: served in the Continental Congress, and Sherman had signed On which day, being the day appointed by the adjournment of the Articles of Confederation, the Declaration, and had been the two Houses for the meeting of the present session, the following a member of the Convention. John Vining, of Delaware, Members appeared and took their seats, to wit: • • • which not forming a quorum of the whole number, the House adjourned had been a Member of the Congress. Abraham Baldwin, until tomorrow. James Jackson, and George Matthews, of Georgia. Of these, Baldwin had served in the Congress and been a member of In the Senate proceedings of the same day are these inter the Convention. Daniel Carroll, Benjamin Contee, George esting entries: Gall, Joshua Seney, William Smith, and Michael Jenifer James Monroe, appointed by the Legislature of the State of Vir Stone, of Maryland. Carroll, Contee, Seney, and Smith had ginia, in the place of John Walker, who was appointed by the Execu tive of said State in the room of William Grayson, deceased, produced served in the Congress. Daniel Carroll had attended the Con his credentials, and took his seat in the Senate. stitutional Convention. Fisher Ames, Elbridge Gerry, Benja min Goodhue, Jonathan Grout, George Leonard, George Part Then follows this entry: ridge, Theodore Sedgwick, and George Thacker, of Massa A letter was read from William Paterson, Governor of the State of chusetts. Gerry had served in the Congress, as had Part New Jersey, communicating the resignation of his appointment to be a Senator of the United States. ridge and Thacker, and, in addition thereto, had signed the Declaration and attended the Convention. Abiel Foster, It is a matter of more than passing interest to realize that Nicholas Gilman, Samuel Livermore, of New Hampshire. James Madison, Member of the House, and James Monroe, Gilman had been a member of the Convention and all three Member of the Senate, in the First Congress, both from Vir had served in the Congress. Elias Boudinot, Lambert Cad ginia, were afterward to become Presidents of the United walader, Thomas Sinnickson, and James Shureman, of New States. Jersey, All but Sinnickson had served in the Congress and :MEMBERS Boudinot had been President of the Congress. Egbert Ben The composition of the Senate and House of Representatives son, William Floyd, John Hathorn, John Laurence, Peter was as follows: Silvester, and Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, of New York, Ben The Senators from the 11 States represented were Oliver son had been a delegate to the Annapolis Convention, and Ellsworth and William Samuel Johnson, of Connecticut; both he and Floyd and Laurence had served in the Congress, and had been members of the Constitutional Convention and Floyd had been a signer of the Declaration. likewise Members of the Continental Congress; Richard· Bas· George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Thomas Hartley, sett and George Read, of Delaware; both of these had also Daniel Hiester, Frede:dck A. C. Muhlenberg, John Peter G. been Members of the Constitutional Convention and the Con Muhlenberg, Thomas Scott, and Henry. Wynkoop, of Penn tinental Congress, and in addition thereto Read had been one sylvania. Clymer and Fitzsimons had both signed the Dec of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; William laration and attended the Convention, and these two and Few and James Gunn, of Georgia; Few had been a Member Frederick A. C. Muhlenberg and Henry 'Wynkoop had served of the Convention and of the Congress; John Henry and in the Congress. lEdanus Burke, Daniel Huger, William L. Charles Carroll of Carrollton, of Maryland; both had been Smith, Thomas Sumter, and Thomas Tudor Tucker, of South Members of the Congress and Carroll had signed the Decla Carolina. Huger and Tucker had both served in the Con ration of Independence; Tristram Dalton and Caleb Strong, of gress. Thedoric Bland, William B. Giles, John Brown, Isaac Massachusetts; Strong had attended the Convention; John Coles, Richard Bland Lee, James Madison; Andrew Moore. Langdon and Paine Wingate, of New Hampshire;. both had John Page, Josiah Parker, Alexander White, and Samuel been members of the Congress and Langdon a member of the Griffin, of Virginia. Bland, Brown, and Madison had served Convention; Jonathan Elmer, William Paterson, and Phile in the Congress and Madison attended the Convention and mon Dickenson, of New Jersey; Paterson had been a member is justly called the "Father of the Constitution." of the Convention and upon his resignation from the Senate Later from Rhode Island appeared Benjamin Bourn; and Dickenson took his place; Elmer had been a Member of the from North Carolina, John Baptista Ashe, Timothy Blood Congress; Rufus King and Philip Schuyler, of New York; King worth, John Sevier, John Steele, and Hugh Williamson. had been a member of the Convention from Massachusetts, Ashe, Bloodworth, and Williamson had served in the Congress. and both he and Schuyler had served in the Congress; William The mere recital of the names of these Senators and Rep-: Maclay and Robert Morris, of Pennsylvania; it is from the resentatives, together with their legislative experience, speaks sketches of debate in the United States Senate written by more eloquently of their character and ability than any pro Maclay that we get such an intimate view of the Members and longed statements of mine. While it is true that two Mem scenes of the first session of that body, for in its early days the bers of that Congress, Madison and Monroe, afterward at- Senate met behind closed doors; Robert Morris had signed the tained the Presidency, and Gerry the Vice Presidency, and a Articles of Confederation, the Declaration of Independence, number of others were Governors of their States, justices, and 1939 CONGR-ESSIONA·L· RECORD--HOUSE 217~ supreme court justices of their respective States, and one a provide funds for the· necessary expenses, only to fail, one Justice of the Supreme Court of the ·United States, and after another. Ellsworth a Chief Justice of that Court; and although it is The Congress called upon the States to raise $8,000,000 equally true that many had served in the ·legislative bodies and only $400,000 was received. In the last 14 months of the of their several States prior to their election to the First Confederation it took in less than $400,000 and the interest Congress, and a number had helped frame the constitutions on the foreign debt alone was over $2,400,000. It was said of their own States and had been members of State conven that the internal debt was over five times as large. tions which had ratified the Federal Constitution, it has been Shay's rebellion had occun-ed in Massachusetts. In The my thought to confine the record of their activities to their Constitution of the United.States, Mr. Beck tells us that: membership in the Continental Congress and attendance The officers of government and the courthouses. were seized. upon the Federal Convention, with the added participation jails were thrown open and prisoners released, the collection of on the part of some in the signing of the Declaration of Inde debts was forbidden, and private property was forcibly appro pendence and the Articles of Confederation. These acts at priated to meet the common needs. testing their experience, ability, and service prior to the Therefore, the Members of the First Congress knew that convening of the First Congress, of which they were Members. they were not dealing with any theories, but that they were The one the legislative predecessor of the Congress, the other facing a serious situation that involved grave responsibilities. the author and creator of our congressional being, a,nd an And it was their task to organize a practical system of other the declaration of our national rights, and still another government to cope with this situation. How well they the predecessor of our Constitution. Thus affording the pres succeeded we can all attest. ent membership of the Congress a glimpse of the background, THEIR CONCEPTION OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT public service, and accomplishments, federally, of these legis What did the Members think of the Government they were lative pioneers who, having thus ably served their time and about to legislate for in that First gress; and what was country, have handed to us the torch of providing for the their conception of the functions of that Government? In national safety of 130,000,000 of our fellow Americans and the House on June 18, 1789, Alexander White, of Virginia, generations yet unborn. said: THE ECONOMIC SITUATION This is a . Government constituted for particular purposes only; The situation was this: The conflicts and compromises of and the powers granted to carry it into effect are specifically enumerated and disposed among the various branches. If those the Constitutional Convention we1·e over. Hamilton, Madison, powers are insufficient, or if they are improperly distributed, it is and Jay had spoken under the title of "The Federalist," and not our fault, or within our power to remedy. The people, who had made their marvelous contributions to the science of bestowed them, must grant further powers, organize those already granted, in a more perfect manner or sufi"er from the defect. We government in advocating the adoption of the Constitution. can neither enlarge nor modify this. This was the ground on These articles had first been published in the Independent which the friends of governments supported the Constitution. Gazeteer and then republished in· many papers throughout It was a safe ground, and I venture to say it could not have been theland. · supported on any other. The fundamental law had been ably explained. Eleven of Again on that same day Fisher Ames. of Massachusetts, the States had ratified and adopted the Constitution, some, said in the House: it is true, with the qualification that a bill of rights would be I appeal to that maxim which has the sanction. of experience, added. The Continental Congress, now called the Congress and is authorized by the decision of the wisest men; to prevent of the Confederation, was rapidly coming to a close and was an absence of power, it must be distributed into three branches who must be independent, to watch and check each other. The forever to end its session on March 2, 1789. The Articles of people are to watch them all. While these maxims are pursued Confederation were ·soon to be a thing of the past. our liberties shall be preserved. The elections had been held, the Representatives and These men had a clear conception of the limitations placed Senators in 11 States had been elected. George Washington upon their legislative authority. It is quite true that they had been elected President and John Adams Vice President. had the benefit of the presence and knowledge of many whQ The stage was set for the organization of our Goverriment. had served in the Constitutional Convention, and thus had It should be a source of peculiar and justifiable pride to. u8 first-hand information of the proceedings of that Conven that the legislative branch of our Government was the first to tion, but in this connection it must be remembered that organize. The House had a quorum on April 1, 1789, and the ' Pierce Butler, of South Carolina, then a delegate to the Senate on April 6, 1789. Convention and a former Senator from that State, had sug President Washington was not inaugurated until April 30 gested this addition to the rules of the Convention: of that year, and the Supreme Court was not organized until That the House provide • • • against licentious publica February 2, 1790. · tions of their proceedings- Thus the House of Representatives led the van. and that James Madison was to jealously guard his notes THE TASK AHEAD of debate until his death many years later. So while, in one For the Members of the First Congress a great task was sense~ they had a contemporaneous knowledge of the Con before them. No laws had been enacted; the SUpreme Court vention and proceedings, in another, they had not, for with had not yet been organized; there were no precedents to guide the· exception of Luther Martins' The Genuine Information, them, no illuminating opinions of the highest Court to throw 1788, being his report to the Maryland Legislature, nothing light upon the disputed sections, clauses, phrases, and words had been published, and in this report Martin complains of the Constitution. They had to chart their own course With bitterly about the secrecy of the Convention. Therefore, any only the compass of the Constitution to guide them. They knowledge that the Members were to acquire from the former had to create their own debates. delegates to the Convention depended in a very real sense So much for their legislative difficulties, but there were on what those Members were willing to disclose. other and greater obstacles to surmount. Those of raising In order that the Members may have an understanding revenue, paying the public debt, establishing a judiciary, of the first days of the Congress, the following entries are creating the departments of government, providing for the taken from the Journals of both Houses. It will be noted common defense, fixing a permanent seat of government. that the Senate sat with closed doors from April 6l 1789, These were-but few of the problems that confronted them. until February 24, 1793. Probably the period from 1783 to 1787 was the darkest in These brief entries emphasize the difficulty of organizing our history. The Articles of Confederation were not finally due to the slowness of the Members in reporting. It was adopted until March 2. 1781. This Congress of the Confed not until April 6 that a quorum was had in the Senate, and eration could not leVY any taxes, unless 9 out of the 13 States in the House a quorum was completed by the appearance agreed. Bill after bill had been offered in the Congress to of James Schureman, of New Jersey, and Thomas Scott. of raise money to pay the interest on the national debt and .to Pennsylvania_ on April 1. 2178 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE MARCH 2 On April 1 the House elected a Speaker and Clerk; on the duty and services of a Sergeant at Arms or other proper officer April 6 the Senate elected a President; and 2 days later, for enforcing the orders of the House. on April 8, a Secretary was elected. Friday, April 3 It will be observed that it required a period of approxi George Clymer, from Pennsylvania, appeared and took his seat. mately 1 month before each body could be organized. The Saturday, April 4 George Partridge, from Massachusetts, appeared and took his Members of the present Congress who :fly from place to seat. place by airplane, covering hundreds of miles in a few hours, Monday, April 6 and provided with every convenience for comfort and safety Daniel Carroll, from Maryland, appeared and took his seat. that the inventive genius of man can create, will do well to Ordered, That leave be given to bring in a bill to regulate the remember the hardships, dangers, and toils of our first taking the oath or affirmation prescribed by the sixth article of the Constitution, ·and that Messrs. White, Madison, Trumbull, Gilman, brethren as they journeyed slowly to the new seat of gov and Cadwalader do prepare and bring in the same. ernment in New York City. On motion, Resolved, That the form of the oath to be taken by the Members PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE of this House, as required by the third clause of the sixth article UNITED STATES AT THE FIRST SESSION OF THE FIRST CONGRESS, BEGUN of the Constitution of the Government of the United States, be as AT THE CITY OF NEW YORK, MARCH 4, 1789 followeth, to wit: "I, A B, a Representative of the United States in ~ednesday,~arch 4,1789 the Congress thereof, do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may This being the day fixed for the meeting of the new Congress, the be), in the presence of Almighty G9d, that I will support the Con following Members of the House of Representatives appeared and stitution of the United States. So help me God." took their seats, viz: A message from the Senate by Mr. Ellsworth: From Massachusetts: George Thatcher, Fisher Ames, George · Mr. Speaker, I am charged by the Senate to inform this House Leonard, and Elbridge Gerry. that a quorum of the Senate is now formed; that a President is From Connecticut: Benjamin Huntington, Jonathan Trumbull, elected for the sole purpose of opening the certificates and counting and Jeremiah Wadswort~ . the votes of the electors of the several States, in a choice of a From Pennsylvania: ~derick Augustus Muhlenberg, Thomas President and Vice President of the United States; and that the Hartley, Peter Muhlenberg, and Daniel -Heister. Senate is now ready in the Senate Chamber to proceed, in presence From Virginia: Alexander White. of this House, to discharge that duty. I have it also in further From South Carolina: Thomas TUdor TUcker. charge to inform this House that the Senate has appointed one of A quorum of the Members not being present, the House adjourned its Members to sit at the Clerk's table to make a list of the votes until tomorrow at 11 o'clock. as they shall be declared, submitting it to the wisdom of this House Thursday, ~arch 5 to appoint one or more of its Members for the like purpose. On motion, Several other Members attended, viz: From New Hampshire, Resolved, That Mr. Speaker, attended by the House, do now with Nicholas Gilman; from Massachusetts, Benjamin Goodhue; from draw to the Senate Chamber for the purpose expressed in the Connecticut, Roger Sherman and Jonathan Sturgis; and from message from the Senate, and that Mr. Parker and Mr. Heister be Pennsylvania, Henry Wynkoop; and no other Members arriving, a appointed on the part of this House to sit at the Clerk's table with quorum not being present, the House adjourned, from day to day, the Member of the Senate and make a list of the votes as the same until the 14th instant. shall be declared. Saturday, ~arch 14 Mr. Speaker accordingly left the chair and, attended by the The following Members took their seats, to wit: James Madl· House, withdrew to the Senate Chamber, and after some time son, Jr., John Page, and Richard Bland Lee, from Virginia. returned to the House. A quorum not being yet present, the House adjourned, from day Mr. Speaker resumed the chair. to day, until the 17th instant. Mr. Parker and Mr. Heister then delivered in at the Clerk's table a list of the votes of the electors·of the several States in the choice Tuesday, March 17 of a President and Vice President of the United States, as the same Samuel Griffin, from Virginia, took his seat. were declared by the President of the Senate, in the presence of ~onday, ~arch 23 the Senate and of this House, which was ordered to be entered on The following Members appeared, to wit: From New Jersey, Elias the Journal. Boudinot; and from Maryland, William Smith. On motion, No additional Member appeared on the 24th. Ordered, That a message be sent to the Senate to inform them that it is the desire of this House that the notifications of the ~ednesday, March 25 election of the President and Vice President of the United States Jonathan Parker, from Virginia, appeared and took his seat. should be made by such persons, and in such manner, as the No additional Member arrived until the 30th instant. Senate shall be pleased to direct; and that Mr. Madison do com- Monday, March 30 municate the said message. · George Gale, from Maryland, and Theodrick Bland, from Virginia, Tuesday, April 7 appeared and took their seats. The Speaker laid before the House a letter from the mayor of No additional Member on the 31st instant. the city of New York, covering certain resolutions of tl;le mayor, aldermen, and commonalty of the said city, appropriating the City Wednesday, April 1 Hall for the accommodation of the general· Government of the Two other Members appeared, to wit: James Schureman, from United States; which were read and ordered to lie on the table. New Jersey, and Thomas Scott, from Pennsylvania, who forming a. Mr. Boudinot, from the committee appointed to prepare such quorum of the whole body, it was, on motion, rules and orders of proceedings as may be proper to be observed Resolved, That this House will proceed to the choice of a Speaker in this -House, made the following report: · by ballot. "The committee to whom it was referred to- prepare such stand The House accordingly proceeded to ballot for a Speaker, when ing rules and orders of proceeding as may be proper to be ob it was found that a majority of the votes were in favor of Frederick served in this House, have, according to order, prepared the same Augustus Muhlenberg, one of the Representatives from Pennsyl and agreed to the following report: vania. Whereupon Mr. Muhlenberg was conducted to the chair, "Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee that the from whence he made his acknowledgments to the House for so rules and orders following are proper to be established as the distinguished an honor. standing rules and orders of this House, to wit: * * * ." The House then proceeded in the same manner to the appoint ment of a. Clerk, when it was found that Mr. John Beckley was elected. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE FIRST On motion, . SESSION OF THE FIRST CONGRESS, BEGUN AT THE CITY OF NEW YORK, Ordered, That the Members do severally deliver in their creden MARCH 4, 1789 tials at the Clerk's table. Wednesday, March 4, 1789 Thursday, April 2 This being the day for the meeting of the new Congress, the following Members of the Senate appeared and took their seats: Lambert Cadwalader, from New Jersey, appeared and took his From New Hampshire, John Langdon and Paine Wingate. seat. From Massachusetts, Caleb Strong. On motion, From Connecticut, William S. Johnson and Oliver Ellsworth. ·ordered, That a: committee be appointed to prepare and report From Pennsylvania, William Maclay and Robert Morris. such standing rules and orders of proceedings as may be proper to From Georgia, William Few. be observed in this House. And the following Members were named The members present not being a quorum, they adjourned from on said committee, to wit: Messrs. Gilman, Gerry, Wadsworth, day to day, until Boudinot, Hartley, Smith, Lee, Tucker, Madison, Sherman, and ~ednesday, March 11 Goodhue. Resolved, That a Doorkeeper and Assistant Doorkeeper be ap When the same members being present as on the 4th instant, pointed for the service of this House. it was agreed that a circular should be written to the absent On motion, Members, requesting their immediate attendance. Ordered, That it be an instruction to the committee appointed to · Thursday, March 12 prepare and report such standing rules and orders of proceeding No additional Members appearing, the Members present ad as may be proper to be observed in this House, that they also report journed from day to day, until 1939 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 2179 Wednesday, March 18 Messrs. Johnson, Izard, and Maclay were appointed a committee When no additional Members appearing, it was agreed that to confer with any committee appointed on the part of the Hou-,e another circular should be written to eight of the nearest absent of Representatives upon the future disposition of the papers in the Members, particularly desiring their attendance, in order to form office of the late Secretary of Congress and report thereon. a quorum. The committee appointed to make arrangements for receiving the Thursday, March 19 President were directed to settle the manner of receiving the Vice William Paterson, from New Jersey, appeared and took his seat. President also. Mr. Carroll and Mr. Izard were added to the Judiciary Committee. Friday, March 20 Tuesday, April 14 No additional Member appeared. Tristram Dalton, from Massachusetts, appeared and took his seat. Saturday, March 21 A letter was written to the Mayor of the City of New York by the Richard Bassett, from Delaware, appeared and took his seat. President of the Senate acknowledging the respect -shown to the A sufficient number of Members to form a quorum not appear Government and accepting the offer made by him of the City Hall ing, the Members present adjourned from day to day, until for the use of Congress. Saturday, March 28 The classift'